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ACTA SOCIETATIS<br />
BOTANICORUM POLONIAE<br />
POLISH JOURNAL OF BOTANY<br />
Official Publication of the Polish Botanical Society<br />
ESTABLISHED 1923<br />
VOLUME 79 SUPPLEMENT 1<br />
2010<br />
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 55th MEETING OF THE POLISH BOTANICAL SOCIETY<br />
PLANTA IN VIVO, IN VITRO ET IN SILICO<br />
September 6-12, 2010, Warsaw, Poland<br />
EDITORS<br />
WOJCIECH KUREK, KATARZYNA MARCISZEWSKA, ANDRZEJ SZCZEPKOWSKI<br />
WARSZAWA 2010
EDITED WITH FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE<br />
FROM THE MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION, THE NATIONAL FUND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL<br />
PROTECTION AND WATER MANAGEMENT, THE VOIVODESHIP FUND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION<br />
AND WATER MANAGEMENT IN WARSAW<br />
TECHNICAL PROOFREADER<br />
Studio Graficzne MIMO, Michał Moczarski<br />
LANGUAGE PROOFREADER<br />
Mary Lewandowska<br />
LOGO OF THE 55 th PBS MEETING<br />
Halina Galera<br />
Authors are responsible for the contents of their abstracts<br />
EDITORIAL OFFICE<br />
55th MEETING OF THE POLISH BOTANICAL SOCIETY<br />
Forest Botany Division, Faculty of Forestry<br />
Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland<br />
e-mail: ptb.marciszewska@wl.sggw.pl<br />
http://www.zjazd55.ptb.waw.pl<br />
INDEXED IN:<br />
Biological Abstracts; CAB Abstracts; Chemical Abstracts; Current Contents; Forestry Abstracts; Horticultural Science Abstracts;<br />
Index Copernicus International; Review of Plant Pathology; Soils and Fertilizers; Science Citation Index; SCOPUS<br />
ISSN 0001-6977<br />
Edition: 750 copies<br />
PUBLISHER<br />
ZYX Poligrafia<br />
Puławska 46, 02-559 Warsaw, Poland<br />
www.zyx.waw.pl<br />
biuro@zyx.waw.pl<br />
On the cover: Deciduous forest with Allium ursinum L. herb layer in the Sudety Mts. Photo by Andrzej Raj
55th MEETING OF THE POLISH BOTANICAL SOCIETY<br />
„Planta in vivo, in vitro et in silico”<br />
September 6-12, 2010<br />
Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW<br />
166 Nowoursynowska St., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland<br />
The Meeting is held under the auspices of:<br />
The Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education – Prof. Barbara Kudrycka<br />
The Rector of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW – Prof. Alojzy Szymański<br />
The Rector of The University of Warsaw – Prof. Katarzyna Chałasińska-Macukow<br />
The General Director of the State Forests – Dr. Marian Pigan<br />
The Dean of the Forestry Faculty of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW – Assoc. Prof. Michał Zasada<br />
Honorary Committee:<br />
Mazowieckie Province Governor – Jacek Kozłowski<br />
Mayor of the City of Warsaw – Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz<br />
President of The Warsaw City Council – Ewa Malinowska-Grupińska<br />
President of The Polish Academy of Sciences – Prof. Michał Kleiber<br />
President of The Polish Society of Forestry – Prof. Andrzej Grzywacz<br />
Organizer:<br />
The Warsaw Branch of Polish Botanical Society<br />
Co-organizers:<br />
Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW: Forestry Faculty: Forest Botany Department, Mycology and Forest Phytopathology<br />
Division; Agriculture and Biology Faculty: Department of Botany; Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Faculty: Department<br />
of Environment Protection, Ornamental Plants Department; University of Warsaw: Biology Faculty: Institute of Botany, Botanical<br />
Garden; Forest Research Institute; Botanical Garden Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation of Polish Academy of Sciences;<br />
Białystok Branch of Polish Botanical Society; Committee on Quaternary Research, Polish Academy of Sciences - coorganizer<br />
of the field session “Eems, Vistulian and Holocene history of the peat bog vegetation in Białostocka Highland (North-East Poland)”<br />
Organizing Committee:<br />
Jacek Zakrzewski, Katarzyna Marciszewska, Artur Obidziński<br />
Łukasz Chachulski, Wojciech Ciurzycki, Piotr Dobrzyński, Bożena Dubielecka, Kazimierz Dyguś, Małgorzata Falencka-Jabłońska,<br />
Anna Jagielska, Mirosława Górecka, Magdalena Górska-Czekaj, Sławomir Janakowski, Wojciech Kurek, Elżbieta Melon,<br />
Małgorzata Pstrągowska, Piotr Sikorski, Mirosław Sobczak, Danuta Solecka, Małgorzata Sułkowska, Andrzej Szczepkowski,<br />
Ewa Zaraś-Januszkiewicz<br />
Scientific Committee:<br />
Jan J. Rybczyński, Maria Ławrynowicz, Elżbieta Bednarska, Urszula Bielczyk, Maria Dynowska, Jan Holeksa,<br />
Ewa Kępczyńska, Jan Kępczyński, Maria Lankosz-Mróz, Anna Mikuła, Dorota Nalepka, Elżbieta Romanowska,<br />
Anna Rusińska, Ewa Szczęśniak, Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska, Beata Zagórska-Marek<br />
Local Scientific Committee:<br />
Grażyna Garbaczewska, Helena Kubicka, Aleksandra Łukaszewska, Katarzyna Marciszewska, Artur Obidziński,<br />
Jerzy Puchalski, Barbara Sudnik-Wójcikowska, Andrzej Szczepkowski, Hanna Werblan-Jakubiec, Czesław Wysocki,<br />
Stefan Zajączkowski, Jacek Zakrzewski
The 55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society was sponsored by:<br />
Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education<br />
National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management<br />
Voivodeship Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Warsaw<br />
State Forests: Information Centre of State Forests<br />
Regional Directorates of the State Forests in:<br />
Białystok Kraków Lublin Radom<br />
Katowice Krosno Łódź Warszawa<br />
Forest Districts in:<br />
Augustów Gidle Opoczno Skierniewice<br />
Białowieża Gostynin Ostrów Mazowiecka Spała<br />
Brzeziny Grotniki Parczew Szczebra<br />
Czarna Białostocka Knyszyn Płock Wyszków<br />
Dojlidy Koluszki Poddębice Żednia<br />
Ełk Nurzec Siedlce<br />
Bureau for Forest Management and Geodesy<br />
Committee on Quaternary Research, Polish Academy of Sciences<br />
Delta Optical<br />
Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw<br />
KAWA.SKA<br />
MULTICO Oficyna Wydawnicza<br />
Mykoflor<br />
Olympus Polska Ltd.<br />
Polish Scientific Publishers PWN – Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA<br />
Precoptic Co.<br />
Sanlab<br />
Warsaw University Botanic Garden<br />
Warsaw University Foundation<br />
Exhibitors<br />
Agricultural Cooperative HRS ‘‘Dawidy’’<br />
Delta Optical<br />
Hortpress<br />
Liga Ochrony Przyrody<br />
Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza<br />
Mykoflor<br />
Olympus Polska Ltd.<br />
Polish Scientific Publishers PWN – Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA<br />
Precoptic Co.<br />
Sanlab<br />
Wladyslaw Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences
ACTA SOCIETATIS BOTANICORUM POLONIAE<br />
International Journal<br />
Published quarterly by the Polish Botanical Society<br />
Table of Contents<br />
VOL.79 , SUPPL. 1, 2010<br />
PrEFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />
PLENArY SESSION (Abstracts of plenary lectures) ......................................................... 9<br />
SECTIONS SESSIONS (Abstracts of oral and posters presentations within sections)<br />
Aerobiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15<br />
Botanical Gardens and Arboreta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />
Bryology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />
Dendrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation ................................................................... 31<br />
History of Botany ...................................................................................... 63<br />
Lichenology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65<br />
Mycology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71<br />
Palaeobotany .......................................................................................... 81<br />
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85<br />
Plant Structure and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95<br />
Plant Tissue Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107<br />
Pteridology ........................................................................................... 115<br />
AUTHOrS INdEx .................................................................................... 119<br />
The abstracts are arranged in an alphabetical order by the first author name
Preface<br />
The first meeting of the founders of the Polish Botanical Society took place in 1922 in the Botany Department of Warsaw University<br />
in Warsaw, Poland. Today, eighty eight years later The Warsaw Division is honored to be able to organize the <strong>LV</strong> Meeting and to host<br />
the top Polish botanists. The participants of 13 sections will meet and work together during the upcoming five days. The field sessions<br />
will provide the opportunity for a lot of us to learn more about most beautiful scenery in the north-eastern part of Poland.<br />
Many times earlier the organizers of particular sections of conferences presented the output of their meetings in both Polish and English.<br />
Now, it is time to use both languages for all the Society sections. We would like to introduce the English version of almost three<br />
hundred and seventy titles of various presentations comprising the scientific achievements of Polish botany. Almost five hundred<br />
authors participating in the <strong>LV</strong> Conference will present their work.<br />
I do hope that contributors will emphasize the important aspects of recent research concerning the biology of plants, as well as plants<br />
in the environment.<br />
According to the decision of the Management Committee, the Abstracts of the <strong>LV</strong> Conference are being published for the very first<br />
time in the best Polish botanical journal “Acta Societaties Botanicorum Poloniae”. May this decision help make the Journal more well<br />
known and popular among the younger generation of Polish Botanists and improve the international ranking of the Journal.<br />
Warsaw, 6 September, 2010<br />
Prof. Dr. Hab. Jan J. Rybczyński<br />
President of the Polish Botanical Society<br />
The founders, Warsaw, Poland 1922, Department of Botany, Warsaw University. In the first row, from the left:<br />
Zygmunt Wóycicki, Kazimierz Rouppert, Helena Krzemieniewska, Seweryn Krzemieniewski, Piotr Hoser, Emil Godlewski,<br />
Bolesław Hryniewiecki, unidentified person, Władysław Szafer, January Kołodziejczyk, Jadwiga Wołoszyńska, Feliks Kotowski.
Plenary session
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
PLANTS ANd BOTANY ArOUNd THE MEdITErrA-<br />
NEAN – UNIFOrM Or MANIFOLd?<br />
Greuter Werner. Freie Universität Berlin, Botanical Garden<br />
and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, 6– 8 Königin-Luise Str.,<br />
D-14195 Berlin, Germany, w.greuter@bgbm.org<br />
Mediterranean plants share unique, characteristic features, at<br />
the same time the Mediterranean flora is inexhaustibly rich and<br />
diverse. Homogeneity and diversity, depending on the point of<br />
view, are common though apparently contradictory features of<br />
the World’s five Mediterranean-climate domains. This presentation,<br />
based on my personal endeavours of a lifetime, will focus<br />
on some aspects of our botanical knowledge of the Mediterranean<br />
area.<br />
Botany as a science, and many of its basic notions, have their<br />
roots within the Mediterranean area. But how well do we know<br />
Mediterranean plants? After 30 years of collective efforts, the<br />
synthetic critical inventory known as Med-Checklist is only<br />
two-thirds complete. At the same time, new species and even<br />
genera continue to be described. Some (a minority) were discovered<br />
and collected only recently; others were known but had<br />
been overlooked or misinterpreted; many are part of critical,<br />
polymorphic groups that were (and often still are) not properly<br />
understood. However, defining and making an inventory of the<br />
taxa is not the whole story. We also want to know the reasons for<br />
the observed diversity, its genesis and patterns. We are interested<br />
in understanding and, ideally, checking the threats which that<br />
diversity currently faces, the risks and rates of impoverishment.<br />
And in order to better protect the threatened taxa against these<br />
risks, we want to know more about the way in which the plants<br />
live and survive within the constraints of their physical environment,<br />
embedded in their biological communities. Studies of<br />
biological subsistence of populations and individuals, while still<br />
in their infancy, are badly needed.<br />
To conclude, mention will be made of another aspect of Mediterranean<br />
diversity: of the botanists studying Mediterranean<br />
plants. They, too, face common needs, operate under similar<br />
constraints, and share many interests and goals. An international<br />
organisation, known as OPTIMA, has been created for<br />
their benefit.<br />
BrM-CONTAINING SWI/SNF CHrOMATIN rEMOd-<br />
ELING COMPLEx IN ArAbidoPsis MOdULATES<br />
GIBBErELLIN SIGNALING BY dIrECT BINdING TO<br />
dELLA PrOTEINS<br />
Jerzmanowski Andrzej* 1,2 , Prymakowska-Bosak Marta* 1,2 ,<br />
Archacki Rafał1 , Buszewicz daniel2 , Sarnowski Tomasz2 ,<br />
Sarnowska Elżbieta 3 , Prączko Ilona1 , Palusiński Antoni1 ,<br />
Chomiela Katarzyna1 , rolicka Anna1 , Bucior Ernest1 , davies<br />
Seth3 . 1Warsaw University, Laboratory of Plant Molecular<br />
Biology, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland, andyj@<br />
ibb.waw.pl; marta@ibb.waw.pl; 2Institute of Biochemistry and<br />
Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A,<br />
02-106 Warsaw, Poland, andyj@ibb.waw.pl; marta@ibb.waw.pl;<br />
3Max-Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-<br />
Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany, davis@mpiz-koeln.mpg.de;<br />
*Authors with equal contribution<br />
In animals, SWI/SNF-type chromatin remodeling complexes<br />
built of conserved core subunits including Snf2-type ATPase,<br />
SNF5- and a dimer of SWI3-type proteins, have been shown<br />
to play a role in hormonal signaling pathways by directly interacting<br />
with hormonal receptors. We used genetic, biochemical<br />
and microscopic analyses to see if BRM-containing SWI/SNF<br />
complex in Arabidopsis, interacted physically and functionally<br />
with GA signaling pathway. We showed by yeast-two-hybrid assays<br />
that ATSWI3B, one of the potential partners of ATSWI3C<br />
subunit in SWI/SNF complex, interacted with Arabidopsis<br />
DELLA proteins. We confirmed this result by pull-down assay<br />
with recombinant Arabidopsis RGL1 protein. We showed that<br />
the interactions also occur in vivo by performing FRET analy-<br />
10<br />
sis of ATSWI3B and DELLA proteins. We also confirmed that<br />
ATSWI3B is a stable component of a BRM-containing complex<br />
in vivo, using a co-immunoprecipitation assay with Arabidopsis<br />
nuclear protein extracts. The results of genetic analyses indicated<br />
that BRM interacted functionally with DELLA-dependent<br />
regulatory pathways. The results of chromatin immuno-precipitation<br />
assays showed that some of the GA-pathway genes are<br />
directly associated with BRM. This suggests a model in which<br />
BRM/ATSWI3B-containing SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling<br />
activity and DELLA, act in a common complex to control the<br />
expression of these genes.<br />
THE ENdEMISM PHENOMENON IN POLISH FLOrA<br />
Mirek Zbigniew 1 , Piękoś-Mirkowa Halina 2 . 1 Polish Academy<br />
of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512<br />
Cracow, Poland, z.mirek@botany.pl; 2 Polish Academy of Sciences,<br />
Institute of Nature Conservation, 33 A. Mickiewicza Av.,<br />
31-120 Cracow, Poland<br />
Endemism is one of the key issues in phytogeography. Extensive<br />
research on endemism in Polish vascular plant flora<br />
has been carried out by S. Pawłowska at the Cracow botanical<br />
centre. S. Pawłowska wrote papers in 1953, 1960, and 1972.<br />
B. Pawłowski analysed the Carpathian and Alpine endemism<br />
in his work from 1972. Since that time no major work was published<br />
until the series of recent publications by Piękoś-Mirkowa,<br />
Mirek 2003, 2009; Mirek, Piękoś-Mirkowa 2009. These recent<br />
publications were about the Polish Carpathians or the entire territory<br />
of Poland. Since the publication of the first relevant works,<br />
the number of species and subspecies considered as endemic<br />
has grown considerably. This is mainly due to changes resulting<br />
from the significant progress in taxonomical and phytogeographical<br />
studies. Our latest research allowed us to confirm the<br />
presence of as many as 170 endemic taxa – 130 as species and 40<br />
as subspecies. Taxa with their total range confined to Polish territory<br />
(such as Cochlearia polonica) were included here, as well<br />
as those endemic taxa which exceeded Polish borders (e.g. the<br />
pan-Carpathian endemics occurring also in Poland). Within the<br />
group of endemic taxa in a wider sense, a few of subendemics<br />
were also included. A modified classification of endemics and<br />
subendemics was proposed, including two subelements (within<br />
Central-European element) with further subdivisions:<br />
A. Central-European Mountain Subelement<br />
a. Carpathian endemics and subendemics (Endemics and<br />
subendemics of the Carpathian Mts) – 109 species and<br />
subspecies<br />
b. Sudetian endemics and subendemics (Endemics and subendemics<br />
of the Sudety Mts) – 33 species and subspecies<br />
B. Central-European Lowland Subelement<br />
a. Central-Polish Lowland endemics and subendemics – 18<br />
species and subspecies<br />
b. Baltic seashore endemics and subendemics – 7 species and<br />
subspecies<br />
c. Polish Highland endemics and subendemics – 3 species<br />
Carpathian endemics were subdivided into: (i) pan-Carpathian,<br />
(ii) West-Carpathian and East-Carpathian, (iii) Tatra Mts,<br />
(iv) Pieniny Mts, (v) Babia Góra Mt., (vi) East- and West-Carpathian,<br />
and (vii) East- and South-Carpathian. Similarly the Sudetian<br />
were divided into: (i) pan-Sudetian, (ii) West-Sudetian,<br />
(iii) East-Sudetian, (iv) Central-Sudetian, (v) Karkonosze Mts,<br />
(vi) Śnieżnik massif, and (vii) Góry Izerskie Mts endemics and<br />
subendemics.<br />
The vertical range, biotope and phytocoenosis characteristics<br />
and the general range maps, for all 170 taxa, were provided. The<br />
maps were analysed to characterize general distribution patterns<br />
that served as a basis for the above mentioned classification.<br />
A synthetic map of the “endemic richness” of Poland was also<br />
presented. It clearly shows that the Carpathians is the richest<br />
region of endemics in the country. The richest area of endemics<br />
is in the Tatra Mts, where almost 90 endemic and subendemic<br />
species and subspecies occur.
TENSOr ASPECTS OF THE PLANT OrGAN GrOWTH<br />
– in silico STUdIES<br />
Nakielski Jerzy. University of Silesia, Department of Biophysics<br />
and Morphogenesis of Plants, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032<br />
Katowice, Poland, jerzy.nakielski@us.edu.pl<br />
Plant organs grow symplastically, i.e. in a continuous and coordinated<br />
way. Such growth is of a tensor nature [1]. The field<br />
of growth rates of the organ is of the tensor type. Therefore, at<br />
every point, unless growth is isotropic, there are three mutually<br />
orthogonal principal directions of growth (PDGs), along<br />
which the linear growth rate attains extreme values (maximal,<br />
minimal and of a saddle type). The PDGs are a natural source<br />
of directional information specific for a given position. They<br />
may be useful to “properly” orient cell divisions. Hejnowicz [2,<br />
3] postulated that cells divide with respect to PDGs. A division<br />
wall typically lies in the plane defined by two such directions,<br />
i.e. it is perpendicular to the third PDG.<br />
Tensor properties of the growth manifest themselves in cellular<br />
pattern. In a cell wall system of root and shoot apices observed<br />
in the axial or transverse section, cell walls arranged in a zigzag<br />
are the result of the shapes of individual cells. Cell walls can<br />
be satisfactorily described by two families of regular, mutually<br />
orthogonal lines known as periclines and anticlines. These lines<br />
preserve their orthogonal intersections during growth. Furthermore,<br />
new walls formed during cell division are mostly either<br />
periclinal or anticlinal. The periclines and anticlines represent<br />
PDG trajectories [2]. This may indicate that cells must be somehow<br />
able to detect directional cues included in PDGs and obey<br />
them in the course of cell divisions.<br />
The field of the growth rates of a given organ can be conveniently<br />
described mathematically by the second rang operator called<br />
the growth tensor, GT [1]. Based on the knowledge of GT, the<br />
simulation models for growth in which cells divide with respect<br />
to PDGs, have been formulated [4, 5]. By use of such models<br />
virtual organs are generated. They offer wide possibilities of in<br />
silico studies. Such models prove especially interesting in the<br />
case of developmental processes difficult or not amenable for<br />
experiments or microscopic observation.<br />
The results of GT-based modeling of the growth of two organs:<br />
the root apex, on the example of Arabidopsis thaliana, and the<br />
petal, on the example of Antirrhinum majus, will be presented.<br />
The root apex typically grows steadily maintaining its shape in<br />
time. During the growth period, the growth cellular pattern can<br />
be considered as self-perpetuating [5]. The petal, in contrast,<br />
grows unsteadily changing its size and shape [6]. Such changes<br />
obviously affect cellular pattern. This is especially true in the<br />
early stages of development. However, both of these very different<br />
types of growth have the same biophysical basis resulting<br />
from the tensor nature of the symplastic growth. How the GT<br />
field may control growth at the organ level can be seen using<br />
computer simulations. These simulations will focus our attention<br />
on the tensor properties of the growth, particularly those<br />
related to PDGs. With the use of simulations we are trying to<br />
illustrate the influence of these directions on cell wall pattern<br />
during steady and unsteady growth.<br />
[1] Hejnowicz Z, Romberger JA. 1984. Growth tensor of plant<br />
organs. J Theor Biol 110: 93– 114.<br />
[2] Hejnowicz Z. 1984. Trajectories of principal growth directions.<br />
Natural coordinate system in plant growth. Acta Soc Bot<br />
Pol 53: 29– 42.<br />
[3] Hejnowicz Z. 1989. Differential growth resulting in the<br />
specification of different types of cellular architecture in root<br />
meristems. Environ Exp Bot 29: 85– 93.<br />
[4] Nakielski J., 2000. Tensorial model for growth and cell division<br />
in the shoot apex. In: Pattern formation in biology, vision<br />
and dynamics. A. Carbone, M. Gromov, P. Prusinkiewicz, Eds.,<br />
World Scientific Publ. Company, Singapore, pp: 252– 628.<br />
[5] Nakielski J. 2008. The tensor-based model for growth and<br />
cell divisions of the root apex. I. The significance of principal<br />
directions. Planta 228: 179– 189.<br />
Plenary session<br />
[6] Rolland-Lagan A.G., Bangham J.A., Coen E.S., 2003.<br />
Growth dynamics underlying petal shape and asymmetry. Nature<br />
422 (6928): 161– 163.<br />
LINKING TrEE TrAITS TO ECOSYSTEM PrOCESSES<br />
ANd PrOPErTIES<br />
Oleksyn Jacek 1 , reich Peter B. 2 , Hobbie Sarah E. 3 , Eissenstat<br />
david M. 4 , Kasprowicz Marek 5 . 1 Polish Academy of<br />
Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, 5 Parkowa St., 62-035 Kórnik,<br />
Poland, oleks001@umn.edu; 2 University of Minnesota, Department<br />
of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN 5508, USA, preich@<br />
umn.edu; 3 University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology,<br />
Evolution and Behavior, St Paul, MN 55108, USA, shobbie@<br />
umn.edu; 4 The Pennsylvania State University, Department of<br />
Horticulture, University Park, PA 16802, USA, dme9@psu.edu,<br />
5 Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Plant Ecology<br />
and Environmental Protection, 89 Umultowska St., Poznań, Poland,<br />
mkas@amu.edu.pl<br />
The influence of plant species on microclimate, diversity of understory<br />
plants, litter decomposition, soil properties, mezofauna<br />
and fungi is widely recognized. The rate and magnitude of such<br />
effects, however, remain poorly documented. Given major historical<br />
shifts in plant composition globally, these effects have<br />
widespread impacts. In natural forest stands, though, it is difficult<br />
to separate the response of species to soils, from the effects<br />
of species on soils. A unique opportunity to avoid the confounding<br />
effects exists in “common garden“ experiments. These are<br />
experiments where climate, parent material, time, water table,<br />
topography and previous land use are held constant. Direct<br />
comparisons and statistical inference of the effects of species on<br />
ecosystems are then allowed to be made. However, such studies<br />
have been rare and have mixed results. This is perhaps due to<br />
the limited number of species compared.<br />
To assess the effects of tree species traits on ecosystem processes<br />
and properties, we measured plant and soil attributes<br />
in a replicated long-term field experiment. Fourteen temperate<br />
tree species (Abies alba, Acer platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus,<br />
Betula pendula, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua,<br />
Picea abies, Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris, Pseudotsuga menziesii,<br />
Quercus robur, Q. rubra, and Tilia cordata) were planted<br />
in 1970– 1971 by Prof. S. Szymański in replicated monoculture<br />
plots located at the Siemianice Experimental Forest, in western<br />
Poland. We hypothesized that different tree species would<br />
differ in litter traits and associated effects on soils. More importantly,<br />
we hypothesized that species differences in litter N,<br />
lignin and Ca would cause divergence in soil properties from<br />
the initial conditions. Effects of different species on soil would<br />
have a common origin as identified by similar relations of plant<br />
traits and soil factors.<br />
We observed rapid (within three decades) and extensive changes<br />
in soils beneath different tree species. Effect of trees on soils<br />
was both direct through the chemistry of their litter and indirect<br />
through the effect of their litter on detritivores, including earthworms.<br />
Litter Ca varied significantly among tree species (from 4<br />
for Pinus nigra to 22 mg g -1 for Tilia cordata). Litter Ca appears<br />
to be a critical and general agent in these processes. Its variation<br />
led to a similar divergence in soils among species within the<br />
gymnosperm and angiosperm groups, as well as across them.<br />
The effect of tree species on leaf litter decomposition was mainly<br />
affected by intraspecific differences in litter lignin (and perhaps<br />
Ca) and soil temperatures that explain much of the variation in<br />
species effects on microbial decomposition rates. Strong differences<br />
among species in forest floor dynamics were overwhelmingly<br />
related to differences in leaf-litter Ca that are driven, in<br />
turn, by differences in the abundance of earthworms (mainly<br />
Lumbricus terrestris). Ca-rich species like Tilia cordata and<br />
Acer spp. exhibited rapid forest floor removal related to high<br />
earthworm abundance. Species like Abies alba, Picea abies, and<br />
Pinus spp. exhibited accumulation of a substantial forest floor<br />
mass and are associated with low earthworm abundance. Litter<br />
11
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
lignin is important in explaining species effects on microbially<br />
mediated decomposition. Differences among species in litter<br />
Ca, however, appear most important in determining species effects<br />
on forest-floor leaf-litter dynamics among the 14 tree species<br />
in this system. The overall influence of these tree species<br />
on leaf-litter decomposition via effects on both microbial and<br />
faunal processing, will only become clear when we can quantify<br />
the decay dynamics of litter that is translocated below ground<br />
by earthworms.<br />
In summary, our results indicate that the fertility and biogeochemistry<br />
of soils, particularly those derived from relatively<br />
base-rich parent materials, are strongly influenced by vegetation<br />
and associated soil organisms. It also supports the idea that<br />
vegetation, soil organisms and soil chemistry should be viewed<br />
as co-developing components of terrestrial ecosystems even on<br />
decadal scales. Our results highlight the need to consider the<br />
role of vegetation change as a driver of regional biogeochemistry<br />
in broad analyses of global environmental change. In addition,<br />
tree species via alterations of the microclimate, light, litter<br />
and soil chemistry also have a profound effect on biodiversity of<br />
understory plants, fungi and soil mezofauna.<br />
PrESENT STATUS OF POLISH NATIVE VASCULAr<br />
FLOrA dIVErSITY CONSErVATION WITH THE<br />
HELP OF BIOTECHNOLOGY<br />
Rybczyński Jan J. Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical<br />
Garden – Center for Biological Diversity Conservation, 2 Prawdziwka<br />
St., 02-973 Warsaw, Poland, jjryb@obpan.pl<br />
Polish national programs of native flora conservation follow the<br />
International Conventions on the conservation of nature and<br />
wildlife due to acceptance all conventions by the Polish Government.<br />
In Poland we do not have one program coordinated by<br />
any government agency in which modern methods of plant biology<br />
can be explored. So, the lecture will combined all published<br />
data and show the present involvement of modern methods of<br />
plant cell manipulation in protection and conservation of Polish<br />
native flora.<br />
The degradation and natural decline of environmental conditions<br />
in our country have caused a decrease in the number of<br />
species. Species protected by various biotechnology methods<br />
constitute only a short list of the total number of the Polish flora<br />
species. Species which have already been studied are those<br />
which originated from club mosses, ferns, dicotyledonous and<br />
monocotyledonous species. The majority of studied species systems<br />
of plant multiplication, were based on commonly employed<br />
media with limited application of plant growth hormones. Some<br />
taxas, however, could serve as model plants for experimental<br />
plant biology. In such cases, the culture conditions require application<br />
of more advanced technology.<br />
Some species revealed their own very high morphogenic capacities<br />
which were exploited for their multiplication and reintroduction<br />
to natural habits. Due to their morphological potential<br />
some of them could play the role of model plants for the description<br />
of plant differentiation initiated by a single cell or its protoplast.<br />
Encapsulation together with dehydration, and vitrification<br />
methods of preservation of living plant cell complexes resulting<br />
in the rearrangement of cell cytoplasm, could serve as a tool for<br />
the in vitro gene bank of the protected species establishment.<br />
Working with known species, in vitro culture strategies should<br />
consist of the selection of proper explant and optimal culture<br />
conditions to achieve true to type regenerants. The above mentioned<br />
strategy includes the following steps: sampling biological<br />
material – explants selection, medium and PGRs selection and<br />
culture condition assessment for improving the morphogenic<br />
potential of chosen explants, introduction into in vitro culture<br />
condition and exploration of cell division activity of meristematic<br />
complexes or induction of morphogenic competences of other<br />
somatic cells of selected explants, selection of the regeneration<br />
pathway in liquid or agar medium with preference to somatic<br />
embryogenesis rather than organogenesis, production of regen-<br />
12<br />
erants and their multiplication, plantlets adaptation to ex vitro<br />
conditions, reintroduction to natural sites and alternatively;<br />
introduction to in vitro particular species propagation for horticulture<br />
purpose and mass propagation of individuals for the<br />
open market.<br />
The general strategy of nature conservation requires verification<br />
of reintroduced individuals. This is true especially about<br />
those regenerated with the help of advanced biotechnological<br />
methods. There are different methods to verify whether the regenerant<br />
is true to type, on various levels of plant morphogenesis.<br />
Morphological considering type and pathway of regeneration,<br />
cytological describing the total DNA in the cell nucleus<br />
and chromosome number, are the markers most often used.<br />
Proteins, their aminoacid composition and their polymorphism<br />
with application of 2-DE PAGE have started to be important<br />
biochemical markers. Molecular markers are not influenced by<br />
environmental factors and generate reliable and reproducible<br />
results. They are quite expensive to use in analysis and instead,<br />
are more often used for verification of the regenerant uniformity<br />
with the donor plant.<br />
THE JOUrNEY OF CELErY ANd CArrOT IN SPACE<br />
ANd TIME Or MOLECULAr MArKErS IN HISTOrI-<br />
CAL BIOGEOGrAPHY WITH ExAMPLES FrOM THE<br />
APIACEAE FAMILY<br />
Spalik Krzysztof. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology,<br />
Institute of Botany, Department of Plant Systematics and Geography,<br />
4 Ujazdowskie Av., 00-478 Warsaw, Poland, spalik@<br />
biol.uw.edu.pl<br />
Molecular markers (mostly cpDNA sequences) and the methods<br />
of calibrating phylogenetic trees and reconstructing the evolution<br />
of geographic range, have revolutionized the historical<br />
biogeography of plants. The major advances include reinstating<br />
long-distance dispersal as a major factor shaping the distribution<br />
of plant taxa. This would consequently lead to the demise<br />
of vicariance as a null hypothesis in historical biogeography,<br />
particularly with respect to presumed Gondwanian relics. Major<br />
advances also include reconstructing plant migration routes<br />
in the Northern Hemisphere during the Ice Age and after the<br />
glaciations. These issues are illustrated with examples from the<br />
economically important umbellifer family (Apiaceae). Phylogenetic<br />
and biogeographic studies also have significant practical<br />
implications. For example, molecular studies have identified<br />
wild relatives of two most important umbellifer crops: celery<br />
(Apium graveolens) and carrot (Daucus carota).<br />
PLANT in vivo – CUrIOSITY OF FUNCTION<br />
Starck Zofia. Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW,<br />
Department of Plant Physiology, 159 Nowoursynowska St.,<br />
02-776 Warsaw, Poland, kfr@sggw.pl<br />
According to the idea that “the whole is more than the sum<br />
of parts” my lecture will present the mechanism of plant life<br />
from the regulation of gene expression to the holistical level.<br />
All plants carry out fundamentally similar processes. All plants<br />
are affected by the same phytohormones and other regulators<br />
in spite of diversity of plant size, anatomy, morphology and<br />
physiology, as well as ability to environmental acclimation.<br />
Under unfavorable conditions some organs may avoid stress injury<br />
and/or post-stress recovery. The coordination of processes<br />
in particular organs as well as response to internal and external<br />
signals will be discussed. The role of substances, playing<br />
analogical functions or similar functions in plants and animals<br />
will be discussed. The function of acetylocholine, actine, ATP,<br />
haemoglobins, calmodulyn, calreticulin, nitric oxide (NO), reactive<br />
oxygen species (ROS), serpin and others, present both<br />
in plants and animals as similar “tools” but operating in different<br />
systems, will also be explained. In animal organism some
of the above are called neurotransmitters. However plants are<br />
brain-less and mind-less organisms without nerves, blood and<br />
immunology systems. Where and how do plants store information<br />
from environmental or internal conditions? How do they<br />
use the information received to make “optimal decisions” concerning<br />
their development in the near future? Is it important to<br />
balance the supply of resources with their demand, photoassimilate<br />
partitioning among sinks, preferring the growth of some of<br />
them? To get the answer to the above mentioned questions, some<br />
authors postulate, that plants possess intelligence, memory and<br />
the possibility of making decision on the basis of the signals<br />
obtained. Thus a new biological discipline – Plant Neurobiology<br />
was born, although it is not accepted by some biologists.<br />
Contrary to animals, plants, as autotrophic organisms nourish<br />
the whole world. They harvest light energy and convert it in<br />
the chloroplast to chemical energy, accumulated in the ATP and<br />
NADPH + which are used to assimilate CO 2, reduce SO 4 2- and<br />
NO 2 – . If the electron transport chain is disturbed in the chloroplasts<br />
and mitochondria, ROS are produced affecting plant<br />
processes. In all the cases a close cross-talk between chloroplast<br />
and mitochondria takes place. This is especially true in<br />
connection with the effect of circadian conditions. Relatively<br />
new information will be presented about trehalose function, as<br />
a “central metabolic regulator” of resource partitioning, cell<br />
division, plant growth and stress protection. Plants evolve the<br />
mechanism of water and mineral ion transport mostly by xylem.<br />
But photoassymilates, as well as other resources and some<br />
ions – are transported by the phloem. Conducting bundless may<br />
be compared with blood system in animals. Special attention<br />
will be paid to the role of phloem as a “superhighway of information”,<br />
compared to the nervous system, rapidly transporting<br />
signal molecules. The sieve tubes also transport various RNA,<br />
polipeptydes and proteins, transcription factors, phytohormons<br />
and other regulators. Phloem also transfers electrical signals,<br />
which are much faster transmitted than chemical ones. As concerns<br />
the mechanism of phloem transport, mass flow theory is<br />
commonly accepted. The theory refers to the precise control of<br />
substances loaded to the phloem and unloaded from the sieve<br />
tube. Nevertheless, new experiments indicate, that transport in<br />
the sieve tubes is selective. Many trafficking substances, including<br />
phytohormons, iRNAs and proteins are part of the plant’s<br />
long-distance, communicating- signaling system. The phloem<br />
plasmodesmata take part in the regulation of loading and unloading<br />
processes, perhaps by sorting macromolecules when<br />
passing through them. This movement control may be based on<br />
the modification of transported molecules by their phosphorylation,<br />
and/or glycosylation in the sieve tubes. In companion cells<br />
the expression of many genes takes place and their products are<br />
loaded into sieve tubes. Therefore, companion cells are indirectly<br />
involved in the mechanism of phloem transport. The presented<br />
data, concerning regulation of plant processes indicates,<br />
that the plants developed very robust, signaling and information<br />
processing apparatus of chemical and physical pathways.<br />
WHAT MAKES PHYLLOTAxIS dIVErSE – A LESSON<br />
FrOM THE VIrTUAL GArdEN<br />
Zagórska-Marek Beata. University of Wrocław, Institute<br />
of Plant Biology, 6/8 Kanonia St., 50-328 Wrocław, Poland,<br />
beata@biol.uni.wroc.pl<br />
These days, modeling developmental processes represents<br />
a new and attractive category of the experiment. It allows testing<br />
the effects of changing parameters of the particular process<br />
in computer simulation. Such modeling is either impossible or<br />
difficult to implement in natural conditions. Simulations often<br />
bring about unexpected answers to fundamental questions<br />
pertaining to the nature of regulatory mechanisms engaged in<br />
growth and development of the structure of the living organism.<br />
Simulations are also helpful in planning classical experiments<br />
by virtue of showing which value, assumption or hypothesis<br />
produces unrealistic results. Computer modeling has been used<br />
Plenary session<br />
in the analysis of neuronal networks. Computer modeling has<br />
been used in studies on the properties of the 3D structure of<br />
polypeptides and their activity, which highly depends upon the<br />
3D structure. Computer modeling has also been applied to the<br />
reconstruction of evolutionary processes and phylogenetic relations<br />
among living organisms as well as to their interactions in<br />
the changing environment of various ecosystems. One of the<br />
developmental phenomena exceptionally attractive and suitable<br />
for computer modeling is phyllotaxis – the pattern of lateral organ<br />
distribution on the surface of the plant shoot. It originates<br />
from the shoot apical meristem (SAM), where the initiation of<br />
the organ primordia, such as leaves or flowers, takes place in<br />
a very regular and iterative manner. In ontogeny of the particular<br />
shoot, therefore in the history of the activity of its apical<br />
meristem, the pattern of phyllotaxis changes. The pattern often<br />
changes with the phase of plant shoot development but sometimes<br />
it changes for no apparent reasons. Recent new models<br />
of phyllotaxis are based on the discovery that the initiation of<br />
lateral organs at SAM is associated with spatial and temporal redistribution<br />
of auxin transporters within the cells of the L1 layer<br />
and thus with changing direction of auxin flux on the apex surface.<br />
The result of these dynamic changes is a specific pattern<br />
of auxin concentration developing within the organogenic zone.<br />
These findings allowed for the revival of the old concepts, formulated<br />
by Hofmeister (1868) and Snow & Snow (1932, 1951).<br />
These researchers claimed that each developing organ primordium<br />
is surrounded by the inhibition field. According to them,<br />
in the course of apex growth the new primordium can only be<br />
initiated in the first available space opening between and above<br />
already existing primordia. Using these assumptions, we have<br />
developed a special version of a geometric model of phyllotaxis,<br />
which allows studying the dynamics of changing relations<br />
between developing primordia of different sizes. A computer<br />
program has been written, which shows in computer simulation<br />
how the shoot apex grows and how the change in size affects<br />
the primordia spatial distribution. In our model, the physiological<br />
parameter i.e. the inhibitory strength of each primordium is<br />
translated into the geometric one i.e. the primordium diameter.<br />
In our quest for understanding the phenomenon of ontogenetic<br />
phyllotactic transitions, we have assumed that the radius of primordium<br />
changes with its identity. Indeed, the changes of phyllotaxis<br />
are often observed with transition to flowering, when<br />
vegetative organs change into the floral ones. The testing of<br />
these assumptions in the simulations of SAM’s development has<br />
brought up many interesting observations and led us to some<br />
important conclusions. First of all we have noted the ambiguity<br />
of the first available space principle. Sometimes the space<br />
is so large that it accommodates two equivalent positions for<br />
the emerging primordium. The selection of one of them affects<br />
the quality of the developing phyllotactic pattern differently,<br />
than the selection of the other. This is an interesting example<br />
of the mechanism increasing the level of phenotypic plasticity<br />
in plants. Intuitively, the choice of one position, out of the<br />
two possible ones, should be made at random. However, some<br />
plant model cases empirically analyzed, such as Dipsacus or<br />
Torreya, seemed to indicate that the selection was non-random.<br />
Another interesting finding came from the analysis of the effects<br />
of a continuing decrease in primordia size. In this case the<br />
initial pattern, which was distichy, transformed into the series<br />
of rising expressions of the main Fibonacci pattern. Between<br />
its two basal expressions: 1:2 and 2:3, the ephemeric 3:8 pattern<br />
emerged unexpectedly as a transient state. Its identity has<br />
been confirmed by following the divergence angle values. The<br />
values dropped from 144 degrees for 1:2 expression to 132.18,<br />
before rising again to an approximate 137.5 value, typical for<br />
the higher expressions of the Fibonacci pattern. We note that<br />
the 3:8 pattern belongs to the category of “impossible patterns”<br />
according to Jean. Another important conclusion pertains to the<br />
developmental stability of the phyllotactic patterns in their lowest<br />
expressions. It appeared in the simulations that some of the<br />
patterns had been more stable than the others. The most stable<br />
was the Fibonacci pattern. Perhaps this is the reason or one of<br />
the reasons for its prevalence in nature. Last but not least, we<br />
13
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
have studied the importance of the tolerance parameter used in<br />
our simulations. It is natural to assume that in vivo the vertical<br />
positioning of primordia or the changes in their size, are not<br />
ideal mathematically. Introducing tolerance made the effects of<br />
simulations closer to reality. One of the most astounding results<br />
was the increase in the number of parastichies under condition<br />
of the apex determined growth. For example, in the case<br />
when self renewal of the cells slows down and the organogenic<br />
surface shrinks relative to the primordia size. This effect had<br />
been sometimes observed in the floral shoots of Magnolia, our<br />
long time model plant. Its appearance was always puzzling because<br />
under these developmental circumstances, a decrease in<br />
the parastichy number should be expected. This way we have<br />
proven that the proportion between the primordia size and the<br />
size of organogenic surface does not define phyllotactic pattern<br />
unequivocally. The history of the developing system is of importance<br />
too. High correlation of the results of the experiments<br />
performed in silico with the course of natural phyllotactic transitions,<br />
indicates that the assumptions of the geometric model<br />
of phyllotaxis are not unrealistic and that the model is suitable<br />
for studying the activity of growing SAM. Next, we will try to<br />
understand why the plants have clear preferences with regard to<br />
the particular phyllotactic patterns, which results in the species<br />
specific spectra of phyllotaxis.
Aerobiology
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
PrEdICTING THE STArT ANd INTENSITY OF BIrCH<br />
ANd OAK POLLEN SEASON IN POZNAN<br />
Grewling Łukasz1 , Uruska Agnieszka1 , Szymańska Agata1 ,<br />
Nowak Małgorzata1 , Jackowiak Bogdan1,2 . Adam Mickiewicz<br />
Univeristy, Faculty of Biology, 89 Umultowska St., 61-164<br />
Poznań, Poland; 1Laboratory of Aeropalinology, curculio13@<br />
gmail.com; 2Department of Plant Taxonomy, bogjack@amu.<br />
edu.pl<br />
The data set for constructing the forecasting model was obtained<br />
using a Hirst volumetric spore-trap situated in the centre<br />
of Poznan for 12 consecutive years (1996– 2007). Start date<br />
of pollen seasons was determinated using several methods<br />
(threshold values, cumulative sum of pollen and the 90, 95 and<br />
95% method). The accuracy of the models was tested by comparing<br />
the predicted values with the real values recorded during<br />
two additional years not included in model (2008– 2009).<br />
Meteorologic data collected during the months before flowering,<br />
including 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-weeks mean maximum, minimum<br />
and mean temperature and total sum of rainfall were<br />
studied in order to determine their influence on Betula and<br />
Quercus pollen seasons. Additionally, the phenological data,<br />
information about dormancy and heat accumulation period<br />
(heat units) and the role of photoperiod in incuding flowering,<br />
were used during the modelling process. The most important<br />
factor determining the start of the pollen season was mean daily<br />
maximum temperature recorded one month before flowering.<br />
Based on this factor, the prediction was accurate to within<br />
a few days. Similar results were obtained using heat units. The<br />
main factors responsible for the intensity of flowering were the<br />
sum of the rain during summer one year before flowering, the<br />
pollen production in the previous year and the amount of rain<br />
in the weeks before flowering.<br />
THE SPACE-TIME ANALYSIS OF corylus POLLEN<br />
SEASONS IN POLANd<br />
Kasprzyk Idalia 1 , Uruska Agnieszka 2,7 , Latałowa Małgorzata<br />
2 , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta 3 , Piotrowska Krystyna<br />
3 , Chłopek Kazimiera 4 , Dąbrowska-Zapart Katarzyna 4 ,<br />
Puc Małgorzata 5 , Grinn-Gofroń Agnieszka 5 , Myszkowska<br />
dorota 6 , Stępalska Danuta 6 , Grewling Łukasz 7 , Stosik Tomasz<br />
8 , Jendrzejczak Ewa 8 , Majkowska-Wojciechowska<br />
Barbara 9 , rapiejko Piotr 10 . 1 University of Rzeszów, 6 Pigonia<br />
St., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland, idalia@univ.rzeszow.pl; 2 University<br />
of Gdańsk, Poland; 3 University of Life Sciences in Lublin,<br />
Poland; 4 University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland;<br />
5 University of Szczecin, Poland; 6 Jagiellonian University, Collegium<br />
Medicum, Cracow, Poland; 7 Adam Mickiewicz University,<br />
Poznań, Poland; 8 University of Technology and Life Science in<br />
Bydgoszcz, Poland; 9 Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland;<br />
10 OBAŚ, Warsaw, Poland<br />
Aerobiological monitoring was performed in 10 cities in Poland<br />
in 2009. The Corylus pollen seasons were clearly skew to<br />
the right. A very quick increase in pollen concentration in the<br />
air and a clearly slower decline were observed. In Poznań and<br />
Olsztyn the pollen seasons were the shortest, somewhat over<br />
1 month. In Sosnowiec pollen occurred in the air for over 100<br />
days. In Cracow and Sosnowiec dynamics of the pollen seasons<br />
were the most similar. In Rzeszów and Lublin the pollen seasons<br />
were clearly different from seasons in other cities. The pollen<br />
seasons started the earliest in Lublin and Rzeszów (7 Feb),<br />
30 days later in Bydgoszcz. The last pollen grains in Olsztyn<br />
were noted 29 March, in Łódź and Lublin 27 April. In Szczecin<br />
maximum concentration value was noted on a day when<br />
in Bydgoszcz the pollen season had just started. In Rzeszów<br />
maximum concentration occurred on a day when in Olsztyn the<br />
pollen season was already over. Such differences result, from<br />
among other differences, from a climatic diversity along a NW-<br />
SE transect in Poland. The strongest variability, referred to daily<br />
pollen concentration values and annual totals. The highest num-<br />
16<br />
ber of pollen grains in a year was stated in Olsztyn, the lowest<br />
in Gdańsk.<br />
BIOLOGICAL MOdELS FOr THE BIrCH (betulA SP.)<br />
POLLEN SEASONS IN SELECTEd POLISH CITIES<br />
Myszkowska dorota1 , Jenner Bartosz2 . Jagiellonian University,<br />
Medical College, 1Department of Clinical and Environmental<br />
Allergology, 10 Śniadeckich St., 31-531 Cracow, Poland,<br />
dmyszkow@cm-uj.krakow.pl; 2Department of Clinical and Environmental<br />
Toxicology, 1 Złotej Jesieni St., 31-826 Cracow,<br />
Poland, jennerb@poczta.fm<br />
The mathematical model for the daily pollen concentration in<br />
the pollen season was performed. The model was calculated<br />
on the grounds that, the daily pollen concentration in the air is<br />
a result of two opposite processes: the pollen concentration increase<br />
caused by pollen release and the decrease caused by the<br />
pollen disintegration. It was assumed that the pollen release<br />
distribution is the normal distribution and the rate of disintegration<br />
is the constant function (independent of time). The<br />
model was tested during the birch pollen seasons in selected<br />
cities (Cracow 1991– 2009, Szczecin 2003– 2009, Rzeszów<br />
1997– 2005, Poznań 1996– 2009, Lublin 2001– 2009, Sosnowiec<br />
1997– 2009). Four season parameters were tested: annual<br />
pollen total, the day of the maximum concentration, standard<br />
deviation of the pollen release distribution and the mean daily<br />
rate of disintegration. Two types of models were presented:<br />
one and two-peaked models depending on the number of<br />
clearly distinguished peak days. In the case of the two-peaked<br />
model it was assumed, that the pollen release is presented by<br />
two normal distributions. For each city, there were more years<br />
with one peak value. The strength of the model fitting data depends<br />
on the outlier points and the daily pollen concentration<br />
fluctuation (the frequency of their occurrence and absolute differences).<br />
THE EFFECT OF METEOrOLOGICAL FACTOrS ON<br />
AIrBOrNE BIrCH POLLEN CONCENTrATIONS IN<br />
LUBLIN<br />
Piotrowska Krystyna 1 , Kaszewski Bogusław M. 2 1 University<br />
of Life Sciences, Department of Botany, 15 Akademicka<br />
St., Lublin, Poland, krystyna.piotrowska@up.lublin.pl; 2 Maria<br />
Skłodowska -Curie University, Department of Meteoroly and<br />
Climatology, 2cd Karśnicka Av., 20-048 Lublin, Poland<br />
Birch pollen contains allergens showing strong allergenic activity<br />
which are a frequent cause of pollen allergy in Europe.<br />
The pattern of birch pollen seasons in Lublin in the period<br />
2001– 2009 was analysed. Pollen monitoring was conducted by<br />
the volumetric method using a Lanzoni VPPS 2000 sampler.<br />
The start of the season, determined using the 98% method,<br />
took place between 3 April and 22 April, while the end between<br />
6 May and 21 May. The highest pollen counts over the<br />
9-year study period were recorded in the second half of April.<br />
Very large variations, related to maximum daily counts and<br />
annual pollen sums in particular years. The shortest season<br />
with intense dynamics was recorded in 2003. The value of the<br />
maximum pollen count in this year was 25 times higher than<br />
in 2009 in which the pollen count was the lowest. It was found<br />
that mean air temperature and rainfall had the greatest effect<br />
on the birch pollen season. The highest negative correlation<br />
was noted between the start of the season and mean temperature<br />
in February. Higher temperature in February promoted<br />
the earlier onset of the season. Maximum pollen counts and<br />
annual pollen sums were correlated with mean temperature in<br />
May of the year preceding pollen release as well as in February<br />
and April in the year of pollen release. Rainfall events in<br />
April significantly delayed the occurrence of maximum birch<br />
pollen counts.
SPOrES OF THE GENUS AlternAriA – THE SOUrCE<br />
OF INFECTION OF PLANTS FrOM THE BrASSI-<br />
CACEAE FAMILY IN THE WIELKOPOLSKA rEGION<br />
(2006– 2008)<br />
Uruska Agnieszka 1 , Kaczmarek Joanna 2 , Jędryczka Małgorzata<br />
2 . 1 Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Environmental<br />
Biology, Laboratory of Aeropalynology, 89 Umultowska St.,<br />
61-614 Poznań, Poland, bioau@amu.edu.pl; 2 Polish Academy<br />
of Sciences, Institute of Plant Genetics, 34 Strzeszyńska St.,<br />
60-479 Poznań, Poland<br />
Beside the great risk of allergies caused by the spores of the<br />
genus Alternaria, its numerous species are very pathogenic to<br />
agricultural crops. The species belonging to Alternaria can<br />
cause seedling blights and diseases of numerous crop plants,<br />
mostly called black or dark spots. They can cause big economic<br />
problems to growers of vegetables and producers of agricultural<br />
crops belonging to the Brassicaceae family, leading to such serious<br />
diseases as dark and grey leaf spot of cabbages, cauliflowers,<br />
brussel sprouts and oilseed rape. The aim of this experiment<br />
was to examine the concentration of Alternaria spp. spores in<br />
the region of Wielkopolska (Great Poland). The experiment was<br />
done in 2006– 2008, using the Burkard spore trap, operating<br />
from March to May and from September to November. The results<br />
indicate great changes in the presence and concentration of<br />
spores in different years and seasons. In general, substantially<br />
higher spore concentrations were found in the autumn compared<br />
to the spring. In the analyzed periods great differences were<br />
observed in seasonal summary numbers of Alternaria spores.<br />
From September to November 2006 this sum was as high as<br />
2159 S/m 3 , but in the other seasons it was much lower. Similar<br />
dependencies were found for maximal daily spore concentrations,<br />
varying from 45 S/m 3 /24h to 197 S/m 3 /24h.<br />
Aerobiology<br />
THE FLOWErING PHENOLOGY ANd dYNAMICS<br />
OF HAZEL (corylus SP.) POLLEN SEASONS IN dIF-<br />
FErENT dISTrICTS OF LUBLIN IN THE PErIOd<br />
2008– 2009<br />
Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta, Sulborska Aneta, Piotrowska<br />
Krystyna. University of Life Sciences, Department<br />
of Botany, 15 Akademicka St., 20-590 Lublin, Poland, elzbieta.<br />
weryszko@up.lublin.pl<br />
With favourable weather conditions, hazel starts flowering as<br />
early as the end of January. Phenological observations of flowering<br />
of Corylus avellana L. were conducted in Lublin at five sites;<br />
2– 3 shrubs were designated at each site. Four flowering stages<br />
were determined. Airborne hazel pollen counts were performed<br />
using the volumetric method (Lanzoni VPPS 2000 sampler). In<br />
both years of the study, the hazel flowering period at particular<br />
sites started at different times and it was characterized by<br />
varying lengths of the respective stages. The blooming of the<br />
first flowers was noted earliest at the sunny site in the Botanical<br />
Garden of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin,<br />
where flowering lasted longest. The delayed and the shortestlasting<br />
period of flowering was observed in Nadrzeczna Street<br />
at the shaded site. In 2008, the hazel pollen season was between<br />
the dates of 21 January and 28 April, whereas in 2009 it lasted<br />
from 6 February to 27 April. Large variations were shown in the<br />
values and dates of occurrence of maximum pollen concentrations.<br />
In 2008 the maximum concentration was 104 grains in<br />
1 m 3 (24 February), while in 2009 it reached 368 grains in 1 m 3<br />
(28 March). Annual totals of daily pollen counts in the study<br />
years did not show large differences; they were 804 and 967,<br />
respectively. The full bloom of hazel coincided with the date of<br />
occurrence of maximum airborne pollen concentrations only at<br />
two sampling sites.
Botanical Gardens<br />
and Arboreta
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
EVALUATION OF MOrPHOLOGICAL ANd PHYTO-<br />
CHEMICAL VArIABILITY OF Adonis vernAlis L.<br />
IN CULTIVATION<br />
Forycka Anna, Buchwald Waldemar. Institute of Natural Fibres<br />
& Medicinal Plants, 71B Wojska <strong>Polskiego</strong> St., 60-630 Poznań,<br />
Poland; aforycka@iripz.pl; wbuchwald@iripz.pl<br />
Adonis vernalis is a protected medicinal plant belonging to the<br />
Ranunculaceae family. The valuable raw material of this species<br />
is the herb (Adonidis herba) which is ranked as a very<br />
important drug used for heart disease. The herb of Adonis vernalis<br />
contains mainly cardenolide glycosides which amounts<br />
to about 0,25%. In the Garden of Medicinal Plants of Plewiska,<br />
morphological and chemical features of Adonis vernalis<br />
were checked and compared. The plant material obtained from<br />
diaspores originated from a few Adonis populations occurring<br />
in the regions of Central and Southeastern Poland. The research<br />
on morphology included quantity features of the generative<br />
and vegetative organs such as the number and the length<br />
of the shoot, the number and diameter of the flower and the<br />
size of the seed. In spring 2009, raw material (flowering shoot)<br />
of Adonis vernalis was evaluated phytochemically. During the<br />
biometry measurements, each tested plant was found to be 10<br />
years old. The number of flowers had the highest individual<br />
viability among the features of Adonis vernalis and ranged<br />
from 5 to 39. The number of shoots was from 10 to 55. Various<br />
contents of glycosides compounds were found among the<br />
plants. The lowest was 0.28 % of dried weight, the highest was<br />
0.52 % of dried weight. The obtained results were higher than<br />
presented in the available literature which means that Adonis<br />
vernalis species cultivated ex situ can be a source of valuable<br />
raw material.<br />
SPECIES INCLUdEd TO THE BErN CONVENTION<br />
PrOTECTEd IN THE FlorNaturOB PrOJECT<br />
Kapler Adam, Niemczyk Maciej, Puchalski Jerzy. Botanical<br />
Garden – Center for Biological Diversity Conservation of the<br />
Polish Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Evaluation and Protection<br />
of Plant Diversity, 2 Prawdzwika St., 02-973 Warsaw, Poland,<br />
adam.kapler@obpan.pl<br />
The main goal of the project “Protection Ex Situ of Wild-Living,<br />
Threatened and Protected Plants in Eastern Poland FlorNatur-<br />
OB” is to secure the germ plasm of plant species threatened by<br />
habitat loss and allele loss. For this project 61 species have been<br />
selected. There are 12 plant species protected in Appendix I of<br />
the Bern Convention on the list of species protected by the Flor-<br />
NaturOB project: Aconitum lasiocarpum (Rchb.) Gayer, Carlina<br />
onopordifolia Besser, Cochlearia polonica E.Frohl., Dendranthema<br />
zawadskii (Herbich) Tzvelev, Eleocharis carniolica<br />
Koch, Erysimum pieninicum (Zapał.) Pawł., Galium cracoviense<br />
Ehrend., Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass., Ostericum palustre<br />
Besser, Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Saxifraga hirculus L. and<br />
Thesium ebracteatum Hayne. Project FlorNaturOB also takes<br />
into account taxa proposed for inclusion into the Appendix<br />
I of the Bern Convention. Not included in the Bern Convention<br />
were: Carex secalina Will. ex Wahlenb., Pinguicula vulgaris<br />
var. bicolor Nordst. ex Fries and Viola uliginosa Besser.<br />
THE NATIVE SPECIES OF rUdErAL SITES OF KAM-<br />
PINOS NATIONAL PArK<br />
Kirpluk Izabella. University of Warsaw, Botanic Garden,<br />
4 Ujazdowskie Av., 00-478 Warsaw, Poland, ikirpluk@biol.<br />
uw.edu.pl<br />
Ruderal flora of 15 abandoned Kampinos villages, consists of<br />
more than 500 taxa and is chararacterized by the considerable<br />
dominance of native species (apophytes). They constitute 2/3 of<br />
the general taxa number. The high level of apophytism charac-<br />
20<br />
teristic for floras of the studied villages, was probably caused by<br />
their remoteness – the area is inaccessible to non-native taxa.<br />
In general the Kampinos villages are located in distant places,<br />
isolated by large forest and meadow complexes, and are rarely<br />
visited by tourists. The analysis of apophyte origin shows the<br />
predominance of the species originating from the Sedo-Scleranthetea<br />
and Festuco-Brometea classes. This observation can<br />
be associated with poor and dry habitats that dominate in this<br />
area, and presence of these communities in the village vicinity.<br />
A considerable proportion of apophytes from Querco-Fagetea<br />
class also indicates the influence of more fertile habitats suitable<br />
for these species. However these habitats occur only as islands<br />
and occupy small areas. A relatively large proportion of<br />
the species originating from the Vaccinio-Piceetea class can be<br />
associated with the fact that villages were settled in that specific<br />
habitat and vicinity of natural communities, where species of<br />
the coniferous forest can penetrate. Apophytes that come from<br />
various non-forest wet communities constitute the least numerous,<br />
but the most variable group. Most of them originated from<br />
the Molinietalia order. Among the rarest species are: Epipactis<br />
helleborine, Gypsophila fastigiata, Iris sibirica, Myosotis ramosissima.<br />
SPrING HArdY GErANIUMS (GerAnium L.) AS<br />
A FOOd SOUrCE FOr BEES (APOIdEA)<br />
Masierowska Marzena. University of Life Sciences in Lublin,<br />
Department of Botany, 13 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland,<br />
mlm25@up.lublin.pl<br />
Spring is a time of increasing pollen and nectar demand for bees.<br />
Insects eagerly visited flowers of hardy geraniums, supplying<br />
them with both kinds of food. In 2005– 2009, nectar secretion<br />
as well as pollen production in flowers of Geranium macrorrhizum<br />
L. and Geranium platypetalum Fisch. et C.A. Mey.<br />
were studied. Both species are ornamental. Both species have<br />
a blooming period which occurs between the end of April and<br />
June. Their flowers were protandrous and nectar production in<br />
the male and the female phase differed significantly. During the<br />
male and female phases, respectively, 10 florets of G. macrorrhizum<br />
yielded 41 mg and 89 mg of nectar, and in G. platypetalum<br />
– 32 mg and 16 mg of nectar, on average. Sugars content in<br />
nectar was high, up to 66.5 %. In the male and the female phase,<br />
mean total sugar mass per 10 flowers of G. macrorrhizum was<br />
13 mg and 37 mg, respectively. For G. platypetalum these values<br />
were 8 mg and 5 mg. Ten studied flowers of hardy geraniums<br />
produced similar amounts of pollen – 23.5 mg and 25.4 mg, respectively.<br />
It was found that investigated species are a valuable<br />
spring food source for bees and should be planted in parks and<br />
gardens to enrich food flow for insects.<br />
THE PIMPINELLIFOLIA HYBrIdS (rosA sPinosissimA<br />
L.) IN THE COLLECTION OF CULTIVABLE VArIETIES<br />
OF rOSES IN THE BOTANICAL GArdEN OF<br />
THE POLISH ACAdEMY OF SCIENCES IN WArSAW<br />
Monder Marta Joanna. Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical<br />
Garden Cetnre of Biological Diversity Conservation, 2 Prawdziwka<br />
St., 02-973 Warsaw, Poland, mondermarta@obpan.pl<br />
In the Collection of the Botanical Garden roses are cultivated<br />
11 Pimpinellifolia Hybrids. 8 of them are budded on rootstocks:<br />
‘Stanwell Perpetual’, ‘Fruhlingsgold’, ‘Fruhlingsmorgen’,<br />
‘Fruhlingsduft’, ‘Maigold’;, ‘Aicha’, ‘Golden Wings’, ‘Karl Forster’<br />
and 3 growing on their own roots, spread by suckers: ‘Elegans’,<br />
‘Harison’s Yellow’, ’Poppius’. In the years 2003– 2009<br />
observations were conducted on the growth and flowering of<br />
10 out of 11 cultivars (excluding ‘Karl Forster’). Significant differences<br />
between cultivars were noticed in terms of frost resistance,<br />
dates of flowering, intensity and character of growth<br />
and susceptibility to diseases. The most frost resistant were:
‘Elegans’, ‘Stanwell Perpetual’, ‘Poppius’, ‘Fruhlingsduft’. The<br />
most damaged in severe winters (2002/03, 2005/06, 2008/09)<br />
and cut over 0– 10cm above ground were ‘Maigold’; ‘Golden<br />
Wings’. On the average the majority of flower buds of most of<br />
the cultivars appeared at the beginning May and blossomed<br />
out early-in the first 20 days of May. The latest of all to begin<br />
flowering was ‘Golden Wings’ which began flowering at the<br />
beginning of June. The flowering continued for 3– 4 weeks, by<br />
‘Golden Wings’, it repeated well and by ‘Stanwell Perpetual’;<br />
less. Ornamental fruits were produced by ‘Poppius’ only. The<br />
shrubs achieved between 0,8m (‘Golden Wings’, ‘Elegans’) to<br />
2,5m. The shrub ‘Fruhlingsduft’ was often attacked by blackspot.<br />
The most often attacked was ‘Harison’s Yellow’. ‘Maigold’<br />
demand little care.<br />
BIOLOGY OF FLOWErING ANd POLLEN PrOdUC-<br />
TIVITY OF lAburnum AnAGyroides MEd.<br />
Stawiarz Ernest, Wróblewska Anna. University of Life Sciences<br />
in Lublin, 15 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland,<br />
ernest.stawiarz@up.lublin.pl, anna.wroblewska@up.lublin.pl<br />
Investigations carried out in 2004– 2006 concerned the biology<br />
and the abundance of flowering as well as pollen productivity<br />
of Laburnum anagyroides Med. In the climatic conditions of<br />
Lublin, flowering of this species lasted from the second decade<br />
of May to mid-June. Laburnum developed flowers in pendulous<br />
racemes, with a length of 9– 22 cm (mean 14.9 cm). During the<br />
growing season, one shrub produced 800– 3200 racemes. The<br />
number of flowers in the raceme reached 14– 35 (mean 24.6).<br />
Single flower blooms, depending on the weather conditions,<br />
took 5– 13 days, and for inflorescence 7– 18 days. Plants reached<br />
full flowering in the last week of May. Flowers evolved gradually<br />
from the base to the top of inflorescence. Another dehiscence<br />
starts already at the loose bud stage of flower development. The<br />
average size of pollen grains was 24.18 x 24.04 µm. The mean<br />
Botanical Gardens and Arboreta<br />
pollen weight produced by 10 flowers reached 5.1– 7.7 mg (mean<br />
6.1 mg). One raceme of Laburnum anagyroides may provide<br />
10.1– 18.1 mg of pollen i.e. 11.6– 48.1 g per one shrub.<br />
THE HISTOrY ANd COLLECTIONS OF THE ExPErI-<br />
MENTAL ANd TEACHING GArdEN OF THE FACUL-<br />
TY OF BIOLOGY ANd ENVIrONMENTAL PrOTECtIoN,<br />
UNIvERSIty of ŁóDź<br />
Stefaniak Agnieszka 1 , Wolski Grzegorz J. 2 University of<br />
Łódź, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, 12/16<br />
Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland, 1 stefa@biol.uni.lodz.pl;<br />
2 gjwolski@bilo.uni.lodz.pl<br />
The Experimental and Teaching Garden run by the Faculty<br />
of Biology and Environmental Protection of the University of<br />
Łódź, Poland is located in the city centre. It occupies 1,02 ha. It<br />
is the fifth didactic Garden in the university’s history. The Garden<br />
on Banacha Street has been in existence since 1985. It provides<br />
a scientific and didactic base for the students and employees<br />
of the University of Łódź. It is made up of of two main parts:<br />
a collection of trees and bushes and a collection of green plants.<br />
The dendrologic collection has 295 species and varieties of trees<br />
and bushes; both indigenous and foreign. The collection of the<br />
green plants amounts to 498 species and varieties, represented<br />
in the majority of cases (358 taxons) by indigenous flora. The<br />
Garden has 105 species which are environmentally protected in<br />
Poland. Among the above-mentioned species, there are 16 that<br />
can be found in the Polish Plant Red Data Book and 18 from the<br />
Red List of Vascular Plants in Poland. There are also 3 types of<br />
habitats from the European Ecological Natura 2000 Network<br />
(Carlina onopordifolia, Marsilea quadrifolia, Galium cracoviense)<br />
in the collections. Thirty-one species of bryophytes were<br />
found in the Garden that appeared spontaneously or were introduced<br />
when planting the vascular plants. Within this bryophyte<br />
group, 5 species are under partial protection.
Bryology
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
GENETIC VArIABILITY OF HEPATIC cAlyPoGeiA<br />
inteGristiPulA IN POLANd<br />
Bączkiewicz Alina, Buczkowska Katarzyna. Adam Mickiewicz<br />
University, Institute of Experimental Biology, Department<br />
of Genetics, 89 Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland,<br />
alinbacz@amu.edu.pl<br />
Genetic variability in leafy liverworts is the still unknown,<br />
because only a few species have been examined. Most genetic<br />
investigations involved thallose liverworts, that showed a low<br />
level of genetic variability. It would be interesting to know<br />
whether that similar pattern of genetic variability occurs in<br />
leafy liverworts. Calypogeia integristipula (Steph.) is one of the<br />
most common species in Poland. It occurs in lowlands and in<br />
mountains, mainly on decaying logs and directly on the soil.<br />
It reproduces sexually (monoecious) and it frequently produces<br />
gemmae. The aim of the work was to study the intra and interpopulation<br />
genetic variability of C. integristipula from different<br />
regions of Poland. Plants of the species C. integristipula were<br />
collected from 9 populations in Poland. Twelve isozyme loci<br />
from 10 studied enzyme systems were detected. All populations<br />
were polymorphic. In all loci a total of 41 alleles were found. The<br />
mean number of alleles per locus (A) was 1.6. The mean total<br />
gene diversity (HT) was 0.3047 and within populations (HS) it<br />
was 0.1833. Differentiation between populations was high (GST<br />
= 0.3985). Genetic variability in C. integristipula was similar to<br />
genetic variability of thallose liverworts but lower than in other<br />
leafy liverwort species. This work was financially supported by<br />
grant no. N303 344235 from the Polish Ministry of Science and<br />
Higher Education.<br />
GENETIC dIFFErENTIATION OF LIVErWOrT cAlyPoGeiA<br />
muelleriAnA IN POLANd, INFErrEd<br />
FrOM ISOZYME ANd MOLECULAr MArKErS<br />
Buczkowska Katarzyna 1 , Bączkiewicz Alina 1 , Szczecińska<br />
Monika 2 , Sawicki Jakub 2 . 1 Adam Mickiewicz University,<br />
Department of Genetics, 89 Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań,<br />
Poland, androsac@amu.edu.pl; 2 Uniwersity of Warmia and Mazury<br />
in Olsztyn, Department of Botany and Nature Protection,<br />
1 Plac Łódzki Sq., 10-728 Olsztyn, Poland<br />
Calypogeia muelleriana in Poland exhibits a marked morphological<br />
variation. The aim of our studies was to recognize the<br />
genetic differentiation of this species and correlate the genetic<br />
diversity with the morphological variation. In general 58 samples<br />
from different regions of Poland were examined for isozyme<br />
loci, ISSR markers and sequences of the chloroplast DNA. Obtained<br />
results revealed high genetic differentiation of the species.<br />
The dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distances showed<br />
two distinct groups. For each group, characteristic alleles in<br />
isozyme and ISSR loci were detected. As no variation was observed<br />
among samples within a particular group in respect to<br />
these alleles, they may be used as good diagnostic markers. Sequences<br />
of trnG, trnL gene intones and trnH-psbA intergenic<br />
spacer confirmed the genetic distinctness of these groups. The<br />
2 groups are probably separate species. Discriminant analysis<br />
showed the existence of a morphological hiatus between the<br />
groups. The morphological hiatus provides an opportunity for<br />
identification of the herbarium material on the grounds of the<br />
morphometric traits. This work was financially supported by<br />
grant no. N303 344235 from the Polish Ministry of Science and<br />
Higher Education.<br />
24<br />
rArE ANd ENdANGErEd LIVErWOrTS IN THE<br />
POLISH PArT OF LOWEr LUSATIA<br />
Rosadziński Stanisław1 , Rusińska Anna2 . Adam Mickiewicz<br />
University, Faculty of Biology, 14 Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań,<br />
Poland, 1Department of Plant Ecology and Environmental<br />
Protection, stanros@gmail.com; 2Natural History Collections,<br />
annarus@amu.edu.pl<br />
The historic-geographical land of Lower Lusatia is situated on<br />
both sides of the Oder river valley. The main part of Lower Lusatia<br />
lies within the southern part of Brandenburg and the northern<br />
part of Saxony, in Germany. Only a small fragment lies in<br />
the Lubuskie voivodeship in Poland. Up until recently this area<br />
had hardly been investigated by botanists. Since 2003 intensive<br />
studies on flora of vascular plants and chosen plant communities<br />
have been carried out. In 2006 bryological studies began, and up<br />
to now 228 taxa of bryophytes have been recorded ( 45 species of<br />
liverworts an 1 species of hornwort). Hepatics grow more often<br />
in plant communities belonging to these classes: Alnetea glutinosae,<br />
Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae, Oxycocco-Sphagnetea,<br />
Littorelletea uniflorae i Isoëto-Juncetea bufonii. In the flora of<br />
hepatics in Lower Lusatia there is quite a big group of species<br />
(14; which is over 31%) that present an oceanic range in Europe.<br />
Eight of the species are rare in Poland and threatened with extinction.<br />
These 8 species are: Calypogeia fissa, Cladopodiella<br />
fluitans, Fossombronia foveolata, F. incurva, Odonthoschisma<br />
sphagnii, Pallavicinia lyellii, Riccardia chamedrifoli and R. incurva.<br />
The two species: Pallavicinia lyellii and Fossombronia<br />
incurva are endangered in Europe. Due to the presence of rare<br />
and endangered liverworts in the bryoflora of the area of Lower<br />
Lusatia, this area can be considered as one of the most interesting<br />
in Polish lowlands.<br />
CrYPTIC SPECIATION IN THE GENUS orthotrichum<br />
Sawicki Jakub, Szczecińska Monika, Plášek Vitezslav. University<br />
of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Botany<br />
and Nature Protection, 1 Plac Łódzki Sq., 10-727 Olsztyn,<br />
Poland, jakub.sawicki@uwm.edu.pl<br />
The genus Orthotrichum is a widespread moss group which includes<br />
approximately 157 species, which are distributed over all<br />
the continents. Preliminary phylogenetics studies based on an<br />
analysis of the sequences of nuclear and chloroplast genomes<br />
as well as genotyping with ISJ and ISSR markers, revealed the<br />
presence of cryptic speciation in at least three species. Two<br />
cryptic species were found in Orthotrichum striatum, which<br />
belongs to the subgenus Gymnoporus. Two genetically distant<br />
haplotypes which occur sympatrically within the above species<br />
seem to be rather two phylogenetically different taxa with similar<br />
phenotypes. One of them is widespread over the entire distribution<br />
range; from Asia to the east coast of North America. The<br />
other is restricted to the Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees and the<br />
Balkan Peninsula, where it grows sympatrically with the common<br />
form. While the widespread form differs significantly from<br />
the remaining members of the subgenus Gymnoporus, the rare<br />
form is genetically similar to O. affine, differing only with respect<br />
to the rpoB and rpoC genes. A different pattern of cryptic<br />
speciation was noted in common epiphytic moss, O. affine. In<br />
the case of this species, cryptic speciation is observed along an<br />
altitude transect. The switch between these two genetic forms<br />
occurs at 400– 600 m a.s.l. However, O. affine remains a clearly<br />
monophyletic taxon, because the two cryptic species form sister<br />
clades.
BrYOPHYTE OF CUTOVEr PEATLANd IN SELECTEd<br />
PEATBOGS OF WEST POMErANIA<br />
Wilhelm Marcin. University of Szczecin, Department of Plant<br />
Taxonomy and Phytogeography, 13 Wąska St., 71-415 Szczecin,<br />
Poland, junin@univ.szczecin.pl<br />
The cutover peatlands are biotopes with different physicochemical<br />
parameters. The character of their flora is determined<br />
by their size, the depth, the degree of hydration, the abundance<br />
of nutrients, etc. In optimum conditions, the main component of<br />
flora are bryophytes closely related to the swamp habitats. The<br />
cutover peatlands are often centers of biodiversity and refuges<br />
of rare species. The aim of this work is to present the diversity<br />
of bryophytes, which are occurring in the former cutover peatlands<br />
of raised bogs. The field exploration was conducted in the<br />
years 2003– 2007. Three peat bogs located in the central part<br />
of Western Pomerania (Drawskie Lakeland) were the object of<br />
this study. In these 3 bogs 41 species of mosses and 7 liverworts<br />
were found. The most well-hydrated cutover peatlands developed<br />
Sphagnum fallax and S. cuspidatum, more rarely S. magellanicum,<br />
S. rubellum S. capillifolium. Dry and degraded cutover<br />
peatlands were populated by small tufts of moss: Dicranella heteromalla,<br />
Brachythecium rutabulum. Three rare species (in the<br />
area of Poland) were recorded: Campylopus pyriformis, Sphagnum<br />
tenellum, Odontoschisma sphagni. From the biodiversity<br />
point of view, the old ways of peat extraction are more desirable<br />
than the modern. Hence, the development of effective methods<br />
of renaturalization of damaged habitats should be a priority and<br />
ultimate goal in similar future studies. Research financed by the<br />
Ministry of Science and Higher Education – research project<br />
NN 305 121 434.<br />
ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BrYOPHYTES IN THE<br />
BŁoGIE RESERvE of CENtRAL PoLAND<br />
Wolski Grzegorz J. University of Łódź, 12/16 St. Banacha St.,<br />
90-237 Łódź, Poland, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology,<br />
gjwolski@biol.uni.lodz.pl<br />
The research objectives were to determine the species composition<br />
of moss flora, identify taxonomic and ecological diversity,<br />
and identify factors influencing species richness and flora diversity<br />
of bryophytes in the Błogie reserve. The Błogie reserve<br />
is located on the area of the Łódzkie province, in the Mniszków<br />
district of Poland. This area protects forest communities with<br />
silver fir-tree (Abies alba) in the tree-stand. The northern border<br />
of the silver fir-tree’s range reaches into Central Poland. The<br />
study was conducted in 2009. Bryological material was collected<br />
from all microhabitats and substrates of the reserve. The results<br />
showed 55 species of bryophytes and one variety of moss (49<br />
mosses and 7 liverworts) belonging to 29 families. There were<br />
4 types of habitats. Most species were found in epixylic habitats<br />
– 41. In epiphytic habitats there were – 39 species, and in epigeic<br />
habitats – 32. The least were found in epilithic habitats – 3. In<br />
the epixylic habitat group most of the bryophytes species were<br />
found on stumps – 34. Among epiphytic habitats most species<br />
were found on the bark of Quercus robur – 23. In the epigeic<br />
habitat group most bryophytes were found on mineral soil – 27.<br />
Epilithic species were present only on stones protruding from<br />
the soil. The reserve bryoflora is high in species abundance and<br />
high in species diversity. Bryophytes use almost all of the available<br />
microhabitats and substrates, but most of the species were<br />
noted in epixylic habitats.<br />
Bryology<br />
dIVErSITY OF EPIPHYTIC BrYOFLOrA ON NOr-<br />
WAY SPrUCE (PiceA Abies (L.) KArST.) IN SELECT-<br />
ED foRESt CoMMUNItIES of BIAŁoWIEżA NA-<br />
TIONAL PArK<br />
Zin Ewa1 , obidziński Artur2 . 1Forest Research Institute, European<br />
Centre for Natural Forests, Park Dyrekcyjny 6, 17-230<br />
Białowieża, Poland, ezin@las.ibl.bialowieza.pl; 2Warsaw University<br />
of Life Sciences – SGGW, Department of Forest Botany,<br />
159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, arturo@<br />
wl.sggw.pl<br />
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of habitat<br />
conditions and phorophyte features on diversity and abundance<br />
of epiphytic bryoflora on Norway spruce in natural forest. Research<br />
material was collected on 60 trees. The trees were growing<br />
in four forest communities characteristic for the Białowieża<br />
National Park: pine-oak mixed forest, oak-linden-hornbeam forest,<br />
streamside ash-alder forest and black alder-bog forest. The<br />
inventory of bryoflora was carried out on the tree base – up to<br />
0,5 m from the ground, and on the trunk – above 0,5 m. A total<br />
of 27 species of bryophytes were recorded, including 5 liverworts;<br />
16 of them were observed only on tree bases, one species<br />
exclusively on trunks and 10 in both sections. In each forest<br />
community a much higher number of species and coverage of<br />
bryophytes were found on tree bases than on trunks. The main<br />
factor differentiating the bryoepiphyte communities on Norway<br />
spruce, was the surrounding forest community and the second<br />
important factor was the tree section. The influence of forest<br />
community on bryoflora was recorded on tree bases, which were<br />
colonized by facultative epiphytes.<br />
LIVErWOrTS OF THE CENTrAL PArT OF THE<br />
BESKId WYSPOWY rANGE: SPECIES rICHNESS,<br />
ECOLOGY, dISTrIBUTION<br />
Zubel robert. Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Department<br />
of Botany and Mycology, 19 Akademicka St., 20-218 Lublin,<br />
Poland, robert.zubel@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
During hepaticological investigations carried out in the Beskid<br />
Wyspowy Range, 80 liverwort species were discovered. The<br />
analysis of the local species richness on a 1 x 1 km grid (a total<br />
area ca. 200 km 2 ) shows an unequal (“island”) distribution<br />
pattern of the local biodiversity. Specific geomorphologic character<br />
of the study area, and human activity, caused the occurrence<br />
of centers of local species richness, which are refugees for<br />
threatened, protected and rare species, e.g. Frullania tamarisci,<br />
Jungermannia subelliptica, J. obovata, Lophozia longidens,<br />
Leiocolea bantriensis, Barbilophozia hatcheri, Riccardia multifida<br />
and Porella platyphylla. A group of rare and very rare<br />
species is an important component of the local flora (over 37%),<br />
whereas the mountain species comprise almost 60 % of the local<br />
flora. The investigations also documented the extinction of two<br />
liverwort species, namely Lophozia ascendens and L. obtusa.<br />
These species were still reported to be in this area in the 1960’s.<br />
In this case the main destructive factor was non-controlled forestry.<br />
Among all habitat types, the richest are torrents and mineral<br />
soil. The greatest floristic similarity was shown on: flora of<br />
trunk and base of trees, rocks and torrential habitats, as well as<br />
stones and mineral soil. The local liverwort flora has a transitional<br />
fitogeographical character between the floras of the Gorce<br />
and the Wielka Racza (part of the Beskid Żywiecko-Orawski<br />
Range).<br />
25
dendrology
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
GENETIC dIVErSITY OF Pinus muGo POPULA-<br />
TIONS FrOM THE TATrA PEAT-BOGS<br />
Celiński Konrad, Chudzińska Ewa. Adam Mickiewicz University,<br />
Departament of Genetics, 89 Umultowska St., 61-614<br />
Poznań, Poland, celinski@amu.edu.pl<br />
Dwarf mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) is one of the most important<br />
plant species in the Tatra Mountains. It usually grows at<br />
the sub-alpine level, at an altitude of 1400– 1800 m.a.s.l. Lower<br />
than this level, it can only be found growing in small populations<br />
of several dozen individual trees in peat-bogs. The aim<br />
of this study was to analyze the genetic structure of P. mugo<br />
populations from Tatra peat-bogs. Five populations from the Tatra<br />
National Park were divided into two groups: T and R. The<br />
T group comprised individuals from three peat-bog populations.<br />
The R group comprised individuals from two populations growing<br />
elsewhere than peat-bog habitats. Altogether, 138 individuals<br />
were analyzed. The genetic structure of the analyzed groups<br />
of populations was determined through analysis of polymorphism<br />
of microsatellites loci (SSR) – four chloroplast (cpSSR)<br />
and three nuclear (nSSR). Cytogenetic analysis was carried out<br />
as well. Based on the performed analyses it was shown that significant<br />
differences in the allele frequencies and mean number<br />
of alleles per locus can be found between the T and R groups.<br />
The cytogenetic analysis showed that karyotypes of individuals<br />
from T and R groups differ in length of chromosome arms, presence<br />
of secondary constrictions, and distribution of C-bands<br />
and NOR-chromosomes. Within the T group high values of the<br />
genetic distance between populations was observed. The results<br />
obtained in this study show high genetic differentiation of P.<br />
mugo populations from the Tatra peat-bogs.<br />
THE dIFFErENT rEACTIONS OF THE SCOTS PINE<br />
(Pinus sylvestris L.) POPULATION TO HEAVY-<br />
METAL POLLUTION WHICH SHOWEd UP IN THE<br />
MOrPHOLOGICAL ANd ANATOMICAL TrAITS OF<br />
NEEdLES.<br />
Chudzińska Ewa 1 , rybicka Natalia 1 , diatta Jean 2 . 1 Adam<br />
Mickiewicz University, Department of Genetics, 89 Umultowska<br />
St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland, evpell@amu.edu.pl; 2 University<br />
of Life Sciences, Department of Agricultural Chemistry,<br />
71F Wojska <strong>Polskiego</strong> St., 60-625 Poznań, Poland<br />
The occurrence of trees which differ with respect to their lifespan<br />
has been registered in a naturally regenerated Scots pine<br />
population in an area highly polluted by heavy metals. Tree<br />
reaction to environmental stress was indicated by fluctuating<br />
asymmetry, a peculiar measure which expresses the response of<br />
Scots pine needles to industrial pollution. Two categories of tree<br />
damage were distinguished. Reactions differed significantly<br />
with regard to the trees ability to tolerate pollution. The following<br />
features were discerned in the group of pollution-tolerant<br />
trees: lower FA, longer needles, larger number of stomata on the<br />
axial side of a needle, increased thickness of the cuticle layer<br />
with epidermis as well as larger number of resin canals. The<br />
observed differences in combination with such parameters as<br />
growth, persistence of needles, production of seeds and their<br />
ability to germinate, point to the different reactions to pollution<br />
among trees of the same species. Given the high levels of heritability<br />
of the features being studied, it could be assumed that<br />
those differences concern adaptive features of the Scots pine<br />
to an area polluted by heavy metals. It is probably one of the<br />
signs indicating the alterations in the genetic structure of the<br />
Scots pine population in the process of natural regeneration in<br />
the industrial areas.<br />
28<br />
ANALYSIS OF THE GENETIC dIVErSITY OF SHrUB<br />
BIrCH betulA humilis SCHrK. POPULATIONS<br />
Jadwiszczak Katarzyna1 , Banaszek Agata1 , Jabłońska Ewa2 .<br />
1University of Białystok, Institute of Biology, 20B Świerkowa<br />
St., 15-950 Białystok, Poland, kszalaj@uwb.edu.pl; 2Univer sity of Warsaw, Institute of Botany, 4 Aleje Ujazdowskie Av.,<br />
00-478 Warsaw, Poland<br />
Genetic diversity plays a fundamental role in determining plant<br />
and ecosystem adaptability to environmental changes. Hence it<br />
is one of the most important factors in the preservation of endangered<br />
species. Up till now nothing has been known about the<br />
genetic diversity of an endangered glacial relict in central Europe:<br />
the shrub birch Betula humilis. The dissapearance of the<br />
shrub birch populations is a consequence of drainage, intensive<br />
use of meadows, brushwood overgrowth, and forest vegetation.<br />
Polish populations of shrub birch constitute the south-western<br />
margin of the continuous range. We investigated 11 microsatellite<br />
nuclear loci in nine marginal (Poland) and three central<br />
(Belarus) populations. Average allelic diversity was almost the<br />
same in central (7.76) and marginal (7.10) localities. Observed<br />
heterozygosity ranged from 0.442 to 0.687. Expected heterozygosity<br />
displayed a similar level of variance, ranging from 0.457<br />
to 0.741. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed no<br />
differentiation between marginal and central populations. In<br />
AMOVA analysis most of the variation was found within localities<br />
(96.85%).<br />
AdAPTABILITY OF FIr ANd LArCH IN POLANd<br />
TO CLIMATE CHANGE OUTSIdE THEIr NATUrAL<br />
rANGE (dENdrOCHrONOLOGICAL rESEArCH).<br />
Koprowski Marcin. Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty<br />
of Biology and Earth Science, Institute of Ecology and Environment<br />
Protection, Laboratory of Dendrochronology, 9 Gagarina<br />
St., 87-100 Torun, Poland, koper@umk.pl<br />
Today, the species composition of forest trees is often more<br />
heavily influenced by people than by nature, with forest management<br />
limiting the natural extended reach of trees. Poland has<br />
a transitional climate because it is between Atlantic and continental<br />
air masses. For this reason there are few natural species<br />
boundaries. Recently it has been argued that some forest trees<br />
could have migrated beyond their natural areas. Nevertheless,<br />
in some regions many tree species were introduced and the<br />
presence of surviving 150-year-old trees is witness to this. The<br />
aim of this work was to build chronologies for fir and larch species<br />
outside their natural range; to investigate climate-growth<br />
relationships and compare results with prevailing ecological<br />
knowledge. Preliminary results from two sites in north and<br />
northeastern Poland are presented. The results showed that, for<br />
fir, temperature played a dominant role on growth during the<br />
previous September (negative dependence) and temperature is<br />
playing a dominant role on growth for the current March. Larch<br />
is, however, sensitive to previous July temperatures (negative<br />
dependence) and current January and May temperatures.<br />
VArIABILITY, ExPrESSEd IN MICrOSATELLITE<br />
CHLOrOPLAST dNA (cpdNA) OF SI<strong>LV</strong>Er FIr (Abies<br />
AlbA MILL.) PrOGENY GrOWING IN AN ExPErI-<br />
MENTAL PLOT IN THE TISOVIK rESErVE<br />
Pawlaczyk Ewa M. 1 , Bobowicz Maria A. 2 Adam Mickiewicz<br />
University, Department of Genetics, 89 Umultowska St., 61-614<br />
Poznań, 1 ewapaw@amu.edu.pl; 2 mabwa@amu.edu.pl<br />
Progeny of 19 maternal trees of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)<br />
from the Tisovik Reserve, growing in an experimental plot in<br />
the Hajnówka Forest Division, was analyzed in terms of 4 loci<br />
of cpDNA. The Tisovik Reserve is a small, isolated and natu-
al population of fir located the farthest, i.e. 120 km north of<br />
the natural range limit of this species. The aim of this study<br />
was to determine genetic variation within and between progeny<br />
in this unique population. Molecular analysis of variance<br />
(AMOVA) showed that these progeny differ statistically significantly<br />
from one another. A 5% total detected variation is found<br />
between progeny, while 95% within progeny. Analyses showed<br />
that all examined loci were polymorphic. The number of alleles<br />
per locus (Na) ranged from 2 to 8. The highest effective number<br />
of alleles per locus (Ne) was recorded for progeny line T1<br />
(Ne = 4.103), while the lowest for T4 (Ne = 2.350). Gene flow<br />
(Nm) between the progeny was high and amounted to 9.953. The<br />
highest value of the genetic variation coefficient was found for<br />
line T1 (h = 0.702), while the lowest for T4 (h = 0.489). These<br />
results showed that the level of genetic variation in the progeny<br />
of firs from Tisovik is low compared to other populations of<br />
this species. The study has been financed from budget funds<br />
allocated to science for the years 2010– 2013 as research project<br />
no. N N305 373938.<br />
MONUMENTAL TrEES ANd SHrUBS IN POLANd<br />
Pietrzak Joanna. Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW,<br />
Department of Forest Protection and Ecology, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, joanna_pietrzak@sggw.pl<br />
Natural monuments are one of the forms of nature conservation<br />
in Poland. Natural monuments have existed for a long time in<br />
the Polish system of environmental law. The monuments have<br />
been recognized in the Nature Conservation Act of 1949, the<br />
Nature Conservation Act of 1991, and in the current document<br />
from 2004. This method has been standardized in Article No. 40<br />
of the Act determining the conditions which should be directed<br />
at establishing security and the types of monumental natural<br />
sites which can be covered. The document has a wide and variable<br />
coverage as far as application and protection goes. In the<br />
absence of specific legislation and inadequate recognition of<br />
the diverse issues of protection of monumental trees, a problem<br />
can form. A problem may involve effective management of this<br />
form of nature conservation and real protection of such objects.<br />
The aim of this work, is to present the factors and considerations<br />
related to the themes covered by the existing protection<br />
of monumental trees and shrubs and to present the legal aspects<br />
of protection of these unique elements of nature.<br />
INFLUENCE OF dUST ON THE SUrFACE CONdITION<br />
OF Pinus sylvestris NEEdLES ANd BArK<br />
Świercz Anna. Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities<br />
and Sciences, 15 Świetokrzyska St., 25-406 Kielce, Poland,<br />
swierczag@poczta.onet.pl<br />
The aim of this study was to examine the surface structure<br />
condition of pine needles and bark taken on the areas of strong<br />
pressure from the fall of alkaline dust. The state of the needle<br />
surface structure was also investigated. Middle parts of 5 randomly<br />
chosen needles were coated in gold and photographs<br />
were taken with a JSM-5400 scanning electron microscope at<br />
a magnification of 2000, 1000, 500 x. Cement and lime dust has<br />
a strong impact on the epicuticular wax structure causing fusion<br />
of fully developed wax tubes until the structural form is completely<br />
lost. The longer the exposure to the pollutants the poorer<br />
the wax structure, until finally it is totally worn away. SEM images<br />
of pine needles collected in alkalized areas and examined<br />
Dendrology<br />
under 500x and 1000x magnification showed a significant loss<br />
of the crystalline epicuticular wax network in comparison with<br />
needles collected in the control area. The former needle surface<br />
was classified into class III which suggests almost complete decay<br />
of the wax structure in interstomatal space (according to the<br />
classification of TURUNENA et al. 1992). Deposition of dust<br />
aerosols weakened needle health status. The wax layer eroded,<br />
and broke away while the originally crystalline epicuticular wax<br />
became amorphic. Needles devoid of natural protection were<br />
easily attacked by filamentous fungi. The degradation of needle<br />
surface wax structure also had an influence on their mean<br />
lifespan. It was observed that pines growing in alkalized areas<br />
shed older needles.<br />
PrOVENANCE ANd FAMILY VArIATION IN LEAF<br />
MOrPHOLOGY OF SI<strong>LV</strong>Er BIrCH (betulA PendulA<br />
rOTH) IN POLANd.<br />
Wojda Tomasz. Forest Research Institute – IBL, Department<br />
of Silviculture and Genetics, Sękocin Stary, 3 Braci Leśnej St.,<br />
05-090 Raszyn, Poland, wojdat@ibles.waw.pl<br />
Variation in leaf morphology in 10 provenances of the silver<br />
birch in Poland were investigated. Leaves were collected from<br />
vegetative long-shoots on an experimental plot in the Drygały<br />
Forest District (northern Poland, 22º12’E 53º45’N). Each provenance<br />
was represented by 20 families and each family by 15<br />
trees and 60 leaves. A total of 16 leaf traits and 11812 leaves<br />
were analysed using the Polish software digishape. The analysis<br />
has shown that silver birch is extremely variable both between<br />
provenances and families. The most variable provenance is<br />
Chełm, the least Siedlce, Runowo and Browsk. Traits like: leaf<br />
length and width, perimeter and leaf area have significant meaning<br />
in the diversification of provenance. Leaf length (r=0,16);<br />
leaf area (r=0,18); leaf-apex angle (r=0,15) were positively correlated<br />
with longitude. Circularity (r=-0,18) and petiole length<br />
(r=-0,19) were negatively correlated with longitude. Symmetry<br />
index (r=0,17) and number of leaf serrations (r=0,15) were positively<br />
correlated with latitude.<br />
dENdrOCHrONOLOGY OF SINGLY GrOWING<br />
SCOTS PINE TrEES IN BOrNE SULINOWO<br />
Zielski Andrzej 1 , Koprowski Marcin 2 . 1 University of Science<br />
and Technology – AGH, 30 A. Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Cracow,<br />
Poland, azielski@geol.agh.edu.pl; 2 Nicolaus Copernicus<br />
University, Institute of Ecology and Environment Protection,<br />
Dendrochronological Laboratory, 9 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń,<br />
koper@umk.pl<br />
Ten samples were collected from singly growing Scots pine<br />
trees. For significantly correlated samples the site chronology<br />
SOLIT234 was made. The fitting correctness was examined using<br />
the COFECHA program. Synchronization with the calendar<br />
years was done on the basis of the chronologies of Pinus sylvestris;<br />
local BSST0012 and regional KUJAWPOM (t value – 4,2<br />
and 6.7 respectively). Residual chronology was also compared<br />
with the sums of monthly precipitation and monthly air temperatures<br />
from 1951- up to the present. Data is from the nearest meteorological<br />
stations. Tree growth is positively correlated with<br />
rainfall in October and the air temperature in December and<br />
February (the DendroClim 2002 program). A strong individual<br />
dendrochronological signal was found in singly growing Scots<br />
pine trees. The results are presented in graphs and tables.<br />
29
Geobotany and Plant Cover<br />
Conservation
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
THE BEHAVIOUr OF ALIEN PLANTS IN THE COUrSE<br />
OF SECONdArY SUCCESSION<br />
Adamowski Wojciech1 , Bomanowska Anna2 . 1Warsaw University,<br />
Białowieża Geobotanical Station, 19 Sportowa St., 17-230<br />
Białowieża, Poland, w.adamowski@uw.edu.pl; 2University of<br />
Łódź, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, 12/16 Banacha<br />
St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland, knopikaa@biol.uni.lodz.pl<br />
The behaviour of geographically alien plants in the course of<br />
secondary succession on an abandoned field in the Experimental<br />
Garden of BGS, was analysed. Amongst 225 species<br />
were found: 32 archeophytes and 31 kenophytes. Over 50%<br />
of the archeophytes retreated early; after 6 years of observation.<br />
Their cover decreased from 20% to 1.5%. Only 3 species<br />
of vetches (Vicia angustifolia, V. hirsuta, V. tetrasperma) are<br />
still thriving on the plot. The cover of kenophytes decreased<br />
from 4% to zero in the fourth year of our observation and was<br />
insignificant till year 19 of our observation. One herbaceous<br />
kenophyte, Conyza canadensis had significant cover, but only<br />
in the first year of the observation. The first woody kenophyte,<br />
Pinus strobus, emerged in year 15 of the observation. In the<br />
recent years the cover of kenophytes increased to 3%. At the<br />
moment Crataegus, Cotoneaster and Padus serotina have the<br />
highest cover in the herb layer. Three kenophytes (Malus domestica,<br />
Prunus spinosa, Tilia platyphyllos) entered the shrub<br />
layer. The different behaviour of archeophytes and kenophytes<br />
is, at least partially, the result of the prevalence of different life<br />
forms in these groups. All archeophytes are herbaceous, often<br />
with short life spans, whereas 24 of 31 kenophytes are woody.<br />
Despite the high share of alien species in the floristic list of the<br />
investigated plot (lately about ¼ of all species) their cover does<br />
not exceed 4%.<br />
BIOLOGY ANd CONdITION OF A PrOLIFIC POPU-<br />
LATION OF THE OrCHId listerA ovAtA L. ON<br />
PYrZYCE LOWLANd (WESTPOMErANIAN VOIVOd-<br />
SHIP)<br />
Bacieczko Wanda, Gapska Marta, domanowska Anna.<br />
Westpomeranian University of Technology, Departament of<br />
Dendrology and Green Areas Management, 8 Janosika St.,<br />
71-424 Szczecin, Poland, Wanda.Bacieczko@zut.edu.pl<br />
In the forests of the Pyrzyce Lowlands located near Mechowo<br />
and Lubiatowo there were rich stands of the orchid Listera ovata<br />
L. established. The aim of the study was recognizing the phytocoenous<br />
spectra of 2 populations of Listera ovata, defining its<br />
numbers, spread pattern, and researching diversification in and<br />
between populations based on biometric examination. During<br />
the phytosociological releves research, it was found that Listera<br />
ovata in the forest near Mechowo prefers sites of wet alder forests<br />
and Betula pendula assemblage. However, in Lubiatowo it<br />
developed in the assemblage of Fagus sylvatica and ash forest<br />
with Ulmus minor. In the forest of Lubiatowo, on an approx.<br />
18 ha area, there was 3953 specimens of the orchid found, including<br />
3279 with fertile burgeon and 674 specimen in bloom.<br />
In the forest in Mechowo, a population of 1800 specimens was<br />
found (includning 1500 juvenile and 300 blooming burgeons).<br />
Some interesting facts were assumed by biometric examination<br />
of populations, presented by the poster. Populations of Listera<br />
ovata L. require more specific research focused on expansion<br />
in forest niches, located in the agricultural landscape of the<br />
Pyrzyce Lowland.<br />
32<br />
THE INFLUENCE OF MANAGEMENT ON VArIETY<br />
OF NON-FOrEST VEGETATION IN THE VICINITY OF<br />
WoŁEK HILL IN tHE BESKID MAŁy (WESt CAR-<br />
PATHIANS)<br />
Barć Alicja, Babczyńska-Sendek Beata, Pielesz Agnieszka.<br />
Silesian University, Department of Geobotany and Nature Protection,<br />
28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland, alicja.<br />
barc@us.edu.pl, beata.babczynska-sendek@us.edu.pl, agnieszkapielesz@wp.pl<br />
Wołek Hill is located at the outlet of the Soła river from the<br />
Beskid Mały ravine. Geomorphological separatness and presence<br />
of calcium carbonate in the soil made it an attractive<br />
settlement point. A stronghold was built about 1350 at the top<br />
of Wołek Hill. Cartographic documents from the middle of the<br />
19th century and a map from 1934 showed the borders between<br />
forests and green crops according to years. Studies on nonforest<br />
vegetation in the vicinity of Wołek were made between<br />
2008– 2009. The studies included a regularly mowed meadow<br />
above the ruins, and not used non-forest vegetation at the base.<br />
The studies showed that meadow patches on the slope are floristically<br />
rich and represent the Cirsietum rivularis and the Arrhenatheretum<br />
elatioris associations. The rarest species noted there<br />
are Ophioglossum vulgatum and Orchis mascula. Moreover,<br />
other protected plants occur: Cephalanthera longifolia (in ecotone),<br />
Dactylorhiza majalis, Listera ovata and Primula elatior.<br />
The vegetation of the hill base is represented by phytocoenoses:<br />
Calamagrostietum epigeji, Caricetum gracilis, Phalaridetum<br />
arundinaceae and Scirpetum sylvatici. Results of the studies<br />
make evident the goal of extensive use of mountain meadows. It<br />
is important for the maintenance of mesoregional biodiversity,<br />
despite the fact that it is not profitable.<br />
FLOrISTIC ANd PHYTOCOENOTIC dIVErSITY OF<br />
PLANT COVEr VErSUS dEGrAdATION OF THE<br />
NATUrAL ENVIrONMENT IN THE OLKUSZ OrES<br />
rEGION (CrACOW – SILESIAN UPLANd, SOUTHErN<br />
POLANd)<br />
Błońska Agnieszka 1 , Holeksa Jan 2 , Jędrzejczyk-Korycińska<br />
Monika 3 , Kompała-Bąba Agnieszka 1 , Nowak Teresa 3 ,<br />
Woźniak Gabriela 1 , żywiec Magdalena 2 . 1 University of Silesia,<br />
Department of Geobotany and Nature Protection, 28 Jagiellońska<br />
St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland, agnieszka.blonska@<br />
us.edu.pl; 2 Institute of Botany Polish Academy of Sciences,<br />
46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland; 3 University of Silesia,<br />
Department of Plant Taxonomy, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032<br />
Katowice, Poland<br />
The studies were conducted in southern Poland, in one of several<br />
ores areas connected with the exploitation and treatments<br />
of lead and zinc ores. A transect 1 km wide and 8 km long was<br />
set along a gradient of anthropopression from a smelting plant<br />
(ZGH Bolesław) to agricultural land. In 1 km 2 squares all species<br />
of vascular plants were recorded and vegetation patches<br />
were mapped. Patches represented several types of vegetation<br />
according to their syntaxonomic affiliation at the alliance<br />
level. A strong relationship between species richness as well as<br />
phytocoenotic richness and the intensity of anthropopressure<br />
was found. In individual basic squares, from 98 to 215 species<br />
were recorded. Surprisingly, the highest species diversity was<br />
revealed in the areas most degraded and situated close to the<br />
smelting plant and landfill. Species diversity was highly correlated<br />
with phytocoenotic diversity expressed by density of<br />
patches and the number of vegetation types. The studies were<br />
supported by the EEA Financial Mechanism– project MF EOG<br />
PL0265.
COSTS OF rEPrOdUCTION IN A PErENNIAL PLANT:<br />
THE CASE OF cArex secAlinA (CYPErACEAE)<br />
Bogdanowicz Agnieszka M. 1 , Lembicz Marlena1 , żukowski<br />
Waldemar1 . 1Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of<br />
Plant Taxonomy, 89 Umultowska St., 61-614, Poznań, Poland,<br />
agab@amu.edu.pl<br />
The principle of allocation states that individuals have certain<br />
limited amount of energy available for reproduction, growth<br />
and survival. Reproductive investment brings about some<br />
costs for individuals. After four years of studies in gardens<br />
we have detected the costs of reproduction in the perennial<br />
plant Carex secalina. Our experiment involved 100 individuals<br />
of this species originating from seeds collected in three<br />
natural populations. Every year we estimated biomass of individuals,<br />
number of generative shoots, germination and seed<br />
and seedling size. Costs of reproduction were reflected in an<br />
individual’s size, i.e., the more an individual reproduced in one<br />
year the smaller it was the next year. Results of the correlation<br />
between biomass loss and reproduction expenses; measured as<br />
total length of all spikes and total length of male and female<br />
spikes, were statistically significant. Size changed due to incurred<br />
costs of reproduction but seed size was not influenced.<br />
However, we demonstrated significant differences in seed size<br />
which depended on mother plant age. In the future, studies of<br />
C. secalina natural populations will allow for the indication of<br />
plausible variation in costs between populations due to difference<br />
in selection pressure.<br />
AGE dEPENdENT SEx ALLOCATION IN A PErrENIAL<br />
PLANT: THE CASE OF cArex secAlinA<br />
(CYPErACEAE)<br />
Bogdanowicz Agnieszka M. 1 , żukowski Waldemar1 , Lembicz<br />
Marlena1 . 1Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of<br />
Plant Taxonomy, 89 Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland,<br />
lembicz@amu.edu.pl<br />
Sex allocation is the allocation of resources to male versus female<br />
reproduction in sexual species. This theory predicts that<br />
resource allocation to male or female function should shift with<br />
plant size. We tested the hypothesis that age not size, is the factor<br />
which can change sex allocation. Evolutionary theory suggests<br />
that sex change is favoured when reproductive success<br />
(fitness) of an individual varies with its age. Natural selection<br />
will favour individuals who begin life as the sex whose fitness<br />
increases more slowly with age, and then change to the other<br />
sex when they are older. We studied 100 individuals of Carex<br />
secalina for four years in uniform garden conditions. Standard<br />
methods of life history studies were used to estimate sex allocation<br />
of the individuals. The results demonstrated a decrease in<br />
relative investment of female traits during an individual’s life<br />
in all populations (ANOVA of repeated measurements, Huynh-<br />
Feldt df = 1,02; F = 180064,3; p < 0,001). Our study indicates<br />
that plants display a hereditary sex expression pattern which is<br />
not size dependent but changes during an individual’s lifetime.<br />
ARABLE WEED fLoRA of ŁóDź AND ItS CHANGES<br />
OVEr THE LAST 50 YEArS<br />
Bomanowska Anna1 , Batóg Marta2 , Witosławski Piotr1 .<br />
1University of Łódź, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology,<br />
12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland, knopikaa@biol.<br />
uni.lodz.pl, witoslaw@biol.uni.lodz.pl; 219/20 Zielna St., 91-817<br />
Łódź, Poland, mmarta_85@interia.pl<br />
Results of comparative studies on floristic composition of<br />
segetal weeds of the south-west part of Łódź are presented. This<br />
issue was analysed based on our own field studies conducted in<br />
2008– 2009 as well as on archival data obtained in 1958– 1959.<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
In analysed periods, 254 species (187 and 150 species respectively)<br />
were found. The changes in the flora include the disappearance<br />
of 95 previously recorded species with a simultaneous<br />
appearance of 57 new weeds. Among the receding species are<br />
calciphilous ones (Consolida regalis, Neslia paniculata), as well<br />
as hygrophilous ones (Bidens tripartita, Mentha arvensis). The<br />
flora has been enriched among ruderal species (e.g. Oenothera<br />
paradoxa, Melilotus alba) as well as alien invasive species (e.g.<br />
Bromus carinatus, Conyza canadensis, Helianthus tuberosus).<br />
Despite a scarcity and slight diversity of segetal habitats the<br />
investigated flora is characterised by the same main features,<br />
typical of floras of large arable areas. The majority of weeds<br />
are native species (86; 57.3%). In the alien species group the<br />
archaeophytes were frequently recorded (38; 25.3%). The studied<br />
flora is characterised by a predominance of terophytes (65;<br />
43.3%) over the other biological groups. The results shows that<br />
the segetal flora of Łódź is shaped under the strong pressure of<br />
adjacent urbanised areas.<br />
THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF SEEd BANK IN THE<br />
COrE TUSSOCKS OF cArex cesPitosA<br />
Borkowska Lidia1 , dzido Alicja2 . University of Podlasie, 12<br />
B. Prusa St., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland, 1Institute of Biology, Department<br />
of Botany, lidiabor@ap.siedlce.pl; 2Doctoral Studies,<br />
Discipline Agronomy, alicja.dzido@gmail.com<br />
Seed bank studies mostly relate their role to the demography<br />
and population dynamics of vegetation. Rare seed bank is estimated<br />
at the remains of plants, nekromass or stems of clump<br />
plants. In this work, the intention was to assess the supply of<br />
seeds accumulated in the core tussocks of Carex cespitosa.<br />
These were seeds accumulated over a period of many years.<br />
With the population of Carex cespitosa located in a meadow<br />
in the Białowieża National Park 20 tussocks with different dimensions<br />
(small and large) were taken. The tussocks were cut<br />
into horizontal layers. Size of seed bank was evaluated over<br />
four years based on the germination of seedlings. The seedlings<br />
from studied tussocks represented 50 taxa of vascular plants.<br />
Number of seedling species in a single tussock ranged from 15<br />
to 26. In all tussocks, seedlings appeared in nine taxa such as<br />
Carex cespitosa, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Ranunculus repens and<br />
Salix sp. Occasionally, seedlings were observed in Geleopsis<br />
bifida, Plantago lanceolata, Polygonum aviculare and others.<br />
The most numerous seedlings were:Lythrum salicaria, Carex<br />
cespitosa and Epilobium sp.<br />
GENUS PotAmoGeton L. ON THE TErrITOrY OF<br />
EASTErN GALICIA ANd ITS CONSErVATION<br />
Borsukiewicz Luba. Botanical Garden of Ivan Franco National<br />
University, 44 M. Czeremszyny St., 79014 Lviv, Ukraine,<br />
lubov@LITech.lviv.ua<br />
Species of genus Potamogeton L. belong to weakly examined<br />
representatives of our flora. Strictly defining some species,<br />
particularly angustifoliate is difficult, especially during the<br />
vegetative stages. Often they are determined incorrectly. This<br />
has led to much false distribution of data. The pondweed inventory<br />
on the studied territory was the aim of our investigation.<br />
The study is based on the herbarium data and our own<br />
field investigations, which were conducted on the territory<br />
of Eastern Galicia (the Lviv, Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk<br />
regions). In the study area there is confirmed growth of 16<br />
species (P. acutifolius Link, P. alpinus Balb., P. berchtoldii<br />
Fieb., P. compressus L., P. crispus L., P. friesii Rupr.,<br />
P. gramineus L., P. lucens L., P. natans L., P. nodosus Poir.,<br />
P. obtusifolius Mert. et Koch, P. pectinatus L., P. perfoliatus<br />
L., P. praelongus Wulf., P. pusillus L., P. trichoides Cham.<br />
et Schlecht.) representing 80% from all Ukrainian pondweed<br />
species. Half of the species are only known in some localities:<br />
33
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
4 occur very seldom (in 1– 5 localities), 4 – infrequently (6– 20<br />
localities), and 7 – sporadically. The availability of P. obtusifolius<br />
is not confirmed and there is only the herbarium specimen.<br />
From the group of rare species we observed 9 species, 7<br />
of which are included to the Red list of water macrofites of the<br />
Ukraine (1 – critically endangared, 6 – endangered) and 3 are<br />
regionally rare. Unfortunately, none of them are protected in<br />
reserves nor listed in the Red book of the Ukraine.<br />
LOCALITY OF Allium victoriAlis L. IN THE SILE-<br />
SIAN UPLANd<br />
Bosek Jagoda, Błońska Agnieszka, Babczyńska-Sendek<br />
Beata. Silesian University, Department of Geobotany and Nature<br />
Protection, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland,<br />
jaga_b@poczta.onet.pl, agnieszka.blonska@us.edu.pl, beata.<br />
babczynska-sendek@us.edu.pl<br />
Allium victorialis is a multizone mountain species. Its mountain<br />
range in Poland includes the Carpathians and the Sudetes<br />
(the Giant Mountains exclusively). Aside from mountain locations,<br />
localities of this species are concentrated in the Kielce-<br />
Sandomierz Upland, Roztocze and the Sandomierz Basin<br />
(Bróż 1987). From the Silesian Upland, the only locality of<br />
A. victorialis is in the surroundings of Zabrze. Bróż (1987)<br />
quoted it based on the herbarium specimens (the KRAM Herbarium)<br />
from 1924, but he has not verified the locality. Therefore<br />
its precise localization and habitat conditions, as well as<br />
population abundance, was unknown. According to Brinkmann<br />
(1970) eight flowering shoots were observed in 1941,<br />
at the pond of a nearby forester’s lodge in the Bytom forest<br />
complex. The locality of A. victorialis in the Silesian Upland<br />
was confirmed during field investigations in 2007. Numerous<br />
populations (several hundred specimens, including approximately<br />
50% flowerings) of Allium victorialis were found in<br />
the Tilio-Carpinetum phytocoenose in the place described by<br />
Brinkmann (1970); in forest division 76l (ATPOL square DF-<br />
31). Considerable humidity and acid soil (pH in H2O – 4,97, in<br />
KCl – 3,85) characterize the habitat here. Undergrowth cover<br />
reaches about 85%. Other mountain plants (e.g. Veratrum lobelianum,<br />
Polygonatum verticillatum, Senecio fuchsii) also<br />
occur here together with Allium victorialis.<br />
SALT MArSHES dETErMINEd BY ASCENSION OF<br />
rELIC MESOZOIC SALINE WATErS IN NW POLANd<br />
Bosiacka Beata. University of Szczecin, Department of Plant<br />
Taxonomy and Phytogeography, 13 Wąska St., 71-415 Szczecin,<br />
Poland, bebos@univ.szczecin.pl<br />
The outflow of brine in north-western Poland is related to the<br />
displacements within the culmination part of the Middle Polish<br />
Anticlinorium. No contact between the active water circulation<br />
system and the Permian seams of rock-salt has been confirmed<br />
in this region. Salinity of Cenozoic subterranean waters is mainly<br />
a result of ascending Mesozoic relic waters. The aim of the<br />
study was to characterize the salt marshes supplied with ascending<br />
brine, which occur alongside typical coastal salt and brackish<br />
habitats determined by the less saline sea water in northern<br />
Poland. The description includes: impact of habitat factors and<br />
land-use changes on halophilous vegetation, prospects of environmental<br />
protection and discussion about the Natura 2000<br />
classification of saline habitats located in the coastal zone, but<br />
supplied mainly with brine. Detailed studies were carried out<br />
in two sites with documented hydrogeological genesis and salinity<br />
of ground water (max. 40 mS∙cm-1 , 15600 mg Cl-∙dm-3 )<br />
almost four times higher than of the sea water in this part of the<br />
Baltic Sea. The 2 sites were: the city of Kołobrzeg and adjacent<br />
areas and the Chrząszczewska Island. They are at present the<br />
only natural sites with Salicornia europaea colonising muds<br />
and the only confirmed Puccinellia maritima stand in Poland.<br />
34<br />
Three other halophilous vegetation sites were also described:<br />
near to the Włodarka, Międzywodzie and in the area of Bagna<br />
Rozwarowskie. Their location on the anticline fault lines and<br />
their physiognomy indicate an origin similar to that described<br />
above.<br />
STrUCTUrAL ANd GENETIC STUdIES ON THE mAlvA<br />
AlceA L. COMPLEx IN CENTrAL ANd EASTErN<br />
EUrOPE<br />
Celka Zbigniew1 , Bączkiewicz Alina2 , Buczkowska Katarzyna2<br />
, drapikowska Maria3 , Sawicki Jakub4 , Shevera<br />
Myroslav5 , Szczecińska Monika4 , Szkudlarz Piotr1 . 1Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Plant Taxonomy, 89<br />
Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland, zcelka@amu.edu.<br />
pl; 2Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Genetics, 89<br />
Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland; 3University of Life<br />
Sciences in Poznań, Department of Ecology and Environmental<br />
Protection, 94 Piątkowska St., 61-691 Poznań, Poland;<br />
4University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department<br />
of Botany and Nature Protection, 1 Plac Łódzki Sq., 10-727<br />
Olsztyn, Poland; 5National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,<br />
M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, 2 Tereshchenkivska St.,<br />
Kyiv 01601, Ukraine<br />
In prehistoric times and in the Middle Ages, M. alcea was a crop<br />
plant, cultivated as a source of food as well as for medicinal<br />
and magical purposes. Nowadays, it is classified among relicts<br />
of former cultivation. Its present distribution is linked with the<br />
sites of medieval settlement and adjacent anthropogenic habitats.<br />
In some taxonomic works from the area of Central and<br />
Eastern Europe, one can find information about another species,<br />
which is very similar to the M. alcea species. This species<br />
is M. excisa. The border between the distribution ranges of<br />
both taxons is supposed to run through Poland. So far, neither<br />
the taxonomic studies using the key morphological traits (the<br />
incision depth of corolla petals and type of stem hairs) nor genetic<br />
ones (molecular markers ISJ and ISSR and izoenzymes)<br />
confirmed the distinctive character of both species. M. alcea is<br />
a very variable species but its different forms are not correlated<br />
geographically or ecologically.<br />
THE BOTANICAL dIVErSITY OF PLANT COMMUNI-<br />
TIES OF THE SUBALPINE ANd ALPINE ZONE OF THE<br />
UKrAINIAN POKUCKO-MArMArOSKIE MOUN-<br />
TAINS<br />
Chachulski Łukasz1 , Wołoszuk Mykoła2 , Bieniek Ewa1 .<br />
1Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of<br />
Agriculture and Biology, Department of Botany, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, lukasz_chachulski@<br />
sggw.pl; 2Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Rachiv, Ukraine<br />
The aim of this work was to evaluate the variability of the species<br />
diversity within and between the phytocoenoses occupying<br />
large areas above the secondary forest border in the massifs of<br />
Chornohora, Svydovets and Maramuresh. There were 15 plant<br />
associations investigated that belong to the following classes:<br />
Vaccinio-Piceetea, Nardo-Callunetea, Betulo-Adenostyletea<br />
and Juncetea trifidi. Four characteristics of diversity were calculated<br />
for each of these assiociations: species richness, the<br />
Shannon-Weiner and Margalef indexes of biodiversity, the share<br />
of rare and endangered autochtonous species, and the share of<br />
synanthropic species. Plant communities of the alpine zone<br />
have low species richness, low diversity and few synanthropic<br />
species. The degree of the synanthropisation of subalpine plant<br />
communities is varied and depends on human impact, thus natural<br />
phytocenoses should be under special protection in order<br />
to preserve their oryginal species composition and their endangered<br />
species. The botanical diversity of plant communities is<br />
not directly measurable. Its evaluation should be the result of
a comparison of three measurements that take into account at<br />
least species richness, the share of characteristic species and the<br />
share of synanthropic species.<br />
EFFECT OF THE PArTIAL rEMOVAL OF A BLACK<br />
LOCUST STANd ON COMMUNITY dYNAMICS IN THE<br />
BIELANY FOrEST, WArSAW, PL<br />
Chojnacki Jan. Warsaw University, Institute of Botany, 4 Ujazdowskie<br />
Av., 00-478 Warsaw, Poland, jch@biol.uw.edu.pl<br />
To support the transformation of Bielany woodland dominated<br />
by black locust into natural forest, more than half of the black<br />
locust trees were cut in 1999. Vegetative offspring of black locust<br />
were also subsequently removed. Over 10 successive years<br />
the composition and abundance in the herb layer and tree undergrowth<br />
was recorded on permanent plots. Rate of change in<br />
community structure was highest during the first 2 years after<br />
canopy thinning. Rate of change declined afterwards. Abundant<br />
offspring of native trees spreading within gaps were composed<br />
virtually of wind-dispersed species, especially maples and<br />
elms. Further development of the understory was determined<br />
by varying growth rates and subsequent size differentiation of<br />
individuals. Changes in the herb layer varied regarding different<br />
ecological groups of plants. Perennials typical of deciduous forest<br />
showed a light increase in cover. Species typical of shadow<br />
forest margins, at first highly increased in abundance, and then<br />
markedly decreased. Numerous ruderal species appeared only<br />
temporarily just after canopy opening but some survived to the<br />
end of the studied period. Diversity indices and Ellenberg light<br />
figure showed temporal rise and then fall, corresponding to the<br />
main pattern of change in the ground flora. So far, the restoration<br />
effects resulting from black locust cuts does not seem to be<br />
very pronounced.<br />
PLANTATIONS OF convAllAriA mAjAlis L. AS<br />
A THrEAT TO THE NATUrAL STANdS OF THE SPE-<br />
CIES: GENETIC VArIABILITY OF THE CULTIVATEd<br />
PLANTS ANd NATUrAL POPULATIONS<br />
Chwedorzewska Katarzyna J. 1 , Kosiński Igor2 , Galera<br />
Halina3 . 1Polish Academy of Science, Department of Antarctic<br />
Biology, 10/12 Ustrzycka St., 02-141 Warsaw, Poland,<br />
kchwedorzewska@go2.pl; 2Medical University of Gdańsk,<br />
Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, 107 Gen.<br />
J. Hallera Av., 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland, gorkos@amg.gda.pl;<br />
3Warsaw University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant<br />
Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 4 Ujazdowskie Av.,<br />
00-478 Warsaw, Poland, h.galera@uw.edu.pl<br />
The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic variability and<br />
relationships among the cultivated plants and those occurring<br />
in natural stands using the AFLP technique. The present study<br />
addresses the following question: does the spontaneous spread<br />
of C. majalis plants which escape cultivation reflect the ecological<br />
expansion of the species or is it a chorological expansion<br />
of selected genotypes of C. majalis (alien plants). Seven primer<br />
pairs used for AFLP profiling amplified 466 DNA fragments<br />
that were used for multidimensional scaling and clustering. Individuals<br />
were clearly distinguish. Groups of populations were<br />
revealed according to their geographic origin (samples were<br />
collected at three region of Poland). Samples from populations<br />
collected in natural stands and cultivated in the same region<br />
did not differ from each other significantly. These results suggest<br />
that cultivated plants were probably obtained directly from<br />
the natural stand and the influence of plant cultures on natural<br />
populations was small.<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
TAxONOMICAL HISTOrY OF “cArlinA onoPordifoliA<br />
BESSEr”<br />
Cieślak Elżbieta. Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute<br />
of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland, e.cieslak@<br />
botany.pl<br />
The taxon named by Besser (based on plants from the Podolia<br />
region) in the first half of 19th century as “Carlina onopordifolia”,<br />
is one of the rarest elements in Polish flora. In 1837 De<br />
Candolle, having seen Besser’s specimen, included this taxon<br />
into the variety β. cynara (Pourret) DC within C. acanthifolia<br />
All. In the middle of 19th century, a distinct approach was proposed<br />
by K. Łapczyński who placed it within C. acanthifolia<br />
as a separate variety – var. spathulata. Łapczyński’s decision<br />
was based on the study of specimens from the Lublin Upland,<br />
but he did not having access to the Besser’s material. Although<br />
many Polish botanists (e.g. Szafer, Pawłowski, Jasiewicz) undertook<br />
further comparative investigations of C. onopordifolia<br />
in relation to the C. acanthifolia complex, this apparently did<br />
not result in any further taxonomic study. In the context of the<br />
presented problem, an extensive research of genetic variability<br />
and structure of C. onopordifolia has been undertaken by the<br />
author. Preliminary results of a review of the literature have<br />
shown, that the first valid published taxonomic diagnosis of<br />
C. onopordifolia appeared in 1924 in “Rośliny polskie”, a field<br />
key by Szafer, Kulczyński and Pawłowski. The lectotype of<br />
this narrowly recognized species was designated in the monograph<br />
of genus Carlina by Meusel and Kästner in 1994 and is<br />
deposited in the De Candolle herbarium in Geneva. The mentioned<br />
authors, based on morphological studies, distinguished<br />
three subspecies within C. acanthifolia: a typical one, subsp.<br />
cynara and subsp. utzka. C. onopordifolia named by Besser ex<br />
Szafer, Kulczyński, Pawłowski was regarded as the synonym<br />
of the latter.<br />
THE STUdY OF dIVErSITY PATTErNS OF VASCU-<br />
LAr PLANTS ON LAKE ISLANdS IN NE POLANd<br />
Ciurzycki Wojciech 1 , Zalewski Marcin 2 . 1 Warsaw University<br />
of Life Sciences – SGGW, Division of Forest Botany, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, wojtekc@wl.sggw.<br />
pl; 2 Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre for Ecological Studies,<br />
1 M. Konopnickiej St., Dziekanów Leśny, 05-092 Łomianki,<br />
Poland<br />
The question how abiotic and biotic factors influence regional<br />
patterns of species occurrence and diversity is central to macroecology.<br />
However, high quality data allowing the study of<br />
main patterns of species distribution are still rare. Here we present<br />
the first results of a research program aimed to infer and<br />
to model various important ecological relationships. These are<br />
relationships of a metacommunity of plants on 42 lake islands<br />
and 9 mainland sites of the NE Poland lakes of Wigry, Mamry,<br />
Mikołajskie, Bełdany and Nidzkie. Species occurrences and<br />
abundances (number of individuals per sq. meter) were censused<br />
applying stratified sampling. Vascular plant ecological indicator<br />
values were used to measure local and regional habitat quality<br />
and habitat diversity. All total, we recorded a distribution<br />
of 310 species and abundances of 211 within archipelagos. The<br />
plant project is one element of a broader program focused on<br />
understanding the distribution of animals and plants within this<br />
unique study area (Zalewski, Urlich 2006, Urlich et al. 2010).<br />
Ulrich W., Hajdamowicz I., Zalewski M., Stańska M., Ciurzycki<br />
W., Tykarski P. 2010. Species assortment or habitat filtering:<br />
a case study of spider communities on lake islands. Ecol. Res.<br />
25: 375– 381. Zalewski M., Ulrich W. 2006. Dispersal as a key<br />
element of community structure: The case of ground beetles on<br />
lake islands. Div. Distr., 12: 767– 775.<br />
35
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
CULTUrAL PLANTS ON OLd WIELKOPOLSKA CEM-<br />
ETErIES<br />
Czarna Aneta, Antkowiak Wojciech. Poznań University of<br />
Life Sciences, Department of Botany, 71c Wojska <strong>Polskiego</strong> St.,<br />
60-625 Poznań, Poland, czarna@up.poznan.pl<br />
Old inactive cemeteries playing an important landscape and<br />
biocenotic role have not been floristically analyzed, so far. Floristic<br />
lists were done in spring and in summer in 2000 from<br />
Evangelical, Catholic and Jewish cemeteries in the region of<br />
Wielkopolska. The analyzed cemeteries are rather small with<br />
only a few tombstones, very neglected and forgotten. In most<br />
cases, the cemeteries are located beyond villages, in forests,<br />
near roads, or sometimes in deep forests or on a tree island<br />
among fields. On the area of Wielkopolska cemeteries, the following<br />
plants have been selected as the indicative ones of postcemetery<br />
sites: Aquilegia ×hybrida, Aster novi-belgii, Dianthus<br />
barbatus, Galanthus nivalis, Hedera helix, Hemerocallis sp.,<br />
Hesperis matronalis, Iris germanica, Lilium bulbiferum, Mahonia<br />
aquifolium, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Rosa gallica, R. majalis,<br />
Saponaria officinalis, Scilla sibirica, Sedum spurium,<br />
Sorbaria sorbifolia, Spiraea chamaedrifolia, Symphoricarpos<br />
albus, Syringa vulgaris, Vinca minor, Viola odorata and others.<br />
Additionally, a relatively numerous group of phytoindicators<br />
consisting of species rarely encountered on post-cemetery sites<br />
were found. These were such species as: Amelanchier alnifolia,<br />
Amygdalus nana, Aristolochia clematitis, Bergenia cordifolia,<br />
Chionodoxa sardensis, Crocus speciosus, Eranthis hyemalis,<br />
Omphalodes verna, Poa chaixii, Spiraea albiflora, Rosa centifolia,<br />
R. foetida, R. virginiana, Syringa ×chinensis, S. josikaea<br />
and others. This research was carried out under the research<br />
grant from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education<br />
N N304 204937.<br />
lAmium SUBG. GAleobdolon (LAMIACEAE) IN PO-<br />
LANd – NEW TAxONOMICAL FEATUrES<br />
Czarna Aneta, Bednorz Leszek. Poznań University of Life<br />
Sciences, Department of Botany, 71c Wojska <strong>Polskiego</strong> St.,<br />
60-625 Poznań, Poland, czarna@up.poznan.pl<br />
In Europe there are the five following taxa representing the<br />
Lamium subg. Galeobdolon: Lamium argentatum, L. endtmannii,<br />
L. flavidum, L. galeobdolon and L. montanum (Rosenbaumová<br />
et al. 2004; Haeupler, Muer 2007). Until recently in<br />
Poland, within this subgenus – treated as the species Galeobdolon<br />
luteum, only two subspecies: typical – subsp. galeobdolon<br />
(= Lamium galeobdolon) and mountain – subsp. montanum<br />
(= Lamium montaum) have been recognized (Sychowa 1967).<br />
Our recent observations show that there are also two other species<br />
which occur in Poland. Lamium endtmannii can be found<br />
in the central parts of the Wielkopolska region while Lamium<br />
argentatum is planted as a covering plant on graves within contemporary<br />
cemeteries in different regions of Poland. Observations<br />
of the microsculpture of nutlets were done with the use of<br />
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observations, using<br />
SEM, were of four species within Lamium subg. Galeobdolon<br />
which occur in Poland. The use of SEM, allowed us to find<br />
out new diagnostic features useful in distinguishing the studied<br />
taxa. Literature: Haeupler H., Muer Th. 2007. Bildatlas der<br />
Farn-und Blutenpflanzen Deutschlands. Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim).<br />
Rosenbaumová R., Plačková I., Sud I. 2004. Variation<br />
in Lamium subg. Galeobdolon (Lamiaceae) – insights from<br />
ploidy levels, morphology and isozymes. Plant Syst. Evol. 244:<br />
219– 244. Sychowa M. 1967. Galeobdolon Andans., Gajowiec.<br />
In: B. Pawłowski (ed.), Flora Polska. Rośliny naczyniowe Polski<br />
i ziem ościennych. PAN, Warszawa–Kraków, 11: 115– 117.<br />
36<br />
NON-STANdArd MECHANISMS OF SEEd dISPErSAL<br />
IN AGrICULTUrAL LANdSCAPE THANKS TO THE<br />
WHITE STOrK, GrEY PArTrIdGE ANd rOOK<br />
Czarnecka Joanna 1 , Kitowski Ignacy 2 , orłowski Grzegorz 3 ,<br />
Sugier Piotr 1 . Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka<br />
St., Lublin, Poland; 1 Ecology Department, a_czarnecka@<br />
wp.pl; 2 Department of Nature Conservation; 3 Polish Academy<br />
of Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Forest Environment,<br />
19 Bukowska St., Poznań, Poland<br />
Standard means of seed dispersal (e.g. anemochory, hydrochory)<br />
are not very helpful in explaining plant migration rates<br />
after the recent glacial period. Models involving merely biological<br />
parameters of seeds usually underestimate the rate of plant<br />
spread (Reid’s paradox). This discrepancy can be explained if<br />
we take into consideration rare events of long distance dispersal<br />
(LDD) which usually involve animals as the dispersal vectors.<br />
The main goal of our study was to estimate the effectiveness of<br />
non-standard dispersal of seeds on the agricultural landscape.<br />
This means dispersal by three quite abundant bird species which<br />
transfer seeds in different ways. The bird species are: the White<br />
Stork (Ciconia ciconia), the Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix)<br />
and the Rook (Corvus frugilegus). The White Stork transfers<br />
seeds with nest material (analysed with the seedling emergence<br />
method), the Grey Partridge and the Rook intake seeds of nonornitochorous<br />
plants by accident while foraging, but they excreted<br />
them in different ways: with faeces (the Grey Partridge),<br />
and with pellets (the Rook). Faeces and pellets were examined<br />
under the microscope to identify all seeds present. Among the<br />
analysed species, the Rook seems to be the most efficient LDD<br />
vector. It transferred a large amount of seeds and the range of<br />
dispersal was impressive. Winter range of dispersal can extend<br />
up to even 40 km.<br />
GrOWTH PATTErN OF THE SEdGE cArex Acutiformis<br />
Czyżak Joanna1 , Borkowska Lidia2 . 1Grammar School no. 112,<br />
17/19 Solipska St., 02-482 Warsaw, maskotka27@op.pl; 2Uni versity of Podlasie, Institute of Biology, Department of Botany,<br />
12 B. Prusa St., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland, lidiabor@ap.siedlce.pl<br />
Species of an iterative type of growth usually are good colonizers<br />
with a big impact on the spatial structure of plant communities.<br />
The aim of the study was to recognize and compare<br />
the growth of Carex acutiformis specimens, seeded and subsequently<br />
planted at the same time and in the same conditions<br />
deprived of competition, in an experimental garden. The study<br />
involved three specimens of mud sedge of various ages (1-year,<br />
3-and 4-year-old). After digging up and removing most of the<br />
roots of each specimen the ramets were counted (distinguishing<br />
between the parent and off-spring) and the number of runners,<br />
their length and the number of nodes were counted. Even three<br />
months after planting these ramets, there were visible differences<br />
in the size of specimens, which intensified over time.<br />
THE dIVErSITY OF THE SPECIES STrUCTUrE OF<br />
THE ASSOCIATION PulmonArio-Alnetum viridis<br />
dEPENdS ON THE HABITAT CONdITIONS IN THE<br />
EASTErN CArPATHIANS<br />
dembowska danuta, Chachulski Łukasz. Warsaw University<br />
of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology,<br />
Department of Botany, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw,<br />
Poland, lukasz_chachulski@sggw.pl<br />
The association Pulmonario-Alnetum viridis Pawł. et Wal.1949<br />
is an endemic community whose range embraces the subalpine<br />
zone of the Eastern Carpathians. In many places on the territory<br />
of the Pukucko-Marmaroskie mountains, this association
has a primary character. Its special natural values – specific<br />
structure and the presence of endemic and relict species – are<br />
well preserved. An analysis of the differentiation of the specific<br />
structure was carried out on the basis of 170 relevés, which were<br />
performed using the Braun-Blanquet method, the topography<br />
and the results of soil investigations. The analysis made possible<br />
the recognition of six different phytocoenosis characterized by<br />
the participation of characteristic species from these classes:<br />
Betulo-Adenostyletea, Vaccinio-Piceetea, Querco-Fagetea. It<br />
was ascertained that the differentiation of the species composition<br />
is connected with environmental conditions such as topography<br />
and the stratigraphy of the phytocoenose. The greatest<br />
species richness and the greatest participation of endemic species<br />
was detected in places with a mosaic of microhabitats and<br />
a weak covorage of the shrub layer. Such places remain under<br />
the influence of natural factors, making it impossible to form<br />
a typical type of community.<br />
CONTEMPOrArY THrEATS ANd CONSErVATION<br />
OF THE TEMPErATE rAINFOrEST IN AMErICA<br />
doroszewicz Wojciech. University of Warsaw, Center for Latin<br />
American Studies, 14 Smyczkowa St., 02-678 Warsaw, Poland,<br />
w.doroszewicz@uw.edu.pl<br />
In my research I analyze the phenomena of the contemporary<br />
threat posed by human activities on the temperate rainforest.<br />
I study the problem of geographically isolated ecosystems heavily<br />
dependent on climatic conditions. I compare the risks and<br />
ongoing programs for the conservation of the these forests on<br />
the American continents. The study has to include: Chile and<br />
Argentina (Valdivian rainforests and associated communities),<br />
western Canada and the U.S. (west coast coniferous forests), and<br />
southern Brazil (forests of Brazilian araucaria). Anthropogenic<br />
threats are very similar for all these communities irrespective<br />
of the degree of economic development of the country in which<br />
they occur. Contemporary climate change can greatly increase<br />
the risk. The main consequence of intensive human activities in<br />
these areas is significant habitat fragmentation. Existing threats<br />
can lead to irreversible changes. These would be changes in ecosystems,<br />
or whole regions, and even their total reconstruction<br />
– despite the ongoing conservation programs.<br />
MOrPHOLOGICAL dIFFErENTIATION OF Anthox-<br />
Anthum odorAtum ANd A. AlPinum POPULAtIoNS<br />
oN BABIA GóRA MoUNtAIN<br />
drapikowska Maria 1 , Szkudlarz Piotr 2 , Celka Zbigniew 2 ,<br />
Kucharczyk Izabela, Jackowiak Bogdan 2 . 1 University of<br />
Life Sciences in Poznań, Department of Ecology and Environmental<br />
Protection, 94 Piątkowska St., 61-691 Poznań, Poland,<br />
mariadra@up.poznan.pl; 2 Adam Mickiewicz University, Department<br />
of Plant Taxonomy, 89 Umultowska St., 61-614, Poznań,<br />
Poland<br />
Anthoxanthum odoratum, a species occurring below the upper<br />
forest limit on Babia Góra mountain, is replaced by A. alpinum<br />
in the subalpine and alpine zone. It is a typical example of altitudinal<br />
vicarism. The aim of the study was to determine the range<br />
of morphological variability within the populations of A. odoratum<br />
and A. alpinum occurring along an altitudinal transect. Special<br />
attention was paid to populations situated in the transition<br />
zone between both species. Plant material was collected from<br />
11 populations. Twenty-four morphological traits were examined.<br />
The obtained results were analyzed with the use of multidimensional<br />
statistical methods. It was found that A. alpinum<br />
grows above the upper forest limits. Populations of this species<br />
have a relatively small range of variability of the studied traits.<br />
The traits characterized by the lowest variability include: length<br />
of the upper glume, and width of the lower glume. Populations<br />
occurring in the contact zone of A. odoratum and A. alpinum,<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
situated at the altitude of ca. 1166 m a.s.l., consist of individuals<br />
representing both species. In turn, populations situated below<br />
the upper forest limits are represented by only A. odoratum and<br />
reveal considerable morphological differentiation.<br />
ASSESSMENT OF PLANT COVEr ON THE CHOSEN<br />
MUNICIPAL dUMPING SITES IN THE MAZOVIA<br />
PrOVINCE<br />
Dyguś Kazimierz H. University of Ecology and Management,<br />
Faculty of Ecology, 14 Wawelska St., 02-061 Warsaw, Poland,<br />
dygus@wseiz.pl<br />
Municipal dumping sites in Mazovia province were chosen as<br />
an example to present the state of spontaneously developed plant<br />
cover. About 200 species of vascular plants representing over<br />
20 families were recognized. Asteraceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae<br />
are among the families comprising most species. In the analyzed<br />
flora the dominating plants are apophyties – 65% including<br />
meadow apophyties – 50%. Among the living forms (acc.<br />
to Raunkiaer) the most were hemicryptophytes and terophytes<br />
(about 35% each). In relation to life strategy (acc. to Grime) species<br />
with high competing abilities (C strategy) and those preferring<br />
disorders (R strategy) dominate. Out of syntaxonomic<br />
groups (acc. to Matuszkiewicz) the highest share is taken by<br />
the classes Artemisietea vulgaris, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and<br />
Stellarietea mediae. Succession trends were observed on the investigated<br />
surfaces which referred to such plant communities as:<br />
Atriplicetum nitentis, Chenopodio rubri-Atriplicetum patulae,<br />
Lamio albi-Conietum maculati, Echio-Melilotetum, Leonurio-<br />
Balloteum nigrae, Convolvulo arvensis-Agropyretum repentis,<br />
with Kochia scoparia and others. The assessed primary production<br />
of plant over-ground parts in the municipal dumping sites<br />
amounted on the average to about 6500 g d.m.·10m -2 .<br />
THE SIZE OF TUSSOCKS OF cArex cesPitosA ANd<br />
SPECIES OCCUrrING IN THEM<br />
dzido Alicja1 , Borkowska Lidia2 . University of Podlasie,<br />
12B Prusa St., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland, 1Doctoral Studies, Discipline<br />
Agronomy, alicja.dzido@gmail.com; 2Institute of Biology,<br />
Department of Botany, lidiabor@ap.siedlce.pl<br />
The study was conducted at the unmowned meadow at Uroczysko<br />
Reski (15 ha) in the Białowieża National Park, which is located<br />
northwest of the Bialowieża Clearing. Observations were<br />
carried out to answer the question: has the size and height of the<br />
tussock core any impact on the number of species and shoots<br />
occurring in the tussock? In order to achieve that: – a list of the<br />
number of species and shoots of vascular plants growing on particular<br />
tussock was made, – the size of the base of every tussock<br />
was measured. On 218 tussocks there were reported 6089 shoots<br />
representing 27 species of vascular plants. Lythrum salicaria,<br />
Equisetum palustre and Angelica sylvestris were the species<br />
most common in the tussocks.<br />
IMPACT OF WEATHEr ON VEGETATION dYNAMICS<br />
IN A LIMESTONE GrASSLANd<br />
dzwonko Zbigniew, Loster Stefania. Jagellonian University,<br />
Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland,<br />
ubdzwonk@cyf-kr.edu.pl<br />
Vegetation data collected over 12 years from permanent plots<br />
in a semi-natural grassland in southern Poland were used. Relations<br />
between weather variables, time, and the cover of 41 more<br />
frequent species and 14 plant functional groups were analysed<br />
using multiple linear regression. The climatic data included<br />
mean temperatures and precipitation sums for each month from<br />
37
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
January to December and for 2, 3 and 4 consecutive months,<br />
with time lags of 0, 1, 2 and 3 years. Precipitation in spring and/<br />
or early summer, particularly in the current year had the greatest<br />
effect on the dynamics of species and functional groups. The<br />
majority of plant groups were significantly affected also by the<br />
temperature in spring and early summer in one of the three previous<br />
years. During the 12 years, the cover of annuals and biennials,<br />
short plants, and plants with small leaves decreased. On the<br />
other hand, the cover of taller plants, plants with larger leaves,<br />
and with vegetative spread increased. The analyses suggest that<br />
these successional changes were affected by climatic conditions<br />
indirectly through interspecific competition. The fluctuations in<br />
climatic conditions had a significant effect on both the composition<br />
and the rate of changes in abandoned grassland. In wet<br />
periods there is an increase in tall perennial species which have<br />
broad leaves and much branching. This cover by tall perennial<br />
species hinders the succession towards woodland. During drier<br />
periods colonization of grassland by later successional species<br />
is made easier.<br />
FOrMING THE STrUCTUrE ANd dYNAMICS OF<br />
CLONAL SPECIES POPULATIONS UNdEr WATEr<br />
STrESS<br />
Franczak Magdalena1 , Czarnecka Bożenna2 . Maria Curie-<br />
Skłodowska University, Department of Ecology, 19 Akademicka<br />
St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland, 1mpelc4@wp.pl; 2bozenna. czarnecka@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of ground water<br />
level fluctuation and the related water stress on the population<br />
structure and dynamics in two clonal species: Filipendula<br />
ulmaria (L.) Maxim. and Lythrum salicaria L. The research<br />
was conducted in 2005– 2009 in the Szum river valley, Central<br />
Roztocze, on permanent plots. The plots were situated in areas<br />
occupied by communities of variously moist meadows. Every<br />
year we noted the number of vegetative and generative ramets<br />
of marked individuals. Simultaneously, changes in the ground<br />
water levels were monitored in piezometres and selected lifehistory<br />
traits of the individuals in the populations were examined.<br />
In 2006, a significant rise in the ground water level caused<br />
by beaver activity was visible in some of the study areas. This<br />
condition persisted until the end of the vegetation season in<br />
2007. There was a decline in the number of genets and ramets.<br />
Impairment of generative reproduction was also observed in the<br />
populations of both of these species where exposure to water<br />
stress was the highest. Concurrently, a higher degree of ramet<br />
aggregation expressed by the Lexis index was noted. Individuals<br />
from these populations were characterised by smaller sizes,<br />
reduced seed production and lower seed germination efficiency.<br />
It was also observed that, in comparison to F. ulmaria, L. salicaria<br />
is more resistant to long-term flooding and has a higher<br />
regeneration potential.<br />
A PLACE WHICH NO LONGEr ExISTS. dOCUMEN-<br />
TAL VALUE OF THE FLOrISTIC INVESTIGATIONS<br />
CArrIEd OUT ON THE rEMAINS OF THE 10th AN-<br />
NIVErSArY STAdIUM IN WArSAW<br />
Galera Halina1 , Sudnik-Wójcikowska Barbara1 , Ostrowski<br />
Marek2 . University of Warsaw, 1Department of Plant Ecology<br />
and Environmental Conservation, 4 Ujazdowskie Av.,<br />
00-478 Warsaw, Poland, h.galera@uw.edu.pl, barbara.sudnik@<br />
uw.edu.pl; 2Department of Ecology, 2 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw,<br />
Poland, samper@samper.pl<br />
In 2007 and 2008 floristic studies were carried out in the 10th<br />
Anniversary Stadium in Warsaw. This stadium had been abandoned<br />
for 30 years and used as a bazaar. The Stadium was<br />
demolished in 2008 but floristic data are of historical value.<br />
The crumbling structures were colonized in many places by<br />
38<br />
vegetation that resembled a young, open forest. Most of the<br />
trees were about 10 years old, e.g.: Populus species, Acer negundo,<br />
as well as Morus alba, Prunus cerasifera, P. serotina,<br />
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, which were dispersed by birds.<br />
Within an area of about 50.000m 2 we noted the presence of<br />
160 species of vascular plants. Natives prevailed (61%); the<br />
percentage of archeophytes, kenophytes and diaphytes was<br />
almost identical (ca 13%). A high percentage of heliophilous<br />
and thermophilous species was noted (e.g.: Eragrostis minor,<br />
Bromus tectorum, Galeopsis angustifolia). Small specimens of<br />
exotic species were found: Punica granatum, Celtis occidentalis,<br />
Ailanthus altissima as well as Fragaria xananassa, Vitis<br />
sp., Lycopersicon esculentum. The above plants, as well as nitrophilous<br />
species occurred abundantly within the upper part<br />
of the tribunes (Solanum nigrum, Atriplex nitens, A. patula<br />
and Chelidonium majus) which was probably due to “activities”<br />
of market vendors and their customers.<br />
TrANSFOrMATIONS OF PLANT COVEr OF MEAdoW<br />
WAtERHEAD SPRINGS IN tHE GóRZNo-LIDZ-<br />
BArK LANdSCAPE PArK<br />
Gawenda-Kempczyńska Dorota. Nicolaus Copernicus<br />
University, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz,<br />
Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany,<br />
9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland,<br />
dgawenda@cm.umk.pl<br />
Meadow waterhead springs constitute a distinctive landscape<br />
element of the Górzno-Lidzbark Landscape Park. Their existence<br />
is determined by a groundwater seep. Meadow waterhead<br />
springs usually occupy small areas – from several dozen<br />
to a few hundred m2 . They are of the outflowing or evaporative<br />
character and are situated among wet meadows or pastures<br />
in the vicinity of forests. In these areas there usually develops<br />
a mosaic of meadow, rush, spring and moss sedge phytocoenoses.<br />
Meadow waterhead springs, on account of their small area<br />
and surroundings character, undergo transformations resulting<br />
from natural successional processes and anthropopressure. The<br />
research was carried out in three periods: at the beginning of<br />
the 90’s, in the period from 1999 to 2003 and in last 2 years.<br />
Floristic composition as well as vegetation character underwent<br />
transformations. Under the influence of groundwater lowering<br />
(caused by an agricultural drainage) and as an effect of eutrophication,<br />
a decrease in the share of spring and meadow species,<br />
often valuable, is observed. This follows an increase in the share<br />
of nitrophilous species. The lack of use of waterhead springs<br />
causes an increase in the amount of tall herbs. A large expansion<br />
of Phragmites australis causing transformation of vegetation<br />
into rush communities was observed. Natural encroaching<br />
of Alnus glutinosa and its plantings causing transformations of<br />
meadow communities into forest phytocoenoses constitutes an<br />
unfavorable factor.<br />
NATUrAL ANd ANTHrOPOGENIC CONdITIONS<br />
OF VEGETATION IN FOrEST SPrING ArEAS – THE<br />
ASSUMPTIONS ANd rESULTS OF PrELIMINArY<br />
STUdIES<br />
Gielniak Paulina. University of Lodz, Department of Geobotany<br />
and Plant Ecology, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland,<br />
paulinagielniak@wp.pl<br />
A spring area is defined as a place of underground water outflow<br />
and the plants and animals there, including the surrounding<br />
vegetation. In the definition is the information that part of<br />
the stream is 100 m long (Wołejko 1999). The natural biological<br />
diversity of these objects is comprised of a variety of elements,<br />
such as: geomorphologic forms of spring niche, underground<br />
water outflows, and their runoffs. Special diversity of vegetation,<br />
flora and fauna is represented in the forest landscape. Cen-
tral Poland has a relatively high concentration of spring areas<br />
(Jokiel 2005). The aim of this study is to recognize the natural<br />
and anthropogenic conditions of vegetation in forest spring areas.<br />
A study on the diversity and spatial structure of vegetation<br />
was included. The research began in the chosen areas in<br />
2009 where transects were located (7) and phytosociological<br />
relevés were made (35). On the basis of the numerical analysis,<br />
some syntaxons have been distinguished: Cardamino-Alnetum<br />
glutinosae (MEIJER-DRESS 1936) PASS. 1968, Carici remotae-Fraxinetum<br />
KOCH 1926, Fraxino-Alnetum W.MAT. 1952,<br />
Tilio-Carpinetum TRACZ. 1962 typicum, T-C TRACZ. 1962<br />
stachyetosum and Querco roboris-Pinetum (W.MAT. 1981)<br />
J.MAT. 1988. The chosen areas are characterized by the occurrence<br />
of a relatively high number of the syntaxons and the smallarea<br />
spatial structure of the vegetation which is related to the<br />
geomorphologic variety of spring areas.<br />
VEGETATION OF CALAMINE SOILS ANd THE VEG-<br />
ETATION’S IMPOrTANCE FOr BIOdIVErSITY ANd<br />
LANdSCAPE CONSErVATION IN POST-MINING Ar-<br />
EAS<br />
Godzik Barbara, Kapusta Paweł, Szarek-Łukaszewska<br />
Grażyna, Grodzińska Krystyna. Polish Academy of Sciences,<br />
Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland,<br />
b.godzik@botany.pl<br />
The Olkusz Ore Mining Region is one of the mining areas that<br />
have been exploited the longest in Poland. Many-hundreds of<br />
years of mining (Ag, Pb-Zn) and smelting activities caused<br />
the degradation of the landscape; natural vegetation has been<br />
destroyed. Soils usually contain considerable, above average<br />
amounts of heavy metals; they are also dry and poor in nutrients.<br />
However, despite considerable changes in the area,<br />
it is still a refuge for many rare species. Since 2008, in a 40<br />
km2 area in the Olkusz region, interdisciplinary research has<br />
been carried out within the framework of a project financed<br />
under The European Economic Area Financial Mechanism<br />
and Norwegian Financial Mechanism (MF EOG PL 0265).<br />
This research is focused on the occurrence of vascular and<br />
cryptogamic plant species, chemical composition and microbiological<br />
activity of soils, and the numbers of Enchytraeidae.<br />
The dynamics of pine stands and the abundance of ectomycorrhizae<br />
were investigated in forest sample areas. The aim of this<br />
research is not only to produce a comprehensive botanical and<br />
ecological study of the area but also to show the importance of<br />
the region for conservation of many species. The aim is also to<br />
assess the status of the local flora as compared with the floras<br />
of other calamine areas in Europe. We also aim to assist the<br />
local government in the rehabilitation of the area, guaranteeing<br />
the maintenance of the natural and cultural values of the<br />
region.<br />
THE VArIETY OF frAxino-Alnetum W.MAT 1952<br />
IN CENTrAL POLANd<br />
Grzelak Arkadiusz. University of Łódź, Department of Geobotany<br />
and Plant Ecology, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland,<br />
arkadiuszgrzelak@gmail.com<br />
The riparian forests are prominently hygrophilous and eutrophic<br />
plant communities which are dependent on horizontal<br />
water movements. Fraxino-Alnetum W.MAT 1952 is the most<br />
common plant community in this type of forest in Poland. Deforestation<br />
of river valleys and changes in water conditions have<br />
led to a limitation of the area occupied by this plant association.<br />
Currently, it is a very dispersed community occurring as<br />
small patches. The research on Fraxino-Alnetum is a part of the<br />
study on the variety of riparian forests in Central Poland. It is<br />
a continuous study which has been ongoing since 2007. The total<br />
number of 76 phytosociological relevés have been made at 16<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
chosen study sites. This material has been analyzed firstly with<br />
numerical methods, like the cluster analysis with the use of unweighted<br />
pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPG-<br />
MA) and secondly with ordination methods, by using detrended<br />
correspondence analysis (DCA). On the basis of the analysis,<br />
several forms of the community has been distinguished. Apart<br />
from the typical form of Fraxino-Alnetum, a form which is related<br />
by structure and species composition to alder marshy forests<br />
and a form which is relatedto horn-beam forests have been<br />
described. Another specific form of a degenerated community<br />
of this type has been distinguished with a domination of Rubus<br />
sp. in the herb layer.<br />
CHANGES IN PLANt CovER of tHE “PoPIEń” NA-<br />
TUrE rESErVE<br />
Halladin-Dąbrowska Anna, Zając Izabela, Chmielecki Błażej.<br />
University of Lodz, Chair of Environmental Protection, 1/3<br />
Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland, anna_halladin@o2.pl<br />
The “Popień” nature reserve was established in 1954 on 8,06 ha.<br />
The aim of the reserve was and is, to preserve the old pine forest<br />
which was planted on the forest’s fertile oak-lime-hornbeam<br />
habitat. Studies were carried out in 2009 and 2010 in order to<br />
recognize plant cover in detail and compare the obtained results<br />
with data from 1994. The vascular flora contains 144 plant species,<br />
including 11 which are protected. This number was an increase<br />
of 43 species. The vegetation has a clear zonal character<br />
and includes phytocoenosis: Tilio-Carpinetum in typical and<br />
low subassemblies, and Fraxino-Alnetum. The areas occupied<br />
by particular communities did not experience big changes. The<br />
dominant processes observed on the research area were due to<br />
the regeneration of phytocoenosis of oak-lime-hornbeam forests.<br />
The regeneration is seen in the lack of the renewal and<br />
the spontaneous decay of old Pinus sylvestris individuals and<br />
the absence of species connected with acidic and oligotrophic<br />
habitat. Now, it is necessary to change the subject of protection<br />
in this reserve.<br />
THE dISTrIBUTION ANd THrEATS TO THE OrCHId<br />
FAMILY (OrCHIdACEAE) IN CENTrAL POLANd<br />
Jakubowska-Gabara Janina 1 , Kucharski Leszek 2 , Zielińska<br />
Katarzyna 1 . University of Łódź, 1 Department of Geobotany<br />
and Plant Ecology, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź,<br />
Poland, jjg@biol.uni.lodz.pl, kziel@biol.uni.lodz.pl; 2 Department<br />
of Nature Protection, 1/3 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland,<br />
kuchar@biol.uni.lodz.pl<br />
As a result of over 60 years of geobotanical research the stands<br />
of 25 species of the Orchid family (Orchidaceae) were confirmed<br />
in Central Poland. These include plants predominantly<br />
occuring in wet meadows and fens, in fertile and humid oak-<br />
hornbeam and beech forests, as well as in thermophilous oak<br />
forests. All the known stands were located in the ATPOL grid<br />
square system. Regardless of the number of records of a particular<br />
species, its single occurrence in the grid square 2km<br />
x 2km is considered to be one stand. The most numerous (12)<br />
Orchid species found in the area are the rare species, with 1– 4<br />
stands. Only three species were recorded in over 70 stands,<br />
these include: Dactylorhiza majalis, Epipactis helleborine and<br />
Platanthera bifolia. Seven of the species recorded are to be<br />
found in the Polish Red Data Book of Plants (Cephalanthera<br />
rubra, Cypripedium calceolus, Corallorhiza trifida, Malaxis<br />
monophyllos, Orchis coriophora, O. morio, O. palustris, Liparis<br />
loeselii) and sixteen of them are on the Polish List of<br />
Threatened Species. In turn, twenty four species can be found<br />
in the regional List of Threatened Vascular Plants. Four species<br />
(Malaxis monophyllos, Orchis coriophora, O. militaris,<br />
O. morio) are considered extinct, whereas Orchis palustris and<br />
Gymnadenia conopsea are critically endangered.<br />
39
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
ENdOZOOCHOrOUS PLANT dISPErSAL BY A GUILd<br />
of UNGULAtES IN tHE BIAŁoWIEżA PRIMEvAL<br />
FOrEST<br />
Jaroszewicz Bogdan 1 , Pirożnikow Ewa 2 , Sondej Izabela<br />
3 . 1 University of Warsaw, Białowieża Geobotanical Station,<br />
19 Sportowa St., 17-230 Białowieża, Poland, b.jaroszewicz@<br />
uw.edu.pl; 2 University of Białystok, Institute of Biology, 20b<br />
Świerkowa St., 15-328 Białystok, Poland; 3 University of Szczecin,<br />
Department of Vertebrate Anatomy and Zoology, 13 Wąska<br />
St., 71-415 Szczecin, Poland<br />
Endozoochory is an essential process for plant dispersal. This<br />
is especially true for species with seeds morphologically not<br />
adapted to long-distance dispersal. The objective of the study<br />
was to investigate the role of a guild of ungulates in the process<br />
of plant diaspore dispersal in forest ecosystems. The content of<br />
viable seeds in faeces was analysed by the seedling germination<br />
method during one vegetation season. From 273 samples of animal<br />
faeces 10185 seedlings (175 taxa) germinated. Urtica dioica<br />
constituted 66% of all seedlings. Only U. dioica and Rubus<br />
ideaus were found in the faeces of all studied animal species.<br />
The highest seed concentration per litre of faeces and the highest<br />
number of plant species were recorded in the faeces of red<br />
deer, and the lowest in the faeces of moose and wild boar. Red<br />
deer and bison faeces contained the highest number of species<br />
not dispersed by other studied animals (almost 40%). Ungulate<br />
species in the Białowieża Forest demonstrated a relatively high<br />
complementarity of functions in plant dispersal. Pools of plant<br />
species dispersed by individual animal species demonstrated<br />
little similarity. This lack of similarity was reflected in the low<br />
value (< 0.34) of the Jaccard similarity index, for the composition<br />
of plant species whose seeds were found in the faeces of the<br />
studied animals.<br />
THE SYNANTHrOPIC PLANTS OF THE WESTErN<br />
PARt of PoDGóRZE RZESZoWSKIE<br />
Jaźwa Małgorzata. Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany,<br />
Department of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography, 27 Kopernika<br />
St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland, malgorzata_jazwa@interia.pl<br />
Podgórze Rzeszowskie is an area extending like an arch from<br />
Rzeszów to Przemyśl. There was no detailed floristic research<br />
in this area and the existing data is of fragmentary and historical<br />
character. The characteristic feature of the analyzed flora<br />
is the high percentage of alien species called antropophytes.<br />
The synanthropic plants constitute over a half of the currently<br />
recorded vascular plants, the majority of which is comprised<br />
of the apophytes (e.g. Calamagrostis epigejos, Phalaris arundinacea,<br />
Phragmites australis). The archaeophytes constitute<br />
over 10% of the recorded species (e.g. Agrostema githago,<br />
Bromus tectorum, Descurainia sophia, Hyoscyamus niger,<br />
Verbena officinalis) and the kenophytes (e.g. Cardaria draba,<br />
Chenopodium schraderianum, Eragrostis minor, Eragrostis<br />
pilosa, Typha laxmanii) also constitute over 10% of the recorded<br />
species. The majority of the above-mentioned alien species<br />
are common weeds and ruderal plants, related to the modified<br />
stretches within the area (railway tracks, fields, roadsides,<br />
paths, rubble heaps, shoulders). In the area of research, there<br />
are common species of kenophytes considered to be invasive<br />
plants, such as Acer negundo, Echinocystis lobata, Helianthus<br />
tuberosus, Impatiens glandulifera, Padus serotina, Reynoutria<br />
japonica, Rosa rugosa, Rudbecka laciniata, Solidago gigantea.<br />
These plants most frequently enter the natural habitats<br />
and can be found en masse in oxbow lakes, river shores, riverine<br />
forests and willow overgrowth, thus forming the phytocoenosis<br />
with very few species.<br />
40<br />
OrCHIdS (OrCHIdACEAE) OF THE OLKUSZ OrE-<br />
BEArING rEGION (SILESIA-CrACOW UPLANd)<br />
Jędrzejczyk-Korycińska Monika1 , Nowak Teresa2 . University<br />
of Silesia, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection,<br />
Department of Plant Systematics, 28 Jagiellońska<br />
St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland, 1mjedrzej@us.edu.pl; 2teresa. nowak@us.edu.pl<br />
The Olkusz Ore-bearing Region is the most important place for<br />
zinc and lead extraction in Poland. Here, the development of<br />
metal mining and the smelting industry created new forms of<br />
land relief. These new forms are characterized by an extremely<br />
dry and toxic substrate. In 2008– 2009 we carried out our research<br />
on orchid distribution and species richness. The studied<br />
area was divided into 48 squares of 1 km2 according to ATPOL<br />
methodology. We noted an occurrence of 10 Orchidaceae taxa<br />
– 8 species and 2 hybrids. Among the most frequent species<br />
were: Epipactis helleborine and E. atrorubens as well as Malaxis<br />
monophyllos. On the other hand, Dactylorhiza incarnata<br />
and D. majalis can be treated as declining species. During the<br />
research we also found a locality of Goodyera repens. This is<br />
a species which has never been reported in this area before. This<br />
study was supported within the Financial Mechanism of the European<br />
Economic Area.<br />
dISTrIBUTION ANd HABITAT PrEFErENCES OF<br />
GAleoPsis AnGustifoliA (EHrH.) HOFFM. ANd<br />
G. lAdAnum L. ON THE BASIS OF A rEVISION OF<br />
HErBArIUM MATErIALS – PrELIMINArY rE-<br />
SULTS<br />
Jonik Małgorzata1 , Nobis Agnieszka 2 , Nobis Marcin3 . Jagiellonian<br />
University, Institute of Botany, Department of Plant<br />
Taxonomy and Phytogeography, 27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow,<br />
Poland; 1charlottegc@o2.pl; 2agnieszka.nobis@uj.edu.pl; 3m.nobis@uj.edu.pl The Galeopsis genus is represented in Poland by 7 species – 6<br />
of them i.e., G. angustifolia, G. bifida, G. ladanum, G. pubescens,<br />
G. speciosa and G. tetrahit are established components<br />
of the flora, whereas G. segetum is an ephemerophyte. The<br />
distribution as well as habitat preferences in the area of our<br />
country of the two morphologically similar species – G. ladanum<br />
and G. angustifolia are still poorly known. In the Distribution<br />
Atlas of Vascular Plants in Poland they were treated<br />
as an aggregate and their distribution was presented in one,<br />
cumulative map. In 2009– 2010 the revision of herbarium materials<br />
representing G. ladanum and G. angustifolia deposited<br />
in the two Polish herbaria (KRA and KRAM) was carried out.<br />
Our study gathers data on the distribution, both of the species<br />
(especially in southern Poland), as well as the information<br />
concerning habitats occupied by them. The distribution of<br />
the species was shown using the ATPOL grid square system.<br />
G. angustifolia is a species occurring mostly in railway areas.<br />
G. ladanum is very often a component of segetal communities<br />
(mainly on sandy soils) and sandy grasslands. A discussion<br />
concerning the status of G. ladanum and G. angustifolia in<br />
Polish flora is also included.<br />
PArTICIPATION OF elodeA nuttAllii (PLANCH.)<br />
H. ST. JOHN. IN AqUATIC MACrOPHYTES PLANT<br />
COMMUNITIES IN POLANd<br />
Kamiński Dariusz. Nicolaus Copernicus University, Department<br />
of Plant Taxonomy and Geography, 9 Gagarina St., 87-100<br />
Toruń, Poland, daro@umk.pl<br />
Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John. (western waterweed) is<br />
a native plant of North America. In Europe it has been known<br />
since 1939. In Poland it was first recorded in 1990 in the Biebrza
River oxbow, near Goniądz. In 2007 is was also recorded in the<br />
Vistula River. Elodea nuttallii forms it own plant community<br />
(Elodeetum nuttallii /De Lange 1972/ Passarge 1994a) and is included<br />
in other plant communities belonging to the Potametea<br />
class. It grew in eu- and mesotrophic slow flow or standing waters,<br />
potentially in oligotrophic as well. This poster presents the<br />
distribution, floristic composition and ecological requirements<br />
of the plant communities with Elodea nuttallii participation,<br />
from Poland.<br />
CHANGES IN THE STrUCTUrE OF THErMOPHIL-<br />
OUS GrASSLANdS OF THE OLKUSZ ENVIrONS<br />
(S POLANd) IN 1996– 2009<br />
Kapusta Paweł 1 , Nowak Teresa 2 , Jędrzejczyk-Korycińska<br />
Monika 3 , Szarek-Łukaszewska Grażyna 4 . 1,4 Polish Academy<br />
of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Department of Ecology,<br />
46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland; 1 p.kapusta@botany.<br />
pl; 4 g.szarek@botany.pl; 2,3 University of Silesia, Faculty of Biology<br />
and Environmental Protection, Department of Systematic<br />
Botany, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland; 2 teresa.<br />
nowak@us.edu.pl; 3 monika.jedrzejczyk-korycinska@us.edu.pl<br />
Calamine grasslands are one of the rarest plant communities<br />
in Europe. Their characteristic components are species well<br />
adapted to growth on soil naturally or artificially enriched in<br />
heavy metals, mainly Zn and Pb. In Poland, small patches of<br />
such vegetation can be found in the Olkusz environs; in the mining<br />
district. Recently, a considerable increase of the forest area<br />
has been observed here. The process may adversely affect the<br />
species richness of thermophilous grasslands. To determine the<br />
impact of afforestation, 12 squares of 4 km 2 were described in<br />
terms of the occurrence of vascular plants. The data were compared<br />
with the records collected in 1996 (the same 12 squares<br />
and 174 additional ones – located mainly in the north-west direction).<br />
A detailed analysis was performed on plant species belonging<br />
to Festuco-Brometea and Violetea calaminariae classes.<br />
The results of the PCA ordination show a significant decrease in<br />
the number of thermophilous species. This trend, however, does<br />
not concern the plants that are typical for calamine vegetation.<br />
This study was supported within the Financial Mechanism of<br />
the European Economic Area.<br />
CHANGES IN FOrEST VEGETATION OF THE LASKI<br />
PrOTECTIVE rANGE IN THE KAMPINOS FOrEST<br />
Kloss Marek1 , Kucharski Leszek2 , Kopeć Dominik 2 . 1Car dinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 5 Dewajtis St.,<br />
01-815 Warsaw, Poland, m.kloss@wp.pl; Polish Academy of<br />
Sciences, Centre for Ecological Research, Dziekanów Leśny,<br />
05-072 Łomianki, Poland; 2Uniwersity of Łódź, Chair of Nature<br />
Conservation, 1/3 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland<br />
The knowledge of character and trends in the transformation of<br />
vegetal cover within a long-time span, is fundamental for the<br />
development of sustainable management methods and protection<br />
of forest habitats. Dynamic processes have been occurring<br />
in phytocoenoses of the Kampinos Forest for several decades.<br />
These processes are mainly driven by a considerable lowering<br />
of the ground water table and site drying, changes in forest management<br />
and by processes of natural succession. Unfortunately,<br />
no recurrent studies which should take place over several years<br />
on permanent plots, have been done in the Kampinos Forest<br />
concerning distribution and characteristic of plant communities.<br />
Thus, dynamic tendencies can only be indirectly inferred from<br />
the analysis of phytosociological maps developed in different<br />
years and from maps which are produced with details, in about<br />
10-year intervals by the Forest Inventory and Management Office.<br />
The first, albeit very general map, of phytocoenoses in the<br />
Kampinos Forest was published by Roman Kobendza in 1930.<br />
In 1967, the actual vegetation was mapped by Janusz Wolak.<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
A comparison of the two latter maps with a map showing the<br />
present (2009) distribution of plant communities gives an approximate<br />
illustration of transformations that have taken place<br />
in the forest vegetation within the Laski Protective Range over<br />
a 40 year-long time interval. Changes of vegetal cover are especially<br />
pronounced in wetland habitats.<br />
FITOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF SELECT-<br />
Ed rubus L. SPECIES (corylifolii SECTION, rOSA-<br />
CEAE)<br />
Kluza-Wieloch Magdalena1 , Maciejewska-rutkowska Irmina2<br />
, Gawron-Gzella Anna3 , dudek-Makuch Marlena3 , Morozowska<br />
Maria1 . University of Life Sciences in Poznań, 1De partment of Botany, 71c Wojska <strong>Polskiego</strong> St., 60-625 Poznań,<br />
Poland, kluza@up.poznan.pl; 2Department of Natural Forestry<br />
Foundation, 71d Wojska <strong>Polskiego</strong> St., 60-625 Poznań, Poland;<br />
3Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy,<br />
4 Święcickiego St., 60-781 Poznań, Poland<br />
Three native species of Rubus: R. kuleszae, R. fabrimontanus and<br />
R. capitulates, growing in the Dendrological Garden in Poznań,<br />
were investigated. These taxa were characterized by the great<br />
annual growth of stems and their large number of leaves. The<br />
surface of their blades was the biggest at R. capitulatus (3639<br />
mm2 ) and the smallest at R. fabrimontanus (2454 mm2 ). Extracts<br />
(I – methanol-water, II – water decoction, III – methanol) were<br />
also made from the leaves of the studied blackberry species. The<br />
total of phenolic compounds was determined by a spectrophotometric<br />
method with Folin-Ciocaltaeau reagent and calculated<br />
as gallic acid. The content of phenolic acids was determined<br />
by a spectrophotometric method with Arnov reagent and calculated<br />
as caffeic acid. The content of total phenolic compounds/<br />
phenolic acids was: R. kuleszae I - 7,33/1,88 II – 10,12/1,58<br />
III – 7,05/1,47 R. fabrimontanus I - 8,02/ 1,73 II – 9,18/1,84<br />
III – 8,06/1,78 R. capitulatus I - 8,92/ 2,40 II – 07,53/1,75 III<br />
– 8,72/2,13 The water decoction from R. kuleszae was the richest<br />
in the phenolic compounds (10,12%). The highest content of<br />
the total phenolic compounds and the phenolic acids was found<br />
in the water decoctions.<br />
INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES ANd THEIr INFLUENCE<br />
ON THE PLANT COVEr OF THE NATUrE-LANd-<br />
SCAPE CoMPLEx “KASPRoWICZA-ARKońSKI PARK<br />
COMPLEx”<br />
Kochanek-Felusiak Agnieszka. University of Technology,<br />
Departament of Dendrology and Green Areas Management,<br />
8 Janosika St., 71-424 Szczecin, Poland, Agnieszka.Kochanek@<br />
zut.edu.pl<br />
The nature-landscape complex “Kasprowicza-Arkoński” with<br />
an area of 96,8 ha, was established on the 16th of May, 1994 by<br />
resolution of the City Council of Szczecin. The “Kasprowicza-<br />
Arkoński” park areas were established to protect and recreate<br />
the values of the cultural landscape with elements of natural<br />
landscape. These are park areas with small inner forest lakes<br />
located in the central province of Szczecin called Śródmieście.<br />
The aim of the conducted study was to research the spread<br />
of chosen alien species along the parks. The focus was put<br />
on invasive and expansive plant species like: Small-flower<br />
touch-me-not Impatiens parviflora DC., Japanese knotweed<br />
Reynoutria japonica Houtt., Giant knotweed Reynoutria sachalinensis<br />
(F. Schmidt) Nakai, Woodland sunflower Helianthus<br />
tuberosus L., Smooth goldenrod Solidago gigantea Aiton,<br />
Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis L., Black cherry Padus<br />
serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh., Nothern red oak Quercus rubra<br />
L. and Post locust Robinia pseudacacia L. An attempt to show<br />
the dangers related to these species occurrence and elaboration<br />
of a consistent strategy for protection of natural values of the<br />
area, was taken.<br />
41
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
SMALL rIVEr VALLEYS AS TArGETS OF ALIEN<br />
PLANT SPECIES INVASION<br />
Kołaczkowska Ewa. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of<br />
Geography and Spatial Organization, Department of Geoecology<br />
and Climatology, 51/55 Twarda St., 00-818 Warsaw, Poland,<br />
ekolaczk@twarda.pan.pl<br />
The aim of the study was to specify the habitat-ecological requirements<br />
of invasive vascular plants growing in the Rządza,<br />
Świder and Wilga river valleys. The field investigation was carried<br />
out on the transects laid out perpendicularly to the river bed.<br />
Each transect was made up of a series of study plots, located in<br />
various phytocoenoses, where the presence and coverage (Londo<br />
scale) of vascular plants was examined. The phytocoenotic<br />
types (deciduous forests, woodlots, tall herb fringe communities<br />
and meadows) were distinguished using the numerical classification<br />
by UPGMA algorithm. The plots were classified on<br />
the basis of similarities calculated with regard to the coverage of<br />
species. The habitat-ecological conditions within the plots were<br />
characterized with the use of K. Zarzycki indicators. There were<br />
17 invasive species identified. These species were present in all<br />
the phytocoenotic types. The highest abundance was found in<br />
the tall herb fringe communities and in the woodlots, located<br />
in the river banks. The invasive species were mostly found on<br />
mineral-humic soils, usually on sands, in eutrophic, fresh or<br />
moist habitats, which had a moderate light rate. Contrary to other<br />
species, Conyza canadensis (as a non-riparian species) was<br />
the most abundant on meadows, tolerated full light, and often<br />
was present on mesotrophic soils. Solidago gigantea and Bidens<br />
frondosa revealed wider toleration to light conditions than other<br />
species. The study was financed by the Ministry of Science and<br />
Higher Education, project No N N304 080535.<br />
ENdANGErEd ANd THrEATENEd SPECIES OF POL-<br />
ISH WETLANd FLOrA<br />
Kopeć Dominik1 , Michalska-Hejduk dorota2 . University of<br />
Łódż, 1Department of Nature Conservation, 1/3 Banacha St.,<br />
90-237 Łódź, Poland, domin@biol.uni.lodz.pl; 2Department of<br />
Geobotany and Plant Ecology, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź,<br />
Poland, dhejduk@biol.uni.lodz.pl<br />
Wetlands are among the most endangered ecosystems on Earth.<br />
Their existence is dependent upon the maintenance of a certain<br />
hydrological regime. Widespread wetland drainage have taken<br />
a toll on wetlands and their specific flora and fauna. As a result<br />
of degradation many swamp species have been lost. A decrease<br />
in the number of hydrophytes and hygrophytes in Poland was<br />
observed and described by Jasnowski J. and M. in the 1970s.<br />
In their publication ”Endangered Plant Species in the Flora of<br />
Peatbogs” they list 139 endangered species that need protection<br />
to survive. Although a lot of new chorological data have been<br />
obtained over the years, new threats have emerged and existing<br />
ones have become even more complex and dangerous. Therefore,<br />
the list which had been developed over 30 years ago had to<br />
be revised. Species selected for analysis were those whose moisture<br />
(“W”) ecological indicator given in “Ecological Indicator<br />
Values of Vascular Plants of Poland” is below 4 or those characteristic<br />
of syntaxa of wet, swamps or aquatic habitats. National<br />
and regional red lists of endangered and threatened species were<br />
consulted for their respective statuses. The number of localities<br />
was determined based on the data contained in the “Distribution<br />
Atlas of Vascular Plants in Poland”. On that basis, a new list of<br />
endangered and threatened species of the Polish wetlands was<br />
compiled.<br />
42<br />
THE INFLUENCE OF dISTUrBANCES ANd LIFE HIS-<br />
TOrY TrAITS rELATEd TO CLONAL GrOWTH, ON<br />
SEEdLING rECrUITMENT IN molinietum cAeruleAe<br />
MEAdOWS.<br />
Kostrakiewicz Kinga. Jagiellonian University, Institute of<br />
Botany, Department of Plant Ecology, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512<br />
Cracow, Poland, kinga.kostrakiewicz@uj.edu.pl<br />
Observations of seedling recruitment in artificially-made gaps<br />
were conducted in three patches of Molinietum caeruleae with<br />
different dominat species (small meadow species, large-tussocks<br />
grasses Molinia caerulea and Deschampsia caespitosa<br />
and willows Salix repens ssp. rosmarinifolia and S. cinerea). In<br />
all patches the greatest taxa abundance were observed in openings<br />
as a result of intermediate disturbances. The disturbances<br />
were litter uncovered, and above-ground part of plants clipped<br />
at ground level. A much lower number of taxa occurred in gaps<br />
of high disturbances (biomass and top soil removed) and in<br />
sites with low disturbances (necromass uncovered). In control<br />
plots the emergence of taxa was very scarce. Regardless of<br />
the disturbance character, the majority of taxa appearing in<br />
the seedling pool belonged to clonal plants. These plants created<br />
sympodialy branching below-ground organs, with moderate<br />
lateral spread, a persistent connection between ramets and<br />
a short lifespan of shoots. The results suggest that artificiallymade<br />
gaps facilitate the effective restoration of moor-grass<br />
meadows, but they particularly contribute to maintenance of<br />
phalanx species populations.<br />
VEGETATION SUCCESSION IN THE OUTEr WASTE<br />
HEAP of tHE MACHóW SULPHUR MINE (SANDo-<br />
MIErZ BASIN)<br />
Kotańska Małgorzata, Pitra Magdalena. University of<br />
Rzeszów, Department of Environment Biology, 6 S. Pigonia St.,<br />
35-959 Rzeszów, Poland, mkotanska@o2.pl<br />
The area of the outer waste heap of the Machów sulphur mine<br />
(Baranów Sandomierski district) has been shaped completely<br />
by humans. Human effort has shaped the soil substratum and<br />
the soil relief, and then the mine area was made productive by<br />
the planting of trees, creation of meadows and cultivable fields.<br />
On the basis of the phytosociological investigation performed<br />
about 20 years after reclamation one could find the appearance<br />
of: 1. artificial forest communities with tree plantings typical<br />
for broadleaf forest (Querco-Fagetea), 2. vegetation patches<br />
dominated by Calamagrostis epigeios at the edges of forests,<br />
3. patches dominated by Phragmites australis at the edges of<br />
meadows, forests and pond, 4. patches of fresh meadow (Arrhenatheretum<br />
elatioris), 5. and field community (Stellarietea<br />
mediae). The vegetation of the meadow and field communities<br />
did not differ in their floristic composition from the typical communities,<br />
despite weakly developed soil. On the other hand, the<br />
artificial forest phytocoenoses did not include the characteristic<br />
species for the broadleaf forest undergrowth, but mostly ruderal<br />
species from the Artemisietea vulgaris class. Domination of<br />
stands by Calamagrostis epigeios or Phragmites australis impoverished<br />
their species richness and set back the anthropogene<br />
constrained succession in the direction of the corresponding<br />
community of the Querco-Fagetea class.
ECOLOGICAL INTErPrETATION OF CUrrENT VEG-<br />
ETATION PATTErNS ANd VEGETATION dYNAMICS<br />
dUrING THE LAST 200 YEArS IN THE rEd BOG<br />
(THE BIEBrZA VALLEY)<br />
Kotowski Wiktor1 , Bartoszuk Helena2 , Grygoruk Mateusz3 ,<br />
Jaroszewicz Bogdan4 , Piórkowski Hubert5 , rycharski Marek5<br />
, Szewczyk Monika5 . 1University of Warsaw, Department<br />
of Plant Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 4 Ujazdowskie<br />
Av., 00-478 Warsaw, Poland, w.kotowski@uw.edu.pl;<br />
2 3 Biebrza National Park; Warsaw University of Life Sciences<br />
– SGGW, Chair of Hydrology and Water Resources; 4University of Warsaw, Białowieża Geobotanical Station; 5Institute of Technology<br />
and Life Sciences<br />
Because the Red Bog mire is covered by strict protection status<br />
since the 1930s, its current vegetation can be considered<br />
an effect of long-term dynamic processes uninfluenced by direct<br />
human impact. We documented plant communities and<br />
interpreted their diversity and zonation based on interdisciplinary<br />
studies. According to palaeobotanical data, the Red<br />
Bog has been evolving as a ground-water fed fen c. 200 years<br />
ago, when an ombrotrophisation process started in the middle<br />
part, probably enhanced by hydrotechnical works in the region.<br />
For this reason, plant communities related to bog forests<br />
and raised bogs developed in the centre of the mire. Alder and<br />
pine-birch fen woodlands developed around it. The most external<br />
zone, characterised by ongoing peat mineralisation, is<br />
for the most part occupied by non-forest communities. These<br />
are forest communities with an affinity to wet meadows and<br />
herb communities. Their open character is most likely maintained<br />
thanks to the strong grazing pressure of the numerous<br />
elk population.<br />
INTErACTION BETWEEN FLOrA IN VILLAGE GArdENS<br />
ANd ENVIrONMENT<br />
Kowalczuk Sylwia, Kucharczyk Marek. Curie-Skłodowska<br />
University, Biology Institute, Department of Nature Conservation,<br />
19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland,<br />
sylwiakowalczuk@poczta.onet.pl, Marek.Kucharczyk@umcs.<br />
lublin.pl<br />
A farmhouse has a characteristic structure and typical vegetation.<br />
The front garden, which has a utilizing and insulation<br />
function, carries quite a meaning in the traditional homestead.<br />
The special compositon of village gardens has an influence on<br />
village landscape and surroundings. The aim of the investigation<br />
was the identification of wild species which are cultivated<br />
in gardens as well as the identification of species which escaped<br />
from garden to the nearby environs. Cultivated species<br />
which escaped from the garden have special meaning because<br />
of their expansion or invasion. The investigation was made in<br />
six villages in the Józefów region at Roztocze. The 6 villages<br />
were: Borowina, Długi Kąt, Górecko Stare, Hamernia, Majdan<br />
Nepryski and Szopowe. The observations were also made<br />
in the areas surrounding the investigated villages. There were<br />
25 wild species in the investigated gardens. The most common<br />
was Myosotis sylvatica. People often throw waste plants<br />
from their village gardens in the forest. Garden rubbish can be<br />
the source of cultivated plant seeds. Fifteen ornamental plant<br />
species which escaped from gardens, were identified in the<br />
surroundings of the villages. Alcea rosea, Phlox paniculata,<br />
Calendula officinalis and Rudbeckia hirta were the most often<br />
found species.<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
PotAmetum PerfoliAti KOCH 1926 EM. PASS. 1964<br />
IN TAJIKISTAN (MIddLE ASIA): dISTrIBUTION ANd<br />
CONdITIONS OF OCCUrrENCE<br />
Kowalczyk Tomasz1 , Nobis Marcin1 , Nowak Arkadiusz2 .<br />
1Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany, Department of Taxonomy<br />
and Phytogeography, Cracow, 27 Kopernika St., 31-501<br />
Cracow, Poland; tomasz.kowalczyk@uj.edu.pl, m.nobis@uj.<br />
edu.pl; 2University of Opole, Department of Biosystematics,<br />
Laboratory of Geobotany and Plant Conservation, 48 Oleska<br />
St., 45-022 Opole, Poland, anowak@uni.opole.pl<br />
Potametum perfoliati KOCH 1926 EM. PASS. 1964 is a plant<br />
association, discovered for the first time in Tajikistan by the<br />
authors. We presents the distribution of perfoliate pondweed<br />
(Potamogeton perfoliatus) in Tajikistan, based on the literature,<br />
herbarium and original newly acquired data, together<br />
with geographical and altitudinal distribution of the Potametum<br />
perfoliati association. Potamogeton perfoliatus exhibits wide<br />
adaptation to diverse altitudinal conditions, ranging from 300<br />
m a.m.s.l. in southern Tajikistan, up to 4200 m a.m.s.l. in eastern<br />
Pamir. The association is classified within a Potamion alliance<br />
(class: Potametea). Potamogeton perfoliatus is the only<br />
characteristic species of this association. P. perfoliatus belongs<br />
to the circumboreal region, and was found both in tropics and<br />
subtropics. It prefers still and running meso- and eutrophic waters.<br />
It prefers mineral floor: sandy, sand-stony or gravelled.<br />
Species diversity within the Potametum perfoliati association<br />
was confirmed using detailed phytosociological relevés made<br />
in north-eastern, middle and south-western Tajikistan. Similarity<br />
of these relevés was assessed using statistical techniques.<br />
The studied association was found in shallow ponds with still or<br />
slow running water.<br />
GENETIC rELATIONS BETWEEN VEGETATION ANd<br />
FLUVIAL LANdFOrMS IN THE LOWEr VISTULA<br />
rIVEr VALLEY<br />
Kowalska Anna. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography<br />
and Spatial Organisation, 51/55 Twarda St., 00-818<br />
Warsaw, Poland, aniak@twarda.pan.pl<br />
This research sought to indicate genetic relations between vegetation<br />
and fluvial landforms in part of the lower Vistula river<br />
valley near Świecie. On the base of cartographic analysis, mutual<br />
interactions between plant communities singled out on the<br />
map of actual vegetation and fluvial landforms from the geomorphological<br />
map, were pointed out. The comparison of the<br />
cartographic materials proved useful in determining which landforms<br />
are still clearly visible in vegetation structure and which<br />
disappeared into the valley’s landscap. Such disappearences<br />
were mainly caused by significant changes in land-use. The noticed<br />
correlations may be used in restoration and compensation<br />
projects in big river valleys.<br />
ECOLOGICAL rESTOrATION OF dEGrAdEd FENS<br />
BY TOPSOIL rEMOVAL – BASEd ON THE ExAMPLE<br />
of tHE CAŁoWANIE fEN<br />
Kozub Łukasz, Hedberg Petter, Kotowski Wiktor. University<br />
of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Ecology<br />
and Environmental Conservation, 4 Ujazdowskie Av., Warsaw,<br />
Poland, lukasz.kozub@biol.uw.edu.pl<br />
Ecological restoration of ecosystems which are as complex<br />
and fragile as fens, is a very challenging goal. It is such a challenge<br />
due to the irreversibility of many properties of the habitat<br />
disturbed during degradation. Previously applied restoration<br />
methods (rewetting) mostly failed in restoration of low<br />
productive and biologically diverse ecosystems. An alternative<br />
method of ecological restoration of those ecosystems by<br />
43
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
a degraded topsoil removal and diaspore transfer, has been<br />
used in Europe for about 20 years. The outcomes of this method<br />
were relatively good. Factors affecting the development of<br />
a new ecosystem, as well as problems of retention of nutrients<br />
and organic carbon, however, were not yet sufficiently understood.<br />
Our research is based on the first Polish restoration site<br />
in which topsoil removal was used in fen restoration, on a relatively<br />
large area (2ha). Earthworks were carried out during<br />
early spring 2010, at the severely degraded Bagno Całowanie<br />
fen in the Vistula river valley, 40 km southeast of Warsaw.<br />
Within three separate plots, the top, degraded, peat layer was<br />
removed down to the mean groundwater level (50 cm below<br />
original surface). Topsoil removal was followed by hay transfer<br />
from well-preserved wet meadow and fen patches within<br />
the peatland. Within the restoration site both geochemiocal<br />
(groundwater chemistry, primary production limitation, methane<br />
emission) and biotic (community assembly) topics are the<br />
chosen subjects of our research.<br />
THE dIVErSE MOrPHOLOGICAL STrUCTUrE ANd<br />
BIOMASS OF ostericum PAlustre BESSEr IN THE<br />
MEAdOWS UNdEr THE AGrI-ENVIrONMENTAL<br />
PrOGrAMME<br />
Krasicka-Korczyńska Ewa. University of Technology and<br />
Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Agriculture, Department<br />
of Botany and Ecology, 7 Prof. S. Kaliskiego St., 85-796<br />
Bydgoszcz, Poland, kra-kor@utp.edu.pl<br />
The study was conducted in 2007, in the fresh, double-cut<br />
meadows under the agri-environmental programme and also<br />
the area outside of it. Specimens of Ostericum palustre were<br />
collected just before the 1st and 2nd mowings from the 4 research<br />
areas, and also from areas which were not mowed. Morphological<br />
features and biomass of the stems, leaves and inflorescences<br />
were analysed. The highest values of all analyzed<br />
features characterized the population of Ostericum palustre<br />
from surfaces which were not under agricultural pressure.<br />
Before the 1st mowing, generative shoot is already partially<br />
evolved in the meadows covered by the agri-environmental<br />
programme. In the traditionally cultivated meadows plants<br />
stay in their vegetative phase. Before the 2nd mowing, when<br />
comparing with individuals drawn from the meadows not<br />
covered by the agri-environmental programme, Ostericum<br />
palustre colonizing surfaces are lower. We observe significant<br />
differences in the weight of ripe fruit. The time of the 1st mowing<br />
(1st of July) shows a bad influence on the structure and<br />
biomass of Ostericum palustre.<br />
WATEr-HEAd COMMUNITIES FrOM THE montiocArdAmineteA<br />
CLASS IN THE WESTErN PArT OF<br />
THE WEST BESKIdS<br />
Krause roksana1 , Wika Stanisław2 . 1kroksia@o2.pl; 2Silesian University in Katowice, Faculty of Biology and Environmental<br />
Protection, Department of Geobotany and Nature Protection,<br />
28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland, stanisław.wika@<br />
us.edu.pl<br />
Field studies were done, between 2001– 2003, in these areas:<br />
the Beskid Mały, the B. Śląski and the B. Żywiecki. Patches<br />
of the communities in basal rank were defined and their internal<br />
variability, floristic richness and chosen habitat factors<br />
influencing them, were considered. The chosen habitat factors<br />
were: altitude a.s.l., exposure, slope inclination, shading, and<br />
type of surroundings. Moreover, patterns of contacts between<br />
in statu nascendi-forming phytocoenoses were stated. Threats<br />
and methods of their conservation were described. The goals<br />
of the studies were achieved in the 19 established study plots.<br />
Phytosociological relevés were made (278) in all types of<br />
underground water, like: springs, outflows, tricklings and<br />
44<br />
spatters. The following 6 plant communities: Brachythecio<br />
rivularis-Cardaminetum opizii, Caltho-Dicranelletum squarrosae,<br />
Cardamino-Chrysosplenietum alternifolii, Cardamino-Cratoneuretum,<br />
Caricetum remotae, Epilobio alsinifolii-<br />
Philonotidetum seriatae and Oxalis acetosella-Rhizomnium<br />
punctatum were characterised based upon these studies. 4 syntaxa<br />
have not been evidenced from this area up to now. The<br />
communities studied are differentiated regarding their physiognomy,<br />
floristic and structural features. They reveal variability<br />
and preferences in relation to the above mentioned habitat<br />
factors. They also have tendencies to create contact complexes<br />
with the other phytocoenoses.<br />
dISTrIBUTION PATTErNS OF VASCULAr PLANTS<br />
IN rELATION TO ENVIrONMENTAL FACTOrS IN<br />
THE SAN rIVEr VALLEY<br />
Krawczyk Rafał. Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Department<br />
of Nature Conservation, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin,<br />
Poland, rafal.krawczyk@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
The aim of the study was to find groups of vascular plant species<br />
of similar distribution. The research work was carried out<br />
in the San River valley. During the field investigation ATPOL<br />
grid was applied and the flora of 366 basic plots from 1 km2 ,<br />
was mapped. Joining species into range groups was conducted<br />
using the visual-comparative method. Cartograms presenting<br />
both species distribution and spatial variation of environmental<br />
factors were considered. During the analysis, geomorphologic<br />
structures of the valley (mostly river terraces) and<br />
anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems were taken into<br />
account and considered to be main factors. On the basis of<br />
comparative analysis, 20 local distribution patterns were distinguished.<br />
Each range type can be classified as an element<br />
of one of the three following groups: 1) patterns with a range<br />
structure which correspond, to a large extent, to the layout of<br />
relief elements; these are most often the zonational patterns;<br />
2) patterns which are formed under the influence of a range of<br />
ecosystems strongly altered by human activity; the impact of<br />
the anthropopressure has a greater significance than the natural<br />
biotope components; 3) patterns which are the combination<br />
of the two types mentioned above. The range of their species<br />
consist of two elements, one of which is formed by natural<br />
factors, and the other is formed under the influence of anthropogenic<br />
factors.<br />
OCCUrrENCE OF COMMON SOrrEL (rumex AcetosA<br />
L.) IN MEAdOW PASTUrE COMMUNITIES IN<br />
THE rIVEr VALLEYS OF WIELKOPOLSKA<br />
Kryszak Anna, Kryszak Jan, Strychalska Agnieszka, Klarzyńska<br />
Agnieszka. Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department<br />
of Grassland and Natural Landscape Sciences, Division<br />
of Ecosystems Biodiversity, 28 Wojska <strong>Polskiego</strong> St.,<br />
60-637 Poznań, Poland, akryszak@up.poznan.pl<br />
The performed phytosociological investigations in the Wielkopolska<br />
river valleys revealed a wide ecological scale of Rumex<br />
acetosa. The phytosociological investigations were done with<br />
the assistance of the Braun-Blanquet method. Common sorrel<br />
is a species commonly found in Molinio-Arhenatheretea communities.<br />
It is a characteristic species for this class. Common<br />
sorrel is also found in segetal communities (a differential species<br />
for the Aperion spicae-venti alliance). Particularly large<br />
proportions of Rumex acetosa were observed in organically<br />
fertilized grassland and in humid site conditions (coverage<br />
coefficient 74– 236) and in dry and neglected sites. A distinct<br />
increase of the species in meadow-pasture communities reduces<br />
their fodder value score (FVS) and at the same time,<br />
decreases their natural values as evidenced by flora synanthropisation.
THE rOLE OF BIrdS IN LONG-dISTANCE dISPEr-<br />
SION<br />
Kucharczyk Marek. Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,<br />
Institute of Biology, Dept. of Nature Conservation, 19 Akademicka<br />
St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland, marek.kucharczyk@umcs.<br />
lublin.pl<br />
Non-standard mechanisms of diaspore dispersion have an essential<br />
role in their spreading. Long-distance dispersal (LDD)<br />
takes place – thanks to birds. In order to verify how common<br />
this phenomenon is, occurrence of plant diaspores have been<br />
studied in pellets, feaces and nest material of birds from different<br />
habitats. Viable seed have been found in: (1) pellets of the<br />
corvids (Rook, Jackdaw, Carrion Crow and Common Raven);<br />
(2) nest material of birds nesting in rushes (Great Reed Warbler,<br />
Reed Warbler, Sedge Warbler), nest material of birds nesting<br />
in bushes (Song Thrush, European Penduline Tit, Red-backed<br />
Shrike, Barred Warbler) and nest material of birds nesting on<br />
grasslands (Marsh Warbler, Reed Bunting, Skylark, Yellowhammer);<br />
(3) and feaces of the (Song Thrush, Common Blackbird,<br />
Fieldfare, Spotted Flycatcher and European Robin on their autumn<br />
migration). Most of the diaspores verified in nest material<br />
and pellets were seed or fruit of baro-, boleo- and anemochoric<br />
species. Endozoochores were predominant in feaces. The survey<br />
allowed us to form the thesis that non-standard mechanisms<br />
of diaspor dispersion are very common and very effective, especially<br />
when conducted by birds.<br />
PLANT SPECIES CONSErVATION IN POLANd – PrES-<br />
ENT STATUS ANd NEEdS<br />
Kucharski Leszek. University of Lodz, Chair of Nature Conservation,<br />
1/3 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland, kuchar@biol.<br />
uni.lodz.pl<br />
Seven laws were issued over the past century which gave various<br />
plant species legal protection. The first of those was proclaimed<br />
in 1919, and covered rare and monumental trees and<br />
shrubs as well as three species of herbs. Requirements for plant<br />
species conservation were published in the following years:<br />
1946, 1957, 1983, 1995, 2001 and 2004. In the first requirement<br />
of 1946 about 110 vascular plant species were subject to strict<br />
protection. In the present binding legal act, about 380 taxa of<br />
vascular plants (more than 15% of the native flora) as well as<br />
algae – 27 species, hornworts – 29 species and mosses – about<br />
200 taxa, are mentioned. Almost 640 species altogether were<br />
included in the abovementioned list. The majority of the above<br />
species are rare or very rare plants. They are not known to the<br />
society at large, despite the fact that the decree addresses the<br />
society. In the register mentioned there were noted numerous<br />
mistakes and gaps. Providing partial protection to some species<br />
of common plants is considered to be a mistake as it reduces the<br />
value of the species protection. The register contains some species<br />
which occur only in protected areas and this decreases their<br />
rank. In order to improve efficiency of plant species conservation<br />
in Poland, it would be wise to provide protection to no more<br />
than 100 plant species immediately threatened with extinction.<br />
Harvesting of medicinal and other plants should be regulated by<br />
a separate legal act. Very rare plant species should be protected,<br />
together with their respective habitats (e.g. in nature reserves).<br />
PHYTOGEOGrAPHICAL PrOBLEMS OF THE SUdETES<br />
MOUNTAINS<br />
Kwiatkowski Paweł. University of Silesia, Department of Geobotany<br />
and Nature Protection, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice,<br />
Poland, pawel.kwiatkowski@us.edu.pl<br />
During the presentation, the present state and perspective of<br />
phytogeographical investigations of vascular flora of the Sudetes<br />
Mts will be reviewed, including the author’s original<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
data. This region comprises mountain ranges of various geology<br />
located in Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany. Some<br />
of these ranges were thoroughly investigated floristically. The<br />
investigations provided lists of vascular taxa and their distribution<br />
presented as, for example, an atlas of distribution maps and<br />
carthograms. Other papers present analysis of distribution of<br />
mountain and xeric taxa, as well as species from other ecological<br />
groups. Investigations into the differentiation of vascular<br />
flora in the Sudetes Mts have also included ecological, floristic<br />
and historical plant geography and phylogeography. The present<br />
investigations deal with the Central Sudetes disjunction; endemic<br />
taxa; apomictic complex of Hieracium species; migration<br />
of mountain taxa; plant reaction to specific volcanic bedrock;<br />
geographical ranges of alpine taxa in relation to mycorrhiza; the<br />
importance of “arctic-alpine” tundra for the distribution of relicts;<br />
and genetic variation of selected taxa within their European<br />
ranges. Completion of the complex phytogeographical investigations<br />
will most likely allow us to answer the questions: What<br />
is the origin of Sudetes flora? Have Sudetes Mts been a migration<br />
route for mountain taxa of other Hercynian massifs of Europe?<br />
What are the boundaries of geobotanical units?<br />
A COMMUNITY WITH holcus lAnAtus IN POBrZEżE<br />
ANd POJEZIErZE KASZUBSKIE (N POLANd)<br />
Lazarus Magdalena 1 , Wszałek-Rożek Katarzyna 2 . Gdańsk<br />
University, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation,<br />
9 Legionów St., 80-441 Gdańsk, Poland, 1 magda.<br />
lazarus@gmail.com; 2 kasiawszalek@gmail.com<br />
Meadow communities in Europe are currently undergoing intensive<br />
transformation leading to changes in the way they are<br />
exploited. The main cause for the intensive transformation appears<br />
to be socio-economic development. As a consequence of<br />
the transformation, a part of these meadow communities are<br />
displaced by different phytocenosis, often unstable or temporary.<br />
A community with Holcus lanatus is an example of<br />
a community which was once scarce in Pobrzeże and Pojezierze<br />
Kaszubskie. Now, however, this community forms a significant<br />
component of the meadow vegetation in this region. Due to the<br />
weak syntaxonomic position of Holcus lanatus, its community<br />
is classified in various ways. It develops mainly in places where<br />
the water conditions are not stable. Such places with unstable<br />
water conditions are river and lake hillsides. The soil becomes<br />
impoverished and its upper layers dry out.<br />
The research was conducted in 2008 and 2009. Phytosociological<br />
material consisting of 76 relevés, was analyzed. The indices<br />
of: species richness, general diversity according to Shannon and<br />
Weaver, and the ecological index values proposed by Ellenberg<br />
for moistness and nitrogen content in the soil, among others,<br />
were calculated. Phytosociological relevés were also subjected<br />
to the hierarchical classification (UPGMA method). The material<br />
was analyzed in terms of the syntaxonomical position of<br />
the studied community. Two different types of the phytocenosis<br />
with Holcus lanatus were noted.<br />
PLANt CovER of tHE “DZIKI oStRóW” NAtURE<br />
rESErVE<br />
Lewandowska Amelia, Mazur Małgorzata, Wachowiak<br />
Ewa, Marcysiak Katarzyna, Boratyński Adam. Kazimierz<br />
Wielki University, Institute of Environmental Biology, 12 Ossolińskich<br />
St., 85-093 Bydgoszcz, Poland, bartczak@ukw.edu.pl,<br />
ewaw@ukw.edu.pl<br />
The nature reserve “Dziki Ostrów koło Brzozy” (Cujavian-Pomeranian<br />
voivodship) was created in 1977 for the preservation<br />
of the oak forest. This is an oak forest with interesting species of<br />
the undergrowth. The reserve is located within a meadow complex,<br />
in the vicinity of the Notecki Canal. The reserve is not adjacent<br />
to any greater forests. Among the most valuable species<br />
45
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
noted in the 1950’s were: Dracocephalum ruyschiana, Crepis<br />
praemorsa, Iris sibirica, Gladiolus paluster, Platanthera chlorantha,<br />
P. bifolia, Listera ovata, Cephalanthera rubra, as well<br />
as abundant stands of Lilium martagon. Field studies conducted<br />
during 2008 and 2009 showed that Potentillo albae-Quercetum<br />
is still the dominant type of forest on the reserve area. On the<br />
reserve there are also: Querco roboris-Pinetum and Fraxino-Alnetum.<br />
In the south-western border of the reserve the interesting<br />
xerothermic communities of the Festuco-Brometea were found.<br />
One of the most interesting parts of forest in the 1950, had 5<br />
rare, valuable species. Today this area is covered by young pine<br />
forest; the rare species have been lost. Thus, the list of the most<br />
valuable species of the reserve is much shorter, with the most<br />
interesting Iris sibirica, and some other species, among them:<br />
Peucedanum cervaria, Asperula tinctoria, Platanthera bifolia,<br />
Epipactis latifolia. Lilium martagon is still abundant in the reserve.<br />
Despite the loss of several species, the reserve still holds<br />
great scientific value.<br />
ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF THrEAT TO VAS-<br />
CULAR fLoRA of tHE KNySZyńSKA foRESt<br />
Łaska Grażyna. Białystok University of Technology, Department<br />
of Environmental Protection and Management,<br />
45A Wiejska St., 15-351 Białystok, Poland, g.laska@pb.edu.pl.<br />
W/WBiIŚ/08/09<br />
The aim of the study is to explore the current species composition<br />
of the vascular flora found in the Knyszyńska Forest. The aim is<br />
also to analyse the terms of classification of plant species enumerated<br />
in the “Red List of Plants and Fungi in Poland” (Mirek<br />
et al. 2006), the “Polish Red Book of Plants” (Kaźmierczakowa,<br />
Zarzycki 2001) and in the Natura 2000 European Ecological<br />
Network, as well as species under strict and partial protection<br />
according to the Regulation issued by the Minister of Environment<br />
on 9 July 2004 (Journal of Laws 2004, No. 168, item 1764).<br />
The study shows that the Knyszyńska Forest has a total of 835<br />
species of vascular plants. Of these vascular plants, 176 species<br />
(21.1%) are legally protected, while 659 (78.9%) are not covered<br />
by species protection. Out of the 176 legally protected vascular<br />
flora species, 54 taxa (6.5%) are included in the “Red List of<br />
Plants and Fungi”, 22 species (2.6%) are listed in the “Polish<br />
Red Book of Plants”, while seven (0.8%) are protected under the<br />
Natura 2000 European Ecological Network. Among vascular<br />
plant species identified in the Knyszyńska Forest, a total of 93<br />
taxa (11.1%) are under legal species protection, with 73 species<br />
(8.7%) under strict protection and another 20 species (2.4%) under<br />
partial protection. A total of 9.1% of vascular flora species<br />
found in the Knyszyńska Forest are classified under a different<br />
conservation status (Ex 0.12%; E and CR 1.8%; EN 0.96%; VU,<br />
V, [V] 5.38%; LR 0.47%; R 0.36%), whereas 90.9% face no imminent<br />
threat.<br />
EASTErN PASqUEFLOWEr PulsAtillA PAtens (L.)<br />
MILL. IN tHE KNySZyńSKA foRESt<br />
Łaska Grażyna, Sienkiewicz Aneta. Białystok University of<br />
Technology, Department of Environmental Protection and Management,<br />
45A Wiejska St., 15-351 Białystok, Poland, g.laska@<br />
pb.edu.pl. W/WBiIŚ/08/09<br />
The aim of this study is to assess the level of threat in the<br />
population of Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. in the Knyszyńska<br />
Forest. The field research was conducted in the vegetative season<br />
of 2009 in Supraśl forest inspectorate. The study included<br />
the characteristics of demographic features. The study also<br />
determined the allocation and spatial structure of the population,<br />
the structure of development phases, and size structure<br />
of individuals including height and habit. We found that in<br />
Supraśl forest inspectorate, Eastern Pasqueflower occurs in 16<br />
out of 32 previously documented positions. In the 16 positions,<br />
46<br />
165 individuals were found. The population is dominated by<br />
individuals in the vegetative phase with the preserved ability<br />
of generative reproduction. Most individuals are from 11 to<br />
15 cm tall and the ground-level rosette reaches a size of up to<br />
1cm. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. occurs in a few localities in<br />
Poland. In the “Red List of Plants and Fungi in Poland” (Mirek<br />
et al. 2006) it is listed as a disappearing species; critically<br />
threatened. In Podlaskie Province it was given an endangered<br />
species status. Localities where its presence was recorded are<br />
close to roads, and are not fenced or marked, with the result<br />
that they are exposed to anthropogenic impact. In order to<br />
protect it, it is recommended that screens be use while doing<br />
forestry work. For protection it is also recommended that shadowing<br />
by periodic forest stand lopping be prevented. Reducing<br />
the competitive pressure from other species provides protection<br />
as well..<br />
LONG TErM – SPONTANEOUS CHANGES OF PINE<br />
FOrEST leucobryo-Pinetum MAT. (1962) 1973 IN<br />
THE rOZTOCZE NATIONAL PArK<br />
Maciejewski Zbigniew. The Roztocze National Park, 2 Plażowa<br />
St., 22-470 Zwierzyniec, Poland, zbigniewmaciejewski@wp.pl<br />
The results of 35 years of research on the 0.5 ha permanent<br />
study plot located in the planted pine forest of the Leucobryo-<br />
Pinetum community, are presented. Spontaneous changes related<br />
to secondary succession or regeneration towards Querco<br />
roboris-Pinetum were observed as shown by the dynamics of<br />
tree species. The abundance and share of pine clearly declined<br />
throughout the entire study term while broadleaved species,<br />
especially beech and oak, entered the tree-stand. The trend<br />
is not as conspicuous in the herb layer: species typical of coniferous<br />
forests dominate and the absence of taxa differential<br />
of oak-pine forests, is observed. Despite the encroachment<br />
of broadleaved tree species strongly shading the forest floor,<br />
a relatively high increase in frequency was recorded for Trientalis<br />
europaea L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitisidaea<br />
L., There was a considerable decreased in frequency for<br />
Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd., Melampyrum pratense L., Festuca<br />
ovina L., Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. Distinct habitat condition<br />
changes, often noticed in pine forests in other regions of<br />
Poland, were not observed.<br />
THE STrUCTUrE OF BEECH FOrEST STANdS IN<br />
tHE SoKoLE GóRy NAtURE RESERvE<br />
Majchrzak Barbara. Jan Długosz Academy in Częstochowa,<br />
Departament of Ecology and Environmental Protection,<br />
13/15 Armii Krajowej St., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland,<br />
b.majchrzak@ajd.czest.pl<br />
On every hill 3– 5 research plots were established. Research<br />
was also performed in selected gaps situated in tree stands outside<br />
the borders of the established plots. For each research plot<br />
a floristic-phytosociological survey was made. Breast height<br />
of trees was measured. In order to present the differences in<br />
the number of juvenile beech specimens between the research<br />
plots and the gaps, 4 m² squares were randomly placed in each<br />
plot and gap. In every square the number of beech specimens<br />
was counted. The hills in the reserve are characterized by<br />
significant floristic values, which is proved by a significant<br />
share of protected species. These are species typical for the<br />
so called, old leafy forests and well preserved phytocoenoses<br />
of Dentario enneaphyllidis-Fagetum and Carici-Fagetum<br />
convallarietosum. The distribution of breast height of the researched<br />
tree stands is in some cases in the form of a one top<br />
curve with a flattening on the right, which reflects the structure<br />
of natural forests. More favourable habitat conditions for the<br />
beech are found on the slopes of hills with southern exposure.<br />
The favourable habitat conditions are confirmed by the greater
east heights of specimens which grow there and also by the<br />
greater amount of beech seeds developing under the canopy.<br />
The durability of the researched tree stands is ensured by the<br />
gap dynamics process. The result is that juvenile beech specimens<br />
appear in the greatest number in gaps created in the tree<br />
stand, after the death of old specimens.<br />
ECOLOGICAL CONdITIONS OF THE APPEArANCE<br />
OF hAcquetiA ePiPActis (SCOP.) dC. IN POLANd<br />
Malara Joanna. Silesian University of Technology, Environmental<br />
Biotechnology Department, 2 Akademicka St., 44-100<br />
Gliwice, Poland, joannamal@op.pl.<br />
Hacquetia epipactis is a rare species of flora in Poland, where<br />
it is highly protected. Its habitat, ecolgical and morphological<br />
characterisation were compared in two places: in Pogorze<br />
Cieszynskie and in Poreba near Zawiercie. Between the two<br />
investigated stations, Hacquetia epipactis appeared mainly<br />
together, belonging to the order of Fagetalia sylvaticae and<br />
the family of Carpinion betuli and Alno – Ulmion. It was<br />
shown that the investigated species has an ecological tolerance<br />
towards the pH of the subsoil. It prefers damp, moderately<br />
shaded habitats in order to achieve its greatest level of<br />
growth. Furthermore, it was noticed that Hacquetia epipactis<br />
grows in habitats rich in calcium carbonate. The reaction<br />
of this species to environmental conditions was investigated<br />
by observing changes in its morphological, physiological and<br />
reproduction ability. Based on the biometric investigation of<br />
the species, in densly populated areas where a small proportion<br />
of light reaches the undergrowth and the root competition<br />
is elevated, smaller sizes of individual Hacquetia epipactis<br />
were observed. Upon examination of the fruits it was observed<br />
that the pattern of the cellular surface was constant across the<br />
population. The stalk and root-stock do not significantly vary<br />
morphologically between Hacquetia epipactis individuals in<br />
the two investigated fields.<br />
WATEr ANd rUSH VEGETATION OF A rECrEATION-<br />
ALLY UTILIZEd WATEr rESErVOIr IN KOSTKO-<br />
WICE<br />
Malewski Krzysztof. Academy of Physical Education, Department<br />
of Tourism and Recreation, 72a Mikołowska St., 40-065<br />
Katowice, Poland, k.malewski@awf.katowice.pl<br />
The study included water plants and rushes in the Kostkowice<br />
water reservoir, an area of about 30 ha, established on the river<br />
Bialka (Zawiercie district, Kroczyce community). During the<br />
field research conducted in 2007– 2008, 112 phytosociological<br />
relevés were made in accordance with rules adopted by the<br />
Braun-Blanquet. Overall 24 plant communities, including 22 in<br />
the rank of the association, were distinguished and described.<br />
They belong to 5 classes of vegetation: Lemnetea minoris,<br />
Potametea, Littorelletea uniflorae, Bidentetea tripartiti and<br />
Phragmitetea. Among the studied vegetation, communities of<br />
the class Phragmitetea (14 communities) were the most significant.<br />
This vegetation included the most popular ones such as:<br />
Phragmitetum australis, Typhetum latifoliae and Glycerietum<br />
maximae. A significant element of the examined water reservoir<br />
vegetation, is also rushes from the Magnocaricion alliance,<br />
among others: Caricetum acutiformis, Caricetum gracilis and<br />
Caricetum rostratae. The process of synanthropisation of the<br />
described vegetation due to intensive recreational use of the examined<br />
water reservoir, was also observed.<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
LICHEN PINE FOrESTS IN BIEBrZA NATIONAL<br />
PArK<br />
Maliszewska Magdalena1 , Trzcianowska Marta2 , obidziński<br />
Artur3 . 1Biebrza National Park, Osowiec-Twierdza 8, 19-110<br />
Goniądz, Poland, mmaliszewska@biebrza.org.pl; Warsaw University<br />
of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Forestry, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, 2Forestry Students<br />
Scientific Association, marta.trzcianowska@wp.pl; 3Depart ment of Forest Botany, artur_obidzinski@sggw.pl<br />
Inland European lichen pine forest is enlisted on Annex I of the<br />
Habitats Directive. In Biebrza NP 284 ha of lichen pine forests<br />
Peucedano-Pinetum cladonietosum Mat. 1962 were identified<br />
ten years ago (Czerwiński i in. 1999). Patches included in this<br />
subassociation were verified in the summer of 2009. Eightynine<br />
phytosociological réleves were taken. The inventoried<br />
forests are characterized by loose pine canopy, shrubs layer of<br />
different cover, poor herb layer and well developed mosses. Species<br />
characteristic for coniferous forests of Vaccinio-Piceetea<br />
Cl. and Cladonio-Vaccinietalia O. as well as characteristic for<br />
grasslands of Nardo-Callunetea Cl., prevail in the herb layer.<br />
Participation of species of Dicrano-Pinion All. and Peucedano-<br />
Pinetum Ass. is insignificant. An abundant presence of reindeer<br />
lichen was recorded only in 10 réleves. These patches were classified<br />
as anthropogenic forms or regenerative phases of fresh<br />
pine forest P-P typicum Mat. 1973. However, due to young<br />
canopy, it is possible that some of the patches will develop the<br />
reindeer lichen var. P-P pulsatilletosum Mat. 1973. Lichen pine<br />
forests require monitoring. In many cases active protection<br />
should be considered. There is a need to determine criteria for<br />
recognition of stable lichen pine forests from similar dynamic<br />
phases of fresh pine forests.<br />
dOES MOrPHOLOGICAL VArIATION OF ArCTIC-<br />
ALPINE PLANT SPECIES IN EUrOPE rEFLECT<br />
THEIr MIGrATION rOUTES AFTEr THE rETrIEV-<br />
AL OF THE PLEISTOCENE GLACIATIONS?<br />
Marcysiak Katarzyna. Kazimierz Wielki University, Institute<br />
of Environmental Biology, Department of Botany, 12 Ossolińskich<br />
St., 85-093 Bydgoszcz, Poland, marc@ukw.edu.pl<br />
Arctic-alpine plant species reached their contemporary ranges<br />
thanks to the migrations after climate warming at the end of<br />
the glacial-stage. Frequency of their occurrence in the glacial<br />
tundra and their substrate preferences delimitated the ways of<br />
colonization of the new areas. The process affected their contemporary<br />
variation. Nowadays, many studies are focused on<br />
reflecting their migration routes. These studies are done based<br />
on the similarity between populations; measured with molecular<br />
methods. No common route of migrations was indicated.<br />
This was true even for species of similar habitat preferences.<br />
The morphological variation of arctic-alpine plant species: Salix<br />
herbacea, S. reticulata, Dryas octopetala and Polygonum vivparum,<br />
from isolated populations of different parts of species’<br />
ranges throughout Europe, were examined. Some differences<br />
between populations of the taxa analysed were found. These<br />
differences were not connected with geographical position nor<br />
the habitat conditions. The samples from the Tatra Mountains<br />
and from north-eastern Scandinavia were separated from the<br />
rest of the species ranges, with regard to some characters studied.<br />
It can be assumed that this separateness can be the effect<br />
of the longer period of isolation of these populations, resulting<br />
from the different source of colonization after the glacial-stage.<br />
Such a scenario has already been proposed from some of the<br />
results of the molecular studies.<br />
47
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
PHENOTYPIC dIVErSITY OF THE PolyGonum SPE-<br />
CIES IN SUWALSZCZYZNA ArEA<br />
Matusiewicz Marta1 , Kubicka Helena1 , Skrajna Teresa2 ,<br />
Wałejko Agnieszka1 . 1Higher State Vocational School in Suwalki,<br />
Institute of Nature and Technology, 10 Noniewicza St.,<br />
16-400 Suwalki, Poland, martam13@op.pl; 2University of Podlasie,<br />
Department of Agricultural Ecology, 14 Prusa St., 08-110<br />
Siedlce, Poland;<br />
In this paper three species from the genus Polygonum: Polygonum<br />
persicaria, Polygonum lapathiofolium subsp. lapathifolium<br />
and Polygonum lapathifolium subsp. pallidum, growing<br />
on cereal crop fields of Wigierski National Park and its borders<br />
have been examined. Species frequency was analyzed together<br />
with the following features: height, stem length up to first offshoot,<br />
number of internodes and their length, number of firstrank<br />
offshoots and their length, number of leaves, number of<br />
ears, length of the main ear, number of seeds from one plant,<br />
weight of 1000 seeds. Most abundant species within crop<br />
fields were Polygonum persicaria and Polygonum lapathifolium<br />
subsp. pallidum. Rarest was Polygonum lapathifolium<br />
subsp. lapathifolium. The smallest and least branched specimens<br />
were observed within Polygonum lapathifolium subsp.<br />
pallidum. Polygonum persicaria was of similar height, however,<br />
the number of offshoots was greater. Number of seeds<br />
and weight of 1000 seeds varied among the Polygonum species<br />
according to cereal crop.<br />
THE ASSOCIATION Pino-quercetum IN THE PAST<br />
ANd THE PrESENT, IN THE FOrEST “LAS WOLSKI”<br />
(CrACOW, SOUTHErN POLANd)<br />
Medwecka-Kornaś Anna. Jagiellonian University, Institute<br />
of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland, ubmedwec@<br />
cyf-kr.edu.pl<br />
The forest “Las Wolski” covers the vast hill named “Sowiniec”,<br />
7 km from the centre of Cracow. The oak-hornbeam<br />
forest Tilio-Carpinetum is on the slopes and a mixed forest<br />
Pino-Quercetum is on the plateau with loess deposit. Both forests<br />
were studied by the present author in 1946– 1947, in 1970<br />
(together with S. Loster), and in 2009. It was discovered that<br />
several acidophilous species e.g. Trientalis europaea, present<br />
at the beginning of the studies, are not found now. Vaccinium<br />
myrtillus, abundant 60 years ago, barely occurs now. Only Pteridium<br />
aquilinum is relatively common. The dominating species<br />
have become Carex brizoides, and Impatiens parviflora<br />
which is very numerous and not recorded at all in 1946– 1947,<br />
and – in the spring Anemone nemorosa. Fagus sylvatica was<br />
recently noticed as prevailing in a part of the plots, but this can<br />
result from the location of phytosociological records. Similar<br />
changes are known from other wood areas and have various<br />
causes. The classification of this described forest involves several<br />
problems. Pino-Quercetum has been included by some<br />
botanists into the association Querco roboris-Pinetum, and<br />
Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum, also into two different classes: Vaccinio-Piceetea<br />
and Querco-Fagetea. For some reason these<br />
formations are not accepted here. The other problem consists<br />
in the disappearance of species characteristic for the association<br />
and higher units. In spite of these problems, the most adequate<br />
definition for Las Wolski at present seems to be: Pino-<br />
Quercetum, with the form Carex brizoides, already used in<br />
some publications.<br />
48<br />
GEOGrAPHIC-HISTOrICAL SPECTrUM OF MId-<br />
FIELd BIOTOPE FLOrA IN THE WESTErN PArT OF<br />
THE drAWSKIE LAKELANd<br />
Młynkowiak Elżbieta, Kutyna Ignacy. West Pomeranian<br />
University of Technology, Department of Protection and Environmental<br />
Management, 17 Słowackiego St., Szczecin, Poland;<br />
elzbieta.mlynkowiak@zut.edu.pl; ignacy.kutyna@zut.edu.pl<br />
The following biotopes of the agricultural landscape in the<br />
western part of the Drawskie Lakeland were surveyed: mid-field<br />
woodlots, mid-field coppices, tree-lined roads, ponds, xerothermophilous<br />
grass patches and fringe herbs, mid-field meadows,<br />
fallows, and post-digging pits. The field research, carried out in<br />
1995– 1998, involved phytosociological Braun-Blanquet relevès<br />
and floristic inventories. The flora was classified into the following<br />
geographic-historical categories: spontaneophytes (nonsynanthropic,<br />
semi-synanthropic, and synantrophic species<br />
– apophytes), anthropophytes including metaphytes (archaeophytes<br />
and kenophytes), and diaphytes. The geographic-historical<br />
spectrum was determined in each biotope separately. The<br />
data obtained served as an input in calculations of indices of<br />
anthropogenic changes of the flora. The highest indices (about<br />
33%) of natural state (N) of the flora were typical of mid-field<br />
woodlots, meadows, and ponds. The lowest indices (about 5%)<br />
were for fallows and post-digging pits. The latter, on the other<br />
hand, yielded the highest indices of actual (Sw) and potential<br />
(Sp) synanthropy (Sw of 86 and 79%, respectively; Sp of 95 and<br />
94%, respectively). Those indices were at their lowest in midfield<br />
ponds (Sw = 49%; Sp = 67%) and meadows (Sw = 53%;<br />
Sp = 67%). The lowest index of archaeotypy was typical of the<br />
flora of fallows (Ar = 19%). The lowest indices were shown by<br />
the flora of mid-field meadows and ponds (Ar = 3%).<br />
COMPOSITION, STrUCTUrE ANd LANdSCAPE VAL-<br />
UE OF THE Acer PseudoPlAtAnus-Aruncus sylvestris<br />
CoMMUNIty IN tHE ZAKoPIAńSKA vAL-<br />
LEY<br />
Moszkowicz Łukasz. Cracow University of Technology, Institute<br />
of Landscape Architecture, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155<br />
Cracow, Poland, luk_mosz@poczta.onet.pl<br />
The Acer pseudoplatanus-Aruncus sylvestris community is<br />
poorly recognized in Poland and needs syntaksomic verification.<br />
It was noted only in a few places in the Śnieżnik Massif.<br />
The structure and composition were researched, selected ecological<br />
factors were noted and the landscape value of this community<br />
was set. In Zakopane Valley, this type of phytocenosis<br />
occupys small areas situated along streams on steep slopes of<br />
ravines. Mainly this community grows on slopes with a North-<br />
East or Eastern exposure. Their level of development is diverse<br />
and worth saving. It was found that the best developed patches<br />
of this community are dominated by Acer pseudoplatanus, Aruncus<br />
sylvestris with significant contribiutions of Ulmus glabra<br />
and Rosa pendulina. Participation of U. glabra and smaller<br />
contributions of Sorbus aucuparia are the most significant difference<br />
between this type phytocenosis and Tatras sycamore<br />
forests. Nowadays, there are several destrucive forces at work<br />
against Acer pseudoplatanus-Aruncus sylvestris communities<br />
in Zakopane Valley. Ravines are littered with rubbish, soil and<br />
garbage. Sewage is polluting the streams. As the result, there are<br />
dug holes, the introduction of alien species and the planting of<br />
Picea abies. Many patches of this community have been degenerated<br />
or substituted by others types of phytocenosis. Nowadays<br />
this community is part of the Zakopane landscape. Reasonable<br />
management does not endanger them. Research about the Acer<br />
pseudoplatanus-Aruncus sylvestris community is continuing.
dIVErSITY OF rIPArIAN TALL HErB FrINGE COM-<br />
MUNITIES (convolvuletAliA sePium) ANd THEIr<br />
HABItAt CoNDItIoNS IN tHE RIvER PIAŚNICA<br />
VALLEY<br />
Myśliwy Monika. University of Szczecin, Department of Plant<br />
Taxonomy and Phytogeography, 13 Wąska St., 71-415 Szczecin,<br />
Poland, nikabot@univ.szczecin.pl<br />
Nitrophilous fringe communities of herbaceous flora, growing<br />
along lowland watercourses, are a natural component of a typical<br />
riparian landscape. These communities are protected by the<br />
EU Habitat Directive (Code 6430-3). In Poland, those interesting<br />
and floristically diverse plant communities are still poorly<br />
known. The present study is based on 39 phytosociological<br />
Braun-Blanquet relevés obtained in 2009 from homogenous<br />
vegetation patches covering 8– 16 m2 . The set of relevés was<br />
subjected to multivariate analysis involving hierarchical classification<br />
with TWINSPAN software. Habitat conditions were<br />
determined by collecting soil samples for physical and chemical<br />
assays for pH, grain size, organic matter content, concentrations<br />
of nitrogen and carbon and biologically available forms of P, K,<br />
and Mg. The CANOCO 4.5 for Windows software was used to<br />
perform detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) with which<br />
to explore variability of species distribution along environmental<br />
gradients. In addition, a direct gradient analysis was performed<br />
to explore relationships between species composition<br />
and habitat variables. The direct gradient analysis used was canonical<br />
correlation analysis, CCA. The study was supported in<br />
2008– 2011 by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher<br />
Education; grant No. N N305231935.<br />
chenoPodium ficifolium SM. AS AN ExAMPLE<br />
OF A rIVEr COrrIdOr PLANT IN THE ArEA OF<br />
POLANd<br />
Nobis Agnieszka. Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany,<br />
Department of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography, 27 Kopernika<br />
St., 31-501, Cracow, Poland, agnieszka.nobis@uj.edu.pl<br />
General research concerning river corridors and plants which<br />
grow mainly or exclusively in the valleys of large rivers has<br />
a long tradition in Central Europe. Despite this fact, river corridor<br />
plants have not been studied before in detail, in Poland. An<br />
example of a species included in Central Europe into the group<br />
of river corridor plants is Chenopodium ficifolium. It is a taxon<br />
from the Chenopodium album group. Distribution and habitat<br />
preferences of Chenopodium ficifolium are still scantly known<br />
in Poland. The illustrations of most important, taxonomical features<br />
of Ch. ficifolium (i. e., habit of the plant, shape, variability<br />
of leaves and seeds morphology) are presented. The analysis of<br />
available herbarium materials as well as conducted field studies,<br />
unambiguously confirm that the species belongs to the group of<br />
river corridor plants. The distribution of Ch. ficifolium in our<br />
country is presented using the ATPOL system. The results of<br />
detailed studies using transects running across the San River<br />
Valley illustrate the concentration of this species in the neighborhood<br />
of the river corridor. The data on habitats occupied by<br />
Ch. ficifolium are also presented.<br />
MOrPHOLOGICAL CHArACTErISTICS ANd TAx-<br />
ONOMICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LEMMA SUr-<br />
FACE OF TAxA FrOM THE stiPA tiAnschAnicA<br />
COMPLEx<br />
Nobis Marcin1 , Nowak Arkadiusz2 . 1Jagiellonian University,<br />
Institute of Botany, 27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, m.nobis@<br />
uj.edu.pl; 2Opole University, Department of Biosystematics,<br />
48 Oleska St., 45-022 Opole, Poland<br />
Stipa tianschanica is a species described by R. Roshevits in<br />
1916, on the basis of specimens collected in central Tian-Shan.<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
Eight years later Roshevits described further three central-asiatic<br />
species, closely related to S. tianschanica, i.e., S. klemenzii<br />
Roshev., S. potaninii Roshev. and S. gobica Roshev. Subsequently,<br />
the next two taxa: S. sinomongholica Ohwi 1943 and<br />
S. wulateica (Y.Z. Zhao) Y.Z. Zhao 1996 were described and<br />
some taxonomical combinations within the aforementioned<br />
species were made. In this paper the authors present the taxonomical<br />
position and general distribution of species from the<br />
Stipa tianschanica complex. Information on taxa from that<br />
complex, their synononyms, table with comparision of the<br />
main differential features of each species, and photographs illustrating<br />
structure of the lemma surface of S. tianschanica<br />
subsp. tianschanica, S. tianschanica subsp. gobica and S. klemenzii<br />
were given. Analyses of the morphological characters<br />
of these taxa provided new information on their variability.<br />
A key to species belonging to the Stipa tianschanica complex,<br />
their morpfological descriptions as well as photographs<br />
illustrating the main identification details of species are also<br />
presented. Identification details include general habit, glumes,<br />
lemma, awn and leaf sections.<br />
rUSH COMMUNITIES OF THE ZErAVSHAN MTS IN<br />
TAJIKISTAN<br />
Nowak Arkadiusz 1 , Nobis Marcin 2 . 1 Opole University, Department<br />
of Biosystematics, Laboratory of Geobotany and Plant<br />
Conservation, 48 Oleska St., 45-052 Opole, Poland, anowak@<br />
uni.opole.pl; 2 Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany, Department<br />
of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography, 27 Kopernika<br />
St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland, m.nobis@uj.edu.pl<br />
The Zeravshan mountains are located in the northern part of<br />
Tajikistan and eastern Uzbekistan. The range extends longitudinally<br />
over 700 km. There were no detailed studies on rush<br />
vegetation in that area till now. That is why in 2007– 2009,<br />
phytosociological research using the Braun-Blanquet approach<br />
was conducted. The main aim of the research was to<br />
find out the distribution patterns of all types of rush communities<br />
and to taxonomically revise the diagnostic species for rush<br />
associations. Analysing the 185 plots with phytosociological<br />
documentation, several phytocoenoses were described: community<br />
of Typha laxmannii, comm. of T. angustifolia, comm.<br />
of T. minima, comm. of T. latifolia, comm. of Phragmites australis,<br />
comm. of Bolboschoenus maritimus, comm. of B. glaucus,<br />
comm. of B. yagara, comm. of Eleocharis turcomanica,<br />
comm. of E. uniglumis, comm. of E. argyrolepis, comm. of<br />
Nasturtium microphyllum, comm. of Berula erecta and comm.<br />
of Glyceria notata.<br />
cArici remotAe-frAxinetum KOCH 1929 Ex FAB-<br />
Er 1936 IN OPOLE SILESIA<br />
Nowak Sylwia 1 , Nowak Arkadiusz 2 . Opole University, Department<br />
of Biosystematics, Laboratory of Geobotany and Plant<br />
Conservation, 48 Oleska St., 45-052 Opole, Poland; 1 snowak@<br />
uni.opole.pl; 2 anowak@uni.opole.pl<br />
The submontane riverside carr forest Carici remotae-Fraxinetum<br />
belongs to the rarest of wood communities and occupies<br />
the smallest area in the Opole Silesia region. It is withdrawing<br />
plant association, usually degenerated. For this reason, during<br />
2007– 2009 geobotanical studies were undertaken to present the<br />
current distribution and conservation status of the Carici remotae-Fraxinetum<br />
association in Opole Silesia. The study was<br />
carried out by using the Braun-Blanquet method in the southern<br />
part of the region; mainly in the Opawskie Mountains and on the<br />
Głubczyce Plateau. Occurrence of 8 patches of this plant community<br />
on the Chrobry Mount, on the northern slopes of Olszak<br />
Hill, Bystry valley stream and the upper parts of the Biskupia<br />
Kopa (Opawskie Mountains), as well as Rozumice reserve in<br />
the south-eastern part of the Głubczyce Plateau were noticed.<br />
49
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
The Carici remotae-Fraxinetum association was recorded primarily<br />
at water tricklings or water-head areas of small brooks.<br />
The community is characterized by the dominance of Fraxinus<br />
excelsior in the tree-stand. It also has a significant share of Acer<br />
pseudoplatanus and Alnus glutinosa. Picea abies, Alnus incana<br />
and Quercus robur sporadically occur. In the undergrowth,<br />
numerous species considered as characteristic for the studied<br />
association were noticed, among them were: Carex remota,<br />
Equisetum telmateia, Carex pendula, Carex strigosa, Veronica<br />
montana. Geranium phaeum, Lysimachia nemorum and Petasites<br />
albus achieved high constancy<br />
dIVErSITY OF VASCULAr FLOrA ANd SOME AS-<br />
PECTS OF NATUrE PrOTECTION IN THE OLKUSZ<br />
OrES rEGION – OOr (SILESIA-CrACOW UPLANd)<br />
Nowak Teresa 1 , Jędrzejczyk-Korycińska Monika2 , Kapusta<br />
Paweł3 . University of Silesia, Faculty of Biology and<br />
Environmental Protection, Department of Plant Systematics,<br />
28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland; 1teresa.nowak@ us.edu.pl; 2monika.jedrzejczyk-korycinska@us.edu.pl; 3Pol ish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Department<br />
of Ecology, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland,<br />
p.kapusta@botany.pl<br />
In 2008– 2009, floristic investigations were carried out in a 48<br />
km2 area located near the towns of Olkusz and Bukowno. The<br />
basic unit (a square of 1 km2 ) was estimated in accordance<br />
with the requirements of ATPOL (Distribution Atlas of Vascular<br />
Plants in Poland). As a result of the study, 730 taxa were<br />
noted. There were 673 species and 40 subspecies. The native<br />
taxa constitute 75,3% of the analyzed flora. Antropophytes<br />
naturalized in Polish flora were 17,2%. Species escaped from<br />
cultivation accounted for ca. 6%. Taxa of uncertain status in<br />
Polish flora made up 1,4%. The greatest and the smallest number<br />
noted in a basic unit were 263 and 37 taxa, respectively.<br />
The differentiation of the flora was correlated with differentiation<br />
of habitats. Localities of 42 taxa which are legally protected<br />
(35 strictly, 7 partly) were noted in the flora of OOR.<br />
In this group the Orchidaceae family was the most numerous<br />
in angiosperms – 10 taxa (6 species and 2 subspecies) while<br />
the Lycopodiaceae family among cryptogamic vascular plants<br />
– 4 species. The concentration of the localities of protected<br />
species was observed in the area with high participation of<br />
seminatural habitats. The research was done as a part of MF<br />
EOG PL0265 project.<br />
VASCULAr FLOrA dIVErSITY IN rOZTOCZE CEM-<br />
ETErIES<br />
Nowińska Renata1 , Kozłowska Maria2 , Czarna Aneta1 . Poznań<br />
University of Life Sciences, 28 Wojska <strong>Polskiego</strong> St.,<br />
60-637 Poznań, Poland, 1Department of Botany, nowinska@<br />
up.poznan.pl, czarna@up.pozanan.pl; 2Department of Mathematical<br />
and Statistical Methods, markoz@up.poznan.pl<br />
The aim of this research was to assess species richness and diversity<br />
of antropophytes in cemetery flora; noting their size,<br />
usage and locality. The field research was conducted in 2007<br />
in the Roztocze region. The investigated area covered 1314km 2<br />
and included 78 cemeteries, all of which were included in our<br />
study. We collected 5004 floristic data which form the basis of<br />
this study. The cemetery flora was rich with 523 species from<br />
75 families.The flora was diverse (mean Marczewski-Steinhaus<br />
index below 40%). The cemetery flora displayed a high level<br />
of naturalness, as 60– 80% of all species were native. The following<br />
species which were most frequently found running wild<br />
in the studied cemeteries were: Amaranthus cruentus, Asparagus<br />
officinalis, Aster novi-belgii, Erigeron annuus, Euphorbia<br />
marginata, Lupinus polyphyllus, Rudbeckia hirta, Saponaria<br />
officinalis and Viola odorata. Results of cluster analysis with<br />
50<br />
Euclidean distances based on such flora characteristics as:<br />
number of species, species cover, share of life forms, share of<br />
geographic-historical and socioecological groups, indicate that<br />
facility usage is the most important factor shaping local flora.<br />
Isolation due to a location in protected areas was ranked second<br />
in importance while facility size was the least important factor.<br />
Medium-sized (5– 10ha) and large (10– 20ha) active cemeteries<br />
were characterized by relatively great similarity as far as the<br />
studied features were concerned.<br />
FLOrA OF THE EUrOPEAN BEAVEr LOdGES IN<br />
rOMINCKA FOrEST<br />
obidziński Artur1 , Orczewska Anna2 , Cieloszczyk Piotr1 .<br />
1Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Forestry,<br />
Department of Forest Botany, 159 Nowoursynowska St.,<br />
02-776 Warsaw, Poland, artur_obidzinski@sggw.pl; 2University of Silesia, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection,<br />
Department of Ecology, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland<br />
Beaver lodges are specific zoogenic habitats. The aim of the<br />
study was to check if the flora on lodges differs from its surroundings,<br />
in terms of species diversity and the level of eutrophization<br />
and ruderalization. On 40 investigated lodges, vascular<br />
flora showed a higher species diversity than in the surrounding<br />
vegetation. The number of species was similar, while<br />
the plant coverage on lodges was half that of the surroundings.<br />
The most frequent species were: Urtica dioica, Scutellaria galericulata,<br />
Lycopus europaeus, Lysimachia vulgaris and Solanum<br />
dulcamara. The Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae and Asteraceae<br />
families occurred more frequently on the lodges than in their<br />
surroundings. More species which were resistant to disturbances<br />
(r), hemicryptophytes and therophytes as well as eutrophic<br />
and neutrophic occurred on the lodges. Also the species from<br />
the Alnetea glutinosae, Bidentetea tripartiti and Scheuchzerio-<br />
Caricetea as well as Artemisietea vulgaris and Stellarietea mediae<br />
classes were more frequent on the lodges than in the surroundings.<br />
More euhemerobic and urbanophilous species were<br />
recorded on the lodges. More mezotrophic and acidophilous,<br />
mezohemerobic and urbanophobic, as well as more stress tolerant<br />
(s) species were recorded on the control plots in the vicinity.<br />
Beavers increase number of habitats and diversity of vascular<br />
plants in ecosystems.<br />
A NEW VASCULAr PLANT SUCCESSFULLY ESTAB-<br />
LISHEd IN ANTArCTICA?<br />
Olech Maria A. 1 , Chwedorzewska Katarzyna J. 2 . 1 Jagiellonian<br />
University, Institute of Botany, Zdzisław Czeppe Department<br />
of Polar Research and Documentation, 27 Kopernika St.,<br />
31-501 Cracow, Poland, maria.olech@uj.edu.pl; 2 Polish Academy<br />
of Sciences, Department of Antarctic Biology, 10/12 Ustrzycka<br />
St., 02-141 Warsaw, Poland<br />
The Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems are among the most remote<br />
ones in the world. The striking feature of the Antarctic is<br />
the poverty of vascular plants. Only Deschampsia antarctica<br />
Desv. (Antarctic hairgrass, Poaceae) and Colobanthus quitensis<br />
Bartl. (Antarctic pearlwort, Caryophyllaceae) are considered<br />
successful in this region and have inhabited the maritime Antarctic<br />
(from mild Holocen c. 5000 years). The first appearance<br />
of a new vascular plant Poa annua L. and its establishment on<br />
natural habitats in the Antarctic region were recorded. The species<br />
has been monitored since 1986, only in anthropogenic sites<br />
in the vicinity of Arctowski Station (King George Island, South<br />
Shetlands), but presently it has been also discovered in native<br />
communities on the forefield of Ecology Glacier retreat. The<br />
demographic study shows clearly, that this population has been<br />
stable for a couple of years and represents the new colonist – genus<br />
and species new to the Antarctic flora.
COLONIZATION OF rECENT BLACK ALdEr WOOdS<br />
BY WOOdLANd FLOrA<br />
Orczewska Anna. University of Silesia, Faculty of Biology and<br />
Environmental Protection, Department of Ecology, 9 Bankowa<br />
St., 40-007, Katowice, Poland, anna.orczewska@us.edu.pl<br />
Studies on colonization of the herb layer of post-agricultural,<br />
black alder woods by woodland flora and on edaphic, hydrological<br />
and light conditions responsible for colonization mechanisms<br />
present in such woods, were undertaken. The survey was carried<br />
out in Oleśnica Plain and Żmigród Valley, in the habitat of an<br />
oak-hornbeam community, alder-ash carrs, and wet alderwoods.<br />
In the transects laid out perpendicularly across the ancient-recent<br />
border, data were collected. Collections were on herb layer<br />
composition, chemical soil properties, and on illumination level.<br />
Groundwater level was also recorded in piezometers. Migration<br />
rates were calculated for 51 forest plant species. Mean migration<br />
rates for wet alderwoods reached 1.20– 1.60 m∙yr -1 , for oak-hornbeam<br />
forests 1.17– 1.63 m∙yr -1 and for alder-ash carrs 0.79– 1.26<br />
m∙yr -1 . Although there was a group of slow colonizing species,<br />
many herbs colonised recent woods, and migrated with a pace<br />
exceeding 2– 3 m∙yr -1 . In wet and fertile recent forests adjacent<br />
to ancient woods, migration proceeds faster than in poorer and<br />
drier sites. Forest age, pH, humus type, and groundwater level<br />
provided the highest contribution for explaining the distribution<br />
pattern of woodland species in recent woods. Urtica dioica<br />
avoided sites with a high level of groundwater, combined<br />
with poor illumination. To create the best conditions allowing<br />
for forest recovery, maintenance of a good water regime and<br />
shade on the forest floor are needed (competitive exclusion is<br />
reduced). Project supported from Grant No. 2P04F 059 29, between<br />
2004– 2007.<br />
ECOHYdrOLOGICAL CONdITIONS OF THE VEGE-<br />
TATION IN SPrINGS IN THE EArLY GLACIAL LANd-<br />
SCAPE OF THE POMErANIA rEGION<br />
Osadowski Zbigniew. Pomeranian Pedagogical University,<br />
Department of Botany and Genetics, 22B Arciszewskiego St.,<br />
76-200 Słupsk, Poland, osadowsk@sl.onet.pl<br />
Phytosociological, hydrological, hydrochemical and landscape<br />
investigations were performed in 122 spring complexes over<br />
the years of 2000– 2008. The research objects were located in<br />
the basins of rivers flowing through Przymorze: Rega, Parsęta,<br />
Wieprza, Słupia, Łupawa and Łeba. The aim of the study was<br />
to determine the qualitative and quantitative influence of<br />
ground waters on the spatial distribution of plant communities.<br />
These were plant communities developing on the solid bottom<br />
of spring niches, on boggy substrate and in the linear spring<br />
outflows. The synthetic elaboration of vegetation revealed the<br />
presence of 14 syntaxa. The syntaxa represented the communities<br />
of bryophytes from the Fontinaletea antipyreticae class,<br />
springs of the Montio-Cardaminetea class as well as flowing<br />
waters of the Phragmitetea class (Sparganio-Glycerion fluitantis).<br />
The performed ordination analyses revealed significant<br />
differences between the consecutive groups of spring communities.<br />
The structure of communities which developed on<br />
solid bottom of spring niches depended on physico-chemical<br />
parameters and macroelement concentrations in ground water<br />
outflows. Even stronger relationships between plant communities<br />
and those parameters as well as biogenes were observed<br />
for communities developing on boggy substrates or at the<br />
places of coerced mineral and organic accumulation. In turn,<br />
the communities of linear spring outflows revealed significant<br />
relationships with the hydrological factors of flow velocity and<br />
outflow efficiency, followed by physico-chemical parameters<br />
of ground waters.<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
THE ENVIrONMENTAL ANd VEGETATIONAL IM-<br />
PACT ON THE INVASION OF BLACK CHErrY Prunus<br />
serotinA EHrH. IN KAMPINOS NATIONAL PArK<br />
otręba Anna. Kampinoski Park Narodowy, 38 Tetmajera St.,<br />
05-080 Izabelin, Poland, aotreba@kampinoski-pn.gov.pl<br />
In order to explain the condition of the invasion of the black<br />
cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh., the comparative studies of its<br />
growth and dispersal were undertaken using designated sites.<br />
The source of the seed dispersal are two former forest nurseries,<br />
where black cherry was planted in the 1960’s. One of these<br />
nurseries is located on sand dunes covered in pine forest. The<br />
other former nursery is now an oak-hornbeam forest. Tree and<br />
shrubbery measurements and phytosociological relevés were<br />
surveyed in 2009. The plots were situated on the areas forking<br />
out in all direction from the source. In order to compare the<br />
habitat conditions, soil and light property were conducted. The<br />
research is being financed from the Ministry of Science and<br />
Higher Education grant number N305078236.<br />
PHYTOCOENOTIC dIVErSITY OF rOAd-FOrEST<br />
ECotoNES IN tHE GóRZNo-LIDZBARK LAND-<br />
SCAPE PArK<br />
Paszek Iwona 1 , Załuski tomasz 2 . Nicolaus Copernicus University,<br />
Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz,<br />
Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany,<br />
9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;<br />
1 ipaszek@cm.umk.pl; 2 tzaluski@cm.umk.pl<br />
In examined ecotones 167 plant communities from 17 classes<br />
were found. The definite majority was non-forest vegetation.<br />
Carpet, meadow, grassland and heathery phytocoenoses (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea,<br />
Calluno-Ulicetea, Koelerio-Corynephoretea<br />
and Festuco-Brometea) constitute a large group. Thermophilous<br />
edge communities (Trifolio-Geranietea) are frequent.<br />
Whereas in the group of forest and shrub communities, the<br />
most frequent are communities from the Querco-Fagetea and<br />
Vaccinio-Piceetea classes. The highest number of communities<br />
was noted in habitats of meso- and hygrophilous forms of oaklinden-hornbeam<br />
forest (Tilio-Carpinetum corydaletosum, T.-<br />
C. typicum, T.-C. calamagrostietosum, Acer platanoides-Tilia<br />
cordata). Considerably less phytocoenoses were noted in habitats<br />
of thermophilous forests (Potentillo albae-Quercetum, Tilio-Carpinetum<br />
melittetosum), mixed coniferous forests (Querco<br />
roboris-Pinetum, Serratulo-Pinetum) and pine forests (Peucedano-Pinetum).<br />
The lowest number of communities was noted<br />
in habitats of wet and bog forests (Fraxino-Alnetum, Ficario-<br />
Ulmetum minoris, Ribeso nigri-Alnetum, Vaccinio-Betuletum<br />
pubescentis). In the examined ecotones, 112 phytocoenoses<br />
occured on roadsides, 41 – in shrub forest edges, 38 – in carriageways,<br />
18 – in forest margins and 8 – in fire-fighting lines.<br />
This means that forest roads, especially roadsides, are distinctly<br />
increasing the phytocoenotic diversity of the forest complex.<br />
“STEPPIC” FLOrA IN POLANd: THE HISTOrY, THE<br />
PrESENT ANd THE (ENdANGErEd) FUTUrE<br />
Paul Wojciech. Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute<br />
of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland, paul@<br />
ib-pan.krakow.pl<br />
Steppe-like vegetation is extrazonal in Poland, while its climax<br />
areas are located in the Eurasiatic steppe and forest-steppe belt.<br />
Among our “steppic” species (in practice identified with the<br />
xerothermic ecological group) are probably present 3 migration-historic<br />
elements: (i) relics of “cold steppes” of interglacial<br />
protocratic phase, (ii) spontaneous migrants from southern<br />
glacial refuges and (iii) species accompanying humans thanks<br />
to open-biotope promotion by agriculture. Nowadays in Po-<br />
51
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
land steppe-like vegetation occupies regions with the highest<br />
acreage of lime-rich soils and rich in other (although small)<br />
adequate biotopes: S Poland upland belt, bigger river valleys,<br />
young moraine areas, lime-rich or loess-covered foothills. The<br />
question of origin of definite species of the presented element,<br />
discussed for more than 100 years, lately gained a plethora<br />
of new tools enabling novel insights, a.o. genetic and phylogeographic<br />
analyses. Ongoing changes of open biotopes (viz.<br />
their successional transformation into bush and forest ones)<br />
pose a direct danger to the “steppic” flora in Poland. To stop<br />
these changes, support for traditional, extensive grazing and<br />
mowing of grasslands as well as local interventions ensuring<br />
vitality of the light-demanding species, seem crucial. In the<br />
perspective of the nearest few thousand years, irrespective of<br />
anthropogenic influence, thermophilous grasslands in our part<br />
of Europe are bound to decline, along with diminishing areas<br />
of not-leached, base-rich and fertile substrate. This is bound to<br />
happen during the change of mesocratic to oligocratic to the<br />
telocratic stage of the present interglacial.<br />
THE BALANCE OF dEAd WOOd IN THE “POLESIE<br />
KONSTANTYNOWSKIE” NATUrE rESErVE<br />
Pawicka Katarzyna. University of Łódź, Department of Geobotany<br />
and Plant Ecology, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland,<br />
kpawicka@biol.uni.lodz.pl<br />
In the city parks dead wood is removed for safety and aesthetic<br />
reasons. Polesie Konstantynowskie Reserve (9,8 ha), located in<br />
the western part of Lódź, Poland is an exception. In this reserve<br />
dead wood is left for natural decomposition. So far in this reserve<br />
research was conducted on the vascular flora and stand<br />
structure but the abundance of wood was not measured. The<br />
aim of this study was to assess the volumes of coarse woody<br />
material of various types (coarse woody debris CWD, snags),<br />
species, sizes, (dbh and height) and decay classes. The study<br />
was carried out in 2010. The volume of coarse woody debris was<br />
estimated with a method proposed by Van Wagner (1968). The<br />
criterion of division into five decomposition classes follows Maser<br />
(1979). Volume of CWD averaged 17,86 m3 in investigated<br />
stands. Most of the inventory were snags and uprooted trees of<br />
Alnus glutinosa and Carpinus betulus. There was one uprooted<br />
Picea sp. The investigated wood showed various degrees of<br />
decomposition. There was a significantly large proportion of<br />
the 4– 5 degree decay stages. Species composition of decaying<br />
wood is different from the composition of living trees. The volume<br />
of snags was considerably lower than the volume of CWD<br />
on all sites. Differentiation CWD deposited on the forest floor<br />
shows that it appeared gradually, and not due to any natural or<br />
unnatural disasters.<br />
HABITAT PrEFErENCES OF AGrostis stoloniferA<br />
L. ANd A. cAninA L. VErSUS CONTrOVEr-<br />
SIES OVEr THE cArici-AGrostietum cAninAe<br />
r.Tx. 1937 ASSOCIATION<br />
Pawlikowski Paweł. University of Warsaw, Department of<br />
Plant Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 4 Ujazdowskie<br />
Av., 00-478 Warsaw, Poland, p.pawlikowski@uw.edu.pl<br />
Agrostis canina is a characteristic species of the association<br />
Carici (canescentis)-Agrosti(d)etum caninae R.Tx. 1937 and is<br />
often considered the mire vegetation type of the Scheuchzerio-<br />
Caricetea nigrae class which is most widespread in Poland.<br />
During the survey of mire vegetation in north-eastern Poland,<br />
which was carried out in recent years, I found A. canina growing<br />
in acidic Sphagnum-poor fens only, while A. stolonifera occurred<br />
in more alkaline habitats (rich fens). These findings are<br />
in agreement with the data from western Europe, where both<br />
A. canina and Carici-Agrostietum caninae were associated with<br />
acidic, Sphagnum-dominated habitats (as opposed to A. stolo-<br />
52<br />
nifera). In Poland, a number of phytocoenoses are described<br />
under the name Carici-Agrostietum caninae, both from acidic<br />
and more alkaline habitats. At the same time, A. canina is listed<br />
as the most constant characteristic species. In some cases, this<br />
appears to be a mistake, due to the imprecise information in<br />
the majority of Polish (and some foreign) keys used for identification<br />
of plants and species descriptions. According to these<br />
publications, A. canina lemmas bear awns whereas those of<br />
A. stolonifera usually do not (or relevant information is lacking).<br />
In fact A. stolonifera relatively often has short awns. The<br />
habitat conditions of the moss-dominated mire vegetation have<br />
rarely been investigated in Poland.<br />
ArtemisiA PonticA L. – NEW NATUrAL LOCALItIES<br />
IN tHE NIDA BASIN (MAŁoPoLSKA UPLAND)<br />
Pierścińska Agnieszka. Jagiellonian University, Institute<br />
of Botany, 27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland,<br />
agnieszkamp@o2.pl<br />
Roman Wormwood Artemisia pontica (Asteraceae) is a species<br />
critically endangered in Poland. It is included in the Polish<br />
“Red Data book”. It is classified as an Irano-Turanian element<br />
with a natural range covering southern and south-eastern Europe<br />
and southern Siberia. It grows in the intensely insolated<br />
habitats of xerothermic grasslands. It is also planted and escapes<br />
cultivation into ruderal habitats. The localities of the species in<br />
Poland, considered natural, are concentrate in the Nida Basin.<br />
There have been 14 stations recorded, however, the data given<br />
in the 19th century and in the 1960’s (stating 12 stations in total)<br />
should be treated as historical, because none of them were later<br />
confirmed. The main reason for the extinction of this strongly<br />
xerothermic species is overgrowing of grasslands with shrubs<br />
and trees as a result of natural succession. The remaining two<br />
localities were found in the 1990’s, to the east of Pińczów and in<br />
Ostra Góra. They have been defined as endangered. Moreover,<br />
in other parts of Poland the plant appears in ruderal habitats. It is<br />
possible that all stations in Poland are of a synanthropic origin.<br />
In the years 2008– 2009 in the middle part of the Połaniecka<br />
Basin (SE part of the Nida Basin) two new natural localities of<br />
Artemisia pontica were recorded: (1) to the west of Strzelce (AT-<br />
POL EF1731) and (2) to the north of Kępie (ATPOL EF1731). On<br />
the current locations phytosociological relevés were completed.<br />
The numbers of individuals in populations have been estimated<br />
and the threat to them assessed.<br />
dISTrIBUTION ANd PHYTOCOENOTIC PrEFEr-<br />
ENCES OF orobAnche mAyeri (SUESS. ET rONNI-<br />
GEr) BErTSCH – A NEW SPECIES IN POLANd<br />
Piwowarczyk renata. Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce,<br />
Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, 15 Świętokrzyska<br />
St., 25-406 Kielce, Poland, renka76@wp.pl<br />
Orobanche mayeri (Suess. et Ronniger) Bertsch, Mayer’s<br />
broomrape, is one of the rarest representatives of the genus<br />
Orobanche (Orobanchaceae) in Europe. O. mayeri was first reported<br />
in Germany, from Zeller Horn in the Swabian Alb. It<br />
was treated as an endemic taxon but was later recorded at over<br />
ten localities in Slovakia in the Carpathians and one locality in<br />
Romania (Southern Carpathians). The montane occurrence is<br />
observed within the range of the species. O. mayeri most frequently<br />
occurs at ca. 725– 2000 m. The plant grows in the ass.<br />
Geranion sanguinei, Seslerietalia or Erico-Pinion. Two new<br />
sites of the species were recorded in Poland in the Pieniny Mts<br />
(Central Western Carpathians) in July, 2009. O. mayeri grows<br />
in the Pieniny Mts (Białe Skały, Trzy Korony) in rock grassland<br />
communities. It is especially found in the ecotone zone of the<br />
two classes that represent O. mayeri: xerothermic grasslands of<br />
the class Festuco-Brometea and montane grasslands Seslerietea<br />
variae developing on calcareous substrate. Scrub and forest
species of the class Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei and Querco-<br />
Fagetea often occur in the communities occupied by O. mayeri.<br />
This is associated with a progressing secondary succession and<br />
the mosaic pattern of phytocoenoses. The aim of the study was<br />
to estimate the abundance, hosts and habitat preferences at the<br />
new localities. A supplemented map of the distribution in Europe<br />
and Poland is given.<br />
dISTrIBUTION ANd ExPANSION TENdENCIES OF<br />
herAcleum mAnteGAzziAnum SOMMIEr & LEVI-<br />
Er [h. sosnowskyi MANDEN.] oN JęDRZEJóW<br />
PLAtEAU AND ADJACENt AREAS (MAŁoPoLSKA<br />
UPLANd)<br />
Piwowarski Bartosz1 , Maciejczak Bożenna2 . 1Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany, Departament of Plant Taxonomy<br />
and Phytogeography, 27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland,<br />
bartosz.piwowarski@uj.edu.pl; 2The Jan Kochanowski University<br />
of Humanities and Sciences, Institute of Biology, Departament<br />
of Botany, 15 Świętokrzyska St., 25-406 Kielce, Poland,<br />
maciejka@ujk.edu.pl<br />
Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier and H. sosnowskyi<br />
Manden. are alien and invasive species which endanger<br />
the native flora of Europe. Their systematic position is still<br />
unclear, therefore in this work they are treated as the same taxa.<br />
This plant was brought to Poland in the 70’s, as H. sosnowskyi,<br />
which is known as a fodder species. It was chiefly grown on<br />
State Agricultural Farms (Polish: Polskie Gospodarstwa Rolne<br />
– PGR). The authors treat the State Agricultural Farm as the<br />
source of the spread of this species. From the farms this plant<br />
eventually appeared on the Jędrzejów Plateau (Małopolska<br />
Upland). There are 15 stations of H. mantegazzianum [H. sosnowskyi],<br />
which are visibly grouped in the west part of the studied<br />
area. The most numerous stations are located in the neighborhood<br />
of Sędziszów, Słupia and Rożnica. H. mantegazzianum<br />
[H. sosnowskyi] occupies humid and nitrophilous habitats with<br />
synantropic or semi-natural character. It appears mainly along<br />
roads and tracks. It was observed, that there has been an effort<br />
to control H. mantegazzianum [H. sosnowskyi] in many places,<br />
by mowing and herbicide spray, unfortunately such efforts have<br />
been unsuccessful.<br />
THE ExTINCTION OF STATIONS OF PulsAtillA PAtens<br />
(L.) MILL. SUBSP. PAtens (AMErICAN PASqUEfLoWER)<br />
oN tHE MAŁoPoLSKA UPLAND<br />
Podgórska Monika1 , Bróż Edward2 . The Jan Kochanowski<br />
University of Humanities and Sciences, 15 Świętokrzyska St.,<br />
25-406 Kielce, Poland, 1Independent Department of Environment<br />
Protection and Modelling, iris@ujk.edu.pl; 2Department of Botany.<br />
Pulsatilla patens (L.)Mill. subsp. patens is an endangered species<br />
in significant part of its range. Because of this, it is protected<br />
by The Berne Convention and The Habitats Directive. In<br />
Poland this species is protected by law and has been placed in<br />
“The Polish Red Data Book of Plants” (LR category), in “The<br />
Red Data Book of the Polish Carpathians” (EX category) and on<br />
the Polish “red list” (E category). In the “red list” of Małopolska<br />
Upland it is considered a critically endangered species (CR category).<br />
On the Małopolska Upland, there have been 18 stations<br />
of the American pasqueflower. The earliest data of occurrence<br />
of the species came from the end of the 19th century (4 stations).<br />
Information about 14 other stations comes from the 20th<br />
century, especially from the first part of the century (9 stations).<br />
In recent years an attempt to trace and list all the stations of<br />
the species in the subprovince has been undertaken. Results:<br />
on 6 stations the species has been recognized as extinct (habitat<br />
changes), the occurrence of the American pasqueflower on<br />
9 stations has not been confirmed. This is despite the fact that its<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
habitats have not been changed and the species could have still<br />
grown there. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. subsp. patens now occurs<br />
on 3 stations only. Till now there has been a lack of actual<br />
reasons for the extinction of the species on the studied area.<br />
SECTION elAtinellA SEUB. (elAtine L., ELATI-<br />
NACEAE) IN EUrOPE<br />
Popiela Agnieszka 1 , Łysko Andrzej 2 . 1 University of Szczecin<br />
Department of Botany and Nature Conservation, 3c Z. Felczaka<br />
St., 71-412 Szczecin, Poland, popiela@univ.szczecin.pl. 2 Western<br />
Pomeranian University of Technology, Department of Environmental<br />
Protection and Management, 17 Słowackiego St.,<br />
71-434 Szczecin, Poland<br />
The cosmopolitan family Elatinaceae is composed of just two<br />
genera, i.e. Elatine L. and Bergia L. The Elatine L. has about<br />
15– 25 taxa. The Bergia L. has about 25 species. The section Elatinella<br />
Seub. (the subgenus Elatine (Hydropiper Moesz.) Seub.)<br />
is known for the fact that it has the same number of stamens as<br />
petals. The Elatine L. is comprised of eight species. One of the<br />
species is found in Euroasia. Six of the species are found in Europe<br />
of which three of the six are also found in North Africa.<br />
One of the species is found in North America; in California. The<br />
aim of the paper is to present data on the European distribution<br />
of seven species of the section Elatinella. Maps were made using<br />
the point-line method based on floristic and phytosociological<br />
literature, search query at the Kew Herbarium, as well as the<br />
web-based sources. The geographical ranges are as follows: Elatine<br />
macropoda Guss., the west- mediterranean species grows<br />
next to E. gussonei Guss. (the Malta and Lampedusa Isles) and<br />
E. brochonii Clavaud (south-western France, the Iberian Peninsula,<br />
north-western Africa), E. hexandra (Lapierre) DC (the<br />
southern part of the Central European Lowland, southern Scandinavia,<br />
British Isles, Central France), Elatine hydropiper L.<br />
(the middle and northern part of Europe as well as scattered<br />
distribution in Siberia), Elatine orthosperma L. (has a similar<br />
distribution to E. hydropiper), E. hungarica Moesz. (scattered<br />
distribution in eastern Europe).<br />
PHYLOGEOGrAPHY OF rAnunculus GlAciAlis L.<br />
– A COMPLEx rANGE HISTOrY OF AN ArCTIC-AL-<br />
PINE SPECIES<br />
Ronikier Michał 1 , Schönswetter Peter 2 . 1 Polish Academy of<br />
Sciences, Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland,<br />
m.ronikier@botany.pl; 2 University of Innsbruck, Institute<br />
of Botany, Dept. of Systematics, Palynology and Geobotany,<br />
15 Sternwartestraße St., 6020 Innsbruck, Austria<br />
Ranunculus glacialis is a stenotopic species occurring in the<br />
high-alpine areas and arctic habitats of Europe and in a small<br />
part of Beringia. In a detailed phylogeographical analysis based<br />
on chloroplast DNA variation, 19 haplotypes were identified in<br />
73 populations sampled throughout the whole range. Bayesian<br />
analysis indicated that the principal intraspecific differentiation<br />
comprised three distinct lineages which diverged at the onset of<br />
the main Pleistocene glaciations, ca. 1 mya. Further divergence<br />
occurred at several time horizons correlated with main glacial/<br />
interglacial cycles. Two of the main lineages display a rigorous<br />
geographical arrangement in the European populations (W Alps,<br />
Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada vs. E Alps, Carpathians, European Arctic).<br />
The third lineage has a highly divided distribution in Beringia<br />
and Central Europe (Carpathians). The internal divergence<br />
among these areas has been dated to 0.3 mya. The Alps constitute<br />
the most likely primary area of intraspecific differentiation, while<br />
the source area for the current third, disjunct lineage was located<br />
in Beringia. The phylogeographical structure indicates a relative<br />
stability of high-mountain distribution of lineages. This stability<br />
is in contrast to the dynamic colonisation of the arctic areas,<br />
which witnessed at least three long-distance migration waves.<br />
53
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
SPECIES OF THE GENUS rubus L. IN THE LOWEr<br />
VISTULA rEGION<br />
rutkowski Lucjan. Nicolaus Copernicus University, Institute<br />
of Ecology and Environment Protection, Department of Plant<br />
Taxonomy and Geography, 9 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland,<br />
lrutkow@umk.pl<br />
The genus Rubus L. includes a vast number of species, whose<br />
distribution in Poland is still not sufficiently known. Only from<br />
the southern part of Poland and from the Wielkopolska region<br />
were about 100 species recorded (not to mention local biotypes).<br />
In the Kujawsko-Pomorskie province (east of the upper part of<br />
Noteć river) and adjacent regions of Płock, Kwidzyn and Tczew<br />
up to the Żuławy plain, there were 1– 5 species in each ATPOL<br />
10 km grid square recorded (Zając A. and Zając M. (eds.) 2001;<br />
Zieliński 2004). Only two squares contained 7 species and one<br />
(Toruń) – as much as 8. The most common are Rubus idaeus<br />
and R. caesius. R.plicatus and R. saxatilis frequently occur<br />
locally, and in some sites R. nessensis, R. pedemontanus and<br />
R. corylifolius agg can also be found. Rubus fabrimntanus in<br />
known in one locality. In XIXth century R. scissus, R. gracilis<br />
and R. grabowskii were reported. My own survey launched in<br />
mid July 2009 brought about the discovery of over 50 new localities<br />
of a hybrid species Rubus x pseudidaeus in forests. In<br />
anthropogenic habitats, were found such alien species as, Rubus<br />
armeniacus (in sites of former cultivation) and R. laciniatus<br />
(young, occasionally still not flowering specimens near forest<br />
parking sites and gardens). Previously, the mentioned species<br />
were only recorded from several localities in the region. In recent<br />
years the presence of Rubus occidentalis has also been noticed.<br />
Voucher material of the other taxons will be completed<br />
during the flowering period.<br />
COMMUNITY WITH mAlus domesticA BOrKH.<br />
ANd Prunus CErAsiferA EHrH. – A NEW ASSO-<br />
CIATION IN NOrTH-EASTErN POLANd Or AN INI-<br />
TIAL PHASE OF THE crAtAeGo-Prunetum sPinosAe<br />
HUECK 1931?<br />
Sagehorn ruth. University of Vechta, Chair of Landscape<br />
Ecology, 30 Eichendorffweg St., D-49377 Vechta, Germany,<br />
ruth.sagehorn@mail.uni-vechta.de<br />
In the clearing of Białowieża (East Poland) the development of<br />
a plant community with Malus domestica Borkh. and Prunus<br />
cerasifera Ehrh. was observed. Stands of that type were documented<br />
by relevés (Braun-Blanqet 1964) and physiognomic description.<br />
As a light demanding Rosaceae species of the Prunetalia<br />
Tüxen 1952, they currently are colonizing the comparably<br />
young clearing of Białowieża (Łuczaj 1994). The question arises<br />
about whether this new community might be an initial stage of<br />
the Crataego-Prunetum spinosae Hueck 1931. The nearest occurrence<br />
of a Crataego-Prunetum spinosae is found about 100<br />
km south-west of Białowieża, in the valley of the Lower Bug.<br />
Relevés and physiognomic descriptions were taken for comparison<br />
from the communities in this landscape. Differences in species<br />
composition and the physiognomy of the two communities<br />
were shown. Additionally, modes of dispersal of the occurring<br />
woody species, the site (characterized by the indicator values<br />
of Ellenberg 1996) and the landscape history respectively, are<br />
discussed as reasons for the recorded differences. As a result,<br />
the hypothesis was formulated that the community with Malus<br />
domestica and Prunus cerasifera will only develop into a Crataego-Prunetum<br />
spinosae when influenced by management.<br />
A monitoring of the development of the scrub communities in<br />
the clearing of Białowieża is needed.<br />
54<br />
ANTHrOPOGENIC CONVErSIONS OF PLANT COVEr<br />
IN THE WErESZCZYCA rIVEr BASIN IN rOZTOCZE<br />
(WESTErN UKrAINE)<br />
Senczyna Bogdana1 , Dyguś Kazimierz H. 2 , Danyłyk Iwan3 ,<br />
Kagało Alexander3 . 1Ivan-Franko National University Lviv,<br />
41 Doroshenka St., 79000 Lviv, Ukraine, bsenchyna@ukr.net;<br />
2University of Ecology and Management, 14 Wawelska St.,<br />
02-061 Warsaw, Poland, dygus@wseiz.pl; 3Institute of Ecology<br />
of the Carpathians Ukrainian National Academy of Science,<br />
4 Kozelnytska St., 79026 Lviv, Ukraine, idm777@lviv.farlep.<br />
net; kagalo@mail.lviv.ua<br />
It was stated that peaty and marshy meadows in the Wereszyca<br />
river basin in the last 150 years underwent significant anthropogenic<br />
conversions. The main cause of those conversions<br />
was the lowering of the ground water level as a result of the<br />
agricultural drainage. The comparative analysis of data obtained<br />
from herbariums, literature and field investigations<br />
showed a significant impoverishment of rare genotypes of vascular<br />
flora from the hydrophyte group. In particular such species<br />
as Andromeda polifolia L., Carex dioica L., Corallorhiza<br />
trifida Chatel., Drosera anglica Huds., Juncus subnodulosus<br />
Schrank, Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich., Pedicularis sylvatica L.,<br />
Pinguicula vulgaris L., Salix myrtilloides L., Saxifraga hirculus<br />
L., Swertia perennis L. become totally extinct in the<br />
investigated area. As a result of progressive mezophytyzation<br />
and sylvatization, the areas of shrub and peaty plants and such<br />
plants as Betula humilis Schrank, Carex davalliana Smith,<br />
Drosera rotundifolia and mosses – and peatmoss, became<br />
smaller and smaller.<br />
INFLUENCE OF PASTUrAGE ON SUBALPINE VEG-<br />
ETATION IN THE CHOrNA HOrA rANGE: THE Ex-<br />
AMPLE OF TUrKUL’SKA POLONYNA MEAdOW<br />
Snopek Adam. Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW,<br />
Scientific Group for Environmental Protection, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, adamsnopek@gmail.com<br />
Phytosociological surveys were gathered in July 2007 in the<br />
Chorna Hora Range (Ukraine) subalpine zone, at areas still used<br />
for cattle grazing. The Phytosociological surveys were analyzed<br />
in comparison with surveys gathered in July 2008 at the Babia<br />
Góra massif, at similar areas excluded from grazing for about<br />
60 years. Analyses reveal a major diversity in the composition<br />
of plant communities (both dwarf pine thicket and substitutes)<br />
in Chorna Hora, compared to that of Babia Góra. The substitute<br />
communities in Chorna Hora proved to be much less speciphic<br />
than at Babia Góra, in spite of the fact that it had a major total<br />
number of species. Grazing has been recognized as a significant<br />
factor limiting occurrence of tall herb species characteristic for<br />
the Betulo-Adenostyletea class.<br />
ACTIVE PrOTECTION OF A SEMI-NATUrAL xErO-<br />
THErMIC GrASSLANd ON THE STUdY ArEA OF<br />
“GRoDZISKo” IN tHE oJCóW NAtIoNAL PARK<br />
Sołtys-Lelek Anna 1 , Barabasz-Krasny Beata 2 . 1 Ojców National<br />
Park, 32-047 Ojców 14, Poland; ana_soltys@wp.pl; 2 Pedagogical<br />
University, Institute of Biology, Department of Botany,<br />
3 Podbrzezie St., 31-054, Cracow, Poland, bbk@ap.krakow.pl<br />
In the early 1980’s in the Ojców National Park the first attempts<br />
to actively protect endangered xerothermic grasslands<br />
were undertaken. To 2007 active protection procedures covered<br />
26 refuges, which have a total area of about 16ha. When<br />
active protection of grassland became more widespread, monitoring<br />
of the effects of this protection was introduced, on the<br />
study area of “Grodzisko” among other places. After application<br />
of active protection on the mentioned study area, changes
of species quantity from different syntaxonomic groups were<br />
observed, which brought about the dynamic reconstruction of<br />
grass sward. Thanks to the systematic active protection procedures,<br />
typical floristic composition of grassland was restored.<br />
The number of species also increased to about 100 per 10m 2 .<br />
At the same time, the abundance of shrubs increased which<br />
may signal a transformation of this community towards the<br />
formation of thermophilic shrubs. Therefore, we concluded<br />
that to preserve the floristic richness of xerothermic grasslands<br />
it is important to have very low mowed turf, combined<br />
with complementry grubbing, expansively grown bushes (especially<br />
blackberries), and even to have the top layer of soil<br />
removed.<br />
THE EFFECT OF WILd BOAr (sus scrofA) rOOT-<br />
ING ON THE SOIL SEEd BANK OF A NATUrAL dE-<br />
CIdUOUS FOrEST (tilio-cArPinetum) – PrELIMI-<br />
NArY rESULTS<br />
Sondej Izabela. University of Szczecin, Department of Anatomy<br />
and Vertebrate Zoology, 13 Wąska St., 71-415 Szczecin,<br />
Poland, haliaeetus@wp.pl<br />
Animal activity can stimulate germination of seeds in soil seed<br />
banks by creating gaps in compact plant cover. The aim of this<br />
study was to assess the impact of wild boar rooting on the soil<br />
seed banks in a natural forest. Observations were carried out on<br />
a permanent plot (100 squares of 8m x 8m) in the strict zone of<br />
Białowieża National Park. Samples of the soil seed bank were<br />
taken from squares which showed varying intensities of rooting<br />
(frequency and the average percentage of damaged ground surface).<br />
Areas to be sampled were selected on the basis of archival<br />
data from the years 1975– 2007. Squares were divided into: low<br />
(series A), medium (series B) and strongly rooted (series C). Series<br />
of squares significantly (
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
INTErESTING SPECIES OF VASCULAr PLANTS OF<br />
THE CHOSEN EArTHWOrKS ANd CASTLES IN THE<br />
RABA, DUNAJEC AND WISŁoKA RIvER vALLEyS<br />
Suder donata, Towpasz Krystyna. Jagiellonian University,<br />
Institute of Botany, 27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland,<br />
donata.suder@gmail.com; towpasz@ib.uj.edu.pl<br />
The earthworks and ruins of castles are considered as biodiversity<br />
refuges in the agricultural landscape of Poland. Such castles<br />
and ruins are places where some very rare and interesting plant<br />
species occur. In the Polish Carpathians, castles and ruins are<br />
often the objects of archaeological research, but they have never<br />
been the area of detailed floristic and phytosociological studies.<br />
The vascular flora of 35 medieval fortress objects (24 earthworks<br />
and 11 castle ruins) and their immediate neighbourhood,<br />
was analysed from 2006 to 2010. All of them are located in the<br />
Raba, Dunajec and Wisłoka river valleys (Western Carpathians),<br />
in wooded and open areas. So far, 41 protected species<br />
and 15 species endangered in Poland, were recorded. Among the<br />
noted species there are relics of cultivation (e.g. Allium scorodoprasum,<br />
Lavatera thuringiaca, Leonurus cardiaca, Lithospermum<br />
officinale, Malva alcea, Origanum vulgare, Reseda<br />
luteola, Vinca minor, Viola odorata). There also occur species<br />
that are at the border of their range, e.g. Potentilla pusilla – one<br />
of the northernmost localities was found within the earthwork<br />
in Poznachowice Górne. Nepeta pannonica, a rare species in<br />
the Polish Carpathians, known in Poland mainly in the Dunajec<br />
river valley, was noted within the earthworks in Chełm and<br />
Poznachowice Górne. The revision of this taxa origin in Poland<br />
should also be conducted with prehistoric and medieval cultivation<br />
in mind.<br />
dIrECTIONS OF CHANGES IN THE STrUCTUrE OF<br />
THE FLOrA OF ABANdONEd rAILWAY ArEAS<br />
Sudnik-Wójcikowska Barbara 1 , Galera Halina 2 , Wierzbicka<br />
Małgorzata 3 , Wiłkomirski Bogusław 4 . University of<br />
Warsaw, Institute of Botany, 4 Ujazdowskie Av., 00-478 Warsaw,<br />
Poland, 1 barbara.sudnik@uw.edu.pl; 2 h.galera@uw.edu.pl;<br />
3 wierzbicka@biol.uw.edu.pl; 4 bowi@biol.uw.edu.pl<br />
In 2007– 2008 floristic studies were carried out in active railway<br />
areas in NE Poland, as well as on railway tracks which<br />
had been abandoned at different times (11 sites along operational<br />
railway tracks, 14 sites – abandoned less than 10 years<br />
ago and 16 sites – more than 10 years ago). Only homogeneous<br />
habitats were surveyed. The homogeneous habitats include<br />
the area between the tracks and a narrow transect parallel to<br />
the tracks. A total of 338 species were recorded. A relatively<br />
high number of woody plants was noted: 50 species of phanerophytes,<br />
mainly seedlings. Species richness was lowest on<br />
active railway tracks. Therophytes and aliens contributed significantly<br />
to the flora of active railway areas. Their role declined<br />
in just a few years after the closure of the railway lines.<br />
Comparison of the group of highly frequent species (frequency<br />
>50%) in the above 3 types of sites, confirms that the moment<br />
of abandonment is crucial for the composition of the flora. The<br />
spectrum of life forms and the spectrum of synanthropes, are<br />
different on active tracts and similar on tracts abandoned at<br />
different times. Similar tendencies were demonstrated for species<br />
occurring exclusively in 1 of the types of investigated railways.<br />
Trends in the transformation of the flora in abandoned<br />
railway areas were discussed: the retreat of aliens with a short<br />
life cycle, the encroachment of native perennials and an increase<br />
in the number of trees.<br />
56<br />
GrASSLANdS, FALLOWS ANd FOrESTS IN THE<br />
POST-MINING Zn-Pb ArEAS IN THE OLKUSZ OrE<br />
rEGION (S POLANd)<br />
Szarek-Łukaszewska Grażyna, Grodzińska Krystyna, Godzik<br />
Barbara. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany,<br />
46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland; g.szarek@botany.pl;<br />
k.grodzinska@botany.pl; b.godzik@botany.pl<br />
The Olkusz Ore Region (OOR), destroyed by a excavation of<br />
Zn-Pb ores is covered now by planted pine forest, spontaneously<br />
developed grasslands and fallows. The study was carried<br />
out in the OOR on 49 sites (441 plots). The sites were on sands<br />
and a mine waste which were rich in heavy metals. Vascular<br />
plants, mosses and lichens inventory with a coverage of particular<br />
species, was checked. A list of species were ordered with<br />
Wildi’s method (MU<strong>LV</strong>A). Grasslands are the most unique form<br />
for the OOR. On the mine waste they comprise species which<br />
tolerate a high concentration of heavy metals, low nutrients and<br />
a drought. Armeria maritima (ecotype), Silene vulgaris (ecotype),<br />
Biscutela laevigata, Rumex thyrsiflorus, Festuca ovina<br />
were the grasslands in the OOR. They represent the Armerietum<br />
halleri association. Grasslands on the sands are poorer floristically<br />
than the grasslands on the mine waste. Fallows build up<br />
species typical of meadows, grasslands and anthropogenic habitats.<br />
In the planted pine forests there were Festuca ovina and<br />
Cardaminopsis arenosa. Species of coniferous forest dominate<br />
on sands. Species of grasslands dominate on the mine waste.<br />
Forests were represented by communities of the Dicrano-Pinion<br />
alliance. We suggest a conservation of the vegetation typical for<br />
mining metalliferus areas because it increases biodiversity of<br />
the landscape and because mining areas are important objects of<br />
study. The study was financially supported by the Project EEA<br />
PL0265.<br />
GENETIC STrUCTUrE OF SELECTEd POPULATIONS<br />
OF PulsAtillA PAtens (L.) MILL.<br />
Szczecińska Monika, Sawicki Jakub, Hołdyński Czesław.<br />
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of<br />
Botany and Nature Protection, 1 Łódzki Sq., 10-727 Olsztyn,<br />
Poland, monika.szczecinska@uwm.edu.pl<br />
Pulsatilla patens is a rare and threatened component of Polish<br />
flora. It has been protected in Poland for 50 years, and it has<br />
recently been classified as endangered (E). Pulsatilla patens is<br />
a very early blooming species. The plant is already in bloom<br />
in March. It produces one to several dozen flowers pollinated<br />
mostly by members of the family Apidae. Most localities of<br />
P. patens can be found in north-eastern Poland, in the Provinces<br />
of Warmia and Mazury and Podlasie, as well as in the eastern<br />
part of the Province of Mazovia. The species is relatively rare in<br />
the south and west of Poland. As with the number of localities,<br />
the population size of P. patens in Poland also decreases from<br />
east to west. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic<br />
variability and to determine the genetic structure of selected<br />
P. patens populations in north-eastern Poland, using ISJ and<br />
ISSR markers. Genetic variability and structure were analyzed<br />
based on the data for 95 individuals representing five populations.<br />
The collection site of each individual was marked on the<br />
population map. The values of genetic variability obtained for<br />
P. patens were found to be higher than those reported for other<br />
rare and threatened plant species. The results of Principal Component<br />
Analysis (PCA) and population grouping by the Neighbor-Joining<br />
(NJ) method, indicate that individual plants within<br />
populations do not form a compact structure corresponding to<br />
their spatial distribution.
GENETIC dIVErSITY VErSUS MOrPHOLOGICAL<br />
VArIATION WITHIN THE melicA ciliAtA COM-<br />
PLEx (POACEAE)<br />
Szczepaniak Magdalena. Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer<br />
Institute of Botany, Department of Vascular Plant Systematics,<br />
46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland, m.szczepaniak@<br />
botany.pl<br />
The Melica ciliata complex comprises sub-Mediterranean-<br />
Euro-Asiatic taxa that occur in oceanic, open, rocky as well<br />
as steppe and steppe-forest habitats. The complex contains<br />
M. ciliata s. str., M. ciliata ssp. magnolii Husnot, M. taurica<br />
C. Koch, M. cretica Boiss. et Heldr. and M. transsilvanica s.<br />
l. Intra- and inter-taxa morphological and genetic variation<br />
was compared. Morphological markers have a lower efficiency<br />
level for revealing the phylogenetic and taxonomical relationships<br />
within the complex than AFLP markers. Morphological<br />
data sets, exhibit a high level of variability of M. ciliata<br />
L. s. str. and M. transsilvanica Schur s. str. and continuity of<br />
some morphological characters used as diagnostic in identification<br />
keys. However, these taxa are evidently genetically<br />
distinct and characterized by discriminating genetic markers.<br />
A considerable morphological variation and a very low genetic<br />
variation within Melica populations as well as a high genetic<br />
differentiation between populations, were observed. The scattered<br />
distribution of respective habitats and the predominant<br />
self breeding system, strengthen the effect of selection pressure<br />
on fixation of unique loci in individual populations and<br />
influence the genetic structure of the taxa.<br />
IN THE LANd OF SEdGES ANd rEEdS – CHANGES<br />
OF VEGETATION IN THE NArEW NATIONAL PArK<br />
IN 1962– 2004<br />
Szewczyk Monika. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences<br />
(ITP), Departament of Nature and Rural Landscape Protection,<br />
3 Hrabska Av., Falenty, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland, m.szewczyk@<br />
imuz.edu.pl<br />
The tendencies involved in vegetation changes and their potential<br />
causes for the changes in the Narew National Park, have<br />
been presented. Communities from classes: Phragmitetea,<br />
Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea,<br />
Koelerio glaucae-Corynephoretea canescentis and Nardo-<br />
Callunetea, have been studied. The quantitative and qualitative<br />
analysis of range changes, based on the actual vegetation<br />
map was used. This finding about the range changes, is a result<br />
of both, the Author’s own studies, and the verification of the<br />
older actual vegetation maps. The old maps show that changes<br />
in the area of the fen-meadow communities follow the changes<br />
in the hydrology of the valley. The old maps also show that<br />
changes follow the termination of the use of valley terrains.<br />
The expansion of Phragmites australis is the most strongly<br />
marked successive trend on the sites primarily filled by sedge<br />
rushes. The direction of reed spread is into meadows which<br />
are no longer used. The increase of the area of Glycerietum<br />
maximae, Phalaridetum arundinaceae and Caricetum gracilis<br />
phalaridetosum arundinaceae associations on the habitats previously<br />
occupied by the Caricetum elatae, is connected with<br />
declining river flood duration and extent. The area of the mosssedge<br />
communities has decreased in the edge zone of the valley.<br />
The vegetation changes occurred intensively in the 1980’s<br />
and 1990’s. The research conducted in the years 2000– 2004<br />
confirmed the continuity of the vegetation changes.<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
THE OCCUrrENCE OF cArex striGosA HUdS. IN<br />
tHE StRZyżoWSKIE footHILLS (WEStERN CAR-<br />
PATHIANS)<br />
Towpasz Krystyna, Stachurska-Swakoń Alina, Bartoszek<br />
Wacław. Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany, 27 Kopernika<br />
St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland; towpasz@ib.uj.edu.pl; alina.<br />
stachurska-swakon@uj.edu.pl; bartoszek@ib.uj.edu.pl<br />
Carex strigosa is an European species that occurs in the southern,<br />
western and central part of the continent. In Poland, the species<br />
reaches its north-eastern border of distribution. Only a few localities<br />
of the species were known until the 90’s of last century: Western<br />
Pomeranian and the Silesian Upland. The last few years have<br />
brought new discoveries of its distribution in Poland. Carex strigosa<br />
has some localities in Świętokrzyskie Mts and in lower altitudes<br />
in the Western Carpathians: on Carpathians Foothills and<br />
Beskidy Mts Carex strigosa is listed in “The Polish Reed Data<br />
Book of Plants” and “The Red Book of the Polish Carpathians”<br />
with a LR category of threat. It is listed as a rare species in “The<br />
Red List of Plants and Fungi in Poland”. Until now, the species<br />
was known only from one published locality in the Strzyżowskie<br />
Foothills: Nowa Wieś Czudecka and unpublished in Podzamcze<br />
near Jasło. During intensive phytosociological investigations last<br />
year, new localities were discovered in Kopaniny and Bukowa.<br />
Carex strigosa occurs here between 245– 315 m a.s.l. in the submontane<br />
ash forest Carici remotae-Fraxinetum. The species is<br />
treated as a character for the association. The occurrence of other<br />
character species were noted: Carex pendula, Equisetum telmateia<br />
as well as Veronica montana.<br />
GrASSLANd ECOSYSTEMS OF THE BOLIMOW OLd<br />
FOrEST. IS IT POSSIBLE TO SAVE THEM?<br />
Traut-Seliga Anna. State Higher Vocational School in Skierniewice,<br />
64C Batorego St., 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland, anna.<br />
traut@wp.pl<br />
The Bolimow Old Forest is interesting as a natural remnant of the<br />
old royal forests, known for having the last aurochs. Today Bolimow<br />
Old Forest is an important mainstay of biological diversity<br />
in Central Poland, protected within the many forms of nature<br />
conservation, such as landscape park, nature reserves, and the<br />
Natura 2000 sites. Nearly 1,000 species of vascular plants (including<br />
399 species of meadow plants) were found there. There<br />
are such valuable species as Iris sibirica, Trollius europaeus,<br />
Gentiana pneumonanthe, Dianthus superbus, Gladiolus imbricatus<br />
among them. There are 29 meadow plant communities, for<br />
instance Molinietum caeruleae, Junco-Molinietum, Polygono<br />
bistortae-Trollietum europaei, Arrhenatheretum elatioris. Due<br />
to the species richness and a relatively good state of preservation,<br />
numerous patches of these communities are eligible for<br />
protection as Natura 2000 sites. Because of changes in Polish<br />
agriculture richness, the meadows in the Bolimow Old Forest<br />
are highly threatened. Among the most important causes of<br />
negative changes are: the cessation of mowing and / or grazing,<br />
changes in the way the meadows are used, and a permanent<br />
reduction of the ground water level. Perhaps we can protect the<br />
meadows and glades of the Bolimow Old Forest under Natura<br />
2000 and the agri-environment programme.<br />
MONITOrING OF FOrEST COMMUNITIES ON THE<br />
PrE-CArPATHIAN HEIGHT (UKrAINE)<br />
Tretyak Platon. State Museum of Natural History of National<br />
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 18 Teatralna St., 79008 Lviv,<br />
Ukraine, platon.tretyak@gmail.com<br />
East Pre-Carpathian links the vegetation of deciduous forests of<br />
the Pontic-Pannonian Province and the mixed conífer-deciduous<br />
forests of Central Mountainious Province. Up to 2001, state<br />
57
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
forests occupied almost 123 thousand hectares. All trees which<br />
are 120 years old grow in a total area of more than 3.1 thousand<br />
ha. These were mainly oak and beech woods (550 ha) and also fir<br />
forests (210 ha). Careful research of the forest community in the<br />
Morshyn outskirts of the Pre-Carpathian was conducted before<br />
1937. A detailed description, and a geobotanical map 1:50000,<br />
were published. Now we are doing re-monitoring and conducting<br />
a phytosociological study, and special forest research. The<br />
results for transformation vegetation from the past 70 years<br />
has been defined. Team forest associations were created on the<br />
places of former cut down forests and young stands. These created<br />
team forest associations are: Galio-Carpinetum, Fageto-<br />
Carpinetum pilosetosum, Molinio arundinaceae-Quercetum<br />
roboris and Alneto glutinosa-Quercus robur-Carex elongata.<br />
There is a strong expansion of spruce and fir undergrowth in<br />
the deciduous forest tent. Also, climax forest stands aged 250<br />
years, remain. They are mainly wet acidophilic oak forests<br />
and original phytocoenoses Fraxinus excelsior-Ulmus glabra-<br />
Alliozo ursinum. Annual volume increase of the stems of such<br />
trees is retained to 200 years and reaches at least 0.1 m 3 . Close<br />
to the river bank were these fossil tree trunks: Quercus, Pinus,<br />
Ulmus, Betula, Picea, Taxus or Juniperus. Their age was set by<br />
the radio carbon method. It showed that they grew 1900– 2700<br />
years ago.<br />
rArE SYNANTHrOPIC PLANT SPECIES OF THE<br />
oPoCZyńSKIE HILLS<br />
trojecka-Brzezińska Anna. Jagiellonian Uniwesity, Institute<br />
of Botany, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography,<br />
27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland, ania.troj@op.pl<br />
The Opoczyńskie Hills (Małopolska Upland) are located to the<br />
East of the Pilica River near Tomaszów Mazowiecki. The Eastern<br />
part of this area of about 740 km 2 has been under investigation<br />
since 2007. The ATPOL cartogramme method using unit<br />
2,5 km was applied. 178 metaphyta and 66 diaphyta were noted.<br />
The status of some taxa and a number of apophyta have not been<br />
conclusively established. Railway tracks, goods and transhipment<br />
stations, fish breeding ponds and sand excavation provide<br />
the support for the rich growth of synantropic flora. The study<br />
covered selected plant species which are interesting because<br />
of their extent and habitat. Epecophyta – Artemisia austriaca,<br />
Chenopodium aristatum, Typha laxmanii, Oenothera victorinii<br />
and agriophyta – Chaerophylum aureum, Potentilla intermedia,<br />
Genistella sagittalis are among the kenophyta species deserving<br />
attention. Vicia lathyroides and Chamaenerion palustre<br />
are prominent among apophyta. The observed tendendency to<br />
spread and the establishement of the species Alchemilla mollis<br />
and Euphorbia taurinensis could give the grounds for changing<br />
their geographical – historical status from ephemerophyta<br />
to epecophyta in the flora of Poland.<br />
CHArACTErISTICS OF lilium mArtAGon L. POPU-<br />
LATIONS ON CENTrAL POMErANIA<br />
Truchan Mariola, Sobisz Zbigniew. Pomeranian Academy,<br />
Department of Botany and Genetics, 22b Arciszewskiego St.,<br />
76-200 Słupsk, Poland, truchan@apsl.edu.pl, sobisz@apsl.<br />
edu.pl<br />
Population surveys of L. martagon in Łasin Koszaliński, Zaleskie,<br />
Ciemino were conducted in the years 2007– 2009.<br />
Edaphic and phytocenotic conditions were described. Plants<br />
were characterized in terms of six individual characters. Population<br />
density expressed in the number of plants per 1 m2 and<br />
mean stocking density defined by the value of Lloyd’s index,<br />
were determined. The type of spatial structure was determined<br />
based on cartographic documentation and the calculated coefficient<br />
of dispersion. The phytosociological structure of the community<br />
with L. martagon, in former manor parks, is not typical<br />
58<br />
of this community’s natural habitats. This is confirmed by the<br />
relatively high proportion of synanthropic species, which was<br />
obviously caused by the anthropogenic character of this locality.<br />
Turk’s cap lily was found in mineral soil, well-supplied in<br />
nitrogen and phosphorus, with acid reaction (from strongly acid<br />
pH = 3.28 to acid pH = 4.74). It seems that the acid soil reaction<br />
of the substrate does not have an effect on growth, foliage and<br />
flowering of L. martagon, as it was suggested by many authors<br />
in their studies. Specimens of L. martagon were characterized<br />
by a considerabe height, and the number of leaves and flowers<br />
on the shoot, compared to the respective values from natural<br />
habitats reported by many authors. The observed populations do<br />
not seem to be threatened in the near future.<br />
symPhyotrichum ciliAtum (LINdL.) NESOM IN<br />
POLANd – CArYOLOGY ANd dISTrIBUTION<br />
Tucharz Marta 1 , Nobis Marcin 2 , Nobis Agnieszka 2 . Jagiellonian<br />
University, Institute of Botany, 24 Gołębia St., 31-007<br />
Cracow, Poland; 1 Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology,<br />
52 Grodzka St., 31-044 Cracow, Poland, marta.tucharz@<br />
uj.edu.pl; 2 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography,<br />
27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland<br />
Symphyotrichum ciliatum is a species from the Asteraceae family.<br />
Its systematical position was determined in the 1990s on the<br />
basis of a taxonomical revision and caryological studies. Currently,<br />
S. ciliatum is considered to be native to floras of North<br />
America, Siberia and Central Asia. In the area of Poland, occurrence<br />
of the species was recorded for the first time in the early<br />
1980s. The authors present data on the distribution of S. ciliatum,<br />
illustrated with the use of the ATPOL grid square system,<br />
as well as information on habitats overgrown by the species<br />
within Poland. Moreover, the study comprises the first results of<br />
caryological analyses performed for specimens originating from<br />
this country. The chromosome number of plants, collected at the<br />
site of Harasiuki, was identified by means of root tip squashing,<br />
performed for seedlings germinated from seeds acquired in situ.<br />
Slides, after being subjected to DAPI staining, were analyzed<br />
under a fluorescence microscope and the chromosome number<br />
of 2n = 2x = 14 was determined. Caryological studies conducted<br />
by the authors unequivocally confirm the occurrence of S. ciliatum<br />
in Central Europe.<br />
xErOTHErMIC PLANTS OF THE POPrAd rAVINE<br />
IN tHE BESKID SąDECKI MtS (WEStERN CAR-<br />
PATHIANS)<br />
Tyc Anna. Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany, Department<br />
of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography, 27 Kopernika St.,<br />
31-501 Cracow, Poland, anna.tyc@uj.edu.pl<br />
The Poprad ravine stands out from the whole Beskid Sądecki<br />
Mt. range (Western Carpathians) because of its floristic biodiversity<br />
and xerothermic plants occurrence. This biodiversity is<br />
caused by a dominant southern exposure of the valley slopes,<br />
calcium carbonate rich soils and a very gentle microclimate.<br />
In the years from 2003– 2009 detailed floristic studies, focused<br />
also on xerothermic species, were carried out in the Poprad<br />
ravine, between Muszyna and Życzanów. These xerothermic<br />
plants are considered belonging to the class Festuco-Brometea<br />
and its syntaxa. Twenty-one such species were found, e.g.<br />
Ajuga genevensis, Anthemis tinctoria, Melica transsilvanica,<br />
Stachys germanica and Thlaspi perfoliatum. In the Poprad valley<br />
there are also localities of many plants that are regarded as<br />
xerothermic, however, they do not belong to the class Festuco-<br />
Brometea, e.g. Cerinthe minor. Xerothermic plants grow on<br />
the steep slopes of the Poprad ravine, nevertheless they do not<br />
create typical dry grasslands. Moreover, due to the expansion<br />
of Prunus spinosa their participation in natural habitats decreases.
PLANT COVEr OF SEGMENTS OF THE BYdGOSZCZ<br />
CANAL BE SUBOrdINATING dIFFErENTIAL AN-<br />
TrOPOGENIC<br />
Waldon Barbara, Hoffmann renata, Ratyńska Halina. Kazimierz<br />
Wielki University, Institute of Environmental Biology,<br />
12 Ossolińskich St., 85-093 Bydgoszcz, Poland, waldon@ukw.<br />
edu.pl, renata_hoffmann@O2.pl, harat@ukw.edu.pl<br />
The Bydgoszcz Canal join Noteć with Brda River and indirectly<br />
also Odra with Vistula River. Construction began in 1773 and<br />
then it was modernized many times. At present the Bydgoszcz<br />
Canal is 34 kilometres long and is an important element of hydrological<br />
network in the region.The Bydgoszcz Canal does not,<br />
however, perform an essential function as a water route. Its aesthetic<br />
value is of great importance and it is the plant cover that<br />
creates its aesthetic value. The Bydgoszcz Canal and its margins<br />
are characterized by rich flora and plant communities. 279 species<br />
of vascular plants and 75 plant communities have been<br />
identified. The flow cuts through the urbanized zone in Bydgoszcz<br />
and the agricultural landscape. Depending on the degree of<br />
transformation of the immediate surroundings of the Bydgoszcz<br />
Canal, both quantitative and qualitative composition is changing.<br />
The poorest floristically is the most transformed and urban<br />
segment but the richest is the meadow landscape part. Number<br />
of taxa is bigger on margins (250) than in the Bydgoszcz Canal<br />
(40). In every part of the Bydgoszcz Canal the native species<br />
of plants dominate. Lots of kenophytes have been found in all<br />
flow, only in urban zone archaeophytes are in large numbers.<br />
Similar observations relate to the plant communities. Number of<br />
syntaxa is much bigger on flow margins. In the Bydgoszcz Canal,<br />
the natural communities, mainly auxochoric, are the most<br />
frequently observed.<br />
COMPArISON OF VEGETATION IN FOrEST PONdS<br />
LoCAtED IN tHE GoLENIóW foRESt AND LAKE-<br />
LANd KrAJENSKIE<br />
Waldon Barbara 1 , Raniszewska Małgorzata 2 . 1 Kazimierz<br />
Wielki University, Department of Botany, 30 Chodkiewicza St.,<br />
85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland, waldon@ukw.edu.pl; 2 Westpomeranian<br />
University of Technology in Szczecin, 17 Słowackiego St.,<br />
71-434 Szczecin, Poland, malgorzata_raniszewska@yahoo.de<br />
Ponds located in forested areas are characterized by low abundance<br />
of flora and plant communities, compared to the tanks<br />
located in rural areas. This is due, inter alia, to the specific conditions<br />
of light and the strong isolation of the ponds in relation<br />
to areas which undergo heavy change. Among the forest ponds<br />
the highest species richness and diversity of plant communities<br />
are the ponds in pine woods. In the agricultural landscape of<br />
Lakeland Krajenski, forests occupy only 17% of the area and<br />
are concentrated in the central part of the region. These are<br />
mainly small fragments of forest surface habitats with swamp<br />
forests, alder, ash-alder and elm-ash. Only in the north-west of<br />
Lakeland Krajenski are there oak and beech forests. Goleniów<br />
Forest is a forest complex located in Goleniowska Plain, where<br />
forests cover almost 60% of the surface. The studies included<br />
the southern part of 487.47 km 2 , located in a watershed between<br />
two rivers: Płonia (south-west) and Ina (from the north and east).<br />
The majority of the habitat are pine woods, but an oak forest is<br />
situated peripherally (to the east) and beech forest (on the south).<br />
The aim of this study is to compare the vegetation of forest water<br />
reservoirs which are located in separate and different geobotanical<br />
regions, with the history of the different land uses.<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
MOUNTAIN PLANT MIGrATIONS IN CENTrAL EUrOPE<br />
ON THE ExAMPLE OF PHYLOGEOGrAPHIC<br />
STUdIES ON ArAbidoPsis hAlleri<br />
Wąsowicz Paweł1 , Pauwels Maxime2 , Rostański Adam1 ,<br />
Saumitou-Laprade Pierre2 . 1University of Silesia, Faculty of<br />
Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Plant<br />
Systematics, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland,<br />
pawasowicz@gmail.com; 2Université des Sciences et Technologies<br />
de Lille, Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations<br />
Végétales, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France<br />
Arabidopsis halleri is a Central European mountain species<br />
occurring in Alps, Carpathians, Sudetes and Harz Mountains.<br />
Several studies were carried out in recent years in order to gain<br />
a better understanding of the phylogeographic patterns of the<br />
species. Results of these studies have shown that the natural<br />
range of A. halleri is geographically structured. But the studies<br />
have not enabled us to formulate detailed hypotheses on A. halleri<br />
postglacial migration routes in Central Europe. We carried<br />
out research on populations located in Sudetes, Southern Germany,<br />
and Carpathians in order to establish A. halleri migration<br />
routes within this area and to locate possible glacial refugia<br />
of the species. In our study we used three non-coding regions<br />
of cpDNA: the trnK intron (trnK1-trnK2), and two intergenic<br />
regions (trnC–trnD and psbC–trnS) as well as ten nuclear microsatellite<br />
loci. Results have shown that the Central European<br />
range of A. halleri is structured in four major groups. Our<br />
results revealed three main routes of postglacial expansion in<br />
Central Europe. We have also located possible glacial refugia<br />
for the species.<br />
cArex flAvA COMPLEx IN POLANd. PrELIMINArY<br />
rESULTS<br />
Więcław Helena. University of Szczecin, Department of Plant<br />
Taxonomy and Phytogeography, 13 Wąska St, 71-415 Szczecin,<br />
Poland, wieclawh@univ.szczecin.pl<br />
Among European sedges, the Carex flava complex is one of<br />
the most critical, with many vaguely defined taxa. Delimitation<br />
of segregates is difficult and ambiguous due to the observed<br />
morphological variability and frequent hybridization.<br />
Only C. flava is a morphologically well-defined taxon. It is<br />
usually easily recognized. The classification of C. lepidocarpa,<br />
C. demissa and C. oederi into the category of species or<br />
subspecies is still under discussion. The study was conducted<br />
on the living and herbarium specimens (BNPH, BYDG,<br />
DRAPN, KRFB, KTC, KTU, LBLM, OLTC, OPOL, PBMA,<br />
POZ, SPNH, UGDA, WA, ZAMU) from Poland. Initially 50<br />
morphological characters were estimated for 1500 fruiting<br />
specimens. The most important characters differentiating the<br />
taxa concern the inflorescences: the number and placement of<br />
spikes, the size of the perigynium and its beak, and the size of<br />
the bract. Initially 7 taxa were distinguished; 3 at the species<br />
level, 2 at the subspecies level, and 2 hybrid taxa. Phytosociological<br />
and habitat preferences of the members of ther C.<br />
flava group were characterized. Comments on nomenclature<br />
and taxonomy were given. A key to the determination of taxa<br />
on the basis of detailed descriptions of morphology, was proposed.<br />
Acknowledgments. I thank the curators for providing<br />
herbarium sheets of the Carex flava complex.<br />
59
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
THrEATS ANd CONSErVATION OPPOrTUNITIES<br />
FOr THE WATEr ANd SWAMP VEGETATION IN THE<br />
BIAŁA RIvER vALLEy (tHE SILESIAN footHILLS,<br />
tHE oŚWIęCIM BASIN)<br />
Wilczek Zbigniew 1 , Maśka Magdalena 2 . Uniwersity of Silesia,<br />
Department of Geobotany and Nature Protection, 28 Jagiellońska<br />
St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland, 1 zbigniew.wilczek@<br />
us.edu.pl; 2 jeremymk@wp.pl<br />
Biała River Valley is an ecological corridor which joins the<br />
Silesian Beskid Mountains with the Vistula River Valley. Between<br />
2007– 2008 surveys of the water and swamp vegetation<br />
were conducted. Six plant communities and 32 associations<br />
were distinguished and described in general. There are species<br />
which are protected and rare on a regional scale, such as:<br />
Najas minor, Ranunculus aquatilis, Salvinia natans, Trapa<br />
natans, Utricularia vulgaris, Nuphar lutea. These species<br />
provide the evidence confirming the high botanical value of<br />
this area. The studied area was considered at risk and exposed<br />
to many negative phenomena associated with human activities.<br />
The biggest anthropopressure within the described area is<br />
observed in the exploitation range of the Coal Mine “Silesia”<br />
in Czechowice-Dziedzice. A sewage treatment plant AQUA<br />
SA “Komorowice” also has a negative influence on the vegetation.<br />
The sewage plant uses some of the ponds to excess<br />
biogenic elements. Currently, in the study area, there is only<br />
one nature conservation form – a protected landscape area. In<br />
order to protect the water and swamp vegetation as well as the<br />
maintenance of the landscape beauty, additional forms of protection<br />
have been proposed. They are: 2 nature and landscape<br />
complexes and 3 areas of ecological use which will effectively<br />
protect the biodiversity in the Biała River Valley.<br />
dIVErSITY ANd CONSErVATION OF FOrESTS IN<br />
THE UPPEr VISTULA VALLEY<br />
Wilczek Zbigniew, Romańczyk Michał. Silesian University,<br />
Department of Geobotany and Nature Protection, 28 Jagiellońska<br />
St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland; zbigniew.wilczek@us.edu.pl;<br />
m_romanczyk@o2.pl<br />
The Upper Vistula Valley is a mesoregion of the Oświęcim Basin<br />
whose range follows the Vistula river from Skoczów to Zator.<br />
The natural environment of this region has been strongly transformed<br />
as a result of colonization, agriculture, breeding-pond<br />
management and industry in the subsequent centuries. These<br />
changes are especially visible in relation to the forest phytocoenoses<br />
(decrease of their area, isolation of patches and transformation<br />
of their structure and floristic composition). Ten forest<br />
phytocoenoses have been found in the Upper Vistula Valley<br />
as a result of the phytosociological studies conducted between<br />
2005 and 2009. The phytocoenoses are: Salicetum albo-fragilis,<br />
Populetum albae, Ribeso nigri-Alnetum, Leucobryo-Pinetum,<br />
Molinio (caeruleae)-Pinetum, Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum,<br />
Querco roboris-Pinetum, Calamagrostio villosae-Pinetum,<br />
Fraxino-Alnetum and Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli. The<br />
forests of the Upper Vistula Valley are insufficiently protected.<br />
Only 3 nature reserves have been created until now. These are:<br />
the “Żaki” and “Przeciszów” reserves (oak-hornbeam-linden<br />
forests), the “Rotuz” reserve (peat-bog pine forest) and the one<br />
natural-landscape complex named: “The Soła River Valley”<br />
(alluvial forests). Many more nature reserves and natural-landscape<br />
complexes should be created for complete conservation of<br />
the remnants of valuable forest communities which are characteristic<br />
for this region.<br />
60<br />
ALTErATIONS OF FLOrA OF CONTEMPOrArY<br />
ABANdONEd HUMAN SETTLEMENTS<br />
Woch Marcin W. University of Warsaw, Department of Bioarcheology,<br />
26/28 Krakowskie Przedmieście St., 00-927 Warsaw,<br />
Poland, jurania@o2.pl<br />
The issue of the re-naturalization of the places of former human<br />
settlements is one of the important problems of anthropogenic<br />
changes in plant cover. In 2004– 2009 spontaneous floristic<br />
changes in 3 types of small settlements situated in forested areas<br />
(and ca. their 1 km surroundings) were studied. These settlements<br />
were abandoned in 1914, then between 1960 and 1970<br />
they were under management. The studied settlements were<br />
located in the west Małopolska region. The occurrence of 526<br />
taxa of vascular plants was reported, out of them 24 have strict<br />
legal protection and 8 are partly legally protected species. In<br />
the formerly most disturbed places, 14 strictly and 7 partly protected<br />
species were stated. About 40 years after abandonment,<br />
woody species like Cephalanthera rubra, Daphne mezereum<br />
and Epipactis helleborine were on ruined buildings and their<br />
near surroundings. The persistence of hemikryptophyte and<br />
geophyte floristic relicts of agriculture such as: Aster x salignus,<br />
Dianthus barbatus and Narcissus jonquilla is long, but they<br />
are not expansive. Fanerophytes like Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus<br />
domestica and Spiraea x pseudosalicifolia are invasive. In<br />
the course of time the share of anthropophytes decreased from<br />
22% at still managed settlements to 16% after 50 years, and to<br />
6% after 100 years. The contributions of wind-dispersed and<br />
human-dispersed species also decreased. Animal-dispersed and<br />
long-lived plants predominate. If the areas of settlements are<br />
small and surrounded by slightly disturbed forests, their flora<br />
is composed of expansive apophytes that are replaced by forest<br />
plants of the Querco-Fagetea class, relatively quickly after<br />
abandonment.<br />
CHANGES of tHE fLoRA of BIAŁoWIEżA NAtIoN-<br />
AL PArK<br />
Wołkowycki Dan, Wołkowycki Marek. Technical University<br />
of Białystok, The Department of Environmental Protection<br />
and Management, 45 Wiejska St., 15-351 Białystok, Poland,<br />
d.wolkowycki@pb.edu.pl<br />
The studies on the distribution and the population of endangered<br />
vascular plants and/or protected by law in Poland, were<br />
conducted in the Białowieża National Park in 2009. Only 71<br />
out of 109 of the previously known species from the Park, were<br />
found. A significant decrease in the number of localities of many<br />
other species was found out. The main reasons for the decline<br />
of the floristic richness of the Białowieża National Park are: the<br />
degeneration and the shrinkage of the non-forest habitats like<br />
meadows and fens with small sedge and brown moss communities,<br />
because of the changes of water conditions, the cessation<br />
of mowing, the secondary succession and the eutrophisation as<br />
well as the transformations of the forests of pine or mixed, light<br />
treelayer.<br />
ANTHrOPOGENIC FACTOrS dIrECTLY ANd/Or INdIrECTLY<br />
INFLUENCING THE THE dEVELOPMENT<br />
OF SHrUB ANd FOrEST VEGETATION IN PEATLANd<br />
ArEAS<br />
Woziwoda Beata. University of Łódź, Department of Geobotany<br />
and Plant Ecology, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland,<br />
woziwoda@biol.uni.lodz.pl<br />
The work presents the changes of land use forms and natural<br />
and anthropogenic changes of plant vegetation in the peatland<br />
areas in the River Warta valley (the areas located near the<br />
“Jeziorsko” water reservoir). The development of shrub and
forest communities, which took place over a 200-year period<br />
are focused on in the study. In the 19th and 20th centuries drastic<br />
and usually irreversible anthropopressure-related changes<br />
occured in the habitat of petlands. In the past peat deposits<br />
were dug. The peat was used mainly as a source of energy for<br />
domestic use. The larger part of the degraded peatlands with<br />
partially saved peat seams were classified as wastelands. They<br />
were abandoned and excluded from any management. The peat<br />
peats have become slowly overgrown by rushes as a result of<br />
the natural development of vegetation, or (rarely) they were<br />
changed into fishing ponds. The significant land reclamation<br />
of wetlands enabled their afforestation with alder trees Alnus<br />
glutinosa or with Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris. At present<br />
shrub and forest communities occupy most of peatland areas.<br />
The study was financially supported by the Polish Ministry<br />
for Science and Higher Education, Research project No. N305<br />
091 32/3125<br />
THE FLOrA OF VASCULAr PLANTS OF THE UPPEr<br />
COUrSE OF THE rAWKA rIVEr ANd THE dEGrEE<br />
OF THE rIVEr’S TrANSFOrMATION<br />
Zając Izabela1 , Kucharski Leszek2 . University of Łódź, Department<br />
of Nature Conservation, 1/3 Banacha St., 90-237<br />
Łódź, Poland; 1izabela.zajac85@gmail.com; 2kuchar@biol. uni.lodz.pl<br />
Rawka is one of few rivers in the Lodz region with a natural<br />
riverbed. The entire river is under legal protection as a nature<br />
reserve. Despite its high natural attractiveness, it was not yet the<br />
subject of detailed floristic studies. In 2008– 2009 an inventory<br />
of the vascular flora of the upper course of this river valley was<br />
conducted. The inventory included the 26 km stretch of river<br />
between the towns Wierzchy and Kochanów, together with all<br />
its tributaries. Analysis of the flora of the valley has revealed the<br />
presence of 386 taxa of vascular plants. They belong to 7 groups<br />
of habitat, with the most abundant species from mesophilic and<br />
riparian forest habitats. Valuable components of the flora are<br />
23 species of protected and rare plants, including: Epipactis<br />
palustris, Dactylorhiza majalis, Daphne mezereum and Lilium<br />
martagon. Moreover, 60 species of foreign origin were noted,<br />
with 19 invasive plants. Among them are: Solidago gigantea,<br />
Reynoutria sachalinensis and Impatiens parviflora. The flora of<br />
the studied area is most transformed in the stretch from Rewica<br />
to Lubiska<br />
FLOrISTIC FOUNdATIONS OF THE GEOBOTANICAL<br />
dIVISION OF POLANd<br />
Zając Maria, Zając Adam. Jagiellonian University, Institute<br />
of Botany, 27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland, maria.<br />
zajac@uj.edu.pl<br />
Geobotanical division is based on two general conditions – floristic<br />
and plant communities. In Poland the geobotanical division<br />
proposed by Szafer and Pawłowski (1972) is still used. We wish<br />
to raise a question. Does the present state of knowledge of general<br />
ranges of vascular plants, allow for using this floristic criterion<br />
in the geobotanical division of Poland? In the hierarchical<br />
geobotanical division of Poland, Szafer and Pawłowski (1972)<br />
distinguished three provinces: Lowland-Highland, Centraleuropean;<br />
Mountain, Centraleuropean; Pontic-Pannonian. The first<br />
two provinces have good floristic documentation. Series of species<br />
can be pointed to as having characteristic ranges for the<br />
2 provinces and the surrounding province area. The problem<br />
is with the third province. Only five species could be said to<br />
be characteristic of the third province. Three of them (Ajuga<br />
chia, Chamaecytisus albus, Echium russicum) occur within its<br />
borders, but the other two (Peucedanum alsaticum, Veratrum<br />
nigrum) have broader ranges. The lower units, as for example<br />
divisions in Lower-Highland Province, have enough good flo-<br />
Geobotany and Plant Cover Conservation<br />
ristic grounds. The Northern Division, that was our object of<br />
research (Zając M., Zając A. 2001), has many characteristic species.<br />
It is worth emphasizing that the border line made by Szafer<br />
is well confirmed until now. In the Mountain Province two divisions:<br />
Carpathian and Hercynian-Sudetic are well distinguished<br />
in floristic aspects.<br />
WHY dO OAKS dEVELOP LEAVES LATE IN THE<br />
SPrING?<br />
Zakrzewski Jacek1 , Marciszewska Katarzyna1 , Pstrągowska<br />
Małgorzata2 . Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW,<br />
159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, 1Division of Forest Botany, jacek.zakrzewski@wl.sggw.pl, katarzyna.<br />
marciszewska@wl.sggw.pl; 2Department of Environment Protection,<br />
mbmp@tlen.pl<br />
Oak, like other species with ring-porous xylem, has an extremely<br />
efficient system of water transport in the form of a network<br />
of big vessels of early wood, with a diameter of up to 500<br />
µm and a length of several metres. However, during the winter<br />
in these big vessels air bubbles separating from chilled xylem<br />
sap appear, and, in the following springtime, they successfully<br />
block the flow of water. That is why, to survive, each spring<br />
ring-porous trees with big vessels in early wood have to build<br />
from cambium a new network which will enable the flow of<br />
water from roots to canopy. Anatomical research shows that<br />
a new network is formed on the surface of the whole trunk<br />
when environmental conditions (humidity and temperature)<br />
enable renewed cambium activity and wood differentiation. In<br />
our climate zone this usually happens around the end of May.<br />
Only then, after activating the water transport in the new vessels,<br />
can sprouting young leaves and other stages of seasonal<br />
growth be observed. These phenomena present to us life strategies<br />
of trees, one of them is the role of cambium in growth<br />
adaptation in temperate zone.<br />
PotAmoGeton HYBrIdS IN POLANd – THE ACTUAL<br />
STATE OF KNOWLEdGE<br />
Zalewska-Gałosz Joanna. Jagiellonian University, Institute<br />
of Botany, 27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland, joanna.<br />
zalewska-galosz@uj.edu.pl<br />
After 9 years from the first account, the actual facts concerning<br />
Potamogeton hybrids belonging to the Polish flora, are now presented.<br />
The presented account is based on field investigations<br />
and subsequent molecular studies. Hybrid identification based<br />
on morphology, anatomy and molecular features, as well as its<br />
distribution and habitat preferences in Poland, are discussed.<br />
Altogether, 11 Potamogeton hybrids were proved to occur or<br />
occurred in the past in Poland. One, namely P. × nericius was<br />
incorrectly reported before. The majority of the hybrids belong<br />
to the broad-leaved Potamogeton taxa, only P. × bambergensis<br />
is linear-leaved.<br />
P. × angustifolius, P. × fluitans, P. × nitens and P. × salicifolius<br />
are the most frequent while the others belong to the rarest elements<br />
of Polish flora, with one to three stations in Poland. Observed<br />
frequency is consistent with reports from other European<br />
countries. Three hybrids recorded in neighbouring Germany<br />
(P. × cooperi, P. ×gessnacensis and P. ×schreberi) and Czech<br />
(P. × cooperi and P. × schreberi) have not been discovered in<br />
Poland yet. This can indicate that the knowledge on aquatic flora<br />
in our country is still incomplete.<br />
61
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
THEOrETICAL ANd PrACTICAL ASPECTS OF PrES-<br />
ErVATION FOr THErMOPHILOUS OAK FOrESTS<br />
Załuski tomasz. Nicolaus Copernicus University, Department<br />
of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium<br />
Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie St.,<br />
85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland, tzaluski@cm.umk.pl<br />
Thermophilous oak forests, including Potentillo albae-Quercetum<br />
are one of the most endangered elements of Polish forest<br />
vegetation. Therefore, ecological research and practical methods<br />
of protection in accordance with the performance of standard<br />
forms of forest management are still required. Research of<br />
species composition and the structure of varying in age phytocoenoses<br />
of thermophilous oak forests’ Potentillo albae-Quercetum<br />
was carried out in Urszulewo Plain, Płock Basin and the<br />
Gniezno Lake District. Selected habitat parameters were analyzed,<br />
including light conditions, soil humidity and thickness of<br />
organic horizon. It was noted that along with the passage of time<br />
and age, the phytocoenoses form disadvantageous light conditions<br />
for heliophilous and thermophilous plants. The thickness<br />
of the organic horizon, formed mainly by oak leaf-fall, is also<br />
successively increasing, which favours maintaining higher soil<br />
humidity. Strongly developed litter does not create favourable<br />
conditions for generative reproduction of the plants and limits<br />
vegetative growth of some of them. On the basis of the results<br />
and long-standing observation, a scheme of Potentillo albae-<br />
Quercetum phytocoenoses transformations was drawn up. The<br />
main forms of active protection in economically managed forests<br />
were proposed.<br />
THE INFLUENCE OF ANTHrOPOGENIC LINEAr<br />
STrUCTUrES ON THE SPECIES dIVErSITY OF FOrEST<br />
FLOrA<br />
Zielińska Katarzyna1 , Jóźwiak Zofia2 , Zielińska Alicja 3 .<br />
University of Łódź, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland,<br />
1Departament of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, kziel@biol.uni.<br />
lodz.pl; 2School of Polish for Foreigners, Team of Mathematicians,<br />
21/23 Matejki St., 90-231 Łódź, Poland; 3Academy of<br />
Management, 9 Sienkiewicza St., 90-113 Łódź, Poland<br />
The research aimed to analyse the way in which certain anthropogenic<br />
linear structures (drainage ditches, roadside ditches<br />
and trenches) lying in the area of forest communities influence<br />
their flora diversity. The research encompassed different forest<br />
complexes in the area of Central Poland. The field investigation<br />
involved making lists of the flora with the degree of particular<br />
species coverage; in the plots in the ditches and in surround-<br />
62<br />
ing forest communities. A comparison between the flora of the<br />
ditches and the flora of the surrounding phytocenoses showed<br />
a significant influence of the ditches on the forests species diversity.<br />
The Shannon diversity index of the plots within the ditches<br />
showed a value of 1.7, of the plots within the forests a value of<br />
1.1. With the use of a simple mathematical index, named the<br />
index of habitat disturbances value, a percentage contribution of<br />
species occurring only in the disturbed habitats was determined.<br />
In half of the researched plots such contribution amounted to<br />
30%. The distribution of the abovementioned index occurred to<br />
be normal (χ 2 test for normality, α = 0,05), and that in turn led<br />
to the conclusion that different types of ditches within the forest<br />
complexes of Central Poland, enrich the vascular flora species<br />
richness by 31– 39%.<br />
LONG-TErM dYNAMICS OF THE Equisetum PrAtensE<br />
PoPULAtIoN IN tHE BIAŁoWIEżA PRIMEvAL<br />
FOrEST<br />
żywiec Magdalena 1 , Jaroszewicz Bogdan 2 , Pirożnikow Ewa 3 .<br />
1 Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St.,<br />
31-512 Cracow, Poland, m.zywiec@botany.pl; 2 University of<br />
Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station,<br />
19 Sportowa St., 17-230 Białowieża, Poland, b.jaroszewicz@<br />
uw.edu.pl; 3 University of Białystok, Institute of Biology, 20B<br />
Świerkowa St., 15-950 Białystok, Poland, epir@uwb.edu.pl<br />
It seems interesting how long-lived perennial plants persist in<br />
the forest understory for many years. Long-term studies are<br />
scarce. There is an especially limited amount of information<br />
about genus Equisetum. The aim of this study was the recognition<br />
of long-time changes in abundance of Equisetum pratense<br />
ramets and to examine possible causes of those changes. The<br />
base of the data for this study were photos of a forest understory<br />
in the oak-lime-hornbeam forest (Tilio-Carpinetum) in the<br />
Białowieża Primeval Forest collected in the years 1972– 1998.<br />
In 27 years of research the range of E. pratense density was<br />
5– 38 vegetative ramets per square meter. Although there was<br />
considerable decrease of forest canopy cover in the study period,<br />
there was no significant correlation between the density<br />
of E. pratense and canopy cover. Whereas, there were some<br />
relationships between E. pratense and microclimatological<br />
data. There was significant correlation between the density of<br />
E. pratense and duration of snow cover period. There was no<br />
correlation between the density E. pratense and temperatures<br />
of any month in the beginning of a year, but significant correlations<br />
were found with temperatures of the last months of<br />
the previous year.
History of Botany
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
PLANT SPECIES OF rUSTIC GArdENS IN THE CIT-<br />
IES AND MUNICIPALItIES of ożARóW<br />
Andryka Aleksandra. Jagiellonian University, Institute of<br />
Botany, 27 Kopernika St., 35-501 Cracow, Poland, andryka@<br />
wp.pl<br />
The presentation concerns plants in rustic gardens situated near<br />
households. The term rustic means old-fashioned, rural, country<br />
(Kopaliński 2000). Since the end of XVIIth century more<br />
and more rustic gardens were encountered (Łuszczek, Zieliński<br />
2004). For a long time only their useful function was appreciated.<br />
Slowly, their aesthetic appeal started to be appreciated as<br />
well (Zątek 2003). Typical rustic gardens did not occurr until the<br />
XIXth century. When peasant’s rights were granted, more and<br />
more plant species and varieties started to be grown (Surmański<br />
1993). Subsequent historical events caused the change in character<br />
and function of vegetation near the households. The purpose<br />
of the author’s study was to locate households possessing rustic<br />
gardens and then to determine the gardens’ ages, characters,<br />
changes and floristic compositions. The study was conducted in<br />
2006– 2008 in the area of the Ożarów municipality. Fifty households<br />
possessing rustic gardens were found. Also, a survey of<br />
the owners was made and the list of existing garden vegetation<br />
was drawn up.The conclusion was drawn that this type of garden<br />
is rare and that such gardens have a tendency to disappear.<br />
Currently, old-time varieties and species of plants can still be<br />
encountered in the rustic gardens. These varieties have been<br />
making a comeback lately. The study results indicate that young<br />
people are not likely to continue the tradition of rustic gardens.<br />
Therefore, some of the plants species might show a decline.<br />
THE FIrST 19th CENTUrY BOTANICAL PAPErS US-<br />
ING THE LINNAEUS SYSTEM IN THE NOrTHEAST-<br />
ErN PArT OF LESSEr POLANd<br />
Kaczmarzyk Ewa. Częstochowskie Museum, 45A NMP St.,<br />
42-200 Częstochowa, Poland, kaczmarzykewa@poczta.onet.pl<br />
The article reviews the first 19th century botanical papers using<br />
the Linnaeus system of classification, in the northeastern<br />
part of Lesser Poland. The 19th century papers from this region,<br />
based on Linnaeus, start with W. Besser (1809), who in his work<br />
”Primitiae Florae Galiciae” mentioned the number of rare species<br />
of plants in the surroundings of Ojców. The next mention<br />
of the flora of the northeastern part of Lesser Poland is from the<br />
work of M. Szubert (1827). Szubert’s work is devoted to the forest<br />
of the Kingdom of Poland. J. Waga (1847) wrote, “A Report<br />
From a Journey of Naturalist to Ojców in 1854” (A. Waga et al.<br />
1855, 1857). A. Wiślicki, S. Lowenhard (1856) in the article “<br />
A Walk Around the Olkuski District – Looking at it from a Scientific,<br />
Farm and Industrial Perspective”, clearly wrote with the<br />
naturalist coming to Ojców in mind, mentioned 26 vascular<br />
plants from this area. F.Berdau (1859) mentioned a large number<br />
of plants in his work ”Flora Cracoviensis”. He described about<br />
300 species of plants from the Ojców Valley. Controversial material<br />
from the northeastern part of Lesser Poland was provided<br />
by J. Sapalski (1862).<br />
THE BEGINNINGS OF POLISH PALAEOBOTANY<br />
Köhler Piotr. The Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany,<br />
27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland, piotr.kohler@<br />
uj.edu.pl<br />
There were 3 initial stages in the history of Polish palaeobotany.<br />
The first stage was 1. Scientia curiosa and the Enlight-<br />
64<br />
enment. Wojciech Tylkowski (1624– 1695) in “Physicae curiosae”<br />
(1682) and Gabriel Rzączyński (1664– 1737) in “Historia<br />
naturalis” (1721) and “Auctarium” (1736), provide the earliest<br />
information on petrified trees and impressions of plants The<br />
two-volume “Rzeczy kopalnych, osobliwie zdatnieyszych,<br />
szukanie, poznanie, i zażycie.” (1781– 1782) by Krzysztof Kluk<br />
(1739– 1796) was the first Polish treatise containing a discussion<br />
of fossil plants on the then European level of knowledge.<br />
2. Palaeobotanical research by geologists (the first half of the<br />
19th c.). Georg Gottlieb Pusch (1790– 1846) wrote, “Geognostische<br />
Beschreibung von Polen...” (vol. 1– 2, 1833– 1836) – the<br />
first treatise on the geological structure of Polish districts<br />
based on principle fossils. “Polens Paläontologie...” (1837)<br />
– the first synthesis of the palaeobotany of Poland. Ludwik<br />
Zejszner (1805– 1871) was the author of the unfinished “Paleontologia<br />
polska” (1846). He collaborated with Franz Unger<br />
(1800– 1870) while studying the impressions of plants from<br />
sulphur layers near Cracow. 3. The establishment of the Physiographical<br />
Committee of the Academic Society of Cracow<br />
(1865) initiated modern Polish palaeobotanical research. The<br />
Orographical-Geological Section of the Committee sponsored<br />
the palaeobotanical research done by Franciszek Tondera<br />
(1859– 1926) and Marian Raciborski (1863– 1917). In 1891 the<br />
Academy of Science and Letters of Cracow announced a contest<br />
on the subject “Flora kopalna ziem polskich”. The contest<br />
was a kind of recapitulation of the first stage of the history of<br />
Polish palaeobotany.<br />
THE SCHOLArS OF EMIL GOdLEWSKI SENIOr<br />
– SUCCESSOrS dEVELOPMENT OF PLANT PHYSIOL-<br />
OGY IN POLANd AT THE ENd OF THE xIx ANd THE<br />
BEGINNING OF THE xx CENTUrY<br />
Krzeptowska-Moszkowicz Izabela. Cracow University of<br />
Technology, Institute of Landscape Architecture, 24 Warszawska<br />
St., 31-155 Cracow, Poland, krzeptow@poczta.onet.pl<br />
Emil Godlewski Sr. (1847–1930) was the first plant physiologist<br />
who taught students and created his own scientific school<br />
in Poland. Many of his scholars reached high scientific ranks.<br />
Professor Godlewski developed the interests of many young<br />
people in that modern botanic branch. Their first physiological<br />
and experimental works were the results of their studies in<br />
Godlewski’s laboratory. Some of the young researchers graduated<br />
with a Ph.D. in other countries, mainly in Germany. After<br />
that many retuned to Poland, to be employed in the laboratory of<br />
Godlewski for continuation of their scientific interests. Among<br />
Godlewski’s scholars were about forty persons who published<br />
scientific works under his guidance. Many of the papers were in<br />
agriculture science. Only a few of them were research involving<br />
physiological processes of plants and microbiology which at<br />
that time was a branch of plant physiology. Godlewski mainly<br />
worked in agricultural institutes (Krajowa Wyższa Szkola Rolnicza<br />
in Dublany near Lwów, Studium Rolnicze Uniwersytetu<br />
Jagiellońskiego in Cracow, Państwowy Instytut Naukowy Gospodarstwa<br />
Wiejskiego in Puławy). This was the reason that<br />
most research was done in agriculture science. He was head of<br />
the Department of Agricultural Chemistry in the Agricultural<br />
Faculty of the Jagiellonian University. In this department integration<br />
of two directions took place: botanical (plant physiology)<br />
and agricultural. Some of the scientific work done there<br />
was on the border of both sciences.
Lichenology
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
30th ANNIVErSArY OF THE LICHENOLOGICAL SEC-<br />
TION OF POLISH BOTANICAL SOCIETY<br />
Betleja Laura. Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute of<br />
Biology, 3 Podbrzezie St., 31-054 Cracow, Poland, lbetleja@<br />
up.krakow.pl<br />
In 2009 the Lichenological Section of the Polish Botanical<br />
Society celebrated its 30th anniversary. It was initiated by<br />
Prof. K. Czyżewska, who in 1978 suggested that a lichenological<br />
sub-section be created within the Mycological Section of<br />
the Society. The interim board was formed under direction of<br />
Prof. T. Sulma. The Lichenological Section within the Mycological<br />
Section was officially formed in 1983, at the 1st National<br />
Meeting of Lichenologists in Kielce, organized by Prof.<br />
S. Cieśliński. Since 1984 The Lichenological Section has been<br />
an independent Section of the Polish Botanical Society. The<br />
Section then had 26 members, currently there are 32 national<br />
members and 3 international. The presidents of the Section<br />
were: Prof. J. Nowak, Prof. Z. Tobolewski and Prof. J. Kiszka.<br />
The main goal of the Section since its conception has been to<br />
gather together the Polish lichenologists. The purpose being;<br />
integration of the scientists, intensification of lichenological<br />
studies through organization of annual meetings – where study<br />
results could be presented, and the organization of lichenological<br />
workshops for young scientists and students. The effect can<br />
be seen in our numerous publications. Apart from scientific<br />
study results being published, members of the Section are actively<br />
involved in spreading information about lichens through<br />
exhibitions, lectures and field workshops for students, teachers<br />
and foresters. The Lichenological Section of the Polish Botanical<br />
Society closely collaborates with the British Lichen Society<br />
and the Nordic Lichen Society.<br />
LICHENOLOGIC CUrIOSITIES OF THE POST-MIN-<br />
ING ArEAS OF SOUTHErN POLANd<br />
Bielczyk Urszula. Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University<br />
of Cracow, 3 Podbrzezie St., 31-054 Cracow, Poland, bielczyk@<br />
up.krakow.pl<br />
Lichenologic studies were carried out within an interdisciplinary<br />
project, which aimed at composing a lichen species list<br />
and estimation of lichen coverage on the zinc-lead mine waste<br />
heaps. The study area (40 km2 ) is located on the Silesian-Cracow<br />
Upland. Field studies were conducted in 2008– 2009 on<br />
441 study plots, each of 4 m2 , fixed on various habitats types:<br />
forests, grasslands and meadows. Field study results showed<br />
that post-mining areas gather rich and interesting lichen biota.<br />
We found 99 lichenized fungi species and 4 species of lichenicolous<br />
fungi. After revision of previously published data, the<br />
species list now consists of 126 taxa, of which 8 are protected<br />
species, and 10 are listed on the Polish Red List. Most interesting<br />
were the new species. These were species new for science,<br />
and new for Poland, found in the Silesian-Cracow Upland on<br />
the zinc-lead post-mining waste heaps. Lichenin value of the<br />
studied area can be proved by the presence of rare species, for<br />
ex.: Thelocarpon imperceptum, Agonimia gelatinosa, Cladonia<br />
conista, Thelidium fumidum, Verrucaria bryoctona, V. xyloxena,<br />
Cladoniicola staurospora. Calamine habitats can be good<br />
sites for specific metalotolerant species noted from various<br />
places in Europe, like: Bacidia saxenii, Bacidina chloroticula,<br />
Diploschistes muscorum, Sarcosagium campestre, Steinia geophana,<br />
Vezdaea aestivalis, V. leprosa, Agonimia vouauxii, Cladonia<br />
monomorpha, C. scabriuscula, which were often noted<br />
in our study area and which formed abundant populations. The<br />
study was supported by the project FM EEA PL 0265 (Financial<br />
Mechanism of European Economic Area).<br />
66<br />
NOTES ON THE KNOWLEdGE OF bAcidiA S.LAT. (LI-<br />
CHENIZEd ASCOMYCOTA) IN POLANd WITH TWO<br />
NEW SPECIES FOr THE COUNTrY: b. fuscoviridis<br />
ANd b. coProdes<br />
Czarnota Paweł. University of Rzeszów, Department of<br />
Agroecology, 2 Ćwiklińskiej St., 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland,<br />
pawczarnota@poczta.onet.pl<br />
Recent molecular studies show that the genus Bacidia is not<br />
monophyletic and a distinction of the genus Bacidina (Woessia)<br />
is phylogenetically reasonable. However, due to lack of nomenclatoric<br />
innovations, many new described species are still<br />
referred to Bacidia in a general sense. Taking into account this<br />
temporary solution, 40 taxa of Bacidia s.lat. have been reported<br />
so far from Poland. Unfortunately, Bacidia albicans, B. metamorphea<br />
and B. viridula should be excluded since the first name<br />
is a synonym of Micarea peliocarpa, the second one is a synonym<br />
of Bilimbia sabuletorum, and the last has been incorrectly<br />
used as the specimen of B. incompta. Several XIXth-century old<br />
species need critical revision. Bacidia fuscoviridis and B. coprodes<br />
are additions to the national list. Both have been found in<br />
the Carpathians. B. fuscoviridis grows frequently on small concrete<br />
water dams in Western Beskidy Mts as well as limestones<br />
in the Pieniny Mts. It resembles sterile, sorediate thalli of common<br />
Lecidella scabra and Lecania erysibe and for this reason<br />
is probably mostly overlooked. Recently resurected B. coprodes<br />
was discovered under Tatra collections of B. trachona. Probably<br />
this taxon is hidden under other gatherings of B. trachona,<br />
from which it was formerly synonymized. Bacidia sulphurella<br />
is a common species excluded recently from B. arnoldiana agg.<br />
The occurrence of B. arnoldiana s.str. is not confirmed yet in<br />
Poland.<br />
THE BIOLOGICAL dIVErSITY OF TrOPICAL SOUTH<br />
AMErICA: BOLIVIAN LICHENS – A CASE STUdY<br />
Flakus Adam 1 , Jabłońska Agnieszka 2 , Kukwa Martin 2 , Oset<br />
Magdalena 2 , rodriguez Pamela 3 , Śliwa Lucyna 1 . 1 Polish<br />
Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz<br />
St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland, a.flakus@botany.pl; 2 University of<br />
Gdańsk, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation,<br />
9 Legionów Av., 80-441 Gdańsk, Poland; 3 Herbario Nacional<br />
de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San<br />
Andrés, Calle 27, Cota Cota, Casilla 10077, La Paz, Bolivia<br />
Bolivia is one of the fifteen countries in the world thought to<br />
have the greatest biodiversity, with the estimated 3000– 4000<br />
lichen species. Because of its geographical location, and high<br />
physiographical diversity, a variety of ecosystems typical of the<br />
entire continent have been formed in the country. The aim of<br />
the presented project is to develop the biodiversity inventory in<br />
South America, using Bolivian lichens as a model group. The<br />
inventory is meant to identify species composition in individual<br />
ecosystems, and to estimate lichens ecology and distribution.<br />
The systematics and phylogeny of the most poorly known<br />
groups of taxa will be clarified. The composition of biologically<br />
active chemical compounds produced by tropical lichens will be<br />
also examined in special depth. As lichens are highly sensitive<br />
to anthropogenic influences, project results will therefore find<br />
practical applications. These are applications aimed to ensure<br />
preservation of natural biodiversity in areas of the world’s greatest<br />
environmental value. Research supported by the National<br />
Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) in Poland under<br />
the LIDER Programme (2010– 2013).
in vitro CULTUrING OF THE MYCOBIONT ProtoPArmelioPsis<br />
murAlis (SCHrEB.) CHOISY ANd<br />
ITS rESYNTHESIS WITH dIFFErENT PHOTOBIONT<br />
SPECIES<br />
Guzow-Krzemińska Beata1 , Stocker-Wörgötter Elfriede2<br />
. 1University of Gdańsk, Department of Molecular Biology,<br />
24 Kładki St., 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland, beatagk@biotech.<br />
ug.gda.pl; 2University of Salzburg, Departament of Organismic<br />
Biology, 34 Hellbrunner Str., 5020 Salzburg, Austria,<br />
Elfriede.Stocker@sbg.ac.at<br />
Protoparmeliopsis muralis (Schreb.) Choisy is a widespread<br />
and ubiquitous lichen. The previous study showed that the mycobiont<br />
is able to form a thallus with several Trebouxia species.<br />
The mycobiont was isolated from the lichen thalli and<br />
cultured in vitro on different media. The best growth was<br />
observed on the following media: Murashige-Skoog, G-LBM<br />
and PDA. The compatibility of Trebouxia spp. and Asterochloris<br />
algae with the mycobiont P. muralis was investigated in<br />
resynthesis experiments. Different media were tested and the<br />
re-lichenized bionts were observed with a scanning electron<br />
microscope. It was found that in addition to compatible photobionts<br />
of the genus Trebouxia, also presumably incompatible<br />
Asterochloris sp. was able to interact with the mycobiont.<br />
It was observed that the hyphae enveloped the aggregates of<br />
algal cells. The lower selecivity level could be advantageous<br />
for survival of the mycobiont especially on substrata where<br />
the lichen fungus acts as a pioneer, successfully colonizing<br />
new habitats. Acknowledgements: The study was financially<br />
supported by Marie Curie Fellowship project no. 24206. BGK<br />
also acknowledges the support of Marie Curie European Reintegration<br />
Grant project no. 239343.<br />
LICHEN BIOTA OF THE KArKONOSZE MTS IN COM-<br />
PArISON WITH OTHEr HErCYNIAN MOUNTAIN<br />
rANGES OF CENTrAL EUrOPE<br />
Kossowska Maria. University of Wrocław, Institute of Plant<br />
Biology, Department of Biodiversity and Plant Cover Protection,<br />
6/8 Kanonia St., 50-328 Wrocław, Poland, kossmar@biol.<br />
uni.wroc.pl<br />
The Karkonosze Mts belong to the hercynian mountain ranges,<br />
created during the hercynian orogeny in Carboniferous and<br />
secondarily uplifted as blok mountains during alpine mountain<br />
formation. They are composed by acid rocks, such as granites,<br />
gneisses and mica schists, with small inclusions of basic crystalline<br />
limestones and basalts. The other hercynian mountain<br />
ranges in Central Europe are Šumava (Bohemian/Bavarian<br />
Forest), Ore Mountains, Harz and Black Forest. Among them,<br />
the Karkonosze Mts are the highest and the most differentiated<br />
ones and cover the smallest area. Therefore, they could serve as<br />
a model example of the hercynian mountain range of Central<br />
Europe. The occurence of lichens belonging to various habitat<br />
groups in all the mentioned mountain ranges, was analysed. The<br />
lichen biota of the hercynian ranges seems to be rather similar,<br />
especially in the saxicolous habitat group. The lichen biota of<br />
the Karkonosze Mts is the most similar to analogous biota of the<br />
Black Forest (502 common species; Sørensen similarity index<br />
64,77). The characteristic feature of the Karkonosze Mts is the<br />
occurence of the conspicious group of lichen species not reported<br />
from other hercynian ranges (115 taxa). Some of them occur<br />
in Central Europe only in the Karkonosze and Tatra Mountains<br />
(high-mountain species, mostly of arctic-alpine distirbution).<br />
Lichenology<br />
LICHEN ExTINCTION IN THE BIESZCZAdY NATION-<br />
AL PArK<br />
Kościelniak Robert. Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute<br />
of Biology, 3 Podbrzezie St., 31-054 Cracow, Poland,<br />
rkosciel@up.krakow.pl<br />
Detailed research into the lichen biota of the Bieszczady National<br />
Park has been carried out since 1999. During the research<br />
very sensitive and rare in Poland lichen species have<br />
been observed; they formed large populations which did not<br />
seem to be endangered. They included such species as Belonia<br />
herculana, Caloplaca herbidella, Lobaria pulmonaria, Menegazzia<br />
terebrata, Nephroma parile, Thelotrema lepadinum,<br />
Usnea faginea and U. florida. Locally, numerous thalli of species<br />
from the genera Bryoria and Usnea were recorded, as<br />
well as Evernia divaricata, Ochrolechia pallescens and some<br />
species from the genus Parmotrema. Massive degeneration<br />
of thalli of different lichen species was first observed in July<br />
2008 in the Rzeczyca valley. Because of the close vicinity to<br />
the Bieszczady ring road and dramatic increase in traffic in<br />
the recent years, the damage of thalli was attributed to traffic<br />
emission. Unfortunately, in 2009 a similar phenomenon was<br />
recorded within the whole area of the Bieszczady National<br />
Park. This was true even in places where the impact of traffic<br />
is insignificant. The situation seems alarming, especially in<br />
the context of recolonization of lichens in the whole country<br />
and because of the fact that not only sensitive species but also<br />
those which are common (e.g. Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia<br />
sulcata) are subject to extinction. At present the authorities<br />
of the Bieszczady National Park and WIOŚ in Rzeszów have<br />
initiated action aimed at explaining the reasons for lichen extinction.<br />
Research was supported by the Ministry of Science<br />
and Higher Education (grant No N N305 2012 35).<br />
LICHENS OF OAK-HOrNBEAM FOrESTS ON THE<br />
AREA of tHE PoJEZIERZE oLSZtyńSKIE LAKE-<br />
LANd<br />
Kubiak dariusz. Warmia and Mazury University in Olsztyn,<br />
Department of Mycology, Faculty of Biology, 1A Oczapowskiego<br />
St., 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland, darkub@uwm.edu.pl<br />
Mesophytic deciduous forests (Carpinion betuli), as the predominating<br />
type of potential vegetation in Poland, play an important<br />
role in preserving the species diversity of the country.<br />
In 2009, a study was undertaken to analyze the taxonomic and<br />
ecological diversity of lichens in mixed oak-hornbeam forests of<br />
the Pojezierze Olsztyńskie Lakeland. It was conducted with the<br />
method of floristic inventories. The study was performed on an<br />
area of 400m2 in well-preserved or well-developed patches of<br />
forest community. The full taxonomic and ecological diversity<br />
of the lichens was analyzed at each collecting site. In the case<br />
of epiphytes, detailed characteristics were also made about their<br />
cover-abundance. The expected effect of the study is the determination<br />
of specific distribution patterns of lichens in selected,<br />
highly natural forest communities. Those patterns may become<br />
a point of reference and a practical tool in the evaluation of both<br />
the preservation state of lichen biota richness and the degree<br />
of transformation of those communities. Permanent identification<br />
of the selected sites will enable not only the monitoring of<br />
the preservation state of lichen biota but the natural conditions<br />
of selected ecological systems as well. This study was partly<br />
supported by the Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education,<br />
Poland, Grant No. N N304 203737.<br />
67
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
THE AGE OF PINE TrEES OF INLANd drY PINE FOr-<br />
EST (clAdonio-Pinetum JUrASZEK 1927) ANd EPI-<br />
PHYTIC BIOMASS OF LICHENS<br />
Leśniański Grzegorz. Opole University, Department of Biosystematics,<br />
22 Oleska St., 45-052 Opole, Poland, grzeles@uni.<br />
opole.pl<br />
The previous published data relating to Poland (the Tuchola Forest)<br />
suggest that the highest biomass of lichens occurred in the<br />
30-year-old stands of inland dry pine forest (Cladonio-Pinetum).<br />
The relatively low values of lichen biomass in the 90-year-old<br />
stands are due to substrate physical properties, including peeling<br />
bark of pines. A re-analysis of data, supplemented by our<br />
own results, shows that peeling does not significantly affect the<br />
biomass accumulation of lichens. The biomass of lichens recorded<br />
on trunks of 30-year-old trees and 90-year-old trees have<br />
proved to be very similar.<br />
LICHENS of tHE CHęCIńSKo-KIELECKI LAND-<br />
SCAPE PArK<br />
Łubek Anna. Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Biology,<br />
15 Świętokrzyska St., 25-406 Kielce, Poland, anna.lubek@<br />
ujk.edu.pl<br />
Chęcinsko-Kielecki Landscape Park was founded in 1996. It is in<br />
the Świętokrzyskie voivodship. The park preserves the greatests<br />
values of nature in the scope of abiotic nature such as geological<br />
values, as well as cultural and historical values. In the past<br />
the biota of lichens from Ch-K LP had only been recognized to<br />
a certain extent. On the areas that were taken into consideration<br />
approximately, only 290 species were recognized. At present<br />
about 50 species have not been evidenced. In the past the area of<br />
the Park was very much under the influence of two dominating<br />
factors: the extraction and processing business and the emission<br />
of chalkstone and cement dust that came from the Nowiny mill<br />
which was situated near the periphery of the Park. Although<br />
the titre of dust emitted to the atmosphere has significantly decreased<br />
in the stand of epiphytic biota, the proportion held in the<br />
period of its intensive dust emission in the 1970s and 1980 of the<br />
20th century still persists these days. This situation is noticable<br />
in the eastern part of Park where the tree crust is dominated by<br />
such species of lichens as: Lecanora hagenii, Lecania cyrtella,<br />
Caloplaca holocarpa, Xanthoria parietina. Recently the most<br />
interesting biota of lichens have been found in places under the<br />
protection of natural reserves, i.e. Karczówka, Biesak-Białogon,<br />
Góra Miedzianka and Góra Zelejowa nature reserve. In the area<br />
of Ch-K LP interesting and new to the Świętokrzyskie Mts species<br />
were recently recorded. These new species are: Agonimia<br />
repleta, Bacidia pycnidiata, Catillaria nigroclavata, Leucocarpia<br />
biatorella, Reichlingia leopoldii.<br />
SECONdArY METABOLITES OF LICHENS OCCUr-<br />
ING IN SOME SPECIES OF rhizocArPon (rhizocAr-<br />
PAceAe, LICHENIZEd AscomycotA) IN POLANd<br />
Matwiejuk Anna. University of Białystok, Institute of Biology,<br />
20B Świerkowa St., 15-950 Białystok, Poland, matwiej@uwb.<br />
edu.pl<br />
Secondary metabolites of lichens, as permanent components,<br />
are used in the taxonomy, and generally regarded as important<br />
taxonomic characteristics, often as fundamental distinguishing<br />
features. Knowing the composition of chemical substances<br />
can clearly specify the diagnosis for each species of lichens.<br />
My work presents the composition of secondary metabolites of<br />
some species of the genus Rhizocarpon in Poland. The research<br />
materials were specimens deposited in the Polish Herbaria<br />
(LBL, KRAM-L, KRA-L, KRAP-L). Approximately 200 specimes<br />
were subjected to identification of acid fouling. Chemical<br />
composition was analyzed in thallus and apothecia. Chemical<br />
68<br />
analyses were performed using thin layer chromatography TLC<br />
(Orange et al. 2001), and two solvents, A and C, were used. The<br />
beta-orcinol depsidones (norstictic acid, psoromic acid, stictic<br />
acid), alfa-orcinol para-depsidone (gyrophoric acid), betaorcinol<br />
para depside (barbatic acid) and pulvinic acid derivative<br />
(rhizocarpic acid) were detected. In the non-yellow species<br />
of Rhizocarpon (R. badioatrum, R. disporum, R. distinctum,<br />
R. grande, R. hochstetteri, R. petraeum, R. postumum, R. reductum,<br />
R. umbilicatum) the main chemical component is stictic<br />
acid. In the yellow species of Rhizocarpon (R. alpicola, R. geographicum,<br />
R. lecanorinum, R. saanaense, R. viridiatrum) the<br />
main chemical components are rhizocarpic acid, a yellow pigment,<br />
suitable for yellow color of thallus, and colorless psoromic<br />
acid.<br />
POLANd’S CONTrIBUTION TO LICHENOLOGY: AN<br />
OUTSIdEr’S VIEWPOINT<br />
Seaward Mark r.d. University of Bradford, Division of Archaeological,<br />
Geographical and Environmental Sciences, Bradford,<br />
West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK, m.r.d.seaward@bradford.<br />
ac.uk<br />
Despite its turbulent history over the past 200 years, Poland<br />
has made significant contributions to scientific knowledge, as<br />
exemplified by lichenology. Notwithstanding all too frequent<br />
periods of foreign occupation and consequent changes in its<br />
boundaries, the study of the country’s lichens and the international<br />
contribution to lichenology, particularly in the fields of<br />
taxonomy and ecology, by both Polish and non-Polish lichenologists,<br />
continued unabated. Regretfully, herbaria and supporting<br />
documentation have been destroyed, but those which remain,<br />
together with the rich source of published material, bear testimony<br />
to the changing lichen flora and testify to the availability<br />
of lichenological expertise over this period. As well has having<br />
exceptional Polish-born lichenologists, the country was fortunate<br />
in having other world-renowned experts, mainly German,<br />
living within its boundaries. This wealth of expertise, which<br />
maintained lichenological studies, often under very difficult circumstances,<br />
generated a Polish tradition that has survived over<br />
the generations leading to the establishment of the Lichenological<br />
Section within the much-respected Polish Botanical Society.<br />
This presentation reviews the milestones in the history of Polish<br />
lichenology, highlighting the key lichenologists in its development,<br />
and pays tribute to the present generation of researchers.<br />
MOLECULAr PHYLOGENY OF THE PUTATIVE<br />
MEMBErS OF THE lecAnorA disPersA GrOUP (LI-<br />
CHENIZEd ASCOMYCETES)<br />
Śliwa Lucyna 1 , Miądlikowska Jolanta 2 , Lutzoni François 2 .<br />
1 Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany,<br />
Laboratory of Lichenology, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland,<br />
l.sliwa@botany.pl; 2 Duke University, Department of Biology,<br />
Durham, NC 27708-0338, U.S.A.; jolantam@duke.edu;<br />
flutzoni@duke.edu<br />
Phylogenetic relationships among members of the Lecanora<br />
dispersa group, mainly from Poland and neighboring countries,<br />
were reconstructed based on the entire internal transcribed<br />
spacer (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) using maximum parsimony, maximum<br />
likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. The main<br />
goal of this study was to evaluate the current circumscription<br />
of the L. dispersa group and the delimitation of ten putative<br />
morphospecies within this group. Reconstructed phylogenies<br />
suggest a broader delimitation of the L. dispersa group, to include<br />
L. pruinosa and L. reuteri, as well as L. contractula and<br />
Arctopeltis thuleana, previously considered to be outside the<br />
L. dispersa group. Monophyletic well-supported delimitation of<br />
the core of L. semipallida, L. albescens, and L. reuteri, is confirmed.<br />
Multiple cryptic taxonomic entities, including potential
undescribed species outside of Europe, were found within L. albescens,<br />
L. dispersa, L. hagenii and L. semipallida. Delimitation<br />
of several putative taxa, e.g., L. crenulata and L. pruinosa,<br />
and phylogenetic relationships among species are poorly supported,<br />
therefore, future study should include more characters<br />
and a more extensive taxon sampling. Project supported by<br />
MNiSW, grant no. N304 05032/2318.<br />
LICHEN SPECIES FrOM THE MAdIdI rEGION NEW<br />
TO BOLIVIA<br />
Wilk Karina. Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute<br />
of Botany, Laboratory of Lichenology, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512<br />
Cracow, Poland, k.wilk@botany.pl<br />
Bolivia constitutes an important world centre of biodiversity<br />
owing to its location in the tropical zone and to the diverse<br />
topography of the area (Andes and Amazon lowlands occur<br />
here). At the same time, the country belongs to that group of<br />
South American countries in which lichen biota is the least<br />
investigated. Only 550 species are known in the country so far.<br />
In the years 2004–2007 lichenological studies were carried<br />
out in Bolivia that were concentrated mainly in the Madidi<br />
region. The field studies included the following montane and<br />
lowlands ecosystems: various types of humid, seasonal and<br />
dry forests, savannas and high montane grasslands – puna. As<br />
a result of the survey a rich collection was gathered representing<br />
lichens of all ecological groups. Preliminary results of the<br />
study indicate high diversity of lichen species in the studied<br />
areas, including new records for the country. Among others,<br />
these 2 species are new to Bolivia – Icmadophila adversum<br />
and Piccolia conspersa and they were recognized and are presented.<br />
Currently, the project aimed at inventory of lichens<br />
and lichenicolous fungi in the Madidi region (the complex of<br />
three protected areas – Madidi, Apolobamba and Pilón Lajas)<br />
is under preparation. The lichen inventory will be preceded by<br />
a detailed analysis of taxonomic diversity and distribution of<br />
lichens in the study area. The project will be conducted in collaboration<br />
with Polish and foreign lichenologists working on<br />
various groups of lichens, and botanists conducting advanced<br />
studies in the Madidi region at present.<br />
EPIPHYTIC ANd EPILITIC LICHENS IN LUBLIN<br />
Wójciak Hanna 1 , Chmielewska Małgorzata, Filipowicz Beata.<br />
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Department of Botany<br />
and Mycology, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland,<br />
1 photohania@o2.pl<br />
Extensive investigations of the lichen biota in Lublin were first<br />
conducted by J.Rydzak over 50 years ago (1953). Since that<br />
Lichenology<br />
time, the area of the city has increased considerably, from 30<br />
to 147 km 2 . The urban housing layout as well as air, and sanitary<br />
conditions have all changed. Nowadays, two forest complexes<br />
and a large artificial water reservoir built in the 1970s<br />
lie within the city limits. The present study of lichens was carried<br />
out in 98 localities in 2006– 2010. Compared to Rydzak’s<br />
observations, we can now see a distinct decrease in the abundance<br />
of the epiphytic lichen biota; from 55 to 40 species. This<br />
is especially alarming when one considers the fact that the city<br />
area has increased markedly. There were 19 species reported<br />
in the 1950s which have not been found now. The most commonly<br />
occurring species nowadays is Phaeophyscia orbicularis.<br />
It is found in 36 localities. A similar abundance was also<br />
observed in Physcia dubia, and in Xanthoria parietina; both<br />
species were present in 35 localities. In recent years, the once<br />
deserted lichen areas have begun to show some new appearances.<br />
Lichen was observed in the city centre. Nowadays, 46<br />
species of epilitic lichens have been reported: the number is<br />
11 more than in the 1950s, although 16 species have not been<br />
found. Of the species that have been reported from Lublin for<br />
the first time, the most noteworthy are: Mycobilimbia tetramera,<br />
Aspicilia calcarea and Lecanora polytropa. Interestingly,<br />
species that typically grow on trees (Pseudevernia furfuracea,<br />
Melanelia exasperatula, Physcia stellaris) were observed on<br />
bedrock.<br />
LICHENS OF THE STrICTLY PrOTECTEd ArEA SI-<br />
ERAKóW IN KAMPINoSKI NAtIoNAL PARK<br />
Zaniewski Piotr 1 , Wierzbicka Małgorzata 2 . 1,2 University of<br />
Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, 1 Miecznikowa<br />
St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; 1 ziomalmeister@gmail.<br />
com; 2 wierzbicka@biol.uw.edu.pl<br />
Prof. Roman Kobendza strictly protected area “Sieraków” was<br />
established in 1937 as a nature reserve. In 1959 it was transformed<br />
into the strictly protected area lying within Kampinos<br />
National Park. It is 1204.91 ha. in area. It includes classic parabolic<br />
dunes, a swamp valley named “Cichowąż” and a flow valley<br />
called “Młyniska”. It is characterized by a great diversity<br />
of plant communities, including mixed forests, moist coniferous<br />
forests, alder swamps, mixed alder-ash, and oak-hornbeam<br />
forests. A characteristic feature of this area is the presence of<br />
a large area of old-grown forests. From 2009– 2010 an inventory<br />
of lichen within the strictly protected area of Sieraków, was<br />
made. The result was the finding of many rare and protected<br />
species of lichens. At the same time a list of species occuring in<br />
this area was drawn up.<br />
69
Mycology
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
PArASITIC FUNGI ON FOrEST VEGETATION ON<br />
POJEZIErZE BOBOLICKIE LAKELANd<br />
Adamska Iwona, Czerniawska Beata. West Pomeranian<br />
University of Technology, Division of Plant Protection,<br />
17 Słowackiego St., 71-434 Szczecin, Poland, iwonaadamska@<br />
interia.pl<br />
In the years 2006– 2008 the occurrence of micromycetes on<br />
trees and shrubs of forest in the Pojezierze Bobolickie Lakeland<br />
was examined. The investigations were conducted in<br />
permanent plots around the oligotrophic lakes Kiełpino,<br />
Piekiełko, Porost and Szare. During the study 63 species of<br />
fungi were identified. The highest number of species represented<br />
were the anamorphic fungi (71% of the species). The<br />
fungi most frequently occurring on the plants examined were<br />
members of the genus Phyllosticta (7 species), Asteroma (4),<br />
Discula (3) and Microsphaera (3). The fungi recorded earlier,<br />
but infrequently in Poland were: Asteroma alni, A. frondicola,<br />
Asteromella maculiformis, Libertella betulina, Septoria<br />
betulae, S. quercina, Phoma argillacea, Phyllosticta alnicola,<br />
P. frangulae and P. ilicicola. In addition, Fistulina hepatica,<br />
macromycetes were found and entered into the register of protected<br />
fungi and fungi threatened with extinction.<br />
MYCOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF BATHING SITES AT<br />
SELECTEd LAKES IN THE CITY OF OLSzTYN FrOM<br />
THE TAxONOMIC ANd PHENOLOGICAL PErSPEC-<br />
TIVE<br />
Biedunkiewicz Anna. Univeristy of Warmia and Mazury in<br />
Olsztyn, Department of Mycology, 1A Oczapowskiego St.,<br />
10-957 Olsztyn, Poland, alibi@uwm.edu.pl<br />
Monitoring the sanitary and epidemiological quality of bathing<br />
sites is the responsibility of the state administration. Yet,<br />
their routine analytical methods do not provide the full picture<br />
of the quality of the water at the bathing sites. For this reason,<br />
an attempt was made to assess risks posed by the presence of<br />
fungi potentially pathogenic to people in surface waters of open<br />
bathing sites. The study encompassed bathing sites of five lakes<br />
located in the city of Olsztyn (2 seasons). The research stations<br />
were established proportionally to the frequency of bathing site<br />
use. All total, there were 172 species of fungi; 98 species of<br />
yeast-like fungi and 74 species of mould fungi isolated. Ca. 32%<br />
of the isolates were those of Candida albicans. A slightly lower<br />
frequency was noted for: Saccharomycopsis capsularis, Saccharomyctes<br />
cerevisiae, Candida guilliermondii and Candida<br />
krusei, whereas amongst the mould fungi – for: Aspergillus fumigatus,<br />
Penicillium chrysogenum, Syncephalastrum racemosum<br />
and Trichophyton interdigitale. The phonological analysis<br />
demonstrated that the highest number of taxa occurred in the<br />
summer, i.e. at a time when the bathing sites were most often<br />
used, followed by the autumn and the spring. The study demonstrates,<br />
additionally, the need for introducing permanent monitoring<br />
of the purity status of waters at bathing sites in terms of<br />
the presence of fungi potentially pathogenic to humans.<br />
PrOBLEMS IN MOrPHOLOGICAL IdENTIFICATION<br />
OF ArBUSCULAr MYCOrrHIZAL FUNGI (GLOM-<br />
ErOMYCOTA) FOrMING GLOMOId SPOrES<br />
Błaszkowski Janusz. West Pomeranian University of Technology,<br />
Department of Plant Protection, 17 Słowackiego St., 71-434<br />
Szczecin, Poland, janusz.blaszkowski@zut.edu.pl<br />
At present, the phylum Glomeromycota comprises ca. 210 species<br />
of hypogeous fungi called arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
(AMF). Unfortunately, most of them were described many<br />
years ago and their descriptions generally are incomplete, do<br />
not inform of the taxonomically most important phenotypic and<br />
biochemical properties of the components of their spores and<br />
72<br />
mycorrhizae or are completely erroneous. Moreover, most species<br />
were described from field-collected spores, which usually<br />
are highly changed in colour, subcellular structure, and lack<br />
many structures needed for their correct identification, because<br />
they are short-lived and sensitive to the influences of harmful<br />
abio- and biotic stresses, including hyperparasites. Additionally,<br />
in the literature there is no clear system of grouping most<br />
(ca. 62%) of the described species of AMF, i.e. species forming<br />
glomoid spores, based on their morphology. The difficulties in<br />
the identification of glomoid spores also results because they<br />
have relatively little morphological diversity. The arguments<br />
listed above undoubtedly were the reasons for, e.g. the common<br />
erroneous identification of the first Glomus fasciculatum and<br />
then G. intraradices. Therefore, the aim of my presentation is<br />
to show the basic steps in grouping and identification of AMF<br />
forming glomoid spores. The modes of spore formation, their<br />
main morphological characters (spore colour and size), the components<br />
of subcellular structure of spores and their phenotypic<br />
and biochemical properties, as well as those of their subtending<br />
hyphae will be characterized and compared in different morphologically<br />
closely related species.<br />
THE SLIME MOULd BIOTA OF THE COMMEr-<br />
CIAL FOrEST NEAr WYrCHCZAdECZKA (BESKId<br />
ŚLąSKI, WESt CARPAtHIAN MtS)<br />
Bochynek Anna, drozdowicz Anna. Jagiellonian University,<br />
Institute of Botany, 27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland;<br />
annabochynek@gmail.com; anna.drozdowicz@uj.edu.pl<br />
Slime moulds are a small group of eucaryotic organisms, characterized<br />
by a complex life cycle with a very differing developmental<br />
stage. In Poland, studies on Myxomycetes are mostly<br />
conducted in national parks and reserves. A few reports are concerned<br />
with biota slime moulds of anthropogenic areas. Most areas<br />
of the Silesian Beskid lower montane forest belt are covered<br />
by a monoculture of spruce, planted in the nineteenth century.<br />
Intensive field studies were carried out during two full vegetative<br />
seasons in 2006 and 2007 on the thirty hectare area of<br />
planted spruce forest. Two hundred forty three specimens were<br />
collected – single sporangium and its groups. In the early spring<br />
in 2006 and 2007 five species associated with melting snow<br />
were recognized. A total of thirty five species were recorded,<br />
among them: Fuligo septica (L.) F.H. Wigg., and Lycogala epidendrum<br />
(L.) Fr., were most common. Ten taxa were very rare.<br />
They were noticed only once. Stemonitopsis gracilis (G. Lister)<br />
Nann.-Bremek. is special in this group. It is a species, which<br />
was recorded in Poland for the first time. Intensive forestry on<br />
this spruce forest area, limits qualitative and quantitative diversity<br />
of microhabitats This is because intensive forestry it makes<br />
it impossible to accumulate dead wood on the forest floor. Dead<br />
wood is the main substrate, colonized by slime moulds. But on<br />
the study area there was little varied biota of Myxomycetes and<br />
in most cases, small groups of individual species of sporangium<br />
were observed.<br />
helmithosPorium SP. AS A CAUSE OF LEAF BLIGHT<br />
IN PhrAGmites AustrAlis (CAV.)<br />
Cieluch Patrycja 1 , Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz Kinga 1 , Bihun<br />
Magdalena 2 . 1 West Pomeranian University of Technology, Department<br />
of Hydrobiology, 4 K. Królewicza St., 71-550 Szczecin,<br />
Poland, cieluch.patrycja@wp.pl; 2 Centre of Environmental<br />
Education in Małkocin, Faculty of Natural Sciences at West Pomeranian<br />
University of Technology in Szczecin, Małkocin 37,<br />
73-110 Stargard Szczeciński, Poland<br />
Amongst the Helminthosporium fungi, the following species<br />
are of economical importance: H. gramineum, H. teres, H. sativum,<br />
and H. avenae. Other species: H. dictyoides, H. siccans,<br />
H. vagans, and H. bromi cause leaf blight in a range of
grasses. Therefore, in 2007– 2008 we undertook studies aimed<br />
at documenting macroscopic and microscopic changes of tissues<br />
and cells of P. australis affected by Helminthosporium<br />
sp. Our samples were morbid, brown-colored leaf tissues. The<br />
samples (also from unaffected, healthy leaves) were fixed on microscopic<br />
slides according to methods applied in confocal and<br />
fluorescent microscopy. The pathogenesis was viewed using the<br />
Eclipse 2000-SE microscope. It was found that Helminthosporium<br />
mycelium grows through the stomas, which suggests that<br />
the pathogen is able to infect the host plant through its natural<br />
openings. Intracellular development of mycelium was also demonstrated<br />
in the leaf mesophyll of the reed. The process was<br />
accompanied by deformation and swelling of cellular walls of<br />
the cells located next to mycelia. Staining allowed detecting<br />
pathogen fragments also in the vascular bundles. This fact may<br />
indicate a tracheomycoses risk posed by fungi that do not cause<br />
systemic infection.<br />
HEALTHINESS OF WILLOWS (sAlix SPP.) FrOM THE<br />
COLLECTION OF GENOTYPES WITH dIFFErENT<br />
LEVELS OF rESISTANCE TO rUST (melAmPsorA<br />
SPP.)<br />
Ciszewska-Marciniak Joanna1 , Jędryczka Małgorzata2 . Polish<br />
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Genetics, Laboratory<br />
of Resistance Genetics, 34 Strzeszynska St., 60-479 Poznań,<br />
Poland; 1jcis@igr.poznan.pl; 2mjed@igr.poznan.pl Recently willows (Salix spp.) have become popular as a main<br />
crop in short rotation coppice (SRC) plantations. They are seen<br />
as a means to provide an alternative to mineral fuels. So, willows<br />
may be used for renewable energy. Leaf rust is the most<br />
common and serious disease of willows caused by fungi belonging<br />
to the genus Melampsora. Within the Melampsora sp.<br />
different special forms and pathotypes have been recognized,<br />
although the host range of forms and pathotypes seems confined<br />
to certain willow species. The study was conducted to determine<br />
the resistance of different willow species, cultivars and<br />
clones to leaf rust. Field experiments were located at two sites in<br />
Wielkopolska (Poznan and Cerekwica near Szamotuły). Observations<br />
were done for two years (2008 and 2009) and the evaluation<br />
was performed two times per season. The first observation<br />
took place in July/August and the second in September/October.<br />
Disease severity was evaluated according to a ten degree rating<br />
scale (0– 9); 0 – no infection 9 – leafs covered with numerous<br />
pustules, causing defoliation. All together, 20 genotypes of willows<br />
were assessed, including 2 species (S. viminalis, S. burjatica)<br />
and 8 hybrids. The majority of the examined willows<br />
were infected with rust, however the plant healthiness depended<br />
on plant genotype and time of disease evaluation.<br />
FUNGAL dISEASES ON VEGETATION AT SELECTEd<br />
LAKES FrOM THE drAWSKO dISTrICTS<br />
Czerniawska Beata, Adamska Iwona. West Pomeranian University<br />
of Technology, Division of Plant Protection, 17 Słowackiego<br />
St., 71-434 Szczecin, Poland; Beata.Czerniawska@zut.<br />
edu.pl; Iwona.Adamska@zut.edu.pl<br />
In 2007– 2008 we studied the presence of fungal parasite on<br />
the plants at selected lakes of Pojezierza Drawskiego. For the<br />
study 4 lobeliaceous lakes (Kaleńskie, Ciemniak, Krzemno<br />
and Łęka) and 2 eutrophic (Dolne and Wąsosze) were picked.<br />
Plant samples were taken monthly, from May to November. The<br />
study materials were above ground plant parts (mainly leaves<br />
and shoots) colonized by parasitic fungi. The fungi were identified<br />
based on morphological characters of intact structures.<br />
Transverse sections of the plant parts harbouring the fungi were<br />
revealed. In the course of the study we identified 143 species<br />
of fungi parasite with 54 types present in 79 species of plants.<br />
Among the most recognized taxa of fungi species were the ana-<br />
Mycology<br />
morphic fungi (62) and the least recognized were the fungal-like<br />
organisms (only 4. The fungi most frequently occurring on the<br />
plants examined were members of the genus Puccinia (17 species),<br />
Ramularia (16) and Septoria (12). Among the species of<br />
fungi an anamorphic fungi identified 5 hyperparasites. These<br />
were: Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces, Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.)<br />
B. Sutton, Ramularia coleosporii Saccardo, R. uredinis (Voss)<br />
Saccardo and Tuberculina persicina (Ditm).<br />
SLIME MOULdS (MYxOMYCETES) ANd THEIr MI-<br />
CrOHABITATS, FrOM THE PErSPECTIVE OF MANY<br />
YEArS OF FIELd OBSErVATIONS<br />
drozdowicz Anna. Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany,<br />
27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland, anna.drozdowicz@<br />
uj.edu.pl<br />
Location of sporangium is not always in relation to potential site<br />
development of early stage plasmodium and depends on its active<br />
movement, for example: sporangia of Physarum albescens<br />
Ellis ex T. Macbr. on stones; numerous sporangia of Leocarpus<br />
fragilis (Dicks.) Rostaf. on living shoots and leaves of Festuca<br />
gigantea (L.) Vill.; aethalia of Mucilago crustacea F.H. Wigg.<br />
on living, young shoots of Cornus mas L. During the examination<br />
of the Herbarium Generale collections, on the sheets with<br />
vascular plants were found: sporangia of Craterium minutum<br />
(Leers) Fr. on lignified stem of Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy;<br />
the group of sporangia of Physarum licheniforme (Schwein.)<br />
Lado on the underside of leaf of Centaurea jacea L. These examples<br />
also indicate migration of plasmodium, ending in the<br />
formation of sporangia. Myxomycetes occur, although less frequently,<br />
on unusual substrates, for instance: sporangia of Stemonitis<br />
splendens Rostaf. on cardboard; aethalia of Fuligo septica<br />
var. rufa (Pers.) Lázaro Ibiza on the roll of a straw gardening<br />
mat, stored in the loft and pseudoaethalia Symphytocarpus<br />
herbaticus Ing on part of a palm tree log, used as a pedestal. It<br />
is worth seeing diverse microhabitats when searching for slime<br />
moulds. They are interesting organisms, widely distributed, but<br />
not easily observed.<br />
FUNGI ISOLATEd FrOM ONTOCENOSES OF OrGANS<br />
– A COMPArATIVE STUdY<br />
dynowska Maria 1 , Ejdys Elżbieta 2 , Biedunkiewicz Anna 3 .<br />
Department of Mycology, Faculty of Biology, University of<br />
Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland, 1 dynow@uwm.edu.pl,<br />
2 elzbieta.ejdys@uwm.edu.pl, 3 alibi@uwm.edu.pl<br />
Long-standing mycological investigations (1986– 1996,<br />
1997– 2007, 2008–) addressing taxonomy and ecophysiology<br />
of potentially-pathogenic fungi indicate the extension of their<br />
species spectrum and their increasing expansiveness to the ontocenosis<br />
of healthy and sick people, including adolescents and<br />
children. The summary of particular analytical periods demonstrates<br />
that ontocenoses most frequently colonized by the fungi,<br />
included those of the respiratory system (38 species) and digestive<br />
system (23 species). In both cases, yeast-like fungi (Candida,<br />
Trichosporon) and specific yeast (Saccharomyces) are found<br />
to prevail, whilst a marginal percentage is noted for mould fungi<br />
(Aspergillus), including phytopathogens (Fusarium).<br />
AN OVErVIEW OF FUNGI OCCUrrING IN SCHOOL<br />
rOOMS<br />
Ejdys Elżbieta. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn,<br />
Department of Micology, 1A Oczapowskiego St., 10-917 Olsztyn,<br />
Poland, elzbieta.ejdys@uwm.edu.pl<br />
A total of 843 isolates of fungi from 152 species belonging to<br />
48 genera. The fungi were isolated twice as often in the spring<br />
73
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
than in the autumn. The prevailing genus, both in terms of the<br />
count and species diversity, turned out to be Aspergillus. Out<br />
of the utilized rooms, the richest mycobiota was reported in<br />
toilets, whilst the poorest one – in sports checkrooms. Over<br />
55% of the identified species are included on the BioSafety<br />
List. Ca. 35% of the fungi were isolated owing to the application<br />
of an increased temperature of incubation. Typically<br />
“household” species made up 1/5 of the taxa obtained. In the<br />
springtime, the school rooms pose the most severe threat to<br />
the health of their users, due to a wider spectrum of fungi,<br />
including thermophilic ones, occurring there in that period. In<br />
the heating season, poorer abstraction of moisture from buildings<br />
results in colonization by saprophytic fungi. The application<br />
of three temperatures of incubation enabled determining<br />
a wide spectrum of mycobiota from the rooms, including fungi<br />
potentially pathogenic to people.<br />
ECTOMYCOrrHIZAL FUNGI IN rOOT SYSTEMS OF<br />
WHITE POPLAr (PoPulus AlbA L.) IN “WIELKA<br />
KęPA oStRoMECKA” NAtURAL RESERvE<br />
Frymark-Szymkowiak Anna1 , Kieliszewska-rokicka Barbara1,2<br />
. 1Kazimierz Wielki University, Institute of Environmental<br />
Biology, Department of Mycology and Mycorrhiza,<br />
30 Chodkiewicza St., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland, afrymark@<br />
ukw.edu.pl; 2Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology,<br />
5 Parkowa St., 62-035 Kórnik, Poland<br />
Most of temperate forest tree species develop mycorrhizal<br />
symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Variability and<br />
composition of ECM symbionts connected to the root system<br />
of trees have an importance for tree fertility and health. Populus<br />
species are among the few tree genera which may form<br />
two mycorrhizal types: ECM and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM).<br />
Data in literature on mycorrhiza of Populus are rather scarce.<br />
A particularly small number of studies have been conducted<br />
on mycorrhizal symbiosis of trees growing in natural riparian<br />
forests. Different factors, such as tree genotype and age, and<br />
environmental conditions, have been suggested to influence the<br />
dual mycorrhizal colonization of poplar roots. This problem,<br />
however, needs more research to be solved. So far, in roots of P.<br />
alba a domination of ECM over AM fungi, or an exclusive presence<br />
of ECM have been reported. The objective of this study<br />
was to examine the diversity and composition of ECM fungi<br />
in roots of P. alba in natural riparian forest of the Vistula valley<br />
(“Wielka Kępa Ostromecka”). Soil samples were taken from<br />
three soil layers: 0– 10cm, 10– 20cm, 20– 30cm. The root tips<br />
were classified into morphotypes, based on their morphological<br />
characteristics. ECM fungi were identified using the molecular<br />
method based on analysis of rDNA.<br />
THE botAnoPhilA-ePichloë INTErACTION IN<br />
POPULATIONS OF WILd GrASS PuccinelliA distAns<br />
IN POLANd<br />
Górzyńska Karolina1 , Olszanowski Ziemowit2 , Leuchtmann<br />
Adrian 3 , Lembicz Marlena1 . Adam Mickiewicz University,<br />
Faculty of Biology, 89 Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland;<br />
1 2 Department of Plant Taxonomy, karjan@amu.edu.pl; Department<br />
of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology; 3Plant Ecological<br />
Genetics, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zürich,<br />
CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland<br />
The presence of Botanophila species was noted in 4 populations<br />
of the non-agricultural grass Puccinellia distans infected<br />
with the fungus Epichloë typhina. During the seven-year field<br />
observation, Botanophila flies were present each year only in<br />
one population of P. distans, whereas in other populations the<br />
flies were present or absent depending on the year. The number<br />
of eggs per stroma ranged from 0 to 4 and differed with year<br />
and site. Overall, eggs or brood chambers were observed only<br />
74<br />
on 132 (19.2%) of the stromata out of 687 examined during the<br />
survey, with 1 (13.8%), 2 (4.5%) or > 2 (0.9%) per stroma. Yet,<br />
90.8% of the examined stromata were fertilized and produced<br />
perithecia suggesting that other vectors transferring spermatia<br />
in addition to the flies must be present. We hypothesize that (1)<br />
the high density of the fungus-infected individuals in the populations<br />
of P. distans and/or (2) the short evolutionary time of<br />
the Botanophila-Epichloë interaction may explain the limited<br />
dependence of the fungus on the gamete transferring fly.<br />
BrYOPHILOUS FUNGI FrOM PEAT-BOGS OF CEN-<br />
TrAL POLANd<br />
Grzesiak Barbara. University of Łódź, Division of Mycology,<br />
Department of Algology and Mycology, 12/16 Banacha St.,<br />
90-237 Łódź, Poland, grzesiak_b@tlen.pl<br />
The theme of the presentation are preliminary results of observations<br />
on bryophilous fungi conducted on seven peat-bogs<br />
in Central Poland within the wider research. In the studied<br />
communities of fen there are species closely related to mosses<br />
belonging to the genera Galerina, Psilocybe, Lyophyllum and<br />
Omphalina and facultatively bryophilous fungi and species<br />
which are found also in neighboring communities, mostly<br />
in the forests. In a large number of carpophores there were<br />
fungi considered, that are parasites of Sphagnum: Lyophyllum<br />
palustre and Galerina paludosa. In most bogs were: Laccaria<br />
proxima, Psilocybe uda, Galerina paludosa, L<strong>acta</strong>rius helvus,<br />
Mycena galopus, Russula emetica. Habitat preferences are observed<br />
in relation to the tuft‘s positions and hollows in the bog.<br />
The studied peat bogs are dwellings to many species listed in<br />
the Red List of Polish macrofungi (Wojewoda, Ławrynowicz<br />
2006).<br />
hebelomA cAviPes HUIJSMAN – A COMMON SPE-<br />
CIES NOT dISTINGUISHEd SO FAr IN POLANd<br />
Kałucka Izabela 1 , Beker Henry J. 2 . 1 University of Łódź, Department<br />
of Mycology, 12/16 Banacha St., 93-237 Łódź, Poland,<br />
ikalucka@biol.uni.lodz.pl; 2 19 Rue Pere de Deken, 1040 Brussels,<br />
Belgium, henry@hjbeker.com<br />
Hebeloma is a genus widely distributed in Europe. It forms<br />
ectomycorrhiza with both deciduous and coniferous trees, as<br />
well as with some shrubs, showing different host-specificity.<br />
Many species reveal pioneer abilities – they form mycorrhizae<br />
with seedlings and young trees, frequently in mineral, also<br />
initial or degraded soils, in natural as well as human-made<br />
habitats. This underlies a very important role that these fungi<br />
play in successional processes. Fungi of the genus Hebeloma<br />
are very difficult for taxonomical interpretation and identification,<br />
especially as different concepts of species delimitations<br />
and numerous misidentifications exist. Currently, advanced<br />
research on taxonomy and distribution of these fungi in Europe<br />
is being carried out which includes collections from Poland.<br />
Thorough examination, using also molecular methods,<br />
have revealed that the number of Hebeloma species occurring<br />
in the country is considerably higher than previously recorded.<br />
Among the new taxa is H. cavipes, a species that appears<br />
widely distributed and fairly common. Forty four records of<br />
this species have already been confirmed, coming from northeastern<br />
and central Poland as well as from the Krakowsko-<br />
Częstochowska Upland. Among typical characters of this<br />
species are the absence of cortina, greyish or pinkish tint on<br />
the cap, floccose stem, weakly but distinctly dextrinoid, verrucose,<br />
broadly amygdaloid to citriform spores, shape of cystidia<br />
and raphanoid smell.
ELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOST GENOTYPE, SOIL<br />
ENVIrONMENT ANd MYCOrrHIZAL SYMBIOSIS<br />
OF POPLArS<br />
Karliński Leszek 1 , rudawska Maria. Polish Academy of Sciences,<br />
Institute of Dendrology 5 Parkowa St., 62-035 Kórnik,<br />
Poland; 1 leszekk@man.poznan.pl<br />
Poplars have been an important element of the natural landscape<br />
of Europe for several centuries. Cultivated trees and<br />
their hybrids have recently played an important role in various<br />
branches of industry. Poplars can also be used for afforestation<br />
of post agricultural lands, recultivation of areas degraded by<br />
industry and for production of bioenergy. Poplars are among the<br />
few tree genera that can develop both ectomycorrhizal (ECM)<br />
and arbuscular (AM) associations. The objective of this study<br />
was to analyze the impact of host genotype and environmental<br />
factors on mycorrhizal species composition and colonization<br />
of different poplars in three common-garden experiments localized<br />
in polluted and unpolluted areas. Our results revealed<br />
the importance of poplar genotype in the pattern of fine-root<br />
distribution, the ability of poplar roots to establish symbiotic<br />
relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, and tolerance to heavy<br />
metal pollution. However, genetic effects were strongly modified<br />
by environmental conditions, which influenced fine-root<br />
development, the ratio of ECM and AM colonization and community<br />
structure of ECM fungi. The most abundant ectomycorrhizas<br />
belonged to Tomentella sp., Inocybe sp., Hebeloma<br />
sp. and Laccaria sp. Separate studies revealed a relationship<br />
between genotype diversity of poplar clones and the richness<br />
of ECM species.<br />
THE OCCUrrENCE OF WATEr FUNGI IN NArEWKA<br />
rIVEr, BIALOWIEZA NATIONAL PArK<br />
Kiziewicz Bożena 1 , Godlewska Anna, Muszyńska Elżbieta,<br />
Mazalska Bożenna, Gajo Bernadetta. Medical University,<br />
Department of General Biology, 2C Mickiewicza St., 15-222<br />
Białystok, Poland; 1 bozenakiziewicz@wp.pl<br />
The fungi occur in different types of water bodies and they<br />
colonize leaves which have fallen into the water, branches,<br />
stems, coastal grass as well as animal material. Fungi decompose<br />
organic compounds in water. Water molds mineralize organic<br />
matter, helping in the natural purification of water. Using<br />
the vegetation as a source of carbon and energy, they take<br />
part in self-cleaning processes of waters and at the same time<br />
they prevent eutrophication. The main purpose of the study was<br />
to note the diversity of the genera aquatic fungi recovered in<br />
Narewka River from upper course of the Narewka River near<br />
Bialowieza in Bialowieza National Park. Material and methods<br />
used were: Buckwheat seeds, hemp seeds, snake skin and fish<br />
spawn. These were the materials used as bait to isolate fungal<br />
biota from water during the in-laboratory exposure. Identification<br />
of the fungi was performed mainly on the basis of the<br />
morphological features, involved measurement and determination<br />
of the vegetative organs, asexual reproductive organs, and<br />
generative organs. The results showed: twenty four water fungal<br />
species from the class Chytridiomycetes (3), Oomycetes (19)<br />
and Zygomycetes (2) that were found in the upper course of the<br />
Narewka River. Such fungal species as Catenophlyctis variabilis,<br />
Dictyuchus monosporus, Pythium gracile, Py. debaryanum,<br />
Saprolegnia ferax and S. parasitica were found the most, and<br />
were noted in all the water bodies studied.<br />
Mycology<br />
MACrOMYCETES OF WOOdEd PATCHES IN AN AGrICULTUrAL<br />
LANdSCAPE<br />
Kujawa Anna. Field Station of Institute for Agricultural and<br />
Forest Environment Turew, 4 Szkolna St., 64-000 Kościan, Poland,<br />
ankujawa@man.poznan.pl<br />
A complex study aimed at evaluation of the diversity of macrofungi<br />
species in different kinds of wooded patches, village<br />
parks and managed forests located in an agricultural landscape,<br />
was carried out in the General Dezydery Chłapowski Landscape<br />
Park in 2000– 2007. The data have been gathered on 50 permanent<br />
plots as well as along routes. The results were used for evaluation<br />
of species diversity in studied plant communities as well<br />
as for defining the differences in fungi communities between<br />
plant communities strongly affected by humans, and habitat<br />
having natural characters. Studied plant communities (affected<br />
by humans) were characterized by lower species richness,<br />
a higher share of ubiquistic species and different dominance of<br />
biotrophic guilds when compared to natural plant communities.<br />
However, the results show the evidence of the significant role<br />
of such altered plant communities for many rare and protected<br />
fungi species, for which the wooded patches and parks are often<br />
substitute habitats. Preservation of mosaics of different forest<br />
habitats such as wooded patches surrounded by the crop fields<br />
and village parks, significantly affects the protection of fungi<br />
species diversity. Such a mosaic structure of agricultural landscape<br />
significantly improves the scheme of fungi conservation<br />
in Poland which is based mainly on a network of national parks<br />
and nature reserves.<br />
MYCOrrHIZAL SYMBIONTS OF PoPulus niGrA<br />
‘ITALICA’ GrOWN IN dIVErSE ENVIrONMENTS<br />
Kulczyk-Skrzeszewska Magdalena1 , Kieliszewska-rokicka<br />
Barbara1 , Smulders Marinus J.M. 2 , Głowska Natalia1 .<br />
1Kazimierz Wielki University, 12 Ossolińskich Av., 85-093<br />
Bydgoszcz, Poland, kulczykmadzia@wp.pl; 2Plant Research International,<br />
Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, the<br />
Netherlands<br />
Populus is one of the few tree genera with both ectomycorrhizal<br />
(ECM) and arbuscular (AM) associations. Little is<br />
known about the factors influencing the mycorrhizal status of<br />
poplar trees. P. nigra ‘ITALICA’; is a male clone, spread by<br />
cuttings throughout Europe and the USA. It is cultivated as an<br />
ornamental tree in urban landscape and by roads. The genetic<br />
similarity of the poplar trees provides an opportunity to determine<br />
the effects of local environmental conditions on the mycorrhizal<br />
community associated with a single tree genotype.<br />
We examined mycorrhizas of mature trees grown under various<br />
soil conditions and subjected to various types and levels<br />
of anthropogenic pressure. ECM and AM colonization of the<br />
poplar roots were evaluated and individual ectomycorrhizas<br />
were analysed using molecular methods. The results indicated<br />
an influence of local environmental conditions on the mycorrhizal<br />
symbiosis.<br />
ECTOMYCOrrHIZAL COMMUNITY STrUCTUrE OF<br />
THE euroPeAn lArch IN ŚWIętoKRZySKIE AND<br />
OPAWSKIE MOUNATINS<br />
Leski Tomasz, rudawska Maria. Polish Academy of Sciences,<br />
Institute of Dendrology, Laboratory of Mycorrhizal Research,<br />
5 Parkowa St., 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; tleski@man.poznan.pl;<br />
mariarud@man.poznan.pl<br />
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities of Larix decidua<br />
subsp. polonica and L. decidua subsp. decidua var. sudetica were<br />
studied along a chronosequence of forest development (10– 150<br />
years) in two regions of Poland (Świętokrzyskie Mountains and<br />
Opawskie Mountains respectively). The ECM community was<br />
75
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
characterized by a combination of the techniques of morphotyping<br />
and molecular methods (sequencing of fungal ITS r DNA<br />
region). A total of 27 mycorrhizal fungi were identified; 22 species<br />
for L. decidua subsp. polonica and 17 species for L. decidua<br />
subsp. decidua var. sudetica. Species richness on stands with<br />
particular age classes was higher in Świętokrzyskie Mountains<br />
than in Opawskie Mountains. Tomentella sublilacina and Russula<br />
ochroleuca were the most common and dominant ECM<br />
species for L. decidua subsp. polonica from Świętokrzyskie<br />
Mountains while Suillus grevillei and T. sublilacina constituted<br />
the largest part of mycorrhizas of L. decidua subsp. decidua var.<br />
sudetica from Opawskie Mountains. There were no significant<br />
differences in ECM species richness and composition between<br />
forest age classes, however in both regions relative abundance<br />
of mycorrhizas from the Russulaceae family revealed that they<br />
had a tendency to increase with stand age. The possible reasons<br />
for the differences between the observed ECM communities are<br />
discussed.<br />
TWENTY FIVE YEArS OF FUNGAL CONSErVATION<br />
IN EUrOPE<br />
Ławrynowicz Maria. University of Łódź, Division of Mycology,<br />
Department of Algology and Mycology, 12/16 Banacha St.,<br />
90-237 Łódź, Poland, miklaw@biol.uni.lodz.pl<br />
This year the European Committee for Conservation of Fungi<br />
celebrates its 25th Anniversary. The European Committee for<br />
Conservation of Fungi was established during the 9th Congress<br />
of European Mycologists in Oslo, Norway in September 1985.<br />
The first Meeting of the Committee took place in Łódź, Poland,<br />
in August 1988. Poland was chosen, as this country has already<br />
had some striking achievements in the area of fungal conservation,<br />
such as the first in Europe legal fungal species protection<br />
(in effect since 1983) and the Red List of threatened macromycetes<br />
published in 1986. On August 24,1989 at the 13th Congress<br />
of European Mycologists in Tallin, the name “Committee”<br />
was changed into “Council” and its programme was announced<br />
as a resolution. After the establishment of the European Mycological<br />
Association in 2003, the Council became the EMA’s<br />
Conservation body. The main ideas, tasks and achievements of<br />
the European Council for Conservation of Fungi, as well threats<br />
and conservation problems of macromycetes in Poland will be<br />
presented during the session.<br />
MICrOSCOPIC MYCOBIOTA OF rEEd-BEd COMMU-<br />
NITIES OF LAKE SITNO (drAWNO NATIONAL PArK,<br />
POLANd)<br />
Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz Kinga, Adamczewski Andrzej,<br />
Ładczuk Dorota, Silicki Artur. West Pomeranian University<br />
of Technology, Department of Hydrobiology, 4 K. Królewicza<br />
St., 71-550 Szczecin, Poland, kinga.mazurkiewicz-zapalowicz@<br />
zut.edu.pl<br />
Microscopic mycobiota are the most poorly described constituents<br />
of reed-bed species biodiversity. Therefore, in 2005– 2006<br />
we carried out a survey on these fungal assemblages on reedbed<br />
vegetation around lake Sitno (Drawno National Park, Poland).<br />
From 17 host plants, nearly 500 strains of FLOs and fungi<br />
were isolated belonging to 133 species. The mycobiota that were<br />
most commonly observed on the plants represented the following<br />
genera: Fusarium (10 species), Ascochyta and Stagonospora<br />
(6 species each), Puccinia and Periconia (5 species each). The<br />
richest biodiversity was observed on Glyceria maxima (46 taxa)<br />
and Carex acutiformis and Phragmites australis (29 taxa each),<br />
as well as on Schoenoplectus lacustris (25 taxa) and Acorus<br />
calamus (24 taxa). On the remaining plants, the diversity of<br />
mycobiota did not exceed 20 species. The species of Ascochyta<br />
(A. antarctica, A. gracilispora, A. kirulisii, and A. melicae) as<br />
well as Puccinia coronata and P. melicae isolated from G. max-<br />
76<br />
ima were found on this host plant for the first time. On the other<br />
hand, Phyllosticta sagittifoliae and Ramularia sagittariae on<br />
Sagittaria sagittifolia, and Phyllosticta iridum on Iris pseudoacorus,<br />
represented novel pathogens, for the first time observed<br />
on these plants in Poland.<br />
CHArACTErISTICS OF FUNGI CAUSING SOOTY<br />
BLOTCH ON APPLE IN POLANd*<br />
Mirzwa-Mróz Ewa. Warsaw University of Life Science<br />
– SGGW, Department of Plant Pathology, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, ewa_mirzwa_mroz@sggw.pl<br />
The aim of the study was to find out what fungi species were<br />
responsible for sooty blotch on apples in selected regions of<br />
Poland. During 2006– 2009 in Central, Northern and Eastern<br />
Poland, apples with symptoms of the disease were collected.<br />
Over one hundred isolates of fungi were obtained from the<br />
spots of affected fruits. The identification of these isolates was<br />
based on ITS1 rDNA sequence analysed after PCR amplification<br />
of fungal DNA. In addition to molecular identity, the morphology<br />
of these isolates was also examined. The results of<br />
the morphological studies, pathogenicity of isolates and their<br />
sequences allowed us to state that: Pseudocercosporella sp.,<br />
Pseudocercospora sp. Peltaster sp. and Phialophora sessilis<br />
belong to the sooty blotch fungi complex. Some selected isolates<br />
of fungi were checked for their growth on different agar<br />
media: PDA, CMA, MEA and Czapek. The best colony linear<br />
growth was observed on PDA and CMA. The slowest growth<br />
of mycelium was noted on Czapek medium.<br />
*The State Committee for Scientific Research financially supported<br />
this study, grant No N N310 303834.<br />
EFFECT OF SUBSTrATE TYPE ON MACrOMYCETES<br />
SPECIES COMPOSITION IN PINE FOrESTS IN THE<br />
VICINITY OF OLKUSZ (SOUTHErN POLANd)<br />
Mleczko Piotr 1 , Kapusta Paweł 2 . 1 Jagiellonian University,<br />
Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland,<br />
ubmleczk@cyf-kr.edu.pl; 2 Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer<br />
Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland,<br />
p.kapusta@botany.pl<br />
Scots pine is a dominating tree species in the forests of the<br />
Olkusz region. It occurs mostly on sandy soil (podzol) but grows<br />
also on dolomite substrate (post-mining waste material), where<br />
it is planted as part of recultivation measures. The soil of recultivated<br />
areas is characterized by high pH and high contents of<br />
nutrients and heavy metals, therefore it creates different growth<br />
conditions than those typical for sandy soil. The aim of the study<br />
was to characterize the mac romycete populations in pine forests<br />
developed on two contrasting substrates. The observa-tions<br />
of basidiomata and ascomata occurrence were carried out during<br />
the period 2008– 2009 on 20 permanent plots, 400 m 2 each<br />
(14 on sandy soil and 6 on dolomite substrate). Among 156 noted<br />
species 36 were frequent enough to be included in analysis. The<br />
mycobiota of the two types of plots differed considerably and<br />
were found to be strongly dependent on edaphic conditions. The<br />
differences concerned both saprobic and ectomycorrhizal fungi.<br />
Currently, pine ecto-mycorrhizas are being investigated. This<br />
study was supported within the Financial Mechanism of the European<br />
Economic Area.
ONE HUNdrEd ANd FIFTY YEArS OF INVESTIGA-<br />
TIONS ON PArASITIC MICrOFUNGI OF THE TATrA<br />
MTS<br />
Mułenko Wiesław1 , Bacigálová Kamila2 . 1Maria Curie-<br />
-Skłodowska University, Department of Botany and Mycology,<br />
19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland, wieslaw.mulenko@<br />
poczta.umcs.lublin.pl; 2Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy<br />
of Science, Dubravska cesta 9, SK-84523 Bratislava, Slovakia.<br />
kamila.bacigalova@savba.sk<br />
At the 53rd Congress of the Pol. Bot. Soc. in 2004, preliminary<br />
data were announced about the occurrence of approximately<br />
650 species of microfungi in the Tatra Mts Still, a much<br />
greater number of existing species was postulated. During the<br />
successive 6 years, intensive field studies were conducted with<br />
the aim of more explicit recognition of the fungal biota in that<br />
region. Studies of the literature and herbarium collections<br />
were also carried out. A special effort was made to compile<br />
the oldest papers, published in the second half of the 19th and<br />
the beginning of the 20th century, which have been regrettably<br />
overlooked by other researchers. An analysis of all the<br />
hitherto available sources, demonstrated that ca. 1200 fungal<br />
species were reported from the Tatra Mountains during the<br />
last 150 years. This number is comparable with the abundance<br />
of plant species growing in that area. For these reasons, the<br />
Tatra Mountains may be regarded as a well-recognised area in<br />
terms of mycology. However, the studies carried out nowadays<br />
indicate that the species numbers are still incomplete, and the<br />
Tatra region still remains an undiscovered “proving ground”<br />
undergoing continuous dynamic changes. Among the fungi reported<br />
so far, the most numerous are Asomycota (647 species),<br />
anamorphic fungi (290) and parasitic Basidiomycota (206).<br />
The work was supported by the Ministry of Science Higher<br />
Education, grant No: N N304 172436.<br />
INdOLE COMPOUNdS IN FrUITING BOdIES OF<br />
SOME EdIBLE BASIdIOMYCOTA SPECIES<br />
Muszyńska Bożena 1 , Sułkowska-Ziaja Katarzyna 2 . 1,2 Jagiellonian<br />
University, Collegium Medicum, Chair and Department<br />
of Pharmaceutical Botany, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Cracow, Poland;<br />
1 muchon@poczta.fm<br />
The purpose of this work was to analyse the contents of secondary<br />
metabolites in fruit bodies of some edible species<br />
(Basidiomycota), especially indole compounds. The contents<br />
of nonhallucinogenic indole compounds were determined in<br />
methanol extracts from fruiting bodies of four common edible<br />
European species of higher fungi representing the most<br />
popular taxon Basidiomycota: Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange),<br />
L<strong>acta</strong>rius deliciosus (L.Fr.) S.F. Gray and Leccinum rufum<br />
(Schaef.) Kreisel. From among eleven compounds under analysis,<br />
6–7 metabolites, distinct in different species, were identified<br />
in the extracts of fruiting bodies. Serotonin and melatonin<br />
were the only common compounds in all species. The contents<br />
of the analyzed compounds were diverse, ranging from 0.02<br />
to almost 40 mg/100 g d.w. The contents of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan,<br />
tryptamine and melatonin were low (below<br />
1.40 mg/100 g d.w.). It is worth mentioning that, serotonin contents<br />
were very high in all species under study and amounted<br />
to 5.21, 18.42 and 31.71 mg /100 g d.w. respectively. Moreover,<br />
fruiting bodies of these species contained indoleacetic<br />
acid (max. 2.04 mg/100 g d.w.) and tryptophan degradation<br />
products: kynureine sulfate (max. 39.20 mg/100 g d.w.) and<br />
kynurenic acid (6.21 mg /100 g d.w.).<br />
Mycology<br />
ECTOMYCOrrHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES OF<br />
EUrOPEAN BEECH (fAGus sylvAticA L.) SEEd-<br />
LINGS FrOM BArE-rOOT FOrEST NUrSErIES<br />
Pietras Marcin 1 , rudawska Maria. Polish Academy of Sciences,<br />
Institute of Dendrology, 5 Parkowa St., 62-035 Kórnik,<br />
Poland, 1 mpietras@man.poznan.pl<br />
The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is ecologically and<br />
economically one of the most important forest tree in Europe.<br />
In Poland, beech woodlands cover 4,2% of forest area. Beech is<br />
critically dependent on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. In forest<br />
nurseries, ECM association are believed to be critical to successful<br />
seedling establishment and tree growth, facilitating both<br />
nutrient and water uptake and increasing resistance to certain<br />
root diseases. In this study, we investigated the species richness<br />
and abundance of ECM fungi colonizing seedlings of beech,<br />
grown in four Polish bare–root forest nurseries. We use molecular<br />
methods based on PCR and sequencing of the ITS of fungal<br />
rDNA. In all tested nurseries, values of ECM colonization was<br />
nearly 100%. In total we identified 27 fungal taxa. Recognized<br />
species belonged to Ascomycota and Basidomycota. Most frequent<br />
and abundant fungal taxa were: Laccaria tortilis, Hebeloma<br />
sacchariolens, Cenococcum geophilum, Tuber sp. 1 and<br />
Cadophora sp. A low level of similarity between individual<br />
nurseries was revealed. We suggest that individual nurseries<br />
may be considered as separate ecological niches that strongly<br />
determines diversity of ECM fungi.<br />
MACrOFUNGI OF THE ALPINE BELT OF THE<br />
CArPATHIANS – dIVErSITY ANd dISTrIBUTION<br />
THrOUGHOUT THE ISOLATEd HIGH-MOUNTAIN<br />
HABITATS<br />
ronikier Anna. Polish Academy of Science, Institute of Botany,<br />
46 Lubicz St., Cracow, Poland, a.ronikier@botany.pl<br />
The Carpathians constitute one of the most important European<br />
mountain chains and a centre of the occurrence of mountain<br />
and arctic-alpine species. The aim of the presented project was<br />
a taxonomic-ecological study of the macrofungi occuring in the<br />
alpine belt of the Carpathians as well as assessment of their distribution<br />
throughout the mountain range. Material was collected<br />
in all most representative parts of the range during six vegetation<br />
seasons (2004 to 2009). In total, 1185 collections were gathered.<br />
Part of the material has been elaborated and about 160 species<br />
belonging to 34 genera have been recognized so far; 50 of them<br />
are typical arctic-alpine species. Among the recognized species,<br />
32 are new to the Carpathians, 15 – new to Poland, 38 – new to<br />
Romania, 8 – new to Slovakia, 38 – new to the Southern Carpathians,<br />
10 – new to the Eastern Carpathians, 19 – new to the<br />
Western Carpathians. The high number of typical arctic-alpine<br />
fungi found in the alpine belt of the Carpathians demonstrates<br />
that the high fragmentation of alpine habitats of the Carpathians<br />
does not influence negatively the fungal species diversity<br />
in comparison to areas with larger and more continuous alpine<br />
belt areas.<br />
INVASIVE MICrOMYCETES IN POLANd<br />
Ruszkiewicz-Michalska Małgorzata 1 , Piątek Marcin 2 , Mułenko<br />
Wiesław 3 . 1 University of Łódź, Department of Mycology,<br />
12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, mrusz@biol.uni.lodz.pl; 2 Polish<br />
Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Department<br />
of Mycology, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow; 3 M. Curie-<br />
-Skłodowska University, Department of Botany and Mycology,<br />
19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland<br />
Intentional or accidental introduction of organisms and also<br />
their spreading beyond the native range of occurrence is currently<br />
one of the most common phenomena. The knowledge of<br />
alien fungi is very poor if compared to other organisms; the<br />
77
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
best recognized are invasions of patogenic micromycetes. The<br />
origin and expansion rate of many fungal species are very difficult<br />
to assess as most of the studies concern practical aspects.<br />
The first attempts to list species alien and expansive in Poland<br />
were made a few years ago. Eighty two taxa have already<br />
been included in the compilation, among them mainly biotrofic<br />
parasites of plants, and also animals (i.e. Aphanomyces astaci,<br />
Geomyces destructans). Peronosporales (27 species, among<br />
them 13 of Phytophthora) and Erysiphales (24) predominate.<br />
Less numerous are members of Uredinales (14) and Ustilaginales<br />
s.l. (12) and other taxa. The species introduced, presumably<br />
together with their hosts, and established in the country (neomycetes),<br />
represent more than half of the alien fungi (49 species).<br />
The other species are classified as ephemeromycetes, as<br />
their spread is either not observed or they have been recorded<br />
recently. Some of the efemeromycetes appear to be hemerophobic<br />
species. The studies have been partially supported by<br />
the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland) grant<br />
N/N304/172436.<br />
tHE MyxoMyCEtES of tHE BIAŁACZóW NAtURE<br />
rESErVE NEAr OPOCZNO<br />
Salamaga Agnieszka, drozdowicz Anna. Jagiellonian University,<br />
Institute of Botany, 27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow,<br />
Poland; asalamaga@wp.pl; anna.drozdowicz@uj.edu.pl<br />
In recent years, Myxomycetes have become of interest to many<br />
researchers from different countries. Research on these organisms<br />
have been done in Poland for over 100 hundred years but<br />
not evenly in every part of the country. Data from Central Poland<br />
have been collected for over 50 years from many study sites but<br />
mainly nature reserves. One such reserve that gained a special<br />
interest is the Białaczów nature reserve (21,87 ha, established<br />
in 1976), located in the Opoczno forest district. During the mycological<br />
field research in 2006– 2007 the Myxomycetes were<br />
also collected. Twenty-one taxons of the class Myxomycetes<br />
and Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa from the class Protosteliomycetes<br />
were identified from the collected material. Additional research<br />
undertaken in 2009, in which 6 new species were found, has<br />
expanded the list of species in the nature reserve. It has been observed<br />
that dead wood habitat is preferred by the Myxomycetes<br />
(28 taxons). Only Diderma radiatum (L.) Morgan occurred on<br />
the surface of mosses. It is an important observation because<br />
this taxon has been previously characterized as occupying<br />
only dead wood. The overall number of the species from the<br />
class Myxomycetes in the nature reserve is 29. Special attention<br />
should be given to Didymium leptotrichum (Racib.) Massee<br />
which is found in the rare species register and was noted only<br />
once, in 1884.<br />
MYCOrrHIZAL COMMUNITY STrUCTUrE OF SIL-<br />
VEr FIr (Abies AlbA MILL.) GrOWING OUT OF ITS<br />
NATUrAL rANGE.<br />
Smutek Iwona1 , rudawska Maria2 , Leski Tomasz2 . 1Pol ish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, 5 Parkowa<br />
St., 62 035 Kórnik, Poland, iwona.smutek@gmail.com; 2Adam Mickiewicz University, Collegium Biologicum, 89 Umultowska<br />
St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland; mariarud@man.poznan.pl; tleski@<br />
man.poznan.pl<br />
The silver fir is an important component of mountains forest<br />
in Europe. In central Poland it reaches its northern natural<br />
range. However, also in Pomerania, Silver fir has perfect conditions<br />
for its growth and development. The purpose of this<br />
research was to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis<br />
of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities of Silver<br />
fir growing within the area of the Baltic Natural Forest Region<br />
that is out of its natural range. The identification of mycorrhizal<br />
fungi constituting particular morphotypes has been<br />
78<br />
performed with the use of molecular methods based on the sequence<br />
analysis technique of the ITS rDNA region. The identified<br />
taxa belonged to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The<br />
highest abundance and frequency of occurrence was noted<br />
for Cenococcum geophilum and Tomentella stuposa. We have<br />
also discovered the presence of species such as: Cortinarius<br />
malachius, C. semisanguineus, Laccaria amethystina, L<strong>acta</strong>rius<br />
camphoratus, T. sublilacina, T. botryoides, T. terrestris,<br />
Pseudotomentella tristis, Tuber puberulum or Piloderma fallax.<br />
Research stands were characterized by a relatively high<br />
species richness and abundance typical for ECM community<br />
with a few dominant and many rare species.<br />
MYCOLOGICAL rESEArCH IN THE PrOVINCE OF<br />
OPOLE (SOUTH POLANd): HISTOrY, CUrrENT<br />
STATE ANd ITS FUTUrE PrOSPECTS<br />
Sokół Sławomir. University of Opole, Department of Biosystematics,<br />
22 Oleska St., 45-052 Opole, Poland, sokol@uni.<br />
opole.pl<br />
The province of Opole had already been explored by mycologists<br />
in the first half of the 19th century. Many outstanding<br />
scientists including several in the field of mycology, had participated<br />
in the study of the macrofungi of this region – Josef<br />
Schröther (Die Pilze. [In:] Cohn’s Cryptogamen Flora von<br />
Schlesien, Breslau). Microscopic mushrooms were an object<br />
of examination by phytopathologists of the Royal Pomological<br />
Institute, Pruszków, (Silesia) – Pflanzenphysiologischen Versuchsstation,<br />
Königlich Pomologischen Institut, Proskau. Prof.<br />
Paul Sorauer and Dr. Rudolf Aderhold participated in such researche.<br />
More recent mycological research (from the close of the<br />
20th century) were run by scientific workers and students from<br />
the Department of Biosystematics. Krzysztof Spałek with others<br />
(Z. Dajdok and A. and S. Nowak). They described localities<br />
of rare, interesting and protected macrofungi. The published<br />
data are particularly concerned with representatives of the family<br />
of earthstars (Geastraceae). These localities have been taken<br />
into consideration in the Red List of Upper Silesian Macrofungi<br />
(Wojewoda, 1999). In years 2002– 2005 in the Department of<br />
Biosystematics, 5 of 6 mycological Master’s theses, all carried<br />
out under my guidance, concerned Province of Opole and its<br />
surroundings; the Lubliniec Forests. Knowledge of mycorrhizal<br />
fungi in this area is “uncharted territory”. To sum up, the information<br />
about the flora of fungi in the Opole Province is fragmentary<br />
and needs to be update and it needs to be supplemented<br />
with additional material.<br />
MYCOCOENOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE<br />
FOrEST ASSOCIATIONS OF KrAJKOWO NATUrE<br />
rESErVE – PrELIMINArY rESULTS.<br />
Stefaniak Mateusz. Adam Mickiewicz University, Department<br />
of Plant Ecology and Environment Protection, 89 Umultowska<br />
St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland, afanit@op.pl<br />
The aim of the mycocoenological studies conducted in the Krajkowo<br />
Nature Reserve is to recognize species diversity and the<br />
role of macromycetes in the studied forest communities, and<br />
to determine diagnostic species in a mycocoenological sense.<br />
The observations were carried out on 16 permanent plots in the<br />
Populetum albae Br.-Bl. 1931 , Querco-Ulmetum minoris typicum<br />
Issl. 1924 and Galio sylvatici – Carpinetum (R.Tx.) Oberd.<br />
1957 phytocoenoses. The observation plots are situated in the<br />
Krajkowo Nature Reserve, which is located in the Warta River<br />
valley, ca.35 km south of Poznań, Poland. During the studies<br />
about 300 species of macrofungi were found, including some<br />
rare species (e.g. Entoloma jahnii Wölfel & Winterh., Marasmius<br />
minutus Peck, Neolentinus schaefferi [Weinm.] Readhead<br />
& Ginns), and the preliminary results on ecological groups of<br />
macrofungi were obtained.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE in vitro CULTUrE CONdI-<br />
TIONS OF APylloforoidAles SPECIES ANd ANAL-<br />
YSIS OF A SELECT GrOUP OF METABOLITES<br />
Sułkowska-Ziaja Katarzyna, Muszyńska Bożena. Jagiellonian<br />
University, Collegium Medicum, Chair and Department<br />
of Pharmaceutical Botany, 9 Medyczna St., 31-688 Cracow, Poland,<br />
mfziaja@poczta.fm<br />
Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst., Sparassis crispa (Wulfen)<br />
Fr. and Hydnum repandum L. are species of fungi which belong<br />
to Aphyllophorales. The aim of this study was the optimization<br />
of submerged culture conditions (source of carbon,<br />
source of nitrogen initial value of pH and temperature of incubation)<br />
and chemical analysis of select group of metabolites.<br />
Medium according to Lubiński was tested. The optimal medium<br />
composition for biomass increments of S. imbricatus<br />
was fructose (8.0 g d.w/dm 3 ) and hydrolizate of caseine (9.6 g<br />
d.w/dm 3 ). Maximal growth of biomass was observed at an initial<br />
value of pH = 6.0 (4.8 g d.w/dm 3 ) and optimal temperature<br />
of incubation was 25°C (9.4 g d.w/dm 3 ). The optimal medium<br />
composition for biomass increments of S. crispa, was glucose<br />
(13.7g d.w/dm 3 ), hydrolizate of caseine (7.95g d.w/dm3 ). Maximal<br />
growth of biomass was observed at the initial value of<br />
pH 6.0 (9.92 g d.w/dm 3 ) and optimal temperature of incubation<br />
was 30oC (7.9 5g d.w/dm 3 ). The optimal medium composition<br />
for biomass increments of H. repandum, was glucose (11.0 g<br />
d.w/dm 3 ) and hydrolizate of caseine (14.7 g d.w/dm 3 ). Maximal<br />
growth of biomass was observed at initial value of pH = 5.0<br />
(9.8 g d.w/dm 3 ) and optimal temperature of incubation was<br />
25°C (9.6 g d.w/dm 3 ). Chemical analysis of extracts of mycelia<br />
showed contents of indole derivatives, phenolic acids and sterole.<br />
All these contents were determined by chromatographic<br />
methods.<br />
FUNGI OF hericium GENUS IN THE MAZOVIA rE-<br />
GION (CENTrAL POLANd)<br />
Szczepkowski Andrzej. Warsaw University of Life Sciences<br />
– SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland,<br />
Department of Forest Protection and Ecology, Division of Mycology<br />
and Phytopathology, andrzej_szczepkowski@sggw.pl<br />
Fungi from the Hericium genus are under strict protection and<br />
are included to the red list of threatened fungi in Poland. The<br />
Hericium tooth fungi grow saprotrophically on rotten wood.<br />
Sometimes Hericium tooth fungi occur on dead wood of living<br />
trees where they cause white rot. In Poland they are found<br />
nearly exclusively in national parks and nature reserves. They<br />
are considered indicative species of well preserved forests (so<br />
called primaeval forest relics). Two species of Hericium tooth<br />
fungi, out of the four occuring in Poland, were recorded on two<br />
singular stands in the Mazovia region. H. corallides was recorded<br />
in the Puszcza Kampinoska forest (Rudnicka-Jezierska<br />
1969) and H. flagellum was recorded in the Puszcza Kozienicka<br />
forest (Ostas & Sałata 1975). There have been no records<br />
of the species in Mazovia region for the last 30 years. The<br />
paper presents two new sites of Hericium tooth fungi in the<br />
Mazovia region. H. erinaceus was found in Warsaw in “Las<br />
Bielański” nature reserve (the Warsaw Plain) in 2001. One basidioma<br />
grew on an oak Quercus sp. log lying on the ground.<br />
This species is new in the Mazovia region. Five basidiomes<br />
of H. coralloides were recorded in 2009 growing on a Quercus<br />
sp. uprooted log lying on the ground in the “Lekowo” nature<br />
reserve (the Wzniesienia Mławskie heights) within the<br />
Ciechanów Forest District.<br />
Mycology<br />
MYCOCOENOLOGICAL STUdIES IN FOrESTS COM-<br />
MUNITIES WITH fAGus sylvAticA IN CENTrAL PO-<br />
LANd<br />
Ślusarczyk Dominika. University of Łódź, Division of Mycology,<br />
12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland, dominika@biol.<br />
uni.lodz.pl<br />
The project presents the results of four-years of research on<br />
macromycetes, conducted in forest communities with Fagus<br />
sylvatica in Central Poland. In nature reserves, which are part<br />
of the old growth forest Puszcza Łódzka, mycological observations<br />
were made. These areas are also a mainstay for Fagus<br />
sylvatica on a range border what warranted mycocoenological<br />
research. A separated complex is Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum. With<br />
its specific composition in Central Poland; it referes to the acid<br />
beech forest in Pomerania. Species connected with the beech are<br />
represented in great number, though most of them are ubiquistic<br />
species from the oak communities. Special attention was given<br />
to saprotrophic fungi which decay beech deadwood. A comparative<br />
analysis of species composition in Central Poland with<br />
other objects that was carried out showed that quantative and<br />
qualitative differences in micoflora accompanying the beech<br />
depend on forest structure and species composition of trees.<br />
ArBUSCULAr MYCOrrHIZAL COLONIZATION OF<br />
Aesculus hiPPocAstAnum L. TrEES IN UrBAN<br />
HABITATS ANd IN THE COUNTrY<br />
Tyburska Jolanta 1 , Kieliszewska-rokicka Barbara. Kazimierz<br />
Wielki University, Institute of Environmental Biology,<br />
Department of Mycology and Mycorrhiza, 30 Chodkiewicza<br />
St., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; 1 jola@ukw.edu.pl<br />
Common Horse Chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum L., a nonnative<br />
broadleaved deciduous species is a major urban tree in<br />
most of Europe, planted as a street and park tree. A. hippocastanum<br />
develops mycorrhizal symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal<br />
(AM) fungi. AM fungi can enhance plant growth and<br />
vigor by more efficient water and nutrient uptake, and protection<br />
against root pathogens and toxic compounds. On the other<br />
hand, mycorrhizal symbiosis may be negatively influenced by<br />
anthropogenic pressure, including water stress, soil pollution<br />
and compaction. However, there is very little information to be<br />
found in the literature on how environmental conditions influence<br />
mycorrhiza of A. hippocastanum. Our study demonstrated<br />
that AM colonization of mature and young A. hippocastanum<br />
trees growing in the city of Bydgoszcz, Poland, occured in study<br />
sites characterized by different levels of anthropogenic pressure<br />
(air and soil pollution) as well as in areas free from direct influence<br />
of toxic pollutants (Kórnik Arboretum nr Poznań). Diverse<br />
abundance of arbuscular mycorrhiza in tree roots was significantly<br />
lower in the urban habitats than in the country sites. This<br />
lower abundance of arbuscular mycorrhiza in tree roots in the<br />
urban habitats indicated a negative influence of anthropogenic<br />
pressure on AM symbiosis of A. hippocastanum.<br />
dIVErSITY OF FUNGI COMMUNITIES OF SELECTEd<br />
PEAT-MUCK SOILS IN TWO dIFFErENT YEArS<br />
tyszkiewicz Zofia. Białystok Technical University, Department<br />
of Protection of Soil and Land Surface, 45a Wiejska St.,<br />
15-351 Białystok, Poland, z.tyszkiewicz@pb.edu.pl<br />
The aim of the study was the recognition and comparison of<br />
Micromycetes communities in peat-muck soil. Research points<br />
were located in the southern part of the Narew National Park<br />
on the occasionally flooded but usually overdried peatlands. All<br />
studied soils were formed from sedge peat and were characterized<br />
by similar organic bed depth but different muck type. The<br />
soil samples were taken from turf level and peat level in both<br />
soils under analysis, in July of 2002 and 2009. Eight fungi com-<br />
79
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
munities were obtained, two in one year from each of the soil<br />
profiles (from muck and peat). In total, they were created by<br />
117 fungi isolates, which were represented by 25 different species.<br />
Unfortunately, none of them appeared in all communities<br />
simultaneously. The fungi communities were characterized by<br />
a low frequency and small diversity. The number (frequency)<br />
was also low for particular species. The communities did not<br />
show any common qualities. The possible similarity between<br />
fungi communities amounted to 14–17 %. The results indicate<br />
that composition of fungi communities in slightly mucked peatmuck<br />
soils is not only determined by soil process. Also, quite<br />
significant are the site conditions which have been influencing<br />
the shaping of the soil profile.<br />
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNdS IN SHIITAKE – CONTENTS<br />
OF LENTHIONINE dEPENdING ON SUBSTrATE ANd<br />
VArIETY<br />
Woźniak Wanda1 , Filipowicz Krzysztof. Poznań University<br />
of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska <strong>Polskiego</strong> St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland;<br />
Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin; 1wozwa@ up.poznan.pl<br />
Fungi found in nature are not only a symbol of flavour in many<br />
dishes, but are also exceptionally valuable sources of biologically<br />
active compounds. Biologically active compounds have an<br />
effective influence on the functioning of the organism and prevent<br />
the incidence of many diseases. Such fungi include shiitake<br />
Lentinus edodes (Pegler), which is increasingly available on the<br />
retail market in Poland. Compounds contained in this mushroom<br />
have an advantageous effect on human health. Shiitake<br />
contains a polysaccharide lenthionine and eritadenine. Lenthionine<br />
exhibits a proven immunostimulatory effect, thanks to<br />
which we may effectively fight neoplasmic lesions in our organism;<br />
moreover, it shows an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory,<br />
hypoglycemic and anticarietic action. What is more, it reduces<br />
blood LDL cholesterol level as well as protects skin cells against<br />
the effect of external substances. The compound of eritadenine<br />
is also capable of reducing cholesterol levels in blood and the<br />
liver. In the case of the two varieties of shiitake tested at the Institute<br />
of Technology of Food of Plant Origin, on three different<br />
substrates, it turned out that the substrate enriched with yellow<br />
flowered gourd pulp had a positive effect on yield and lenthionine<br />
level in fruiting bodies irrespective of the variety.<br />
PoLyPoRE fUNGI of SŁoWIńSKI NAtIoNAL PARK<br />
Zduńczyk Anna. Pomeranian Academy in Słupsk, Department<br />
of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of<br />
Botany and Genetics, 22 B Arciszewskiego St., 76-200 Słupsk,<br />
Poland, azdunczyk@apsl.edu.pl<br />
Research was done in chosen reserves, i.e.: Nature Strict Protection<br />
Area Dołgie Małe, Nature Strict Protection Area Mierzeja,<br />
Rezerwat Ochrony Częściowej Rowy and Nature Partial<br />
Protection Area Rowokół in 2006– 2009. The occurrence of<br />
380 quotations with more than 20 species of polypore fungi has<br />
been noted on the examined area. Among cataloged species, the<br />
most popular were: Fomes fomentarius, Piptoporus betulinus,<br />
Trichaptum abietinum, Phellinus pini, Ganoderma applanatum,<br />
Daedaleopsis confragosa. Rare species of fungi which occur on<br />
the red list of endangered and about to become extinct species in<br />
Poland include Phellinus pini, and preserved species are Ganoderma<br />
lucidum and Inonotus obliquus. Fungi were collected<br />
via the “routed” method, from alive and dead trees such as pine<br />
trees, birch, black alder and others.
Palaeobotany
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
PALAEOBOTANICAL STUdIES OF dYSTrOPHIC<br />
LAKES OF THE WIGrY NATIONAL PArK – PrELIMI-<br />
NArY rESULTS<br />
drzymulska danuta, Kupryjanowicz Mirosława. University<br />
of Białystok, Institute of Biology, Department of Botany,<br />
20B Świerkowa St., 15-950 Białystok, Poland; d.drzymulska@<br />
uwb.edu.pl; m.kupryjanowicz@uwb.edu.pl<br />
Dozen of small dystrophic lakes, called “suchary” is located in<br />
the territory of the Wigry National Park. Altogether 12 of them<br />
were selected in order to investigate the history of their vegetation<br />
changes. Palaeobotanical studies are conducted mainly by<br />
the method of plant macroscopic remains analysis. Sediments of<br />
three chosen lakes (Suchar Wielki, Suchar II and Jezioro Ślepe)<br />
are also studied by the pollen analysis method. Preliminary results<br />
of research indicate that initiation of a peat forming process<br />
in the vicinity of Jezioro Widne, started in the first half of the<br />
Atlantic period (7790±50 BP) – peatmoss-sedge phytocoenosis<br />
with birch shrubs occurred then on mineral ground. The Jezioro<br />
Ślepe’s oldest sediments are connected with the Preboreal<br />
period (9560±35 BP) and their character suggests they accumulated<br />
on the border line of two environments: land and water. In<br />
the region of Jezioro Sucharek, peat started to be deposited in<br />
the first half of the Boreal period (8765±50 BP). An acid moss<br />
community with brown mosses, sedges and peatmosses was the<br />
initiator of the peat forming process, in the Preboreal period,<br />
in Suchar Wielki. The oldest sediments of Suchar II date back<br />
to the earlier Holocene and the roof layer, which is made up of<br />
about 3.50 m of sediment, represents the last 3000 years. These<br />
findings indicate a very high rate of accumulation in this period<br />
(approximately 1.17 mm/year).<br />
THE LATE GLACIAL HISTOrY OF THE VEGETA-<br />
TION dESCrIBEd IN THE BIOGENIC SEdIMENTS OF<br />
THE LUBIANKA rIVEr’S SUBGLACIAL CHANNEL<br />
(DoBRZyńSKA UPLAND)<br />
Gamrat Wojciech W. Nicolaus Copernicus University, Institute<br />
of Geography, 9 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland, wojgam@<br />
stud.umk.pl<br />
The Lubianka River’s subglacial channel is part of a larger<br />
complex of subglacial tunnels located in the dobrzyńska and<br />
chełmińska upland and Drwęca ice marginal streamway. Two<br />
profils from the northen-west part of Dobrzyńskie Lakeland<br />
have been used for palynological research. Piotrkowo 1 profile<br />
has been drafted from the bed of the subglacial channel. The<br />
bottom part of sediments (938– 1440 cm) consists of gray silts<br />
with a dark layer of laminated silt at a depth of 1203– 1197 cm.<br />
The pollen spectra from the deepest part of the profile describes<br />
vegetation typical for the end of Oldest Dryas. The sediments<br />
at the top of profile describe vegetation from Bölling-Alleröd<br />
interstadial and stadial of Younger Dryas. Rudaw 1 profile has<br />
been drafted from a kettle hole about 3 km north of Piotrkowo<br />
1 profile. Accumulation of sediments of the bottom part on this<br />
site is connected with the Late Glacial Period. It starts with a series<br />
of gray silts – probably formed in pre-Alleröd. The sedimentation<br />
of organic deposits begins from Alleröd. They consist<br />
of an 8 cm layer of gyttja and peat, this sediment continues<br />
till the end of the profile. A hiatus of 400 cm in depth forms the<br />
boundary of Late Glacial and Holocene, as under it the deposits<br />
are holocene. The results of palinological research in these sites<br />
suggest Late Glacial genesis of the Lubianka River’s subglacial<br />
channel and complex hydrology, on both the sites.<br />
82<br />
SYSTEMATIC COMPOSITION ANd PALAEOECOLOG-<br />
IC INTErPrETATION OF THE LATEST CrETACEOUS<br />
LEAF FLOrAS FrOM SOUTH-EASTErN POLANd<br />
ANd THE WESTErN UKrAINE<br />
Halamski Adam T. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of<br />
Paleobiology, 51/55 Twarda St., 00-818, Warsaw, Poland, ath@<br />
twarda.pan.pl<br />
Campanian to Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous, approximately<br />
85 to 63 millions of years ago) leaf floras are known from<br />
several outcrops of marine rocks in south-eastern Poland and<br />
the westernmost Ukraine (among others Jędrzejów, Kazimierz<br />
Dolny, Krasnobród, Potelič/Potylicz). Quantitatively, the bulk<br />
of the flora is composed of Conifers, amid which Geinitzia reichenbachiana<br />
is the commonest species, occurring probably in<br />
the Campanian and commonly in both lower and upper Maastrichtian.<br />
Among other species, much less numerous Cunninghamites<br />
ubaghsii, common within the Maastricht area, may be<br />
reported. Angiosperms are much rarer, yet they are apparently<br />
(their revision has not been completed) more diversified. Dewalquea<br />
pentaphylla, one of commoner and easier to recognise<br />
taxa, is represented by complete compound leaves. Quercophyllum<br />
sp. and Lauraceae indet. are known from more fragmentary<br />
remains. Angiosperms are primarily known in the lower<br />
Maastrichtian. They are rarer in the Campanian and the upper<br />
Maastrichtian. Representatives of other groups of plants, like<br />
ferns, are very rare. This fossil assemblage can be tentatively<br />
interpreted as representing coastal vegetation.<br />
THE LATEST rESEArCH OF MESOZOIC FLOrA<br />
FrOM POLANd – THE MOST FrEqUENT PrOBLEMS<br />
INVO<strong>LV</strong>Ed IN dETErMINING THE FOSSIL MACrO-<br />
FLOrA<br />
Jarzynka Agata 1 , Barbacka Maria 2 . 1 Polish Academy of Sciences,<br />
W. Szafer Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow,<br />
Poland, a.jarzynka@botany.pl; 2 Hungarian Natural History<br />
Museum, Department of Botany, Pf. 222, H-1476 Budapest,<br />
Hungary, barbacka@botan.nhmus.hu<br />
The basis of the research for a PhD thesis is a revision of the XIX<br />
century materials of Professor Raciborski from the Grojec’s<br />
Middle Jurassic clays (Cracow area). Because of constantly<br />
changing trends in the palaeobotanical research, new studies<br />
of the well-known and widely quoted literature collections are<br />
necessary. The basic problem with the collection from Grojec, is<br />
the preservation state of macroremains. The predominant components<br />
are the impressions of leaf fragments which show the<br />
details of their morphology very well, but in default of the cuticles,<br />
the use of the cuticle analysis is excluded. This situation<br />
is rather unfortunate, because this kind of analyses is the basis<br />
of the modern determination process. Furthermore, a respective<br />
group of fossil planta and their organs have a different fossil<br />
potential, so in the Grojec area mainly ferns and various kinds<br />
of leaves were preserved. For this collection it is not possible<br />
to match individual leaves to generative organs, thus the use of<br />
a natural system of classification is impossible. In many cases,<br />
the fragments of the same plant, function as different species<br />
(comparatively unstable morphotaxons). Their classified position<br />
is permanently changing causing confusion and disorder<br />
with every attempted new publication.
LATE GLACIAL ANd HOLOCENE HISTOrY OF THE<br />
vEGEtAtIoN At WęGLINy (WESt PoLAND) BASED<br />
ON PrELIMINArY PALYNOLOGICAL STUdIES<br />
Jurochnik Aleksandra. Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer<br />
Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland,<br />
a.jurochnik@botany.pl<br />
Two profiles (WE 08 and WE 09) for pollen analysis were collected<br />
at Węgliny village (Lubsza Plain). It is located in the<br />
Vistulian marginal zone. On the basis of pollen and loss, an<br />
ignition analyses of both profiles has been done on the preliminary<br />
reconstruction of the vegetation development in Late<br />
Glacial and the Holocene, near the examined site. The WE08<br />
profile starts with the Older Dryas vegetation appearing in the<br />
pollen diagram with the domination of the grass (Poaceae) pollen<br />
and the presence of the rebedded pollen grains (pollen of<br />
warmth demanding trees). The Alleröd period was marked in<br />
both pollen diagrams by the increases of pollen trees and the<br />
decrease of herb (NAP) pollen. Examples of such pollen trees<br />
were: pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch (Betula). In the Younger<br />
Dryas the dominating forests transformed into the park-tundra.<br />
In the early Holocene (Preboreal and Boreal periods) there<br />
were changes of the vegetation from the pine-birch forests<br />
with admixture of hazel (Corylus avellana), developed in the<br />
lower part of these forests, to the mixed deciduous forests with<br />
elm (Ulmus) and oak (Quercus). In the Atlantic period there<br />
appeared the best climatic conditions for the development of<br />
vegetation. At that time the mixed thermophilous forests developed<br />
with lime (Tilia cordata), ash (Fraxinus excelsior),<br />
and also ivy (Hedera halix), being an indicator of the oceanic<br />
climate. The palynological analysis of the WE09 profile is still<br />
in progress.<br />
PALYNOLOGICAL ANd PALYNOFACIAL ANALYSIS<br />
OF THE MESOZOIC SEdIMENTS FrOM THE HOLY<br />
CrOSS MT rEGION IN POLANd<br />
Krupnik Joanna, Ziaja Jadwiga. Polish Academy of Sciences,<br />
W. Szafer Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland;<br />
J.Krupnik@botany.pl; J.Ziaja@botany.pl<br />
Investigations of the Mesozoic spores, pollen grains and palynofacies<br />
from localities of the Holy Cross Mt region were<br />
carried out. Material derived from Late Triassic, Early Jurassic<br />
(Studzianna, Odrowąż, Przysucha and Gromadzice), and Late<br />
Jurassic (Wólka Bałtowska near Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski)<br />
sediments. Palynological and palynofacial analysis were used<br />
for reconstruction of the local and regional paleoenvironmental<br />
conditions and climatic changes. The Sporomorph Eco-<br />
Group (SEG) model (Abbink 1998) was applied. According<br />
to Abbink sporomorphs belonged to ecogroups which reflect<br />
plant communities. Sporomorphs represent various groups of<br />
plants: Bryophyta, Lycophyta, Pteridophyta, Pteridospermophyta<br />
(Caytoniales), Ginkgophyta (Ginkgoales) or Cycadophyta<br />
(Cycadales and Bennettitales) and Coniferophyta from<br />
the families Taxodiaceae, Pinaceae and Cheirolepidiaceae.<br />
The most frequent sporomorphs from Late Triassic and Early<br />
Jurassic sediments were from the Upland, Lowland and River<br />
SEGs. Spores and pollen grains from Late Jurassic were also<br />
of the Coastal SEG. Palynofacies of terrestrial origin are dominant<br />
in the investigated material. Present investigations were<br />
supported by funds for scientific research from the Ministry<br />
of Science and Higher Education, Poland, grant no N N303<br />
373036. References: Abbink, O.A., 1998. Palynological investigations<br />
in the Jurassic of the North Sea region. LPP Contrib.<br />
Ser. 8, 192 pp., Utrecht.<br />
Palaeobotany<br />
tHE NIEPoŁoMICE foRESt – NEW PALyNoLoGI-<br />
CAL dATA<br />
Nalepka dorota1 , Dzięgielewski Karol2 . 1Polish Academy of<br />
Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512<br />
Crakow, Poland, d.nalepka@botany.pl; 2Jagiellonian University,<br />
Institute of Archaeology, 11 Gołębia St., 31-007 Cracow,<br />
Poland<br />
From the region of Niepołomice Forest (east of Cracow) a new<br />
profile is under palynological examination. It was collected from<br />
the archaeological site in the Podłężanka valley. Preliminary results<br />
have shown the late-glacial and Holocene age of the sediments.<br />
This profile has promised the synchronization between<br />
archaeological and palynological dating. Previously examined<br />
pollen profiles included late-glacial sediments only.<br />
PALAEOECOLOGICAL STUdIES IN THE BIOGENIC<br />
SEdIMENT OF THE INTrA-drUMLIN TrOUGHS IN<br />
ZBóJENKo, DoBRZyń LAKELAND<br />
Noryśkiewicz Agnieszka M. 1 , Hulisz Piotr2 , Karasiewicz Mirosław<br />
t. 3 , Noryśkiewicz Bożena4 , Rauchfleisz Marta5 , Stachowicz-rybka<br />
renata6 . 1–5Nicolaus Copernicus University,<br />
87-100 Toruń, Poland; 1Institute of Archeology, 44/48 Szosa Bydgoska<br />
St., anorys@umk.pl; 2–4Institute of Geography, 11 Gagarina<br />
St.; 1hulisz@umk.pl; 2mtkar@umk.pl; 3norys@umk.pl; 5Faculty of Chemistry, 9 Gagarina St., martar@chem.uni.torun.<br />
pl; 4Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz<br />
St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland, ibrysta@ib-pan.krakow.pl<br />
The south-eastern part of Dobrzyń Lakeland, Northern Poland<br />
is characterized by the occurrence of a big drumlin field.<br />
A palynological, geochemical, lithological and plant macrofossil<br />
study of 6 m core taken from intra-drumlin trough near<br />
Zbójenko, provided a palaeoenvironmental record from the<br />
Late Glacial to the middle part of Subatlantic Period. On the<br />
basis of the palynological record, the deepest part of the profile<br />
is connected with the Oldest Dryas (Hippophaë rhamnoides and<br />
Betula nana). These date coincide well with plant macrofossil.<br />
In this part of the sediment fruits of Betula nana were found.<br />
The biogenic sedimentation was interrupted in Medieval Times,<br />
when the process of peat accumulation ceased. This study was<br />
financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education<br />
(grant no. N N306 282935) as well as the Institute of Archeology,<br />
Nicolaus Copernicus University.<br />
THE POSTGLACIAL EVOLUTION OF THE rYPIENICA<br />
CHANNEL (DoBRZyń LAKELAND)<br />
Noryśkiewicz Bożena 1 , Wysota Wojciech 2 . Nicolaus Copernicus<br />
University, Instytute of Geography, 11 Gagarina St., 87-100<br />
Toruń, Poland; 1 norys@umk.pl; 2 wysota@um.pl<br />
The Rypienica channel is a wide subglacial channel running<br />
through the eastern part of Dobrzyń Lakeland. The analysis of<br />
biogenic sediments from the peat bog situated in the river floor<br />
to the SW from Rypin was the object of the studies. Palynological,<br />
organic and carbonate content analyses and radiocarbon<br />
dating were done in the profile of biogenic sediments of<br />
a 10.3 m thickness taken from the peat bog. The recording were<br />
taken from the core of the sediment of the peat bog which was<br />
located in the river channel. The sediments showed changes<br />
of regional forest vegetation, as well as changes of local plant<br />
cover, which took place directly on the investigated peat bog.<br />
The floor radiocarbon data (10230±60 C 14 BP – Poz-26682) and<br />
pollen recording gave evidence that domination of forest in<br />
the surroundings of Rypin began as early as the beginning of<br />
the Holocene and has continued until today. In the Preboreal<br />
period pine-birch forests with gradually penetrating species of<br />
trees and shrubs with bigger climatic requirements were developed<br />
in the surroundings of the peat bog. A large variability<br />
83
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
of vegetation and sediments caused by hydrologic conditions<br />
in the peat bog, have been noted as taking place from the close<br />
of Atlantic period until modern time. Investigations were carried<br />
out with the elaboration of the Rypin map sheet from the<br />
Detailed Geological Map of Poland at the scale of 1:50 000<br />
(Wysota, Sokołowski 2009).<br />
INdICATOr VALUE OF POLLEN ANALYSIS OF<br />
SPrING MIrE SEdIMENTS<br />
Pidek Irena A. 1 , Noryśkiewicz Bożena2 , dobrowolski radosław1<br />
, Osadowski Zbigniew3 . 1University of Maria Curie-<br />
-Skłodowska, Institute of Earth Sciences, 2cd Kraśnicka Av.,<br />
20-718 Lublin, Poland; 2Nicolaus Copernicus University, Insitute<br />
of Geography, 9 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland;<br />
3Pomerania Academy, Institute of Biology and Environmental<br />
Protection, 22 b Arciszewskiego St., 76-200 Słupsk, Poland<br />
A continuous record of biogenic-carbonate sedimentation in<br />
beds of spring mires makes them appropriate objects for detailed<br />
palaeoenvironmental studies, including palaeoclimate studies.<br />
Due to aerobic sedimentation conditions, deposits of spring<br />
mires proved to be very difficult material for pollen analysis. In<br />
spite of this fact, interesting results were obtained, especially in<br />
the bottom, Late-Glacial layers of the profiles. Pollen analysis<br />
of younger, Holocene layers of spring mire series only rarely<br />
led to stratigraphical conclusions. Additionally, non-pollen palynomorphs,<br />
suitable for palaeoecological interpretations, were<br />
observed in many samples. Common occurrence of Pediastrum<br />
algae in bottom samples, testified to the paralimnic stage of the<br />
mires’ development. Using a multiproxy approach for the study<br />
of spring mires is a valuable source of information concerning<br />
the age of the forms and frequently also the plant succession<br />
and thermic-humidity conditions during Late-Glacial and Holocene.<br />
The study was financed by research funds for the years<br />
2008– 2011 as a research project NN 306 279035 (Ministry of<br />
Science and Higher Education in Poland).<br />
UPPER tRIASSIC CUtICLES fRoM LIPIE ŚLąSKIE<br />
(SOUTH POLANd)<br />
Wawrzyniak Zuzanna. University of Silesia, Faculty of<br />
Earth Sciences, Division of Stratygraphy and Palaeontology,<br />
60 Będzińska St., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland, zuzaw@op.pl<br />
In Lipie Śląskie near Lubliniec (in Southern Poland) calcareous<br />
siltstones, interbedded with mudstones and sandstones are<br />
exposed in the local brickyard. The investigated Upper Triassic<br />
geological complex is about 12 meters thick. Macrofloral fossils<br />
like charcoalified tree trunks, shoots, and small, dispersed<br />
leaves fragments were found in sediments. Smaller plant remains<br />
(0,1– 5 mm) were received during maceration of rock<br />
specimens with 65% HNO3 and 40% HF. The observation of<br />
well-preserved remains enabled me to distinguish the presence<br />
of Pteridospermophyta, Ginkgophyta and Coniferophyta. Cuticles<br />
were obtained from the sediment (cuticulae dispersae) and<br />
from available shoots fragments of Cheirolepidiacea (Coniferophyta).<br />
The preservation state is good. Details of epidermal cells<br />
structure and stomata are recognizable. Cuticles reveal morphological<br />
distinction that can allow them to be divided into a few<br />
types. Analysis of cuticle structure provides information about<br />
paleoenvironmental and paleoecological conditions in the Late<br />
Triassic near the investigated locality.<br />
84<br />
50TH ANNIVErSArY OF ACTA PALAEOBOTANICA<br />
Ziaja Jadwiga, Stuchlik Leon, Nalepka dorota. Polish Academy<br />
of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St.,<br />
31-512 Cracow, Poland; J.Ziaja@botany.pl; L.Stuchlik@botany.<br />
pl; D.Nalepka@botany.pl<br />
The first volume of Acta Palaeobotanica was published in<br />
August 1960, initiated by Professor Władysław Szafer who<br />
also served as the journal’s first editor. Professor Szafer was<br />
followed by Professor Andrzej Środoń from 1971 until 1986.<br />
In the beginning the journal was devoted to a wide range of<br />
problems related to fossil plants, including “classical” palaeobotany<br />
of pre-Quaternary times and Cenozoic palaeoecology/<br />
palynology. From this time until the present day the journal<br />
has evolved and undergone numerous modifications (e.g. the<br />
cover, a new format and typography). Another innovation was<br />
the implementation of supplements intended for monographic<br />
elaborations and published independent of the regular numbered<br />
volumes. Nowadays, Acta Palaeobotanica is recognized<br />
as an international journal that publishes original palaeobotanical,<br />
palaeoecological, palaeophytogeographical, palynological<br />
and archaeobotanical papers, as well as monographs,<br />
review and discussion articles, and book reviews. The journal<br />
is open for contributors from all over the world. Beginning<br />
with volume 50, all papers are prepared to be freely accessed<br />
online in pdf format. The journal is indexed in Biological Abstracts,<br />
BIOSIS Previews, Zoological Records, Index Copernicus,<br />
Current Contents/Earth Sciences, GeoRef, Polish Scientific<br />
Journal Contents – Agric.&Biol., and was submitted to the<br />
Science Citation Index Expanded.<br />
PEAtLANDS of tHE ŁóDź REGIoN<br />
żurek Sławomir 1 , Obremska Milena 2 , Pawłowski Dominik<br />
3 . 1 University of Humanistic and Natural Sciences, Kielce,<br />
Instutute of Geography, Departament of the Quaternary Palaeogeography<br />
and Nature Conservation, 15 Świętokrzyska St.,<br />
25-406 Kielce, Poland, jacekteofil@tlen.pl; 2 Adam Mickiewicz<br />
University, Institute of Palaeography and Geoecology, Poznań,<br />
27 Dzięgielowa St., 61-680 Poznań, Poland, milena.o@amu.edu.<br />
pl; 3 Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Geology, Poznań,<br />
16 Maków Polnych St., 61-606 Poznań, Poland, dominikp@<br />
amu.edu.pl<br />
Detailed interdisciplinary studies of a small watershed peatland<br />
of Żabieniec near Brzeziny (16 m of sediments), gave start to<br />
similar works in several valley peatlands of the Łódź region.<br />
These are both vast peatlands of the old ice-marginal valleys,<br />
linking Ner and Warta rivers (Wilczków – 4,5 m of sediments),<br />
oxbow mire of the Rawka river (Kopanicha 2,8 m of sediments),<br />
as well as those of sources of the Jadwichna river in the older<br />
part of Warta valley (Ługi – 2,9 m of sediments). Bottom sediments<br />
of the Wilczków peatland, rich in the litoral Cladocera<br />
species, date back to the Late-Glacial, though the moss fen mire<br />
already had developed in the early Preboreal phase (9230+/–<br />
160BP). It has lasted until nowadays, when all the peatland has<br />
been drained. The beginnings of the Kopanicha peatland date<br />
back to the Atlantic period. It started as an alder mire, to become<br />
a sedge mire in the Subboreal and Subatlantic periods,<br />
then a more acidic mire in the top, and today – an alder mire.<br />
A lake developed in the Ługi mire in the Late-Glacial, initially<br />
with calcacerous gyttia, then – detrytus gyttia. The lake disappeared<br />
in the Atlantic phase. It was covered by a moss fen mire,<br />
and – by a raised bog.
Plant Physiology<br />
and Biochemistry
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
CYTOSOL/VACUOLES dISTrIBUTION OF PHYTO-<br />
CHELATINS ANd CAdMIUM: NEW INSIGHTS INTO<br />
THE rOLE OF PHYTOCHELATINS IN A PLANT Cd<br />
-TOLErANCE<br />
Antosiewicz danuta M., Wojas Sylwia. University of Warsaw,<br />
Faculty of Biology, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland,<br />
dma@biol.uw.edu.pl<br />
Cadmium and NPT levels were determined in protoplasts and<br />
vacuoles isolated from leaves of tobacco plants overexpressing<br />
either of two phytochelatin synthase genes, AtPCS1 from A.<br />
thaliana and CePCS from C. elegans (differing in their level<br />
of Cd-tolerance; being Cd-hypersensitive or more Cd-tolerant<br />
as compared to wild-type, respectively). The possible changes<br />
in the subcellular PC, GSH and γ-EC distribution underlying<br />
these contrasting phenotypes were addressed. It was shown<br />
that Cd-hypersensitivity of AtPCS1 expressing tobacco results<br />
from a significant decrease in both the cytosolic and vacuolar<br />
pool of PCs; indicating decreased Cd detoxification capacity.<br />
By contrast, enhanced Cd-tolerance of CePCS plants was accompanied<br />
by an increased cytosolic and vacuolar SH of PC/Cd<br />
ratio; suggesting more efficient Cd detoxification. Surprisingly,<br />
the substantially reduced level of PCs did not influence Cd-accumulation<br />
in vacuoles of AtPCS1-transformed tobacco, which<br />
suggests that the role of PCs in vacuolar cadmium sequestration<br />
might be of less importance than previously believed. References:<br />
1. Wojas et al. 2008. Overexpression of phytochelatin<br />
synthase in tobacco: distinctive effects of AtPCS1 and CePCS<br />
genes on plant response to cadmium. J.Exp.Bot. 59: 2205– 2219.<br />
2. Wojas et al. 2010. The role of subcellular distribution of cadmium<br />
and phytochelatins in the generation of distinct phenotypes<br />
of AtPCS1- and CePCS-expressing tobacco. J.Pl.Phys,<br />
167, in press.<br />
THE EFFECT OF WETTING ANd drYING CYCLES ON<br />
SEEdLING EMErGENCE OF tArAxAcum officinAle<br />
WEB. Ex WIGGErS<br />
Bochenek Anna 1 , Piotrowicz-Cieślak Agnieszka 2 , Lahuta<br />
Lesław 3 . University of Warmia and Mazury, Department of<br />
Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 1a Oczapowskiego St.,<br />
10-719 Olsztyn; 1 anna.bochenek@uwm.edu.pl; 2 acieslak@<br />
moskit.uwm.edu.pl; 3 lahuta@uwm.edu.pl<br />
Exploration of the biology of weed species provides a basis for<br />
the development of biological or integrated systems of their control.<br />
The objective of our study was to determine the effect of<br />
Taraxacum officinale achene soil storage on the soluble carbohydrate<br />
content and the sensitivity to hydration-dehydration cycles.<br />
Dry stored seeds and seeds after a 4-month soil burial were<br />
exposed to a varying numbers of cycles of wetting and drying<br />
(0, 2, 4 or 8), in pots of soil. Following the cycles, the pots were<br />
hydrated every day and emerged seedlings were counted for 99<br />
days. Soluble carbohydrate contents in seeds were determined<br />
by gas chromatography. Hydration-dehydration cycles stimulated<br />
the emergence of T. officinale achenes. Before burial the<br />
seeds contained sucrose, raffinose and myo-inositol as the main<br />
soluble carbohydrates. The level of these carbohydrates dramatically<br />
decreased after 4 months of soil storage. Simultaneously,<br />
sorbitol, D-chiro-inositol and glucose contents increased. Sorbitol<br />
and D-chiro-inositol accumulation may indicate metabolic<br />
accommodation of embryo tissue to seed storage conditions unfavorable<br />
to seed germination. Changes in carbohydrate content<br />
did not affect seed resistance to cyclical wetting and drying but<br />
may have been connected with an emergence decrease.<br />
86<br />
SUCrOSE CONTrOL OF ACTIVITY OF CYTOSOLIC<br />
ACONITASE ON GENE ExPrESSION LEVEL IN GEr-<br />
MINATING SEEdS OF YELLOW LUPINE (luPinus<br />
luteus L.)<br />
Borek Sławomir1 , Nuc Katarzyna 2 , doszczeczko Maciej1 .<br />
1Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Plant Physiology,<br />
89 Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland, borek@amu.edu.pl;<br />
2Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry<br />
and Biotechnology, 35 Wołyńska St., 60-637 Poznań, Poland,<br />
ktnuc@up.poznan.pl<br />
Investigations were conducted on embryo axes isolated from<br />
imbibed seeds and cotyledons as well as on axes and cotyledons<br />
of seedlings grown in vitro for 96 h on medium with<br />
60 mM sucrose or without the sugar. Activity of mitochondrial<br />
(Krebs cycle) and cytosolic (glyoxylate cycle) aconitase<br />
(ACO) were assayed. Mitochondrial ACO activity was much<br />
higher than the cytosolic ACO and was higher in axes than in<br />
cotyledons. Sucrose added to the medium markedly stimulated<br />
activity of the cytosolic ACO in all organs. Activity of the mitochondrial<br />
ACO was stimulated by sucrose in axes, whereas<br />
in cotyledons sucrose decreased activity of the mitochondrial<br />
ACO. The mRNA level of the cytosolic ACO was higher in<br />
the all the studied organs which had been fed with sucrose.<br />
The presented data are evidence for: (i) the functioning of the<br />
cytosolic ACO in germinating protein-storing yellow lupine<br />
seeds; (ii) the functioning of the glyoxylate cycle not only in<br />
cotyledons but also in the intensively growing tissues of embryo<br />
axes; (iii) the regulation of the cytosolic ACO activity on<br />
the gene expression level; (iv) the peculiar features of sucrose<br />
regulation of the gene expression and the activity of enzymes<br />
involved in storage lipid breakdown in germinating proteinstoring<br />
seeds.<br />
EFFECT OF SMOKE ON GErMINATION OF dOr-<br />
MANT CArYOPSES ANd SEEdLING GrOWTH OF<br />
AvenA fAtuA L.<br />
Cembrowska danuta, Kępczyński Jan. University of Szczecin,<br />
Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 13 Wąska St.,<br />
71-415 Szczecin, Poland, dcembrowska@gmail.com, jankepcz@<br />
wp.pl<br />
Fire plays an important role in the germination and growth<br />
of plants in many parts of the world. The smoke derived from<br />
burning plant and smoke saturated-water is known to stimulate<br />
the release of seed dormancy and germination of a number of<br />
plant species from fire- and non-fire-prone ecosystems. Little is<br />
known about the influence of smoke-saturated water (SSW) on<br />
the physiology of weed seeds. The study was conducted to determine<br />
the effect of smoke-saturated water on germination of<br />
primary dormant caryopses and seedling growth of Avena fatua<br />
L. Caryopses of wild oat were dormant after harvest. They germinated<br />
poorly at 15°C and almost did not germinate at 20° and<br />
25°C. Smoke saturated-water applied at concentrations 1:10000,<br />
1:1000 and 1:500 (v/v) effectively stimulated germination of<br />
dormant caryopses in darkness at temperatures from 15–25°C;<br />
almost all caryopses were germinated. Stimulatory effect on<br />
caryopses germination was also evident when SSW was used<br />
only during imbibition. Smoke saturated-water was less effective<br />
in the light than in darkness. Additionally, smoke increased<br />
root and coleoptiles length, fresh weight and vigor of seedlings.<br />
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher<br />
Education NN310151935.
ELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCENTrATION<br />
OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNdS ANd SUGAr BEET SEEd<br />
VIGOUr<br />
Chomontowski Chrystian, Chołuj Danuta, Podlaski Sławomir.<br />
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty<br />
of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology,<br />
159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-766 Warsaw, Poland, chrystian_<br />
chomontowski@sggw.pl<br />
Two different samples of sugar beet seeds with lower and higher<br />
vigour where studied. Relationship between fluorescence of<br />
chlorophyll in far red spectrum, concentration of phenolic compounds<br />
and the seed vigour where analyzed. The effect of seed<br />
polishing and depleting on those relations was also studied. It<br />
was found that the quality of phenolic substances were the same<br />
in all examined seeds, but their concentration was diversified.<br />
Three phenolic compounds whose concentrations were the highest<br />
in all analyzed seeds, were identified: protokatechic acid,<br />
chlorogenic acid and rutin. It was found, that at least three more<br />
phenolic compounds were unidentified. The seed vigour was<br />
negatively related to their fluorescence signal and phenols concentration.<br />
Germination ability was lowered as the level of phenolic<br />
compounds increased. Results of the examination imply<br />
that the sugar beet seed fluorescence signal also depends on the<br />
phenols presence. The results also suggest, that measurement of<br />
fluorescence in a spectrum characteristic for chlorophyll could<br />
be an alternative method for estimating sugar beet seed quality.<br />
This is because high values of maximum fluorescence, result in<br />
decreasing germination ability.<br />
GErMINATION ANd dEVELOPMENT OF APPLE<br />
SEEdLINGS ArE rEGULATEd BY NITrIC OxIdE<br />
Dębska Karolina, Krasuska Urszula, Gniazdowska Agnieszka,<br />
Bogatek renata. Warsaw University of Life Science<br />
– SGGW, Department of Plant Physiology, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, kedebska@gmail.com<br />
NO functions as a dormancy braking agent in seeds, it is produced<br />
during the early phase of germination. NO and ROS are<br />
necessary for control of post-germination seedling growth by<br />
interaction with phytohormones. Mature seeds of apple (Malus<br />
domestica Borkh.) are characterised by deep dormancy, which<br />
may be broken by cold stratification. Short term (3 h) pre-treatment<br />
of dormant apple embryo with NO, resulted in stimulation<br />
of germination and growth of young (non-dormant) seedlings<br />
without morphological anomalies (asymmetric growth and<br />
greening of cotyledons). Similarly, short term NO fumigation of<br />
5 day old dormant seedling, exhibiting morphological anomalies,<br />
led to removal of anomalies and as a consequence the development<br />
of normal seedling with two green cotyledons took<br />
place. The aim of this study was to investigate photosynthetic<br />
metabolism in 10 days old seedlings developed from dormant<br />
embryos pre-treated for a short time with NO or seedlings developed<br />
from dormant seedlings (5 days old) shortly treated<br />
with NO. Photosynthetic activity of the seedlings pre-treated<br />
with NO was higher than in the control (dormant). The beneficial<br />
effect of NO on photosynthetic activity of young seedlings<br />
was associated with increased chlorophyll concentration. The<br />
chlorophyll fluorescence measurement indicated that NO treatment<br />
of the embryos did not produce a severe effect on photochemical<br />
efficiency of PSII. Involvement of NO in the control of<br />
seedling growth will be discussed.<br />
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry<br />
PrOTEOMIC CHANGES IN GentiAnA cruciAtA EM-<br />
BrYOGENIC CELL SUSPENSION dUrING ENCAPSU-<br />
LATION-dEHYdrATION WITH THE APPLICATION<br />
OF SUCrOSE IN CrYOPrESErVATION PrOTOCOL<br />
Domżalska Lucyna 1 , Rybczyński Jan J. 2 Polish Botanical Garden<br />
– Center for Biological Diversity Conservation of the Polish<br />
Academy of Sciences, 2 Prawdziwka St., 02-973 Warsaw, Poland;<br />
1 lucyna.domzalska@gmail.com; 2 jjryb@ob.neostrada.pl<br />
Safe storage of plant material in ultra-low temperatures requires<br />
working out appropriate procedures. Tolerance to dehydratation<br />
and freezing, which is induced at the stages of pretreatment,<br />
is a condition for maintaining unchanged high viability<br />
in plant material. Understanding the molecular basis of<br />
response to the cryopreservation protocol permits optimizing<br />
the methodology and assurance as to safety procedures as well<br />
as plant material long-term storage at ultra low temperatures.<br />
Embryogenic gentiana cell suspension was encapsulated in<br />
1,3% calcium alginate beads. Capsules were incubated in medium<br />
containing 0,3M, 0,5M, 0,75M sucrose, for 48hrs in each<br />
concentration, and 1M sucrose for 24h. After pre-treatment<br />
capsules were harvested, surface-dried by air for 5hrs at room<br />
temperature and directly cooled in liquid nitrogen. Proteomic<br />
patterns were done on each cryopreservation protocol stage<br />
with sucrose concentration changing. Proteins were isolated<br />
according to self modification of the Wang procedure. The<br />
protein samples were focused using 3– 10 nonlinear IPG strips<br />
for the 1st dimension, electroporetically separated on 12.5%<br />
acrylamide gel and stained with CBB G-250. Image comparative<br />
analysis was carried out with the Image Master 2D Platinum<br />
software (Amersham Biosciences).<br />
PErOxISOMAL ASCOrBATE PErOxIdASE (pAPx)<br />
AS A MArKEr OF SALT TOLErANCE IN BEET (betA<br />
vulGAris)<br />
dunajska Kamila, tyburski Jarosław, Tretyn Andrzej.<br />
Nicolaus Copernicus University, Institute of General and Molecular<br />
Biology, Department of Biotechnology, 9 Gagarina St.,<br />
87-199 Toruń, Poland; dunajska@doktorant.umk.pl; tybr@<br />
umk.pl; prat@umk.pl<br />
Obtaining a high-quality raw material requires B. vulgaris cultivars<br />
selected for the resistance to abiotic stress factors. The<br />
negative effect of abiotic stress is strongly dependent on the generation<br />
of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A key role in the detoxification<br />
of ROS is attributed to ascorbate peroxidase (APX).<br />
The APX activity determines the efficiency of the antioxidant<br />
systems, which are responsible for adaptation to adverse environmental<br />
conditions. Peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase cDNA<br />
(BvpAPX) was isolated from B. vulgaris leaves. The seedlings<br />
of two red – beet (B. vulgaris) varieties and wild salt-tolerant<br />
beet (B. maritima) were subjected to 150 and 500 mM NaCl.<br />
BvpAPX gene expression level was investigated using Real Time<br />
RT-PCR, in order to verify the functionality of BvpAPX gene as<br />
a molecular marker of resistance to salinity. The initial level of<br />
BvpAPX transcript in B. maritima was significantly higher than<br />
in salt – sensitive beet cultivars. During salt stress, BvpAPX expression<br />
in B. maritima significantly increased, responding in<br />
a dose – dependent manner to salt concentration. In cultivated<br />
beets transcript levels remained at a comparable level with that<br />
of the control. The results indicate the usefulness of BvpAPX as<br />
a molecular marker of the resistance to salinity in B. vulgaris.<br />
87
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
HOrMONAL CONTrOL OF ANTHOCYANINS ACCU-<br />
MULATION IN rOOTS OF kAlAnchoe blossfeldi-<br />
AnA<br />
Góraj Justyna, Saniewski Marian. Research Institute of<br />
Pomology and Floriculture, Department of Physiology and<br />
Morphogenesis of Ornamental Plants, 18 Pomologiczna St.,<br />
96-100 Skierniewice, Poland, Justyna.Goraj@insad.pl, Marian.<br />
Saniewski@insad.pl<br />
Anthocyanins are plant pigments occuring in various plant organs<br />
and fulfil many physiological and ecological functions.<br />
Anthocyanin accumulation is controlled by many environmental<br />
factors such as: temperature, light, plant hormones, abiotic<br />
and biotic stresses. The effect of plant hormones auxin (IAA,<br />
IBA), methyl jasmonate (JA-Me), abscisic acid and gibberellin<br />
(GA) on anthocyanin accumulation in roots of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana<br />
was investigated. Plants were grown in a greenhouse at<br />
23°C. Cut shoots of K. blossfeldiana plants were rooted in distilled<br />
water. The roots of plants were kept at different concentrations<br />
of plant hormones. Control plants were stored in distilled<br />
water. Anthocyanin content was measured using the modifield<br />
Mancinelli et al. (1998) method. It has been shown that methyl<br />
jasmonate plays an important role in the regulation of anthocyanin<br />
synthesis. Methyl jasmonate (5, 20, 40 mg∙L-1 ) greatly stimulated<br />
anthocyanin accumulation in roots of K. blosfeldiana kept<br />
in the light. Auxins, abscisic acid and gibberellin applied alone<br />
only slightly affected anthocyanins accumulation in roots of<br />
K. blosfeldiana. Auxins, gibberellin and abscisic acid applied<br />
simultaneously with JA-Me slightly affected accumulation of<br />
anthocyanin in the roots in comparison to JA-Me applied alone.<br />
The metabolic significance of these findings will be discussed.<br />
rOLE OF BUTENOLIdE IN WEEd SEEd GErMINA-<br />
TION<br />
Kępczyński Jan. University of Szczecin, Chair of Plant Physiology<br />
and Biotechnology, 13 Wąska St., 71-415 Szczecin, Poland,<br />
jankepcz@wp.pl<br />
Smoke derived from burning plant material and smoke-water,<br />
stimulate seed germination of plant species from fire-prone and<br />
also fire-free environments. Six years ago the butenolide, compound<br />
responsible for smoke effect, was identified in smoke.<br />
The discovery of butenolide created the possibility for studying<br />
the physiological roles of the new compound and to allow<br />
a better understanding of the role of smoke in seed germination<br />
in soil. Both smoke and butenolide were effective in breaking<br />
weed seed dormancy of several economically important weed<br />
species. Butenolide was able to stimulate seed germination in<br />
a broader range of weed species than smoke. It can also stimulate<br />
emergence and seedling growth. Most experiments with application<br />
of smoke or butenolide were conducted with seeds or<br />
caryopses of Avena fatua L., an economically important weed.<br />
Dry storage of these seeds, smoke-water, butenolide and gibberellin<br />
A3 (GA3) removed caryopses dormancy completely<br />
in contrast to ethephon or ethylene. An inhibitor of gibberellin<br />
biosynthesis (ancymidol) and ethylene binding to its receptor<br />
(2,5-norbornadiene) reduced the action of butenolide. The<br />
inhibitory effect of ancymidol and norbornadiene can be antagonized<br />
by GA3 and ethylene respectively. Thus, gibberellin<br />
biosynthesis and ethylene action are required for removing dormancy<br />
in Avena fatua L. caryopses by butenolide. The effect of<br />
butenolide and GA3 is associated with an increasing α-amylase<br />
activity and cell cycle activation before coleorhiza protrusion.<br />
The study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher<br />
Education grant NN310151935.<br />
88<br />
dAILY ANd SEASONAL CHANGES OF THE GAS COM-<br />
POSITION WITHIN SWEET PEPPErS<br />
Kocurek Maciej1,2 , Kołton Anna3 , Pilarski Jan1,2 , Rożek Stanisław3<br />
. 1Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology,<br />
21 Niezapominajek St., 30-239 Cracow, Poland, kocurek@<br />
ifr-pan.krakow.pl; 2The Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities<br />
and Sciences in Kielce, 15 Świętokrzyska St., 25-406<br />
Kielce, Poland; 3University Agriculture in Cracow, Department<br />
of Plant Physiology, 54 29 Listopada St., 31-425 Cracow, Poland<br />
The experiment was conducted in foil tunnels which had a different<br />
PAR radiation penetration level The aim of the experiment<br />
was to study how intensely the gas composition inside the<br />
ripening body of the peppers was affected by radiation. The<br />
research showed that the concentration of CO2, reached a maximum<br />
value of 6% which is higher than the usual atmospheric<br />
concentration of CO2. On the other hand the atmospheric concentration<br />
of O2 with a minimal value 16% was found, which is<br />
lower than the usual. The fluorescence research demonstrated<br />
a high efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus make-up of<br />
immature fruit. The efficiency level of the unripe fruit was<br />
slightly lower than that of leaves but the efficiency level sharply<br />
decreased during ripening. At the same time little change in<br />
CO2 and O2 composition during ripening was found. During<br />
a 24 hour period there was a significant increase in CO2 mean<br />
concentration. It was 2,5% early in the morning, 3% in midday<br />
and increased to 3,7% after sundown. At the same time the O2 concentration was 20% early in the morning 18,5% in midday<br />
and 17,6% after sundown. The daily changes in the concentration<br />
of CO2 and O2 were independent from the intensity of irradiation<br />
in the foil tunnel but the changes strongly correlated<br />
with daily temperature changes.<br />
INFLUENCE OF SUGAr-BEET SEEd (betA vulGAris<br />
L. CONVAr vulGAris VAr. AltissimA) PrIMING<br />
ON THEIr GErMINATION ANd SOME PHYSIOLOGI-<br />
CAL TrAITS<br />
Kopras Wioletta, Podlaski Sławomir. Warsaw University of<br />
Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department<br />
of Plant Physiology, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-766<br />
Warsaw, Poland, wiolcia.kopras@wp.pl<br />
Environmental protection requires searching for new methods<br />
in order to increase plant yield without the use of chemicals.<br />
Seed priming is one such method. The aim of stimulating is to<br />
enlarge seed germination ability as well as to improve these germinated<br />
seeds’ vigour. The aim of this studies was to examine<br />
the influence of seed priming on the seeds’ germination ability<br />
as well as cell cycle and respiration. The object of this research<br />
were the sugar-beet seeds (Beta vulgaris L. convar vulgaris<br />
var. altissima) of eight varieties originating from Kutnowska<br />
Hodowla Buraka Cukrowego. Two types of seeds were used in<br />
the laboratory test: coated, non-priming (control) and coated,<br />
priming. Cell cycle activity in sugar-beet seed was studied by<br />
flow cytometry. The measurement of breathing intensity was<br />
done by Clark electrode. In order to investigate cell cycle and<br />
intensity of respiration conducted by seeds, non-coated and<br />
non-priming (control) was used in comparison with non-coated<br />
and priming in different ranges of time (12, 24, 36 hours). The<br />
results showed, that priming has a positive influence on increasing<br />
speed and the germination ability of seeds. Primed sugarbeet<br />
seeds have a higher intensity of respiration in comparison<br />
to non-primed seeds. The analysis of cell cycle shows that time<br />
of priming influences advance cell cycle.
THE EFFECTS OF CAdMIUM IONS ON THE OrGANI-<br />
ZATION OF CYTOSKELETON IN SOYBEAN CELLS<br />
Kosakowska Halina, Gzyl Jarosław. Adam Mickiewicz University,<br />
Department of Plant Ecophysiology, 89 Umultowska<br />
St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland, jarekgzyl@ahoo.com<br />
The cytoskeleton is a structure, which takes part in the most<br />
important processes in plant cells such as growth and cell division.<br />
However, little is still known about response of cytoskeleton<br />
to stress factors, particularly to heavy metals. Cadmium is<br />
one of the most toxic metals to plants. In the presented studies,<br />
the growth measured by rate of fresh and dry weight of soybean<br />
culture (Glycine max L. cv. navico) under cadmium stress, as<br />
well as viability of cells analyzed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride<br />
(TTC) reduction assay and Evans blue, were investigated.<br />
The obtained results demonstrate an inhibition effect of cadmium<br />
ions on growth of suspension in the range of 5– 50μM<br />
Cd 2+ . The cytoskeleton elements were detected by immunocytochemical<br />
methods with monoclonal antibody to α-tubulin or<br />
rhodamine conjugated phalloidin. The mitotic activity of cells<br />
treated with increasing concentrations of cadmium, was significantly<br />
reduced. Moreover, the organization of microtubule and<br />
actin arrays were disturbed in interphase cells as well as cells<br />
during division. The studies will be continued in order to recognize<br />
mechanisms responsible for cytoskeleton disturbances in<br />
soybean cells exposed to cadmium ions.<br />
INFLUENCE OF METHYL JASMONATE (MeJA) ON<br />
THE dEVELOPMENT ANd dEFENSE MECHANISM<br />
OF TOMATO lycoPersicon esculentum MILL.<br />
Król Paulina, Kępczyńska Ewa. University of Szczecin, Department<br />
of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 13 Wąska St.,<br />
71-415 Szczecin, Poland; krolpaulina@pocztao2.pl; ekepcz@<br />
wp.pl<br />
Phytohormones jasmonates play an important role in the induced<br />
systemic resistance (ISR) against fungi. The present<br />
study was carried out to determine whether methyl jasmonate<br />
(MeJA) 1) has an activity against Alternaria porri f. sp. solani<br />
in vitro; 2) as a potential inducer of ISR-is safe for plants; 3) had<br />
an effect on enhanced defence responses including antioxidant<br />
catalase (CAT), phenolic compounds and relate enzyme phenyloalanine<br />
ammonia-lyase (PAL); 4) can be a pre-treatment of<br />
plants providing significant protection against A. porri. Application<br />
of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mM MeJA to medium, inhibited spore<br />
germination mycelial growth expressed as mycelia diameter and<br />
dry weight. Pre-treatment of seeds with 0.01 and 0.1 mM MeJA<br />
had no inhibitory effect on seed germination and seedling emergence,<br />
level of chlorophyll a+b and reducing sugars in seedling<br />
leaves, so is not toxic for the plant. However, 1 mM MeJA cannot<br />
be used as an ISR inductor because of the distribution of the<br />
above processes. Pre-treatment of seeds or seedlings with solution<br />
or gaseous MeJA, respectively, at all tested concentrations,<br />
increased contents and activities of defence markers: the total<br />
phenols, including anthocyanins, PAL and CAT. Only 0.1 mM<br />
MeJA significantly reduced diseases incidence. Thus treatment<br />
of seeds or seedlings with MeJA at 0.1 mM provides a good,<br />
environment-friendly protection against pathogen A. porri f. sp.<br />
solani, possibly through the activation of phenolic compound<br />
pathway, PAL and CAT.<br />
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry<br />
CHLOrOPHYLL MUTANTS OF rYE (secAle cere-<br />
Ale L.)<br />
Kubicka Helena, Wolska-Sobczak Aneta, Pyza Agnieszka.<br />
Botanical Garden – Center for Biological Diversity Conservation<br />
of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 2 Prawdziwka St.,<br />
02-973 Warsaw, Poland, kubickah@gmail.com<br />
Chlorophyll mutations are very frequent in inbred generations<br />
of rye. Two of them are analyzed in this paper. After continuous<br />
self pollination they were established as the inbred lines chph<br />
and L148bp. White longitudinal strips with constant widths were<br />
observed on leaves and straws of the chph line. Line L148bp also<br />
had white longitudinal strips they were, however, of different<br />
width. The strips of L148bp appeared not only on leaves but on<br />
straws and ears as well. Line L148bp also had exceedingly high<br />
photosynthetic activity, which was almost equal to that of the<br />
control with whole green leaves (D855). Lines with chlorophyll<br />
changes in comparison with the control, had a lower number<br />
of chloroplasts, granum and thylakoids, as well as a disturbed<br />
lamellar system. These features were determined by nonallelic,<br />
recessive genes marked as stw1 (chph) and stw2 (L148bp).<br />
FtsH5 INVO<strong>LV</strong>Ed IN THE dEGrAdATION OF LHCII<br />
APOPrOTEINS<br />
Luciński Robert 1 , Sypniewska Aneta, Jackowski Grzegorz.<br />
Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Experimental Biology,<br />
Department of Plant Physiology, 89 Umultowska St., 61-614<br />
Poznań, Poland; 1 rtl@amu.edu.pl<br />
Chloroplast proteases are assumed to play an important role in<br />
the degradation of chloroplast proteins, including the ones of the<br />
photosystem II, damaged due to plant exposure to adverse environmental<br />
conditions. In the present work the role of FtsH5 in<br />
the degradation of LHC II apoproteins was investigated. Exposition<br />
of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves to four short- and long-term<br />
stresses (high salt, desiccation, low temperature and excessive<br />
irradiance) led to significant disappearance of Lhcb1/2, while<br />
the Lhcb3 level remained unchanged or increased. In the presence<br />
of cycloheximide the disappearance of Lhcb1/2 proceeded<br />
at the same rate as in the absence of this inhibitor. No changes<br />
in Lhcb1/2 level was observed during the exposition of leaves of<br />
var1 mutant, devoid of FtsH5 protease, to the four stresses. Cycloheximide<br />
treatment did not change Lhcb1/2 level either. The<br />
in vitro incubation of thylakoids isolated from stressed leaves<br />
of wild type plants resulted in further Lhcb1/2 disappearance<br />
which was inhibited by the presence of phosphoramidon or preheating<br />
of incubation mixture. These data clearly point to the<br />
involvement of FtsH5 in the degradation of Lhcb1/2 apoproteins<br />
under the four stress conditions.<br />
THE rOLE OF CHLOrOPLAST PrOTEASE Atdeg2 IN<br />
rESPONSE TO SHOrT TIME STrESSES<br />
Luciński Robert 1 , Samardakiewicz Sławomir 2 , Misztal Lucyna<br />
3 , Jackowski Grzegorz 4 . Adam Mickiewicz University,<br />
Faculty of Biology, 89 Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland;<br />
1 Department of Plant Physiology, rtl@amu.edu.pl; 2 Laboratory<br />
of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, sas@amu.edu.pl; 3 Department<br />
of Biotechnology, lmisztal@amu.edu.pl; 4 Department<br />
of Plant Physiology, grzesiek@amu.edu.pl<br />
Deg2 is a serine-type protease peripherally attached to stromal<br />
side of thylakoid membrane. Given the lack of knowledge concerning<br />
its function, T-DNA insertion line with considerably<br />
reduced level of Deg2 was prepared, in order to study the functional<br />
importance of this protease in Arabidopsis thaliana. Deg2<br />
repression did not cause compensatory changes in the abundances<br />
of two other chloroplast-targeted proteases belonging to<br />
Deg group – Deg5 and Deg8, but Deg2 repression did lead to<br />
a decrease in accumulation of Deg1. Repression of Deg2 caused<br />
89
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
a concomitant increase in sensitivity to photoinhibition. The<br />
ability to degrade Lhcb6 apoprotein in response to brief high<br />
salt, wounding, high temperature and high irradiance stress,<br />
was demonstrated here to be impaired in deg2 mutants. Therefore<br />
our results suggest that Deg2 has an important function<br />
in plant response to the above mentioned stresses. Apparently,<br />
Deg2 catalyses the degradation of Lhcb6 molecules, damaged<br />
during short time stresses.<br />
THE INFLUENCE OF WOUNd ANd PHOSPHOrUS<br />
dEFICIT ON SUGAr METABOLISM IN BEAN (PhAseolus<br />
vulGAris L.)<br />
Łukaszuk Edyta, Wąsowicz Ewelina, Ciereszko Iwona. University<br />
of Białystok, Institute of Biology, 20b Świerkowa St.,<br />
15-950 Białystok, Poland, edytaluk@uwb.edu.pl<br />
Plants in the natural environment are constantly exposed to<br />
unfavorable conditions such as pathogens, pollution, frost, mechanical<br />
wounding or nutrient deficit. Those factors may stimulate<br />
metabolic changes, dysfunction of cells or increase plant<br />
resistance, in response to stress conditions. The aim of this<br />
study was to check the influence of mechanical wounding and<br />
phosphorus deficit on sugar metabolism and leaf photosynthetic<br />
activity in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). For the most<br />
part, the decrease of photosynthesis in response to wound and<br />
phosphorus deficit was observed. However, increased soluble<br />
sugar contents in leaves but decreased soluble sugar contents<br />
in roots was detected. Stress conditions changed the activity<br />
of enzymes, which are involved in sucrose metabolism: acid<br />
invertases (soluble and insoluble), sucrose synthase and UDPglucose<br />
pyrophosphorylase. The observed changes in sugar metabolism<br />
could be linked with acclimatization to stress conditions<br />
caused by wounding and phosphorus deficiency.<br />
THE IMPACT OF BIOTIC INdUCErS ON TOMATO<br />
(lycoPersicon esculentum MILL) botrytis cinereA<br />
INFECTION<br />
Pietrowska Edyta, Małolepsza Urszula. University of Łódź,<br />
Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 12/16 Banacha<br />
St., 90-237 Łódź, Poland, ulmal@biol.uni.lodz.pl<br />
Botrytis cinerea is a pathogen that causes gray mold disease<br />
and the consequent loss of crop performance in tomatoes fields.<br />
So far, it is impossible to obtain tomato varieties resistant to<br />
this pathogen. Standard methods to combat gray mold with pesticides<br />
do not always yield the desired results. Therefore, the<br />
application of inducers of mobilizing natural immune defense<br />
mechanisms makes it possible to control plant diseases. Induced<br />
resistance is a phenomenon that helps a plant that is stimulated<br />
to be able to trigger a metabolic response leading to its resistance<br />
to subsequent infection. The studies compared the effectiveness<br />
of two preparations: Prev-Am 060 SL- consisting of orange extract,<br />
and Grevit 200 SL- consisting of grapefruit extract. The<br />
preparations were meant to prevent and reduce the B.cinerea<br />
impact on tomato. Plants of tomato varieties with different susceptibility<br />
to the pathogen: Remiz – very susceptible, Corindo<br />
– moderately susceptible, Perkoz – the least susceptible, were<br />
treated with solutions of these preparations and then inoculated<br />
with spores of the pathogen. The rate of appearance and size<br />
of spots on the leaves of plants treated and untreated with the<br />
preparations were compared. Studies have shown that spots on<br />
the leaves of plants treated with the preparations appeared much<br />
later and were smaller than those on untreated ones. Prev-Am<br />
was better than Grevit at restricting the spread of the disease.<br />
90<br />
STIMULATING EFFECT OF CAdMIUM ON PHENYL-<br />
PrOPANOId PATHWAY IN ArAbidoPsis thAliAnA<br />
SEEdLINGS<br />
Pietrowska-Borek Małgorzata1 , Nuc Katarzyna 2 . Poznań<br />
University of Life Sciences, 35 Wołyńska St., 60-637 Poznań,<br />
Poland; 1Department of Plant Physiology, gospi@up.poznan.<br />
pl; 2Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, ktnuc@<br />
up.poznan.pl<br />
Experiments were carried out on the 9 day-old seedlings of<br />
A. thaliana (Col-0) grown on a liquid medium in in vitro culture<br />
conditions. Cd (50 μM CdCl2) was added to the medium<br />
on the 9th day of in vitro culture. Plant material was collected<br />
after 0,5, 1, 3, 6, 10, 18, and 24 h of treatment with Cd, and<br />
seedlings which had not been treated with Cd were collected as<br />
well. The activity assays and determination of the mRNA level<br />
of 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL; the key enzyme of phenylpropanoid<br />
pathway) and chalcone synthase (CHS), were made. Additionally,<br />
the content of anthocyanins was measured. Activity<br />
of 4CL was measured with the use of coumarate as a substrate.<br />
Enzyme activity increased up to 10 h from Cd application, and<br />
was 8-fold higher than activity in the control seedlings. In the<br />
next hours activity of 4CL decreased. The highest 4CL and<br />
CHS gene expression was noted in the first hour of Cd acting.<br />
From this time on, the gradual decrease of mRNA levels was<br />
observed. Cd in the first hour caused a 5-fold and an 11-fold<br />
increase in mRNA level for 4CL and CHS, respectively. Content<br />
of anthocyanins reached the maximal value after 6 h and was<br />
over 3-fold higher than in seedlings not treated with Cd. After<br />
6 hours a decrease of anthocyanins concentration was observed.<br />
This work was supported by grant no. N N303 068634 by the<br />
Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the years<br />
2008– 2011.<br />
THE rOLE OF AqUAPOrINS IN PLANT CELL rEAC-<br />
TION TO HEAVY METALS<br />
Przedpełska-Wąsowicz Ewa, Wierzbicka Małgorzata. University<br />
of Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology,<br />
1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland, przedpelska@biol.<br />
uw.edu.pl<br />
Plant tolerance to heavy metals is known to be one of the most<br />
interesting phenomena in biology. We know from literature<br />
that heavy metal stress disturbs plant water relations. We also<br />
know that on the tissue level, 75– 95% of water is transported via<br />
aquaporins (AQPs). Therefore, we hypothesized that the level of<br />
tolerance to heavy metals is connected to the way of regulation<br />
of water relations at the AQPs level. We employed Cell Pressure<br />
Probe as a main technique. Experiments were carried out on<br />
epidermal cells of Allium cepa, Arabidopsis arenosa and Arabidopsis<br />
halleri. We showed that Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg ions induced<br />
AQPs closure, that this process was fast, and that this process<br />
took place after the first several minutes. We showed also that<br />
A. arenosa populations from metalliferous soil (highly inductive-tolerant<br />
to heavy metals) and non-metalliferous soil (heavy<br />
metal sensitive), differed in terms of AQPs activity. We did not<br />
show, however, any differences between the two populations of<br />
the highly constitutional-tolerant plant A.halleri. Zn ions affected<br />
AQPs activity in plants from non-metallicolous population of<br />
A. arenosa, whereas Zn and Cd ions did not affect AQPs activity<br />
in A.halleri. Our results confirmed that AQPs play an important<br />
role in plant tolerance to heavy metals.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY, ANATOMICAL<br />
STrUCTUrE ANd ULTrASTrUCTUrE OF A NEW<br />
rYE MUTANT (secAle cereAle L.)<br />
Pyza Agnieszka1 , Kubicka Helena1 , Gabara Barbara2 . 1Pol ish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden – Center for Biological<br />
Diversity Conservation, 2 Prawdziwka St., 02-973 Warsaw,<br />
Poland, pyza-aga@wp.pl; 2University of Łódź, Department of<br />
Plant Cytology and Cytochemistry, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237<br />
Łódź, Poland<br />
In F2 generation (L145 x L131) a new rye mutant (kn) was selected.<br />
Its unique features were triangle shaped leaves, dwarf<br />
growth and a different size of flag and subflag leaf. Besides that,<br />
all leaves of this mutant were much thicker. This was caused<br />
by a change in the anatomical structure of the leaves; as there<br />
were observed two additional layers of cells. Differences in ultrastructure<br />
of chloroplasts were observed as well, the most visible<br />
one was a distribution of thylakoids in granum and plastoglubules<br />
rich sites. Swollen thylakoids were often observed. The<br />
swollenness may indicate disturbance of the lamellar system.<br />
Differences between mutant and control plants were also visible<br />
in photosynthetic activity and amount of chlorophyll a and b. It<br />
was proved that the mutation is determined by one, recessive<br />
gene. In the future this mutant will be analyzed on a molecular<br />
level as well.<br />
GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE INHIBITOr ENHANCES<br />
FATTY ACIdS CATABOLISM IN GErMINATING ANdEAN<br />
LUPINE (luPinus mutAbilis SWEET) SEEdS<br />
ratajczak Lech 1 , Borek Sławomir, Kubala Szymon. Adam<br />
Mickiewicz University, Department of Plant Physiology, 89<br />
Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland; 1 wiktoria@amu.edu.pl<br />
Investigations were carried out on isolated from imbibed seeds<br />
embryo axes and cotyledons grown in vitro for 96 h on medium<br />
supplemented with 60 mM sucrose or without the sugar. Effect<br />
of NaF (the inhibitor of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis), KCN,<br />
NaN 3 and SHAM (inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transport<br />
chain) and MSO (inhibitor of glutamine synthetase) on exogenously<br />
applied 1- 14 C and 2- 14 C-acetate (the simplest fatty acid)<br />
metabolism was investigated. After 60 min of incubation the<br />
radioactivity coming from 14 C-acetate was liberated as 14 CO 2<br />
but mostly it was incorporated into the ethanol-soluble fraction<br />
of embryo axes and cotyledons. Deficiency of sugar in tissues<br />
enhanced 14 CO 2 production and caused an increase in the radioactivity<br />
of ethanol-soluble and -insoluble fractions. Respiratory<br />
inhibitors caused a significant decrease in the radioactivity of<br />
CO 2 and ethanol fractions. MSO stimulated liberation of 14 CO 2<br />
and radioactivity of ethanol fractions both in organs fed and not<br />
fed with sucrose. Presented data indicate peculiar features of<br />
lipid metabolism in lupine protein-storing seeds and probably<br />
are a result of strong interconnections between storage lipid catabolism<br />
and amino acids metabolism. This work was supported<br />
by grant no. 2 P06A 004 29 from Polish science funding in the<br />
years 2005– 2008.<br />
LIGHT rEACTION OF C4 PLANTS IN STrESS CONdI-<br />
TIONS<br />
Romanowska Elżbieta1 , Zienkiewicz Maksymilian 2 , drożak<br />
Anna3 , Wróblewski Wojciech4 , Ciosek Paulina4 , Kutyła<br />
Anna4 . 1–3Warsaw University, Department of Molecular<br />
Plant Physiology, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;<br />
1 4 romanela@biol.uw.edu.pl; Warsaw University of Technology,<br />
Department of Analytical Chemistry, 3 Noakowskiego St.,<br />
00-664 Warsaw, Poland<br />
Leaves of C4 plants contain two types of photosynthetic cells,<br />
mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. These two types of<br />
cells are quite distinctly organized, both structurally and func-<br />
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry<br />
tionally. Photosynthetic apparatus of C 4 plants grown in identical<br />
light conditions develop a different photochemical pattern<br />
characteristic for each subtype. This difference suggests that<br />
there is a role being played by factor(s) other(s) than light in<br />
the development of photochemical activity in C 4 subtypes. Both<br />
types of chloroplast (M and BS) differ significantly in strategies<br />
of acclimation to different growth conditions. Changes are<br />
observed in the level of light-harvesting proteins without modification<br />
of the chloroplast ultrastructure. The opposite situation<br />
also exists when ultrastructure of the chloroplasts is influenced,<br />
but the amount of light-harvesting proteins does not change. For<br />
all examined species, acclimation to different light intensities is<br />
manifested by similar changes in fluorescence parameters. Abiotic<br />
stress factors limiting CO 2 assimilation induced specific<br />
response in photosynthetic activity in both types of chloroplasts<br />
among C 4 species. In our opinion, PQ pool and changes in its<br />
redox state are associated with different acclimation responses<br />
of C 4 plants. Acknowledgement: The work was supported by the<br />
Polish Ministry of Science and High Education Grant NN303<br />
393636.<br />
NMr STUdIES OF WATEr PrOPErTIES IN PLANTS<br />
TrEATEd WITH LEAd<br />
Rucińska-Sobkowiak Renata 1 , Nowaczyk Grzegorz 2,3 , Jurga<br />
Stefan 2,3 . 1 Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Plant<br />
Ecophysiology, 89 Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland,<br />
renatar@amu.edu.pl; 2 Adam Mickiewicz University, Department<br />
of Macromolecular Physics, 85 Umultowska St., 61-614<br />
Poznań, Poland; 3 NanoBioMedical Center, 85 Umultowska St.,<br />
61-614 Poznań, Poland<br />
Significant number of biological reactions are strictly controlled<br />
by diffusion processes of water. Pulsed field-gradient<br />
magnetic resonance (NMR) is a method commonly used for<br />
measuring self-diffusion coefficients of water especially in<br />
biological cells and tissues. This is due to its high sensitivity<br />
to molecular displacement in the range of 10 nm to 100 mm<br />
and to its chemically non-invasive character. The aim of this<br />
study was to investigate water mobility in roots of lupin seedlings<br />
(Lupinus luteus cv. Juno) growing with 0, 150, 350 mg∙L -1<br />
Pb(NO 3) 2 in the dark for 48h. Investigations were carried out<br />
at 10ºC by means of Bruker Avance DMX spectrometer operating<br />
at 400 MHz. Self-diffusion process was observed at<br />
the broad range of diffusion time from 15 to 1000 ms, in order<br />
to record information concerning possible obstructions of<br />
water molecules. The results of self-diffusion measurements<br />
indicate that water in roots exists at least in two different environments.<br />
This result is reflected in two well distinguished<br />
diffusion coefficients – D 1 (fast) and D 2 (slow). The collected<br />
data also confirmed that motion of water in measured samples<br />
is restricted and can be affected by a stress factor. Finally, the<br />
determination of type and geometry of existing obstructions<br />
can be done through the analysis of time dependent diffusion<br />
measurements.<br />
HETErOLOGOUS ExPrESSION OF AhhmA4p::AhhmA4<br />
IN TOBACCO<br />
rudzka Justyna 1 , Barabasz Anna 1 , Krämer Ute 2 , Hanikenne<br />
Marc 3 , Antosiewicz danuta M. 1 1 University of Warsaw, Faculty<br />
of Biology, Poland; 1 wilczka@biol.uw.edu.pl; 5 dma@biol.<br />
uw.edu.pl; 2 Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie,<br />
Germany; 3 Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant<br />
Physiology, Potsdam, Germany<br />
AhHMA4 from Arabidopsis halleri encodes a P1B-type ATPase.<br />
Being required for high Zn shoot accumulation, AhHMA4 is<br />
a promising candidate for biofortification and phytoremediation<br />
goals. The aim of this research was to find out if introduction of<br />
AhHMA4 under native promoter would increase Zn concentra-<br />
91
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
tion in shoots of Nicotiana tabacum. Tests were performed on<br />
plants grown within a range of Zn concentrations (0,4– 100μM)<br />
to assess: Zn dependent regulation of AhHMA4 expression in<br />
tobacco, Zn accumulation, tolerance level and expression of<br />
NtIRT1 (IRT1 is involved also in Zn and Cd uptake). Only upon<br />
10μM Zn resupply to plants treated with 0,4μM Zn was the modification<br />
(decrease) of AhHMA4 expression detected. NtIRT1<br />
expression was altered in a Zn-dependent manner in AhHMA4<br />
plants. Increased Zn level in leaves of transgenics grown at low<br />
Zn (0,4μM, 0,8μM) makes AhHMA4 a good candidate for biofortification<br />
purposes. Acknowledgements: Supported by FP6<br />
EU PHIME project (FOOD-CT-2006-016253).<br />
HYPOxIA-INdUCEd CHANGES IN THE INTENSITY<br />
OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ANd rESPIrATION, ANd<br />
MALATE ANd CITrATE CONTENT IN THE GAMETO-<br />
PHOrES OF MOSSES<br />
rut Grzegorz, rzepka Andrzej, Krupa Jan. Pedagogical<br />
University, Department of Plant Physiology, 3 Podbrzezie St.,<br />
30-054 Cracow; grut@up.krakow.pl; rzepkazf@up.krakow.pl;<br />
krupazf@up.krakow.pl<br />
Mosses are plants with a simple anatomical leaf structure.<br />
These plants occur in habitats where external factors can fluctuate<br />
widely, and are often exposed to stress resulting from<br />
a shortage or excess of water. The injuries to green plants during<br />
submergence in water are associated with a reduced access<br />
to oxygen but also caused by carbon dioxide dissolved in water.<br />
After 24 h hypoxia, the intensity of net photosynthesis drops in<br />
the gametophores of M. undulatum by 35% and in P. piliferum<br />
by 88%, compared with the values before submergence. The<br />
intensity of respiration, however, increases by ca. 25– 30%. As<br />
a result of submergence in water, the nature of reactions associated<br />
with the photosynthesis and respiration, and with the accompanied<br />
transformation of malate and citrate in moss gametophores,<br />
change. Immersing moss in water causes an increase<br />
in daily fluctuations of the malate content, particularly in the<br />
gametophores of P. piliferum. The changes in citrate content in<br />
plants kept under hypoxia are, however, much lower than those<br />
in malate. Metabolism of malate and citrate is associated with<br />
either an uptake or release of CO2, accompanied by changes in<br />
NAD(P)-ME activity. The increased daily fluctuations of malate<br />
and NAD(P)H in the species studied in hypoxia, may constitute<br />
an important element of their adaptive strategy to stress conditions.<br />
COLd AFFECTS THE ACTIVITY OF PECTIN METHY-<br />
LESTErASES ANd THE dEGrEE OF PECTIN METH-<br />
YL-ESTErIFICATION IN MAIZE LEAVES<br />
Solecka danuta1 , Bilska Anna2 , dziewulska Aleksandra1 ,<br />
Sowiński Paweł1,2 . 1University of Warsaw, Department of Plant<br />
Molecular Ecophysiology, IEPB, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096<br />
Warsaw, Poland; solecka@biol.uw.edu.pl; 2Institute of Plant<br />
Breeding and Acclimation, Radzików, 95-870 Błonie, Poland<br />
Cold springs disturb maize growth and development, which depend<br />
on cell wall properties. In the presented experiments we<br />
have checked whether cold modifies the degree of pectin methyl-esterification<br />
and activity of pectin methylesterases (PME),<br />
The PME activity is an important factor for changing the cell<br />
wall mechanical properties. Maize seedlings of two lines: KW<br />
1074 (chilling-tolerant) and CM 109 (chilling-sensitive) were<br />
exposed to cold (+14ºC) for 7 days. Samples were harvested<br />
4 times during the cold treatment. The activity of PME was<br />
measured spectrophotometrically, using highly-methylated citrus<br />
pectin and Methyl Red as substrates. Immunohistochemical<br />
localization of epitopes of highly- and low-methylated pectins<br />
was accomplished using the monoclonal antibodies JIM 7 and<br />
JIM 5, with electron microscope JEM 1400 (Laboratory of Elec-<br />
92<br />
tron Microscopy, the Nencki Institute, PAS, Warsaw, Poland).<br />
Obtained results show that the PME activity, pectin content and<br />
the level of pectin methylation clearly decreased in CM 109<br />
leaves in response to cold treatment, in contrast to the KW 1074<br />
line. These changes in cell wall pectin status may indicate the<br />
degradation of cell wall structure. The phenomenon may have<br />
far-reaching consequences for resistance of the cells to cold and<br />
other common stress factors such as pathogen attack, occurring<br />
during early spring.<br />
CYANAMIdE ALLELOPATHIC ACTION ON rOOT<br />
GrOWTH OF TOMATO (lycoPersicon esculentum)<br />
ANd MAIZE (zeA mAys)<br />
Sołtys Dorota, Wiśniewska Anita, Gniazdowska Agnieszka,<br />
Bogatek renata. Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW,<br />
Department of Plant Physiology, 159 Nowoursynowska St.,<br />
02-776 Warsaw, Poland, ana_solys@wp.pl<br />
Calcium cyanamide is a well known fertilizer. In soil it is decomposed<br />
into active cyanamide (CA) and calcium hydrogen.<br />
As a natural compound, CA is produced by hairy vetch (Viccia<br />
villosa), bird vetch (Viccia cracca) and black locus (Robinia<br />
pseud acacia). Hairy vetch as a green manner or cover<br />
crop is a natural weed inhibitor. The aim of our studies was<br />
to investigate some mechanisms of CA allelopathic action on<br />
root elongation growth of young tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)<br />
and maize (Zea mays) seedlings. Expansins gene expression,<br />
emission of ethylene in vivo and in vitro (in the presence<br />
of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)) and auxin<br />
(indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)) concentration in roots of young<br />
seedlings were determined. CA inhibited seedling root growth.<br />
The CA inhibition reaction was more pronounced in tomato<br />
than in maize. CA decreased expression of expansin genes in<br />
tomato root, and provoked transient increase in ethylene emission.<br />
Some alterations in IAA concentration were detected after<br />
CA treatment. Modification of hormonal balance in maize and<br />
tomato roots in response to CA will be discussed.<br />
INVO<strong>LV</strong>EMENT OF ABA ANd NO IN rEGULATION OF<br />
APPLE EMBrYO dOrMANCY ALLEVIATION, GEr-<br />
MINATION ANd GrOWTH OF YOUNG SEEdLINGS<br />
Szafrański Kamil, Krasuska Urszula, Dębska Karolina,<br />
Gniazdowska Agnieszka, Bogatek renata. Warsaw University<br />
of Life Sciences – SGGW, Department of Plant Physiology,<br />
159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, kamil_<br />
szafranski@sggw.pl<br />
Seed dormancy and germination are regulated by a phytohormone<br />
balance between gibberellins (GAs), ethylene and abscisic<br />
acid (ABA). Expression of dormancy depends on ABA level<br />
or its sensitivity in seeds. The interaction between ABA and<br />
NO in the regulation of many physiological processes in plants<br />
is well documented. NO together with ROS are considered as<br />
signaling molecules involved in seed physiology. The aim of<br />
our work was to investigate the effect of NO on ABA metabolism<br />
in germinating apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) embryos.<br />
Germination of embryos isolated from dormant apple seeds<br />
was stimulated by short term-fumigation by NO. This was accompanied<br />
by decreased sensitivity of the embryos to exogenous<br />
ABA. Fluridone, inhibitor of ABA synthesis, stimulated<br />
germination of both control (non-treated) and NO pre-treated<br />
embryos, but blocked development of the seedlings and completely<br />
abolished chlorophyll biosynthesis. ABA concentration<br />
was high in dormant control embryos and decreased rapidly<br />
after NO treatment. Later on, during the culture, a marked<br />
increase in concentration of the hormone in embryos was noticed.<br />
Interaction between NO and ABA in the regulation of<br />
dormancy removal and development of young seedlings will<br />
be discussed.
ANTIOxIdANT POTENCY OF LYONISIdE ISOLATEd<br />
FrOM STEMS ANd rHIZOMES OF vAccinium myrtillus<br />
L.<br />
Szakiel Anna1 , Henry Max2 . 1University of Warsaw, Faculty of<br />
Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 1 Miecznikowa St.,<br />
02-096 Warsaw, Poland, szakal@biol.uw.edu.pl; 2Nancy-Uni versité, Structure et réactivité des systèmes moléculaires complexes<br />
(SRSMC), UMR7565 CNRS-UHP, 5 rue Albert Lebrun,<br />
BP: 80403, 54001, Nancy cedex, France<br />
Lyoniside, 9-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(+)lyoniresinol, is a phenyltetralin<br />
lignan glycoside occurring mainly in woody parts or sempervivent<br />
leaves of various plants. We have isolated it from the<br />
stems and rhizomes of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus L. Its exclusive<br />
occurrence in winter-persistent organs suggests the possible<br />
role in chemical defence against pathogens and herbivores, protection<br />
against UV-radiation and allelopathic activity if leakage<br />
or exudation to the soil is possible. Indeed, previously we have<br />
demonstrated the antifungal and allelopathic properties of lyoniside.<br />
In the present study, the antioxidant potency of lyoniside<br />
was evaluated through free radical scavenging by using the DPPH<br />
(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Reaction was monitored<br />
spectrophotometrically at λ = 517 nm. The scavenging effect exerted<br />
on 0,1 mM DPPH solution ranged from 48% to almost 90%<br />
by lyoniside concentrations from 20 to 200 μg∙ml-1 , respectively.<br />
IC50 was 23 μg∙ml-1 . At the highest concentration tested, the<br />
scavenging activity of lyoniside was found to be 93% of that of<br />
α-tocopherol. Thus, according also to other biological activities,<br />
lyoniside can be regarded as an example of a multifunctional secondary<br />
compound which can be involved solely or synergically in<br />
various mechanisms of plant chemical protection.<br />
IMPOrTANCE OF NITrIC OxIdE ANd HYdrOGEN<br />
CYANIdE IN CONTrOL OF dOrMANCY rELEASING<br />
IN AmArAnthus retroflexus L. SEEdS<br />
Sznigir Paweł 1 , Kępczyński Jan 2 . University of Szczecin, Faculty<br />
of Natural Sciences, Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology;<br />
1 don_paolo@poczta.onet.pl; 2 jankepcz@wp.pl<br />
Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) can break dormancy<br />
in Arabidopsis, barley seeds and apple embryos. Freshly<br />
harvested seeds of Amaranthus retroflexus L. are dormant and<br />
this dormancy may be lost during afterripening. The aim of the<br />
study was to determine the role of nitric oxide and hydrogen<br />
cyanide in releasing primary dormancy of Amaranthus retroflexus<br />
L. seeds. Primary dormancy in these seeds was partially<br />
broken by NO+HCN and HCN released from sodium nitroprusside<br />
(SNP) and potassium hexacyanoferrate [Fe(II)CN] respectively.<br />
Nitric oxide, released from S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DLpenicylamine<br />
(SNAP), did not remove dormancy in these seeds.<br />
Nitric oxide scavenger, cPTIO, inhibited seed germination in an<br />
atmosphere enriched with NO+HCN or HCN. Stimulatory effect<br />
of HCN did not appear in the presence of abscisic acid. Inhibitors<br />
of ethylene biosynthesis, CoCl 2 and α-aminoisobutyric acid<br />
(AIB), did not affect seed germination when applied simultaneously<br />
with HCN. However, 2,5-norbornadiene; an inhibitor of<br />
ethylene binding to its receptor, inhibited germination of seeds<br />
preincubated in atmosphere with HCN. The results indicate that<br />
hydrogen cyanide may play a role in the control of primary dormancy<br />
in Amaranthus retroflexus L. seeds. Sensitivity of seeds<br />
to hydrogen cyanide was decreased by abscisic acid. Releasing<br />
dormancy by hydrogen cyanide may require ethylene action and<br />
possibly endogenous nitric oxide.<br />
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry<br />
LIGHT rEACTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN MESO-<br />
PHYLL ANd BUNdLE SHEATH CHLOrOPLASTS OF<br />
MAIZE IN rESPONSE TO Pb IONS<br />
Wasilewska Wioletta 1 , Bacławska Ilona 2 , Romanowska Elżbieta<br />
2 . 1–2 Warsaw University, Faculty of Biology, Department of<br />
Molecular Plant Physiology, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw,<br />
Poland; 1 wiolaw@biol.uw.edu.pl<br />
Maize is a C 4 plant in which two differ structurally and functionally<br />
cell types, mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS),<br />
cooperate during photosynthesis. Mesophyll chloroplasts<br />
are similar to those in C 3-type higher plants, while BS ones<br />
lack grana. Heavy metals, like lead, are one of the major<br />
abiotic stresses and they cause changes in relative levels of<br />
thylakoid components and in the efficiency of photosystems.<br />
Maize plants were grown under two light conditions: low (LL,<br />
50µmol∙m -2 ∙s -1 ) and high (HL, 600µmol∙m -2 s -1 ) light intensity.<br />
Lead (5mM Pb(NO 3) 2) was introduced into detached leaves<br />
with transpiration stream. We observed that accumulation of<br />
Pb ions in the leaves was higher in plants grown under LL<br />
than HL. Effects of Pb ions were independent on light intensity<br />
during growth. PSI activity and amount of LHCI proteins<br />
decreased in response to Pb 2+ and it was more evident in BS<br />
chloroplasts. We propose that in agranal chloroplasts, Pb disturbs<br />
cyclic electron transport and ATP production. A higher<br />
respiration rate in Pb 2+ treated leaves was observed. Fluorescence<br />
parameters and PSII activity were not affected by Pb<br />
ions. Our results could indicate that bundle sheath chloroplasts<br />
were more sensitive to lead toxicity than mesophyll chloroplasts.<br />
The work was supported by Polish Ministry of Science<br />
and Higher Education Grant NN303 393636<br />
THE EFFECT OF EPIBrASSINOLIdE ON THE rOOT<br />
GrOWTH OF TULIPS<br />
Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak Elżbieta. Research Institute of Pomology<br />
and Floriculture, Department of Physiology and Morphogenesis<br />
of Ornamental Plants, 18 Pomologiczna St., 96-100<br />
Skierniewice, Poland, Elzbieta.Wegrzynowicz@insad.pl<br />
Brassinosteroids (BR) induced a wide spectrum of physiological<br />
responses in plants including stem and root elongation, pollen<br />
tube growth, leaf bending and epinasty, the induction of ethylene<br />
biosynthesis. Brassinosteroids might be involved in processes<br />
of regulation of shoot and roots gravitropism. The presence<br />
of typhasterol is known in the pollen of tulips. We showed<br />
that epibrassinolide, stimulated tulip stem growth induced by<br />
auxin. Also the interaction of brassinosteroids and gibberellins<br />
play an important role in tulip stem elongation. In the present<br />
work the effect of epibrassinolide (epiBL) on tulip ‘Apeldoorn’<br />
root growth and ethylene production in root were studied.<br />
Cooled bulbs were used in the experiment. The entire dry outer<br />
scales were removed and each tulip bulb was placed in a small<br />
beaker. Only basal plates and about ¼ of the bulbs were dipped<br />
in distilled water (the control) and epiBL solution at different<br />
concentrations (1- 500 nM). After 3, 7, 11 days the length of<br />
sprout and roots and ethylene production in roots was measured.<br />
The roots of bulbs dipped in distilled water (the control) roots<br />
were long and straight. EpiBL caused inhibition on tulip root<br />
elongation and the roots showed gravitropic disorders and were<br />
twisted. EpiBL in all concentrations did not affect tulip stem<br />
growth as compared to the control. EpiBL had a small stimulatory<br />
effect on ethylene production. The role of epibrassinolide<br />
on root growth in tulips will be discussed.<br />
93
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
ANTIOxIdANT METABOLISM ANd PrOTEIN COM-<br />
POSITION dUrING SALT STrESS IN MITOCHONdrIA<br />
FrOM YELLOW LUPINE (luPinus luteus L.)<br />
EMBrYO AxES<br />
Wojtyla Łukasz 1 , Kosmala Arkadiusz 2 , Róg Michał 1 , Garnczarska<br />
Małgorzata 1 . 1 Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty<br />
of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, 89 Umultowska St.,<br />
61-614 Poznań, Poland; wojtylal@amu.edu.pl; michal.welniak@<br />
gmail.com; garnczar@amu.edu.pl; 2 Polish Academy of Sciences,<br />
Institute of Plant Genetics, 34 Strzeszyńska St., 60-479<br />
Poznań, Poland, akos@igr.poznan.pl<br />
Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses. High concentration<br />
of salt results in an increase in the amount of ROS which<br />
could lead to PCD. Plant cells involve physiological and molecular<br />
processes to cope with stress conditions. All adaptive<br />
processes require an energy supply. Mitochondria are the main<br />
site of energy production in cells. Thus, in our study we have<br />
investigated changes in mitochondria from embryo axis during<br />
salt stress conditions. Isolated lupine embryo axis were grown<br />
on modified Heller medium with or without the addition of 0,1M<br />
NaCl, for 24h and 48h. Changes in abundance of mitochondrial<br />
proteins in lupine embryo axis were investigated using the 2D-<br />
IEF-SDS-PAGE technique. The protein spots with the highest<br />
differences were chosen to be sent for identification. Native<br />
electrophoresis and activity analysis of catalase and ascorbic<br />
peroxydase revealed changes in their activity. DNA laddering<br />
and cytochrome c leakage were also observed during salt stress<br />
as symptoms of PCD. This work was partially supported by the<br />
Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education research grant<br />
N N303 471038.<br />
ACId PHOSPHATASES ACTIVITY ANd GrOWTH OF<br />
THrEE BArLEY (hordeum vulGAre L.) CULTI-<br />
VArS UNdEr dIVErSE PHOSPHOrUS NUTrITION<br />
żebrowska Ewa 1 , ruminowicz Marta, Ciereszko Iwona 2 .<br />
University of Bialystok, Institute of Biology, Departament of<br />
Plant Physiology, 20b Swierkowa St., 15-950 Bialystok, Poland;<br />
1 ewaw@uwb.edu.pl; 2 icier@uwb.edu.pl<br />
Three barley cultivars (Promyk, Skald and Status) were grown<br />
for 1– 3 weeks on different nutrient media with contrasting phosphorus<br />
source: inorganic – KH 2PO 4 (control), organic – phytic<br />
acid and with no phosphate (-P). Growth parameters, acid phosphatase<br />
activity, inorganic phosphate (P i) and total phosphorus<br />
94<br />
(P c) content were measured. Additionally, protein extracts from<br />
tissues (shoots and roots) were run on native discontinuous gel<br />
electrophoresis to determine acid phosphatases isoforms. Acid<br />
phosphatase activity localization was determined in root cross<br />
sections. Phosphate deficiency in nutrient medium decreased<br />
shoot and root elongation, whereas barley cultivars grown on<br />
phytic acid showed a similar growth to that of the control plants.<br />
Phosphate starvation led to a decrease of P i (and P c) in shoots<br />
and roots of all the studied barley cultivars already during the<br />
first week of culture, but in plants grown on phytic acid P i and<br />
P c content was similar to that of the control plants. Extracellular<br />
acid phosphatase activity in plants grown on –P medium<br />
was not enhanced, and in plants grown on phytic acid the activity<br />
was even lower than in the control plants. This work was<br />
supported by a grant from the Polish Ministry of Science and<br />
Higher Education (2007– 2010).<br />
INFLUENCE OF dIVErSE PHOSPHOrUS NUTrITION<br />
ANd MYCOrrHIZATION ON GrOWTH OF OAT (AvenA<br />
sAtivA L.)<br />
żebrowska Ewa 1 , Milewska Marta, Ciereszko Iwona 2 . University<br />
of Białystok, Institute of Biology, Departament of Plant<br />
Physiology, 20b Świerkowa St., 15-950 Białystok, Poland;<br />
1 ewaw@uwb.edu.pl; 2 icier@uwb.edu.pl<br />
Oat cultivars (Arab and Krezus) were grown for 4 weeks on<br />
sand with: soluble, inorganic source of phosphorus – KH 2PO 4<br />
(control, +P), insoluble, inorganic phosphate – FePO 4, organic<br />
– phytic acid and without phosphorus (-P). Effects of diverse<br />
phosphorus source and mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices)<br />
inoculation on growth parameters, inorganic phosphate<br />
(P i) and total phosphorus concentration (P c) were studied.<br />
In all the treatments, we observed a decreased P i content in<br />
shoots and roots of both oat cultivars in comparison to the control<br />
plants (except shoots of +P plants inoculated with mycorrhizal<br />
fungi cv. Krezus where P i content was increased). The<br />
shoot fresh mass of both cultivars, cultured without phosphate<br />
or with FePO 4 was decreased (except –P plants inoculated<br />
with mycorrhizal fungi). Whereas plants grown with phytic<br />
acid had similar, or even higher (Krezus cv.) shoot and root<br />
fresh mass as did the +P plants. Effect of mycorrhization<br />
on growth of both oat varieties was insignificant with most<br />
phosphorus nutrition treatments. This work was supported by<br />
a grant from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education<br />
(2007– 2010).
Plant Structure<br />
and development
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
PrOGrAMMEd CELL dEATH IN TOMATO (lyco-<br />
Persicon esculentum L) rOOT CAP<br />
Banaś Justyna1 , Kupidłowska Ewa2 . University of Warsaw;<br />
1Faculty of Biology, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland,<br />
justyna.banas@gmail.com; 2Department of Plant Anatomy<br />
and Cytology, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland,<br />
ewmak@biol.uw.pl<br />
The root cap is a dynamic structure, where the new cells are<br />
produced by cap initials while the oldest cells are released from<br />
the cap periphery. Detection of TUNEL-positive nuclei and results<br />
of comet assay demonstrate that programmed cell death<br />
(PCD) is triggered in outer cell layers of the root cap. These<br />
cells also exhibit ultrastructural features consistent with two<br />
morphotypes of PCD: apoptotic-like in the columella and autophagic<br />
in the lateral zone. Our results confirm the involvement<br />
of cysteine proteases from the C13 (legumains) and C1<br />
(papains) family both in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation<br />
and vacuole-mediated cell lysis. We suggest that legumains and<br />
papains act successively and similarly to well known initiators<br />
and executors of PCD.<br />
IMMUNOLOCALIZATION OF CELLULASES IN TO-<br />
MATO rOOTS INFECTEd BY NEMATOdES – AN AT-<br />
TEMPT AT USING PLT CrYOTECHNIqUE<br />
Baranowski Łukasz, Kurek Wojciech. Warsaw University of<br />
Life Sciences – SGGW, Department of Botany, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-766 Warsaw, Poland, lukasz_baranowski@<br />
sggw.pl<br />
Parasitic cyst nematodes induce in host plants a root specific<br />
feeding site called syncytium. Modifications induced by the<br />
pathogen in cells incorporated into this feeding structure include<br />
their hypertrophy and changes in apoplast – the latter<br />
modification caused by over-expression of plant proteins, i.a.<br />
cellulases. As a result, cell-wall openings between syncytial<br />
cells are formed. The aim of our investigation was immunolocalization<br />
of cellulases involved in these cell-wall modifications.<br />
Experiments were conducted on tomato plants infected by<br />
Globodera rostochiensis. Material (root segments with syncytia)<br />
was processed using the progressive lowering of temperature<br />
(PLT) technique. It is believed that this method is superior to<br />
other techniques in maintaining cell components and preserving<br />
antigenicity of macromolecules which is advantageous in<br />
their detection. The main principle of the PLT technique is the<br />
stepwise lowering of temperature throughout the dehydration<br />
process, embedding and polymerization of resin. Two-step immunolocalization<br />
with visualization using FITC or colloidal<br />
gold was performed in the study. The control were samples<br />
embedded conventionally in LR-White resin. The labelling of<br />
cellulase 7 (at both light and electron microscopy levels) was<br />
more intensive and specific on sections obtained by the PLT<br />
technique. The results indicate the usefulness of this method for<br />
plant immunocytochemistry.<br />
PLASTIdS ArE INVO<strong>LV</strong>Ed IN THE FOrMATION OF<br />
ANTHOCYANIC VACUOLAr INCLUSIONS IN POTATO<br />
TUBErS (solAnum tuberosum L.)<br />
Bederska Magdalena, Borucki Wojciech. Warsaw University<br />
of Life Sciences – SGGW, Department of Botany, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-766 Warsaw, Poland; magdalena_bederska@<br />
sggw.pl; wojciech_borucki@sggw.pl<br />
The mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation within plant cells<br />
are still poorly understood. The formation of anthocyanic vacuolar<br />
inclusions (AVIs) was observed in peridermis of red potato<br />
(Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Dessire and Rosalind) tubers. Bright<br />
field observations revealed that peridermal cells contained red<br />
96<br />
granules. The granules fluorescened red under green light irradiation<br />
which is a characteristic feature of anthocyanins. Many<br />
vacuoles of peridermal cells fluorescened red as well. Evidence<br />
is presented that phenolic-like compounds (including anthocyanins?)<br />
are storaged in plastids in the form of electron opaque<br />
granules (EOGs). EOGs are typically spherical and may occupy<br />
the majority of plastid volume. Our results strongly suggest that<br />
plastids are involved in biosynthesis and/or storage of anthocyanins<br />
as well as formation of AVIs.<br />
THE ANATOMY ANd ULTrASTrUCTUrE OF deschAmPsiA<br />
AntArcticA (POACEAE) FrOM THrEE<br />
dIFFErENT MICrOHABITATS<br />
Bednara Józef 1 , Szczuka Ewa 1 , Giełwanowska Irena 2 , Chudzik<br />
Barbara 3 . Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 1 Department<br />
of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, 19 Akademicka St.,<br />
20-033 Lublin, Poland, aszczuka@hektor.umcs.lublin.pl; 2a Department<br />
of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of<br />
Warmia and Mazury, 1A Oczapowskiego St., 10-719 Olsztyn,<br />
Poland; 2b Department of Antarctic Biology, Polish Academy<br />
of Sciences, Ustrzycka 10/12, 02-141 Warsaw, Poland; 3 Maria<br />
Curie-Skłodowska University, Department of Cell Biology,<br />
19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland<br />
The investigated plants of Deschampsia antarctica Desv., the<br />
only native grass species in Antarctica came from two natural<br />
microhabitats; a dry site in the tundra and a humid site at the<br />
seashore, and from a greenhouse of the University of Warmia<br />
and Mazury in Olsztyn. The plants from the three investigated<br />
sites differed in size and habit. Their leaves differed morphologically<br />
in length, width, and folding. The anatomy of roots and<br />
leaves observed under a light microscope showed differences<br />
concerning the size and shape of the cells in the consecutive<br />
organ layers. Additionally, depending on the microhabitat, the<br />
anatomical structure of leaves showed clear differences in the<br />
intensity of xerophytic features, size of the intercellular spaces,<br />
appearance of epidermal cells – including the presence of bulliform<br />
cells, and the number of sclerenchymatic fibers. Under<br />
TEM, the ultrastructure of the mesophyll cells of the leaves of<br />
Antarctic hair grass showed essential ultrastructural differences.<br />
This was especially true about the chloroplast structure.<br />
OBSErVATIONS OF THE POLLINATION ANd FEr-<br />
TILIZATION PrOCESS ANd EMBrYO SAC dEVELOP-<br />
MENT IN sidA hermAPhroditA rUSBY L.<br />
Chudzik Barbara 1 , Szczuka Ewa 2 , Zarzyka Barbara 1 , Śnieżko<br />
renata 1 . 1 Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Department<br />
of Cell Biology, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland,<br />
bchudzik@tlen.pl; 2 Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Department<br />
of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, 19 Akademicka St.,<br />
20-033 Lublin, Poland, aszczuka@hektor.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
Development of the embryo sacs and the process of pollination<br />
and fertilization in Sida hermaphrodita, planted for many years<br />
in Europe, was observed. Embryo sac development was studied<br />
using morphometric methods and immunohistochemical reactions<br />
localizing arabinogal<strong>acta</strong>n proteins – molecules employed<br />
in the female gametophyte development. It was observed that<br />
the stigmas of flowers left for free pollination were abundantly<br />
covered with germinating pollen grains. In each loculus, with<br />
one ovule, 3– 4 pollen tubes were noted. Nevertheless, only<br />
61.2% of ovules were penetrated with the pollen tube, and the<br />
effectiveness of seed setting was only 55.2%. It was stated that<br />
at the stage when the pollen tubes reached the ovary, the embryo<br />
sacs in many ovules were immature, which was evidenced by<br />
their small size and lack of arabinogal<strong>acta</strong>n proteins recognized<br />
by JIM 8, JIM 13 and JIM 14 monoclonal antibodies. These glycoproteins<br />
were evidently present in the embryo sac cell wall,
in cytoplasm of the synergids and in the filliform apparatus in<br />
fully developed ovules. In mature ovules these molecules appeared<br />
as well in the nucellar cells, lining the way of the pollen<br />
tube growth.<br />
HEMP BrOOMrAPE (orobAnche rAmosA L.) dE-<br />
VELOPMENT ON TOMATO rOOTS<br />
dyki Barbara, Stępowska Anna, Borkowski Jan. The Institute<br />
of Vegetable Crops, 1/3 Konstytucji 3 Maja St., 96-100<br />
Skierniewice, Poland, barbara.dyki@iwarz.pl<br />
Hemp broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) is a plant parasite.<br />
Orobanche ramose L. constitutes a threat to soil species in<br />
warm climates. It may also threaten Polish plants. The parasite<br />
attacks tobacco, tomatoes and other plants. At the Institute of<br />
Vegetable Crops research on the influence on the development<br />
and yielding of tomato was carried out. Orobanche ramosa L.<br />
seeds germinate in the presence of tomato only. Underground<br />
tubercle with suckers formed achlorophylous stalks with scaly<br />
leaves and bisexual flowers. The tubercle was covered by a thick<br />
layer of cortex. Parenchyma cells and vascular bundles in the<br />
arrangement characteristic for stem, constituted the interior<br />
tissues. In the epidermis of aboveground stalk, numerous multicellular<br />
glandular hairs were visible. Xylem cell walls were<br />
characterized by helical and reticulate secondary thickenings.<br />
It was also noted that vascular bundles were formed beyond the<br />
central vascular cylinder. On the surface of the junction of parasite<br />
and tomato root, no phloem cells were seen. But they were<br />
observed above and below that place. In parenchyma cells of the<br />
upper part of the inflorescence stem, a lot of starch grains were<br />
observed. The starch grains were not noticed in the parenchyma<br />
tissue of lower stem part. This indicates that Orobanche ramosa<br />
L. is not able to syntethesize sugars. In addition, the presence<br />
of starch grains in stems implies that parasite and host phloem<br />
is joint. With the growth of Orobanche ramosa L. tissues,<br />
polymorphic cells develop and grow in the direction of vessel<br />
members’ tomato root and probably take part in the transport of<br />
nutrient from the host plant.<br />
THE PATHOGENESIS OF TOBACCO (nicotiAnA tAbAcum)<br />
CV. SAMSUN INFECTEd WITH TOBACCO<br />
rATTLE VIrUS (TrV)<br />
Garbaczewska Grażyna, Otulak Katarzyna, Chouda Marcin.<br />
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, Faculty of Agriculture<br />
and Biology, Department of Botany, grazyna_garbaczewska@<br />
sggw.pl<br />
The aim of the ultrastructural studies was the Tobacco rattle<br />
virus replication process localisation in tobacco plants infected<br />
with the Polish isolates of TRV. Tobacco rattle virus<br />
belongs to the Tobravirus family consisting of two species of<br />
(+)ssRNA. Both RNA particles are capsidated separately and<br />
are formed in two types of virus particles with 22.5 nm diameters:<br />
long (L) 180 nm and short (S) from 55 to 114 nm. Nicotiana<br />
tabacum cv. Samsun plants were infected the first time<br />
with the use of nematode vectors, transmiting the stable TRV<br />
isolates. Afterwards healthy tobacco plants were mechanically<br />
inoculated with the obtained virus isolates. The samples<br />
of inoculated and non-inoculated upper tobacco leaves were<br />
collected for ultrastructural studies. We founded two types of<br />
TRV particles: long and short particles capsidated in 22.5 nm<br />
diameter and noncapsidated in 9 nm – viral particles were localised<br />
in tobacco mesophyll cells 12 days after TRV infection.<br />
TRV particles which formed inclusion in cytoplasm, are also<br />
presented near mitochondrion and chloroplasts with strongly<br />
modified structures. The non-capsidated TRV particles were<br />
Plant Structure and Development<br />
observed also in the cell nucleus. Our investigations indicate<br />
that this plant’s cell organelle take part in TRV life cycle. The<br />
viral particles are presented in xylem tracheary elements indicating<br />
TRV systemic transport.<br />
COrrELATION BETWEEN STrUCTUrE ANd FUNC-<br />
TION OF CHLOrOPLASTS IN CHILLING-SENSITIVE<br />
ANd CHILLING-TOLErANT PLANTS<br />
Garstka Maciej1 , Mazur Radosław1 , Michalec Katarzyna 2 ,<br />
Maj Anna2 , Zglinicki Bartosz1 , Gieczewska Katarzyna1,2 ,<br />
Mostowska Agnieszka 2 . University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology,<br />
1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; 1Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, garstka@<br />
biol.uw.edu.pl; 2Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology,<br />
Institute of Experimental Plant Biology, mostowag@biol.<br />
uw.edu.pl<br />
Chilling stress induces different changes on structural, physiological<br />
and molecular levels. In chilling-sensitive CS plants,<br />
a decrease of photosynthetic activity can be observed while<br />
the photosynthetic apparatus of chilling-tolerant CT plants is<br />
much more resistant to chilling. Studies to elucidate different<br />
responses from bean (CS plant) and pea (CT plant) to chilling<br />
stress were undertaken. Periodic chilling – low temperature at<br />
night and optimal temperature under light conditions, induced<br />
substantial changes in the chloroplast structure of pea and bean.<br />
However these changes were much slower in pea chloroplasts<br />
(CT). Chilling caused changes in the organization of photosynthetic<br />
pigment-protein complexes. Changes in levels of active<br />
PSII centers were established in bean leaves by chlorophyll induced<br />
fluorescence. Higher level of hydroxyperoxide and nitric<br />
oxide in bean than in pea mesophyll cells was registered after<br />
chilling. Observed changes indicate a close correlation between<br />
structure and function of chloroplasts.<br />
PHYSIOLOGICAL ANd ULTrASTrUCTUrAL rE-<br />
SPONSES OF CELLS OF ArCTIC ANd ANTArCTIC<br />
CArYOPHYLLACEAE ANd POACEAE TO ENVIrON-<br />
MENTAL STrESS<br />
Giełwanowska Irena 1,2 , Górecki ryszard 1 , Kellmann Wioleta<br />
1 , Pastorczyk Marta 1 , Szczuka Ewa 3 . 1 University of<br />
Warmia and Mazury, Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology,<br />
1A Oczapowskiego St., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;<br />
i.gielwanowska@uwm.edu.pl; 2 Department of Antarctic Biology,<br />
PAS, 10 Ustrzycka St., 02-141 Warsaw, Poland; 3 Maria<br />
Curie -Skłodowska University, Department of Plant Anatomy<br />
and Cytology, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland<br />
Microscopic analysis of the toluidine blue stained semi-thin sections<br />
of shoots from Cerastium alpinum, Colobanthus quitensis,<br />
Deschampsia antarctica, Melandrium angustifolium, Poa alpina<br />
var. vivipara and Poa annua revealed the xerophytic (sclerophytic<br />
and succulent) cell structure features. Ultrastructural observations<br />
based on ultra-thin section stained with uranyl acetate and<br />
lead citrate shows numerous starch granules in chloroplasts of<br />
mesophyll cells. In stressful conditions starch is an osmotically<br />
neutral compound and could serve as a readily available source of<br />
energy and a raw material for the biosynthesis of cryoprotective<br />
substances. Observed cell features, such as specific adjacency of<br />
the organelles, irregular chloroplast surface with pocket-shaped<br />
concavities, numerous long protrusions and vesicles, as well as<br />
a highly developed system of inner mitochondrial membranes,<br />
indicate tight cooperation between organelles and highly intense<br />
metabolic processes in these plants. Defined specific cell structure<br />
organization may be important for growth and development<br />
of described plants in harsh environmental conditions that require<br />
an intimate energy balance.<br />
97
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
LOCALISATION OF Ca 2+ IN sinAPis AlbA rOOTS IN-<br />
FECTEd WITH THE BEET CYST NEMATOdE heteroderA<br />
schAchtii<br />
Górecka Mirosława, Skowrońska Katarzyna. Warsaw University<br />
of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology,<br />
Department of Botany, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-766<br />
Warsaw, Poland<br />
Cytoplasmic Ca2+ serves as a secondary messenger in many<br />
plant responses including stress adaptations to pathogens. We<br />
attempted to localise Ca2+ , in white mustard roots (susceptible<br />
cv. Albatros and resistant cv. Maxi) infected with Heterodera<br />
schachtii, using the antimonate precipitation technique. Free<br />
calcium ions were found in cells of infected roots. Some calcium<br />
antimonate precipitations were present in endodermal cells and<br />
in sieve tubes during the early stage of syncytium development.<br />
In the initial syncytial cell, calcium precipitations were not observed.<br />
Number of calcium grains increased insignificantly during<br />
syncytium development in susceptible cv. Albatros, while in<br />
the resistant cv. Maxi the number of calcium grains increased<br />
significantly in cells distant from nematode. The precipitations<br />
were present along the syncytial walls and in tracheary elements<br />
where they formed clusters around the thickened cell wall.<br />
Number of calcium antimonate precipitations increased strongly<br />
in degenerating syncytia. Numerous deposits were present in<br />
the cytoplasm, as well as near plasma membrane. Cortical cells,<br />
endodermis and tracheary elements were heavily labelled with<br />
precipitations. In roots of the resistant cv. Maxi, the number of<br />
precipitations and also the size of grains were greater than those<br />
in observed roots of the susceptible cv. Albatros.<br />
rEACTIVE OxYGEN SPECIES GENErATION ANd AN-<br />
TIOxIdATIVE STATUS OF medicAGo truncAtulA<br />
NOdULES TrEATEd WITH COPPEr Or MErCUrY<br />
Górska-Czekaj Magdalena1 , Szworst-Łupina Dagmara2 , Borucki<br />
Wojciech1 . Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW;<br />
1 2 Department of Botany; Department of Biochemistry, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-766 Warsaw, Poland, m.gorskaczekaj@<br />
gmail.com<br />
In this work, we studied the effect of copper (15 mg/l or 60 mg/l)<br />
and mercury (1,5 mg/l or 6 mg/l) on generation of superoxide<br />
radical (O2∙- ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as antioxidative<br />
status of M. truncatula root nodules. Nodules were induced<br />
by inoculation of plants with an effective strain S. medicae<br />
WSM419. O2∙- and H2O2 accumulation was detected histochemically<br />
on fresh-sections using NBT or DAB, respectively. Cells<br />
from young symbiotic tissue generated O2∙- in the nodule treated<br />
with both trace metals. Cu2+ – treatment resulted in accumulation<br />
of H2O2 mainly in the nodule meristem, young symbiotic<br />
tissue and around vascular bundle. H2O2 after Hg2+ – treatment<br />
was observed in nodule cortex and young symbiotic tissue. Antioxidative<br />
activity (AA) of nodules was measured spectrofotometrically<br />
by the use of the free radical DPPH. Higher AA corresponded<br />
with higher level of stress tolerance. Cu2+ and Hg2+ – treatments resulted in depletion of AA. In relation to control<br />
plants AA for Cu2+ – treated plants had the following values<br />
87% (15 mg/l) or 64% (60 mg/l) and for Hg2+ – treated plants<br />
71% (1,5 mg/l) or 46% (6 mg/l). In addition, activities of several<br />
antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase<br />
were assayed by native electrophoresis. Both, histochemical<br />
and biochemical data will be discussed in terms of nodule<br />
resistance against Cu2+ and Hg2+ stress.<br />
98<br />
SYMPLASTIC ISOLATION IN NOrWAY SPrUCE EM-<br />
BrYONIC SHOOT dUrING dOrMANCY<br />
Guzicka Marzenna, Rożkowski Roman, Pawłowski tomasz.<br />
Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Parkowa<br />
St., 62-035 Kórnik, Poland, guzicka@man.poznan.pl<br />
The object of the study was Norway spruce, one of the major<br />
forest tree species in Europe. Analysed material consisted of the<br />
embryonic shoots isolated from vegetative buds. Material was<br />
collected from the middle part of the tree crown, from November<br />
2008 until April 2010 to analyse changes in symplastic isolation<br />
of cells in the embryonic shoot by deposition of 1,3-ß-D-glucan<br />
(callose) at plasmodesmata. The location of 1,3-ß-D-glucan was<br />
determined using immunogold labeling and TEM. Westernblotting<br />
analysis of the accumulation of 1,3-ß-D-glucanase<br />
was also performed. The main conclusions of our observations:<br />
1) symplastic communication is selectively blocked during dormancy;<br />
2) during the dormancy period, in all parts of embryonic<br />
shoot the number of plasmodesmata decrease dramatically;<br />
3) in all parts of the embryonic shoot during endodormancy,<br />
plasmodesmata were closed by callose-containing stoppers; in<br />
this offline state symplastic communication is probably interrupted;<br />
4) peripheral meristem and procambium stay isolated<br />
during ecodormancy; 5) 1,3-ß-D-glucanase was detected during<br />
the whole observation period; 6) specific pattern of bud development<br />
during ecodormancy and spring activation and the<br />
sequence of changes probably occur because the isolation of<br />
some regions is kept. Symplastic communication plays the main<br />
role in synchronization development of the embryonic shoot in<br />
mature shoot. The work was supported by Institute of Dendrology<br />
and Ministry of Science and Higher Education (project no.<br />
N N303 068934).<br />
SCLErIFICATION OF sidA hermAPhroditA STEMS<br />
Janakowski Sławomir, Leja Iwona, Borucki Wojciech. Warsaw<br />
University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Department of Botany,<br />
159 Nowursynowska St., 01-776 Warsaw, Poland, slawomir_<br />
janakowski@sggw.pl<br />
Sida hermaphrodita is from the group of energetic plants. Energetic<br />
plants produce large biomass, which is used as a source<br />
of energy. S. hermaphrodita is known as a renewable source<br />
of energy, but it can be also used as a fiber plant, honey plant,<br />
plant for fitoremediation and as green forage. S. hermaphrodita<br />
can be produced on marginal grounds and fallows at low cost.<br />
For this reason, it is being considered as a new crop plant in<br />
Poland.<br />
S. hermaphrodita is a perennial herb of North American origin<br />
with secondary growth dominated by cambium activity.<br />
At present we focused on the process of cell wall lignification<br />
within secondary tissues produced by cambium, which may influence<br />
the quality of S. hermaphrodita biomass as a source of<br />
energy for heating or biofuel production.<br />
APPLICATION OF FLOW CYTOMETrY TO PLANT<br />
SCIENCES<br />
Jędrzejczyk Iwona, Śliwińska Elwira. University of Technology<br />
and Life Sciences, Departament of Plant Genetics and<br />
Biotechnology, 7 Kaliskiego Ave., 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland;<br />
jedrzej@utp.edu.pl<br />
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a simple, rapid and very accurate<br />
method for the analysis of nuclear DNA content in plants.<br />
Therefore, it is commonly used by botanists, genetics, biotechnologists,<br />
plant breeders, and seeds producers. In plant studies,<br />
this metod has been used mostly to determine the genome size,<br />
to analyze ploidy level, cell cycle, endoreplication in different<br />
plant organs, and to sort cells or nuclei. Estimation of plant nu-
clear DNA content is usually performed using young and fresh<br />
leaves, possessing most of their cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell<br />
cycle. However, plant material such as seeds, roots, hypocotyls,<br />
flowers, pollen grains etc. can be used for FCM as well. Flow<br />
cytometry analysis of plant is performed on a nuclear suspension,<br />
after chopping plant material in a nuclei isolation buffer<br />
supplementend with a fluorescent dye. Ploidy determination<br />
is the most common application of FCM. It is very important<br />
in plant breeding programs for the control of ploidy stability,<br />
screening for haploid plants, and the control of the purity of the<br />
seed lots in seed production. Estimation of the cell cycle activity/<br />
endoreduplication can be helpful in establishing seed maturity<br />
and vigour, as well as in following pre-sowing seed enhancement<br />
(priming) treatments. FCM is also frequently applied to<br />
estimate genome size. An understanding of DNA content can<br />
be useful in the molecular studies of the species involving the<br />
creation of genomic libraries or genome mapping, and in studies<br />
on evolution and taxonomy.<br />
thlAsPi S.STr. (thlAsPidinAe) VErSUS thlAsPi<br />
S.L.: MACrO- ANd MICrOMOrPHOLOGICAL CHAr-<br />
ACTErISTICS OF FrUITS ANd SEEdS<br />
Klimko Małgorzata1 , Truchan Mariola2 , Czarna Aneta1 .<br />
1The Poznań University of Life Sciences, 71C Wojska <strong>Polskiego</strong><br />
St., 60-625 Poznań, Poland, Department of Botany; klim@<br />
up.poznan.pl; czarna@up.poznan.pl; 2The Pomeranian Academy<br />
in Słupsk, Department of Botany and Genetics, 22B Arciszewskiego<br />
St., 76-200 Słupsk, Poland, truchan@apsl.edu.pl<br />
The study was conducted on silicles and seeds of 19 European<br />
taxa representing four sections of Thlaspi, which were subjected<br />
to detailed macro- and micromorphological analyses. The analysis<br />
of variation was based on the characteristics of silicles, i.e.<br />
the length and width of silicle, the length and width of valve,<br />
the depth of indentation in silicle at the silicle apex, the width<br />
of wing at the apex and in the widest part of silicle and seeds,<br />
the length, width and their ratio as well as the number of seeds<br />
in each loculus. The exocarp of silicles (as viewed from the surface)<br />
was analyzed using LM, measuring stomata and taking<br />
observations of epidermal cells. The other micromorphological<br />
characteristics were observed using S.E.M. As a result of examinations<br />
at the macro- and micromorphological levels significant<br />
differences were found between species. These examination<br />
results support the presently adopted taxonomic diversification<br />
within Thlaspi s.str., Thlaspi s.l. (= Noccaea) and Microthlaspi.<br />
Analyses supplied new diagnostic characteristics, which may be<br />
used in further work on classification.<br />
INTEr-rELATIONS BETWEEN WOOd STrUCTUrE<br />
TrAITS OF HALF-SIB FAMILIES OF EUrOPEAN<br />
LArCH TrEES FrOM SEEd OrCHArd<br />
Klisz Marcin. Forest Research Institute, Department of Silviculture<br />
and Genetics, 3 Braci Leśnej St., Sękocin Stary, 05-090<br />
Raszyn, kliszm@ibles.waw.pl<br />
Analyses of variance for wood structure traits of half-sib families<br />
of European larch from seed orchard shown correlations<br />
within annual ring group traits, density group traits and tracheid<br />
group traits. Ring width strongly correlated with earlywood<br />
width and latewood width. At the same time earlywood<br />
percent strongly negatively correlated with latewood percent.<br />
Wood density had positive correlation with density components.<br />
Furthermore earlywood density positively correlated<br />
with minimum density and latewood density with maximum<br />
density. All tracheid traits were positively correlated among<br />
themselves. Tracheid length had strong positive correlation<br />
with tracheid width while tracheid width had strong positive<br />
correlation with tracheid cell wall thicknes. Latewood percent<br />
had positive correlation with all tracheid traits. Remaining an-<br />
Plant Structure and Development<br />
nual ring traits had weak negative correlation with tracheid<br />
traits. There was not any significant correlation among wood<br />
density traits and tracheid traits.<br />
EMBrYOLOGICAL PrOCESSES OF lotus corniculAtus<br />
L. ANd lePidium ruderAle L. IN CONTAMI-<br />
NATEd HABITAT OF MAIN rOAd VErGES<br />
Kłosowska Karolina, Izmaiłow Romana, Muszyńska Ewa.<br />
Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany, Department of<br />
Plant Cytology and Embryology, 52 Grodzka St., 31-044 Cracow,<br />
Poland; karolina.klosowska@uj.edu.pl<br />
The effects of a polluted environment of road verges contaminated<br />
with heavy metals and salinity on reproductive processes<br />
of L. corniculatus and L. ruderale were studied. The specimens<br />
from verges of Cracow roads were compared to plants growing<br />
far away from road network. Pollen viability of plants growing<br />
along roadsides was reduced in L. corniculatus to 74.4%, in<br />
L. ruderale to 85.6%; in the control material 91.7% and 93.4%,<br />
respectively. In specimens of L. corniculatus from verges, 26%<br />
of analysed ovules showed developmental disturbances and<br />
necrotic processes. Most of them occured at stages of female<br />
gametophyte development. The most frequent were necrosis in<br />
young embryo sacs (ES), degeneration in mature ES or whole<br />
ovules. As a result, the average number of seeds constituted 34%<br />
of ovules formed in specimens from roadsides, and 42% in noncontaminated<br />
site. The specimens of L. ruderale from verges,<br />
were characterised by lower growth when compared to the control<br />
ones. L. ruderale showed a significantly higher proportion<br />
of various kinds of disturbances and necrotic processes detected<br />
in 26% of their studied ovules. The most frequent disturbances<br />
occured during embryogenesis; 20% of analysed embryos from<br />
plants growing on verges showed necrosis or structural abnormalities.<br />
The study shows that unfavourable environmental conditions<br />
may affect reproductive processes and lead to reduced<br />
plant fertility.<br />
THE STrUCTUrE OF FrUIT EPIdErMIS OF THrEE<br />
APPLE TrEE CULTIVArS<br />
Konarska Agata. University of Life Sciences, Departmnet<br />
of Botany, 15 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland, agata.<br />
konarska@up.lublin.pl<br />
The structure of the fruit epidermis of the three apple tree cultivars:<br />
Ligol, Jonagold and Szampion, were examined using light<br />
and scanning electron microscopy. The epidermis of the fruit<br />
was covered with a cuticle characterized by the occurrence of<br />
numerous cracks of varying depth and length. The cracks were<br />
usually running along the radial walls of the epidermal cells.<br />
The largest amount of this type of microcracks was noted in<br />
the cv. Szampion, which had a dry and rough fruit surface. In<br />
the epidermis of the apples, lens- or star-shaped lenticels were<br />
found which were at different maturity stages. Their number<br />
on an area of 1 cm 2 was the highest in the cv. Ligol (8), the<br />
next highest was in Jonagold (7), while it was the lowest in cv.<br />
Szampion (5). On the surface of a very thick cuticle, there was<br />
observed a slight layer of amorphous wax as well as crystalline<br />
wax in the form of fluffy deposits or fused granules. The wax<br />
and granules usually filled up the microcracks. Mycelium hyphae<br />
sometimes occurred both in the cracks and inside the lenticels.<br />
The fruit of the studied apple cultivars was characterized<br />
by a cuticle of varying thickness, though it was always larger<br />
than the height of the epidermal cells. In the cv. Szampion, the<br />
cuticle was the thickest (19.4 µm), whereas in cv. Ligol it was the<br />
thinnest (16.1 µm). The epidermis of the fruit, usually singlelayered,<br />
was composed of small flat cells of varying height. It<br />
sometimes formed a double layer of cells (in cv. Szampion). The<br />
height of the epidermal cells was in the cv. Ligol 13.8 µm, cv.<br />
Jonagold 14.2 µm and cv. Szampion 15.1 µm.<br />
99
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
THE dIVErSITY OF LIP ATTrACTANTS IN OrCHIdS<br />
FrOM THE SUBTrIBE oncidiinAe BENTH.<br />
Kostelecka Joanna, Kowalkowska Agnieszka K., Bohdanowicz<br />
Jerzy. University of Gdańsk, Department of Plant Cytology<br />
and Embryology, 24 Kładki St., 80-822 Gdańsk, dokakow@<br />
univ.gda.pl<br />
A number of analogies in the construction of floral elements<br />
was noticed in the representatives of the subtribe Oncidiinae<br />
Benth. (Orchidaceae Juss.). It is caused by a similar pollination<br />
strategy of these plants, pollinated by hymenopterans and<br />
birds. The structures found on the lip: papillae, trichomes or<br />
processes, which are components of the nectar guide, are the<br />
main attr<strong>acta</strong>nts – factors that lure pollinating animals. The<br />
presence of the fleshy callus, often contrasting in colour, located<br />
at the lip base, is also a characteristic feature of oncidioid<br />
flowers. Flowers are usually glossy, coated with oily substances,<br />
produced by epithelial or trichomal elaiophores.<br />
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF<br />
THE EGG APPArATUS IN SELECTEd SExUAL ANd<br />
APOMICTIC SPECIES OF tArAxAcum<br />
Kościńska-Pająk Maria1 , Musiał Krystyna 1 , Bednara Józef2 .<br />
1Jagiellonian University, Department of Plant Cytology and<br />
Embryology, 52 Grodzka St., 31-044 Cracow, Poland, maria.<br />
pajak@uj.edu.pl; 2Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Department<br />
of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, 19 Akademicka St.,<br />
20-033 Lublin, Poland<br />
The aim of the study was to investigate the configuration of<br />
the tubuline cytoskeleton and the presence of filiform apparatus<br />
in mature embryo sacs in an obligatory apomict Taraxacum<br />
alatum (2n = 3x = 24), and sexual T. linearisquameum<br />
(2n = 2x = 16). Both species belong to the section Ruderalia<br />
and grow in Poland. Observations under the fluorescence microscope<br />
showed that the cytoskeleton of the egg cell in the<br />
obligatory apomict T. alatum is formed by a small number of<br />
short cortical microtubules. Spot fluorescence, visible in the<br />
periphery of the egg cell points to a circular distribution of the<br />
microtubules. A scanty cytoskeleton was observed also in synergids,<br />
mostly in the micropylar region. This is in contrast to<br />
the higher concentration of tubuline in the micropylar part of<br />
the synergids which was visible in the amfimictic T. linearisquameum.<br />
However, the distinct concentration of microtubules<br />
was not observed in the investigated embryo sacs, and they did<br />
not even form characteristic brush-like structures oriented in<br />
the micropylar-chalazal axis. This kind of microtubular aggregations<br />
near the filiform apparatus was described in some<br />
sexual species investigated and special attention was paid to<br />
this feature.<br />
THE MICrOMOrPHOLOGICAL FEATUrES OF Or-<br />
CHId FLOWErS BASEd ON THE ExAMPLE OF bulboPhyllinAe<br />
ANd PleurothAllidinAe (orchidAceAe)<br />
Kowalkowska Agnieszka K. 1 , Szlachetko dariusz L. 2 , Bohdanowicz<br />
Jerzy 3 . University of Gdańsk, 1,3 Department of Plant<br />
Cytology and Embryology, 24 Kladki St., 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland;<br />
dokakow@ug.edu.pl; jurboh@biotech.ug.gda.pl; 2 Department<br />
of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, 9 Legionów<br />
St., 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland, biodarek@ug.edu.pl<br />
The representatives of orchids from Bulbophyllinae and Pleurothallidinae<br />
substribes represent one of the most interesting<br />
example of morphological convergence caused by a similar<br />
pollination strategy – myophily; that is pollination by flies<br />
100<br />
(Diptera). The presence of analogous floral features in both<br />
groups considered as geographical vicariants are confirmed<br />
by both features on the level of macrostructures (floral colour,<br />
presence of motile elements, elongated petal apices, the hinged<br />
mechanism of lip, the structure of nectary guide), and microstructures<br />
(shape of epidermal cells on petals and lip). In both<br />
groups there are also similar pollination strategies (imitation<br />
of other flowers, brood-sites, hidden animals, pseudocopulation).<br />
THE CYTOGENETIC ANd MOLECULAr rESEArCH<br />
OF bAtrAchium circinAtum<br />
Krawczyk Józef 1 , Sutkowska Agnieszka 2 , Pindel Anna 1 . 1 Cracow<br />
Pedagogical University Institute of Biology, 3 Podbrzezie<br />
St., 31-054 Cracow, Poland; 2 Agricultural University of Cracow,<br />
Departament of Plant Breeding and Seed Science, 24 Łobzowska<br />
St., 31-140 Cracow, Poland, mj.krawczyk@xl.wp.pl<br />
Seven species of the genus Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium<br />
were found in Poland. The most widespread taxon is Batrachium<br />
circinatum. The material for the study was collected<br />
from: four sites near Cracow (gravel-pits), seven from the vicinity<br />
of Tarnow (Dunaj and Biała’s old river channel) and also<br />
from the River Nida and its tributaries. Collected specimens<br />
differed slightly in morphological and anatomical features<br />
with the exception of examples from Dunaj’s old river channel.<br />
The number of chromosomes in all studied specimens<br />
was 2n = 16. The comparative analysis of banding patterns<br />
on chromosomes, dyed with the sequential method DAPI/Cbands,<br />
revealed a small polymorphism of hetrochromatin (approximately<br />
80% of the solid bands). Meiosis in most studied<br />
specimens proceeded in a proper manner (68–79%). The preliminary<br />
statistical analysis suggests that the participation of<br />
individual chromosome types in the elimination and the creation<br />
of incorrect pairing configurations is accidental. Molecular<br />
analysis carried out by PCR-ISSR included 46 specimens.<br />
The results obtained allowed us to determine the relationships<br />
between the studied populations.<br />
MOrPHOLOGY ANd BIOLOGICAL rOLE OF THE<br />
SLIME CELLS IN THE ArtemisiA L. ACHENES<br />
Kreitschitz Agnieszka. University of Wrocław, Institute<br />
of Plant Biology, 6/8 Kanonia St., 50-328 Wrocław, Poland,<br />
skowron@biol.uni.wroc.pl<br />
The Artemisia genus is one of the richest in the family of<br />
Asteraceae. They have a large number of taxa, diversity of<br />
habitats and worldwide distribution. These features can be associated<br />
with the adaptations, which allow Artemisia to exist<br />
in different environments. Some adaptive features are present<br />
in the seed/fruit coat structure. Achenes of more than 40<br />
Artemisia taxa studied are mostly naked, lacking of pappus<br />
and typically possess slime cells in the fruit coat. Slime cells<br />
are usually rectangular in shape (A. dracunculus) but they can<br />
also be oval, ovate or triangular (A. arbuscula). The slime<br />
cells are distributed differently at the seed surface: achenes<br />
can be entirely covered by slime cells, with groups of cells,<br />
or completely devoid of them. Slime cells are able to produce<br />
the slime, which in Artemisia belongs to the cellulosic type<br />
and consists of pectins and the cellulosic skeleton. Slime, due<br />
to its ability to absorb and maintain water, facilitates, e.g.,<br />
germination and seed dispersal. In some taxa (A. tridentata),<br />
however, fruits cannot form slime. The lack of the ability to<br />
form slime may be compensated by other morphological features<br />
e.g., trichomes at the achene surface or formation of additional<br />
space under the fruit coat. In turn, it may also keep<br />
water around the seed.
VArIEd SENSITIVITY OF MAIZE (zeA mAys L.)<br />
rOOTS TO ALLELOCHEMICAL-COUMArIN<br />
Kupidłowska Ewa, Nowakowska Kaja. University of Warsaw,<br />
Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology,<br />
1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland, ewmak@biol.<br />
uw.edu.pl<br />
Coumarin, a natural compound of high allelopathic activity,<br />
acts as a root growth inhibitor. The effects of coumarin on the<br />
growth of three types of maize roots: radicle, seminal and nodal<br />
were compared. Our results suggest, that two mechanisms<br />
are responsible for the observed growth inhibition: loss of cell<br />
expansion anisotropy in root elongation zone and a decrease<br />
in meristem mitotic activity. Isotropic expansion is most pronounced<br />
in seminal roots, whereas mitodepression in the radicle.<br />
Ultrastructural changes in the cortical cells also show that<br />
coumarin is the most toxic compound for seminal roots. Both<br />
root types formed during embryogenesis, the radicle and the<br />
seminal, are more sensitive to coumarin than postembryonic,<br />
shoot-borne nodal roots.<br />
COMPUTEr TESTING OF CELL dIVISION ALGOrITHMS<br />
Lipowczan Marcin1 , Piekarska-Stachowiak Anna2 , Nakielski<br />
Jerzy3 . University of Silesia, Department of Biophysics and<br />
Morphogenesis of Plants, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice,<br />
Poland, marcin.lipowczan@us.edu.pl<br />
The plant organs grow simplastically. It means that cells within<br />
an organ grow in a coordinated way and neighboring cells do<br />
not slide or glide with respect to each other. The organ develops<br />
continuously while maintaining its physical integrity. Such<br />
coordination involves a link between growth of individual cells<br />
and growth of the organ as a whole. It is known that in meristems,<br />
where growth is accompanied by cell divisions, the division<br />
walls adjust themselves to the existing cell wall network.<br />
The question is what affects the orientation of a new cell wall?<br />
The growth with cell divisions, may be simulated by a computer<br />
using the growth tensor method. This enables testing of different<br />
algorithms for orientation of the new wall. The present paper<br />
shows how some of these algorithms work, assuming the 2-D<br />
approach in which growth is described by different anisotropy<br />
factors. Four “rules” have been tested giving the division wall<br />
formed with respect to the direction: 1) of principal growth rate,<br />
2) of extreme deformation, 3) minimizing length of the new cell<br />
wall and, 4) minimizing distance from the wall to the geometric<br />
cell center. In 1) and 2) the orientation is determined by growth<br />
of the whole organ, whereas in 3 and 4 – by geometry of the<br />
dividing cell. Comparing the computer generated cell patterns<br />
it can be concluded that the most realistic results are for rules<br />
1) and 2). This indicates an essential role of control of the orientation<br />
of cell division at the organ level.<br />
SAM CUrVATUrES<br />
Lissowski Andrzej. Society of the Polish Free University, Computer<br />
Section, 7 Słupecka St., 03-309 Warsaw, Poland, aliss@<br />
fuw.edu.pl<br />
Gaussian curvature of primordia (P) must be prepared by oriented<br />
cell divisions (OCD) in virtual primordia (VP) at SAM L1<br />
as combinatorial curvature (CC) of close-packed cells, mainly<br />
5- and 7- sided among Hexagonal (5H7), often 5 contacting 7<br />
– known as edge dislocation (ED). Topological Descartes-Euler<br />
Law forces compensation of each P dome extra positive CC (six<br />
5) and extra negative CC (three 7) concentrated near each triple<br />
junction between three P. CC gradually splits during OCD into<br />
increasing positive CC scattering inside VP and increasing negative<br />
CC concentrating between three VP. It was postulated during<br />
certain conferences: “Shaping of tissue by deviation from<br />
Plant Structure and Development<br />
hexagonal close-packing of cells”; MIT 1970 with Harvard’s<br />
Frederic Thomas Lewis school (also grain boundary movement<br />
by ED glide, 5H7 with Herbert Gleiter, John W. Cahn, Cyril<br />
Stanley Smith, R. Buckminster Fuller), “Plant Morphogenesis”;<br />
Rogow 1976 (also storeyed cambium ED), 1971– 2008 visits to<br />
Kornik, Wroclaw, Katowice, and Nowy Sacz. Simulation of<br />
phyllotaxis with increasing VP, represented also as Voronoi 5-,<br />
6- and 7-gons, changing Fibonacci and Lucas pattern by ED<br />
glide during grain boundary movement (like Voronoi-sunflower<br />
p.657 ”Anatomia…”; Hejnowicz 1980) was discussed with Ralph<br />
Erickson during April-June and August 1978. Recently Gibson<br />
started a profound revival of Lewis-Nicolas Rivier’s 5H7 approach<br />
to OCD, tissue curvature. Advances in research on CC<br />
flow allowed animation of Fibonacci and Lucas SAM VP +/–<br />
CC creation by OCD: ED climb, 5H7 vortical splits shown here,<br />
during int.applied math.conferences (2008– 2010), Warsaw, Poland<br />
2008 Science Festival.<br />
MOrPHOLOGICAL ANd ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS OF<br />
CAMPHOr TrEE cinnAmomum cAmPhorA T.NESS<br />
EBErM<br />
Majda Mateusz1 , Zagórska-Marek Beata2 . University of<br />
Wrocław, Institute of Plant Biology, 6/8 Kanonia St., 50-328<br />
Wrocław, Poland; 1matmajda@gmail.com, 2beata@biol.uni. wroc.pl<br />
Cinnamomum camphora is a representative of basal angiosperms,<br />
with such ancestral features as trimerous flowers or<br />
vessel elements with scalariform plates. This species also exhibits<br />
some progressive features, to which interlocked grain and<br />
reduced number of flower parts belong. The species has been<br />
used in ethno medicine for a long time. Nowadays it is cultivated<br />
mainly in Far East countries. Taking into account the position<br />
of the Camphor tree on the phylogenetic tree, it is reasonable<br />
to extend our knowledge on particular morphological and anatomical<br />
traits of the species. In the study, the most interesting<br />
results came from analyzing leaf lamina of the plants growing<br />
in greenhouses and of plants growing outdoors. Significant differences<br />
in the shape and structure of epidermal cells have been<br />
found between these plants. The development of functional leaf<br />
lamina veins was analyzed with the help of fluorescent markers.<br />
This analysis showed parallel development of veins and sclerenchyma.<br />
The analysis also showed correlation between occurrence<br />
of vascular tissue and sclerechymatic reinforcements<br />
in subsequent branches of the main vein. This research, apart<br />
from verifying the existing data, extended our knowledge about<br />
Camphor tree leaf structure with such key results as variability<br />
of the features of epidermal cells related to distinct environmental<br />
conditions and occurrence of two mutually inducible tissue<br />
systems.<br />
THE dEFOrMATION STEM WOOd STrUCTUrE OF<br />
PINES (Pinus sylvestris L.) GrOWN IN A LUBSKO<br />
FOrEST STANd<br />
Michalska Aneta. Warsaw University of Life Sciences<br />
– SGGW, Faculty of Forestry, Division of Forest Botany, 159<br />
Nowoursynowska St., Poland, Aneta.Michalska@wl.sggw.pl<br />
In the Lubsko Forest District, a group of deformed pines (Pinus<br />
sylvestris) in a 3,37 hectare area of the forest stand, was found.<br />
The trees are 83 years old and they were probably deformed<br />
due to human activity. This paper covers the stem wood structure<br />
of deformed pines. The wood samples were collected from<br />
four deformed trees from different parts of their stem. The<br />
next step was making thin sections from compression wood<br />
and normal wood side. Sections were kept on a microscope<br />
slide, after a little bit of glycerol had been dropped on the sections.<br />
Detailed observation and analysis was done using a microscope<br />
with a mounted digital camera. Tree-ring analysis<br />
101
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
of the deformed part of the stem revealed that tree rings from<br />
compression wood were greater than that of normal wood. The<br />
compression wood started after year 1945 and continued until<br />
2007. The reaction wood occured on the lower or upper part<br />
of the stem, depending upon the position within the deformed<br />
part of the stem and is a response of a tree to external stimuli.<br />
The leaning of the tree is the most common cause of compression<br />
wood formation. The compression wood is a physiological<br />
response to gravitational forces. In fact, compression works to<br />
upright the leaning stem.<br />
SEEd MOrPHOLOGY ANd ENdOSPErM STrUC-<br />
TUrE OF SELECTEd SPECIES OF PrIMULACEAE<br />
ANd MYrSINACEAE<br />
Morozowska Maria1 , Czarna Aneta, Woźnicka Agata. Poznań<br />
University of Life Sciences, Department of Botany, 71C<br />
Wojska <strong>Polskiego</strong> St., 60-625 Poznań, Poland; 1mariamor@ up.poznan.pl<br />
Seed sculpture and endosperm structure of Androsace elongata,<br />
A. filiformis, A. maxima, Primula auricula, P. farinosa, P. elatior,<br />
Cortusa matthioli (Primulaceae) and Anagallis arvensis,<br />
Glaux maritima, Lysimachia nemorum (Myrsinaceae) was examined<br />
with the use of SEM. Systematic classification of the examined<br />
species is in agreement with the Angiosperm Phylogeny<br />
Group (APG II, APG III). Reticulate or tuberculate seed surface<br />
patterns with secondary ornamentations were described. Seeds<br />
of all examined species, except Primula farinosa, were characterized<br />
by the presence of oxalate crystals on the surface of the<br />
inner testa layer. The endosperm structure was strongly differentiated<br />
according to the thickness of the endosperm cell walls and<br />
the relief of their inner cell wall surface as well as endosperm<br />
cells localization in the seed. The endosperm cells in seeds of<br />
Androsace elongata, A. maxima and Primula elatior were characterized<br />
by the presence of rather thick, irregularly thickened<br />
cell walls with constrictions, while in seeds of Androsace filiformis,<br />
Cortusa matthioli, Primula auricula and P. farinosa the<br />
endosperm cells were characterized by evenly thickened and<br />
smooth cell walls. Endosperm cells with very thin, paper-like,<br />
more or less strongly undulate cell walls, were found in micropylar<br />
endosperm cap. Such differentiation may be the result of the<br />
different cytokinesis mechanism present during the formation of<br />
the typical for Primulaceae, nuclear endosperm type.<br />
THE OVULE STrUCTUrE IN tArAxAcum Gentile<br />
(SECT. ruderAliA)<br />
Musiał Krystyna 1 , Płachno Bartosz J. 1 , Świątek Piotr 2 . 1 Jagiellonian<br />
University, Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology,<br />
52 Grodzka St., 31-044 Cracow, Poland, k.musial@<br />
uj.edu.pl; 2 Silesian University, Department of Animal Histology<br />
and Embryology, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland<br />
The ovules of Taraxacum gentile show a structure typical<br />
for the members of Asteraceae. An inferior, unilocular ovary<br />
contains one basal ovule. The ovule is anatropous, tenuinucellate<br />
and unitegmic. Structural changes occure in the ovule of<br />
T. gentile at the time of the embryo sac maturation. The ovule’s<br />
micropylar canal is filled with extracellular matrix which reacts<br />
positively to PAS. The innermost layer of integument<br />
adjacent to the embryo sac develops into endothelium. Moreover,<br />
considerable changes can be observed in the integumentary<br />
cell layers situated next to the endothelium. The walls of<br />
these cells start to thicken, and they become extremely thick,<br />
though they have an open spongy structure. Finally cell lumen<br />
is considerably reduced and the cytoplasm in these cells shows<br />
evidences of degeneration. These special walls were PAS posi-<br />
102<br />
tive. A gradual degeneration of integumentary cells surrounding<br />
the endothelium was observed, especially around the chalazal<br />
pole of the embryo sac and around the central cell. At the<br />
micropylar region, the walls of the integumentary cells were<br />
not so thick. Ultrastructural studies revealed high metabolic<br />
activity of the integumentary cells in this region. Probably, the<br />
observed degenerating cells provide nutrients necessary for<br />
the proper nourishment of a mature female gametophyte and<br />
then of a proembryo.<br />
INITIATION OF PErIdErM IN CHOSEN SPECIES OF<br />
THE cornus L. GENUS<br />
Myśkow Elżbieta. University of Wrocław, Institute of Plant Biology,<br />
6/8 Kanonia St., 50-328 Wrocław, Poland, myskow@biol.<br />
uni.wroc.pl<br />
Periderm is the secondary protective tissue formed in plants<br />
that are characterised by secondary growth. The aim of the presented<br />
study was to analyse the process of periderm initiation<br />
in chosen species of the Cornus genus. The beginning of the<br />
periderm initiation is related to the formation of the lenticlelike<br />
structures already in the first year of the stem growth due<br />
to periclinal divisions in the epidermis. The typical radial rows<br />
of phellem, phellogen and phelloderm cells are formed within<br />
these lenticles. Other parts of the stem are still covered by an<br />
epidermis with a thick cuticle which can remain functioning for<br />
a few years. During further development, the surface protected<br />
by the periderm increases. In C. sanguinea and C. controversa<br />
the specific lenticles were observed. The first periclinal divisions<br />
of the epidermal cells result in the formation of two cell<br />
layers. Both cell layers have epidermal phenotype with thick cuticle.<br />
Successive periclinal divisions of the outer epidermal layer<br />
start the formation of the lenticle periderm while the following<br />
divisions of the inner epidermis lead to initiation of the inner<br />
periderm. Derivative cells of both epidermal layers; the inner<br />
and the outer ones, preserve the arrangement in radial rows that<br />
confirm their common origin.<br />
ANATOMICAL ANd PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF<br />
THE dECLINE OF dECIdUOUS TrEES<br />
Pstrągowska Małgorzata 1 , Zakrzewski Jacek 2 , Hardej Hubert<br />
2 . Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; 1 Department of Environment<br />
Protection, mbmp@tlen.pl; 2 Division of Forest Botany,<br />
jacek.zakrzewski@wl.sggw.pl<br />
The decline of deciduous trees which is occurring in the temperate<br />
climate zone is caused by, among other things, weakening of<br />
water transport in the trunk. It concerns especially ring-porous<br />
species such as oak, elm, ash etc., which develop big vessels<br />
(up to 500 µm in diameter) in early wood. This extremely efficient<br />
system of water transport is susceptible to damage such as<br />
breaking up water capillarity in the vessels, which occurs each<br />
year during the winter as a result of air bubbles separating from<br />
chilled xylem sap. Thus, annual creation of a ring with properly<br />
formed vessel network is essential for good functioning of the<br />
water transport system in trees. The research presented demonstrates<br />
that declining trees form still smaller and smaller rings<br />
with decreasing size and density of vessels. Consequently, water<br />
supply becomes limited and the upper parts of springs and<br />
leaves are weakened. Limited canopy growth causes reduction<br />
in the amount of auxin in the mechanism controlling the development<br />
of the vessel network. It can be assumed that the reason<br />
for deciduous trees declining are dysfunctions in hormonal control<br />
of wood formation, which lead to diminished number and<br />
size of vessels in narrower rings.
INTErACTION BETWEEN MALE GAMETOPHYTE<br />
ANd OVULE IN GYMNOSPErM PLANTS<br />
Rafińska Katarzyna, Bednarska Elżbieta. Nicolaus Copernicus<br />
University, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Department<br />
of Cell Biology, 9 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland;<br />
katraf@umk.pl; ebedn@umk.pl<br />
Germination and growth of the pollen tubes depend on Ca2+ ,<br />
which is taken from the environment of their growth. Till now,<br />
mechanisms of Ca2+ level regulation in the extracellular matrix<br />
of the ovule tissue in which pollen tubes grow were not<br />
studied. The aim of this work was to analyze the localization<br />
of free and loosely bound Ca2+ and esterified, deesterified and<br />
Ca2+ – associated pectins in the ovule tissue of Larix decidua<br />
Mill. In L. decidua, the place of pollination is the stigmatic tip<br />
of the ovule. Before pollination on its surface, the presence of<br />
esterified and deesterified pectins was observed. After pollination<br />
changes in the compostion of the extracellular matrix in the<br />
stigmatic tip and micropylar canal, to which pollen grains are<br />
transfered, were observed. At the place of the pollen adhesion to<br />
stigmatic tip and in the micropylar canal arose an environment<br />
rich in Ca2+ . Pool of Ca2+ – associated pectins and free Ca2+ , occurs<br />
there. In the extracellular matrix of the nucellus, just before<br />
germination of the pollen, all studied categories of pectins were<br />
observed. During growth of the pollen tubes, levels of the deesterified<br />
and Ca2+ -associated pectins in that tissue decreased,<br />
while free Ca2+ increased, especially in the intercellular spaces.<br />
The conducted studies reveal that in gymnosperm plants, as in<br />
angiosperms, the essential role in the creation of an optimal calcium<br />
environment for growing in vivo pollen tubes is played by<br />
the metabolism of pectins present in the extracellular matrix of<br />
the tissue ovule.<br />
ACTIN ANd TUBULIN LOCALIZATION ANd Ex-<br />
PrESSION IN SYNCYTIA INdUCEd BY heteroderA<br />
schAchtii IN rOOTS OF ArAbidoPsis thAliAnA<br />
Różańska Elżbieta, Golinowski Władysław. Warsaw University<br />
of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology,<br />
Department of Botany, 166 Nowoursynowska St., 02-787<br />
Warsaw, Poland, elzbieta_rozanska@sggw.pl<br />
Cyst nematodes such as Heterodera schachtii are obligatory<br />
sedentary endoparasites of plant roots. They are able to induce<br />
the development of syncytium which are large multinucleate<br />
feeding sites created by fussion of neighbouring cells with initial<br />
cell. Syncytium is the main site of molecular interactions<br />
between plant and developing nematode. Characteristic features<br />
of syncytia are: hypertrophy of incorporated cells, formation of<br />
cell wall openings, proliferation of cytoplasm and decrease of<br />
vacuole volume and rearangement of cytoskeleton. The plant<br />
cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic and versatile intracellular<br />
scaffold composed of microtubules and actin microfilament. It<br />
plays an important role in many aspects of plant cell growth and<br />
development. Both the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton in<br />
plants are known to rearange when numerous, diverse external<br />
stimuli are applied. To find out whether cytoskeleton changes<br />
occured during development of syncytia, the immunolocalization<br />
and expression genes of actin and tubulin must occur. The<br />
microtubule and actin cytoskeletons are concominantly affected<br />
in syncytia. Microtubules and actin microfilaments interact<br />
with each other stucturally and functionally and probably are<br />
regulated by common mechanisms.<br />
Plant Structure and Development<br />
ExPrESSION OF SELECTEd WAK, WAKL ANd AGP<br />
GENES IN rOOTS OF ArAbidoPsis thAliAnA IN-<br />
FECTEd WITH BEET CYST NEMATOdE heteroderA<br />
schAchtii<br />
ruszkowski Tomasz1 , Różańska Elżbieta, Fudali Sylwia,<br />
Sobczak Mirosław, Golinowski Władysław. Warsaw University<br />
of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology,<br />
Department of Botany, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776<br />
Warsaw, Poland; 1tomas226@gmail.com; elzbieta_rozanska@<br />
sggw.pl; sylwia_fudali@sggw.pl; miroslaw_sobczak@sggw.pl;<br />
wladyslaw_golinowski@sggw.pl<br />
Cyst nematodes are economically important plant pests. In<br />
host roots they induce the formation of syncytia. Syncytia are<br />
multinuclear feeding structures, which are the cyst nematodes<br />
only source of food. Syncytia are formed by local degradation<br />
of plant cell walls and fusion of protoplasts of neighbouring<br />
cells. Wall ingrowths develop on syncytial walls adjacent to<br />
tracheary elements. They are responsible for intensification<br />
of transport between syncytium and vascular tissue. RT-PCR<br />
studies on expression of genes encoding; selected wall associated<br />
kinases (WAK), wall associated kinase-like proteins<br />
(WAKL) and arabinogal<strong>acta</strong>n proteins (AGP) in roots<br />
of A. thaliana (Columbia) infected with by H. schachtii, may<br />
point to their possible role in syncytium development and cell<br />
wall ingrowth formation. The selection of genes to study was<br />
based on the latest microarray data of gene expression in syncytia<br />
(Szakasist et al. 2009).<br />
POTENTIAL ANd ACTUAL rEPrOdUCTION OF helichrysum<br />
ArenArium (L.) MOENCH FrOM NATUrAL<br />
STANdS ANd A PLANTATION<br />
Sawilska Anna K. University of Technology and Life Sciences,<br />
Department of Botany and Ecology, 7 Kaliskiego St., 85-789<br />
Bydgoszcz, Poland, sawilska@utp.edu.pl<br />
Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench, a perennial of the Asteraceae<br />
family, is under partial protection in Poland. Its inflorescence<br />
is a valuable herbal material. The aim of this study<br />
was to assess the efficiency of its generative and vegetative<br />
reproduction. Plants were collected from natural stands in the<br />
years 2003– 2006, and from a plantation in 2006. Flowers and<br />
achenes from dried inflorescences were analyzed. As reproduction<br />
success of H. arenarium depends also on the number of<br />
vegetative propagules, the latter were also counted. In the years<br />
2003– 2006, plants from analyzed populations allocated more<br />
energy for vegetative propagules production than for production<br />
of inflorescences. Favorable pluviothermal conditions in<br />
2004 promoted the development of spring rosettes and flower<br />
heads, and brought about an increase in the density of generative<br />
shoots. As a result, the potential and actual reproduction<br />
indices attained their highest values: generative reproduction<br />
factor had an average value of 73.74% for cultivated plants, and<br />
84.18% for plants from natural stands. Vegetative reproduction<br />
index reached for the natural populations was the average<br />
value of 43.36%. Values of generative reproduction calculated<br />
per shoot, clump, and area were decidedly higher for cultivated<br />
plants. More than a twofold higher yield of achenes was obtained<br />
per one square meter of cultivated area in comparison to that of<br />
a natural phytocoenosis.<br />
103
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
METAL-POLLUTEd ENVIrONMENT INCrEASES GE-<br />
NETIC dIVErSITY OF violA tricolor L. (VIOLA-<br />
CEAE)<br />
Słomka Aneta1 , Sutkowska Agnieszka 2 , Szczepaniak Magdalena3<br />
, Mitka Józef4 , Jędrzejczyk-Korycińska Monika5 , rostański<br />
Adam5 , Malec Przemysław6 , Kuta Elżbieta1 . Jagiellonian<br />
University; 1Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology,<br />
52 Grodzka St., 31-044 Cracow, Poland, e.kuta@iphils.<br />
uj.edu.pl; 2Agricultural University, Department of Breeding and<br />
Seed Science, 24 Łobzowska St., 31-140 Cracow, Poland; 3Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Vascular Plant Systematics,<br />
46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland; 4Botanic Garden,<br />
27 Kopernika St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland; 5Silesian University,<br />
Department of Systematic Botany, 26/28 Jagiellońska St.,<br />
40-032 Katowice, Poland; 6Department of Plant Physiology and<br />
Biochemistry, 7 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Cracow, Poland<br />
Changes in environmental conditions influence population<br />
structure and may drive the development of intra- and interpopulation<br />
genetic diversity. We investigated phenotypic and<br />
genetic variation of V. tricolor from 8 sites in southern Poland:<br />
4 metallicolous (MET) populations and 4 non-metallicolous<br />
(NON). Morphological analysis was based on 12 qualitative and<br />
quantitative characters, using correspondence analysis (CA). To<br />
analyze the genetic diversity of V. tricolor populations we used<br />
ISSR markers. CA showed that MET populations do not form<br />
any compact group. In phenotypic characters MET populations<br />
do not differ significantly from NON populations. Quite the<br />
contrary seems to happen; based on analyses of genetic parameters,<br />
we conclude that the effect of polluted environments on the<br />
genetic diversity of MET populations, separating them from the<br />
NON populations, is evidence of microevolutionary processes,<br />
leading to the emergence of local ecotypes.<br />
EFFECT OF SHOrT-TErM TrEATMENT OF ALUMI-<br />
NUM ON ANTIOxIdANT ENZYME ACTIVITY OF PEA<br />
(Pisum sAtivum L.) rOOT NOdULES<br />
Sujkowska-rybkowska Marzena. Warsaw University of Life<br />
Sciences – SGGW, Department of Botany, 159 Nowoursynowska<br />
St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, marzena_sujkowska@sggw.pl<br />
Two weeks old pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants were treated with<br />
50 μM of aluminum chloride for either 2 h or 24 hrs. Following<br />
treatment the parameters investigated in pea root nodules<br />
were Al-uptake, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS),<br />
viz. O 2∙ - and H 2O 2 and activities of antioxidant enzymes: catalase<br />
(CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX).<br />
Aluminum accumulation was found chiefly in the apoplast of<br />
nodule cortex, endodermis and meristem. An intensive synthesis<br />
of peroxide was detected in nodules cortex, infection threads<br />
and bacteroidal tissue. Increased level of superoxide in nodules<br />
treated with Al was detected in meristem and bacteroidal tissue.<br />
Oxidative stress conditions were evidenced mainly in the mitochondria.<br />
The activity of SOD (EC 1.15.1.1), POX (EC 1.11.1.7)<br />
and GPX (E.C. 1.11.1.7) in Al-treated nodules and roots of pea<br />
increased, whereas CAT (EC 1.11.1.6) activity decreased. Thus,<br />
high POX and SOD activities may play a role in ROS detoxification<br />
during Al stress in the nodules. The findings provided<br />
evidence that Al-induced oxidative stress in pea root nodules<br />
may be partially alleviated through up- or down-regulation of<br />
some enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism.<br />
GLANdULAr ANd SNAP TENTACLES OF SUNdEWS<br />
(droserA SP.)<br />
Sulwiński Marcin. Warsaw University of Life Sciences<br />
– SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland,<br />
msulwinski@wp.pl<br />
Sundews (Drosera) are carnivorous plants. They attract, catch,<br />
kill and digest insects, mainly to supplement a deficiency of<br />
104<br />
nitrogen and potassium in soil. Leaves of all species are covered<br />
by numerous glandular tentacles. Each of them consists<br />
of a stalk and head surrounded by sticky mucilage. Mucilage<br />
attracts insects and prevents their escape. Glandular tentacles<br />
have the ability to bend toward captured prey, secrete digestive<br />
enzymes and absorb nutrients. Some species also have a small<br />
number of tentacles called “snap tentacles”. They are located on<br />
the leaf edge and do not produce mucilage. Compared to typical<br />
glandular tentacles, snap tentacles of Drosera burmannii bend<br />
much faster. Anatomy of their head, lack of mucilage and acid<br />
phosphatase, indicate that snap tentacles do not secrete enzymes<br />
or absorb nutrients. It is more likely that their role is fast immobilization<br />
of caught prey, or prevention from having prey stolen<br />
by ants.<br />
dIFFErENTIATION OF POLLEN GrAIN SIZES IN<br />
sidA hermAPhroditA (L.) rUSBY (mAlvAceAe)<br />
Szczuka Ewa1 , Piersiak Tomasz2 , Chudzik Barbara3 , Borkowska<br />
Halina4 , Giełwanowska Irena5 . 1–3Maria Curie -Skłodowska<br />
University in Lublin, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin,<br />
Poland; 1Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology,<br />
aszczuka@hektor.umcs.lublin.pl; 2Department of Comparative<br />
Anatomy and Antropology; 3Department of Cell Biology;<br />
4University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Production,<br />
15 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland; 5aUniversity of Warmia and Mazury, Department of Plant Physiology and<br />
Biotechnology, 1A Oczapowskiego St., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;<br />
5bPolish Academy of Sciences, Department of Antarctic Biology,<br />
10/12 Ustrzycka St., 02-141 Warsaw, Poland<br />
The size of pollen grains of the energetic plant Virginia fanpetals<br />
was investigated using 2D and 3D confocal microscopy<br />
(CLSM). Anthera with pollen grains were collected in June,<br />
August and October 2009. They were fixed in AA and stained<br />
with eosine (Eosin Y). The miniferet, the feret, and the shape<br />
coefficient of the individual pollen grains were measured using<br />
Image 1.43e software. The size of pollen grains of S. hermaphrodita<br />
(both those collected in three different months and those<br />
collected in the same period) showed essential differentiation.<br />
The most numerous pollen grains (54.19%) had a Feret diameter<br />
of 40– 50 µm and were found in anthera collected in June; the<br />
least numerous in October. The mean maximum Feret’s diameter<br />
of the grains was 41.51 µm (SD 9.30), the mean minimum<br />
Feret’s diameter was 36.19 µm (SD 8.52). The ratio of the two<br />
diameters was 1.13 (SD 0.16), and the shape coefficient was 0.86<br />
(SD 0.089).<br />
ANATOMY ANd FUNCTIONING OF SECONdArY xY-<br />
LEM IN dECLINING EUrOPEAN ASH (frAxinus excelsior<br />
L.) TrEES<br />
Tulik Mirela, Marciszewska Katarzyna, Adamczyk Jacek.<br />
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Division<br />
of Forest Botany, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw,<br />
Poland; mirela.tulik@wl.sggw.pl; katarzyna.marciszewska@<br />
wl.sggw.pl; jacek.adamczyk@wl.sggw.pl<br />
Since the 1990’s the progressive process of ash-tree decline<br />
has been observed in European countries and in North America<br />
where it concerns Fraxinus nigra and Fraxinus velutina.<br />
This work is a continuation of studies on the anatomy and<br />
functioning of stem secondary xylem in relation to the decline<br />
of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) recently published in<br />
Annals of Forest Science 2010, vol. 67/1: 103– 111. Anatomical<br />
analyses were carried out on wood samples collected at breast<br />
height from the main stem of healthy, weakened and dead ash<br />
trees. The wood samples comprised all annual rings formed<br />
during the 30-year life of the analysed trees. The largest vessels<br />
were observed in healthy trees, which implied that they<br />
had the highest hydraulic conductivity, whereas trees consid-
ered being in decline produce smaller vessels and hence had<br />
reduced conductivity. However, vessel diameter is only one<br />
of the structural parameters affecting the efficiency of water<br />
transport. In the light of other authors studies, the vessel network<br />
within and between tree rings is crucial for both efficiency<br />
and safety of this transport. In this work we tested the<br />
possibility that there are differences in the quantity of contacting<br />
vessels between declining and healthy trees.<br />
SELECTEd MOrPHOLOGICAL ANd ANATOMICAL<br />
FEATUrES WITH dIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE IN<br />
TAxONOMY OF THE mAGnoliA L. GENUS<br />
Turczyn Magdalena1 , Zagórska-Marek Beata2 . University<br />
of Wrocław, Institute of Plant Biology, 6/8 Kanonia St., 50-328<br />
Wrocław, Poland; 1magdalena.turczyn@gmail.com; 2beata@ biol.uni.wroc<br />
Magnolias belong to the group of woody magnoliids, which<br />
diverged from the common ancestral line before the split of<br />
mono- and eudicotyledons. Having both the primeval features<br />
and those depicting specialization, magnolias have recently<br />
became intensely studied plants. The aim of this work was<br />
to describe morphological and anatomical traits of selected<br />
Magnolia species. We focused on the vegetative phyllotaxis,<br />
morphology and anatomy of leaves, secondary xylem and the<br />
flower structure. Not all of these components have been described<br />
in the taxonomic literature, even though some of them<br />
may have diagnostic value. Magnolia species sometimes differ<br />
significantly in the shape of epidermal cells on the adaxial<br />
and abaxial surface of the leaf as in case of M. sieboldii. They<br />
may also be distinguished based on the absence or presence<br />
of different, species specific forms of crystals in epidermal<br />
cells. The analysis of vegetative phyllotaxis confirmed the<br />
dominance of the distichous leaf arrangement, with some rare<br />
occurrence of spiral phyllotaxis in M. kobus. The perianth<br />
of magnolia flowers usually is not diversified into calyx and<br />
corolla and is composed of three, threefold whorls. However,<br />
some species e.g. M. acuminata have a sepaloid outermost<br />
whorl. In this work, the new morphological and anatomical<br />
features presented, confirm their taxonomic value by supporting<br />
division of the Magnolia genus to two subgenera Yulania<br />
and Magnolia.<br />
dEVELOPMENT OF POLLEN GrAINS CONNECTEd<br />
IN dYAdS IN scheuchzeriA PAlustris<br />
Waluś Barbara1 , Leśniewska Joanna2 . 1J.S. Hamilton Poland<br />
Ltd., 40 Sikorskiego St., 16-100 Sokółka, Poland, basia.walus@<br />
op.pl; 2University of Białystok, Institute of Biology, Department<br />
of Botany, 20B Świerkowa St., 15-950 Białystok, Poland,<br />
joanles@uwb.edu.pl<br />
Pollen dispersal units in Scheuchzeria palustris L. (Scheuchzeriaceae)<br />
are rare in plant dyads, i.e. pollen grains permanently<br />
united in pairs. Microsporogenesis (unknown in this<br />
species) and pollen development until anther opening, were<br />
investigated with light and electron microscopy. Microspore<br />
mother cells and anther tapetum are derived from the same<br />
sporogenous tissue. Meiosis is associated with successive cytokinesis.<br />
Following meiosis, diverse microspore tetrads are<br />
formed: tetragonal (isobilateral), decussate, T-shaped, linear<br />
and irregular. During degradation of the tetrad callosic wall,<br />
the first disappears as the callose formed after the second meiotic<br />
division. The tetrads break up into the dyads of sister microspores,<br />
connected by common sporoderm. The individual<br />
microspores of the dyad develop independently into pollen<br />
grains. Both microspores and pollen grains do not display one<br />
general pattern of polarity. An unequal microspore mitosis<br />
takes place in an accidental place near sporoderm. The vegetative<br />
cell accumulates the starch, which disappears in the final<br />
Plant Structure and Development<br />
stage of pollen maturation. The generative cell divides into<br />
two sperm cells in the close vicinity of the vegetative nucleus.<br />
Mature pollen grains are 3-celled and inaperturate. Moreover,<br />
the various abnormalities were observed during the course of<br />
microsporogenesis and pollen development.<br />
THE ArCHITECTUrE OF THE SHOOT APICAL MEr-<br />
ISTEM IN Allium sAtivum L.<br />
Winiarczyk Krystyna, Tchórzewska dorota. Maria Curie-<br />
-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin,<br />
Poland, Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology; krystyna.<br />
winiarczyk@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl; Dorota.Tchorzewska@poczta.<br />
umcs.lublin.pl<br />
Two types of primordia were found in the young, developing<br />
inflorescence: reproductive and vegetative. The generative primordia<br />
produced flowers. The vegetative ones yielded sterile<br />
elements such as bulbils and modified stipules and bracts. The<br />
vegetative structures grew faster than the reproductive ones,<br />
and as a result, the sterile elements predominated over the reproductive<br />
ones at the final developmental stage. For this reason,<br />
the sterile elements occupied a considerable part of the<br />
inflorescence base. Appearance of the sterile structures in the<br />
A. sativum inflorescence may be regarded as the phenomenon<br />
of reversion, i.e., a repeated switch from the generative into the<br />
vegetative meristem. The return to the previous (vegetative)<br />
developmental stage is linked with morphological changes in<br />
the inflorescence elements, in which new structures emerge as<br />
a result of modification of the existing parts. In the A. sativum<br />
inflorescence, reversion affected the stipules (the leaflets under<br />
the inflorescence) thus forming the perigonium. Next, the bracts<br />
(the leaves under the flower) formed leaf-like elements, and the<br />
primordia of the vegetative shoots were transformed into the<br />
bulbils. The filament in a single flower underwent reversion and<br />
formed an elongated structure extending over the closed perigonium.<br />
It is probably a modified filament appendage.<br />
GrOWTH OF PLANTS BY VOrTICES<br />
Wojnar ryszard. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Fundamental<br />
Technological Research, 5b Pawińskiego St., 02-106<br />
Warsaw, Poland, rwojnar@ippt.gov.pl<br />
A phyllotaxial spiral growth of meristem by dislocations of<br />
primordia is approached: the dislocations are interpreted as<br />
the vortices – the poles of a meromorphic function in mathematical<br />
complex plane. The structural units are considered<br />
as centers. Voronoi polygons describe contacts of the centers,<br />
and Delone triangulation describes its distribution. If growth<br />
is accomplished on 2-dimensional surfaces (interfaces or<br />
boundaries), it is realized by the motion of the pentagons (disclination<br />
5) and heptagons (disclination 7) among hexagons.<br />
The disclination 5 may be interpreted as a vortex of orientations<br />
(well seen in colour scale) and 7 as an opposite vortex.<br />
The pairs of topological defects (pentagon-heptagon pairs)<br />
are represented as dipoles of vortices. The phyllotaxis should<br />
be properly studied at the shoot apical meristem (SAM). The<br />
arrangement of leaf primordia at SAM may be modelled as<br />
a centric array of points in the plane. The points are arrayed<br />
along generative spiral or, equivalently, at the intersections of<br />
a set of secondary spirals of opposite chirality, parastichies.<br />
Each primordium is identified in polar coordinates by its<br />
radial distance r from the center and its angle phi along the<br />
generative spiral, and structure of rings of pentagons and<br />
heptagons that appear s at SAM domain. The corresponding<br />
representation of the SAM growth by vortices in a complex<br />
plane which are treated as the poles of a meromorphic function,<br />
known from the complex analysis, is given. 1. R.O. Erickson,<br />
in: Symmetry in Plants, eds. R.V. Jean, D. Barabé,<br />
World Scientific, Singapore 1998.<br />
105
Plant Tissue Cultures
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
in vitro CULTUrE OF PLANTAGINACEAE SPECIES<br />
Andrzejewska-Golec Emilia, Makowczyńska Joanna. Medical<br />
University, Division of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany,<br />
Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,<br />
1 Muszyńskiego St., 90-151 Łódź, Poland, andrzejewska@<br />
gmail.com<br />
In vitro cultures of only some species among the known nearly<br />
260 species of the Plantaginaceae family have been described.<br />
Our study was concerned with the unknown species in Poland.<br />
They are the East Asian medicinal plants: Plantago asiatica L.<br />
and P. camtschatica Link, also the species: P. maritima L. and<br />
P. coronopus L. which are very rare in Poland. Micropropagation<br />
of these taxa was worked out. In the case of the P. asiatica<br />
culture, the early stages embryogenesis and organogenesis, histochemical<br />
structure, ultrastructure and nuclear DNA content<br />
were also examined.<br />
in vitro CULTUrES OF tussilAGo fArfArA L.<br />
Buchwald Waldemar, Krajewska-Patan Anna, dreger Mariola,<br />
Stanisławska Marzena, Górska-Paukszta Małgorzata,<br />
Adamczak Artur, Mielcarek Sebastian, Gryszczyńska<br />
Agnieszka. The Branch of Medicinal Plants of the Institute of<br />
Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, 27 Libelta St., 61-707 Poznań,<br />
Poland, wbuchwald@iripz.pl<br />
Consumption of herbal medicinal products containing coltsfoot<br />
(Tussilago farfara L.) is limited due to the presence of the<br />
hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (recommendation of Commission<br />
E). Coltsfoot products are recommended for upper respiratory<br />
tract diseases. The way to eliminate the alkaloid content<br />
problem seems to be by attainment of low alkaloid content<br />
plants which originate from the natural populations. The presented<br />
investigations are part of the work involving the selection<br />
of naturally occurring Polish populations. Determination of<br />
the genetic and phytochemical diversity of the natural populations,<br />
in order to obtain breeding lines with low content of pyrrolizidine<br />
alkaloids, must be done. In vitro cultures of coltsfoot<br />
were established, after elaboration of the shoots multiplication<br />
and rhizogenesis methods, from the collection of harvested cultures.<br />
The chemical analysis (the method of instrumental analysis;<br />
techniques HPLC with DAD detection) of in vitro cultured<br />
shoots showed the content of senkirkine ranged from 1.008 to<br />
8.59 mg/100g dry raw material depending on the initial population.<br />
The in vitro established collection constitutes a base for<br />
the obtaining of coltsfoot lines by biotechnological methods,<br />
characterized by low content of alkaloids. This study was financed<br />
by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, grant<br />
No. NN 405 306236.<br />
rOOT CULTUrES OF PlAntAGo ovAtA FOrSSK.<br />
Budzianowska Anna. Poznań University of Medical Sciences,<br />
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology,<br />
14 Św. Marii Magdaleny St., 61-213 Poznań, Poland, abudzian@<br />
ump.edu.pl<br />
Plantago ovata Forssk. (Ispagula, Isubgol) (Plantaginaceae) is<br />
native to Asia and it is cultivated for seeds and seed husks (Plantaginis<br />
ovatae semen, Plantaginis ovatae seminis tegumentum)<br />
used mainly as anticonstipant remedies. Micropropagation of<br />
that species was achieved through induction of axillary buds,<br />
direct organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis [Fons et al.<br />
2008]. In our previous studies we had already obtained the<br />
shoot and callus cultures [Budzianowska and Budzianowski<br />
2009]. When new media were tested for callus initiation and<br />
indirect organogenesis, strong rhizogenesis was observed. This<br />
was true, particularly on media containing NAA with BAP or<br />
NAA with KIN. Chromatography analysis for phenolic compounds<br />
of the extract from roots showed a presence of phenyle-<br />
108<br />
thanoids (phenethyl glycosides) similar to those found in callus<br />
(verbascoside, plantamajoside). Then, the root cultures were established<br />
in a liquid MS medium supplemented with NAA 0.25<br />
mgl -1 and BAP 0.5 mgl -1 , in which root growth proved very fast<br />
and significantly higher than that on the solid medium. The root<br />
cultures of P.ovata may become an efficient source of phenylethanoids<br />
characteristic for the genus Plantago L. Fons F., Gargadennec<br />
A., Rapior S. (2008) Acta Biol. Gallica 155: 277– 300.<br />
Budzianowska A., Budzianowski J. (2009) Acta. Biolog. Cracov.<br />
ser. Bot. 51 suppl. 1: 34.<br />
PHENOLIC COMPOUNdS OF CALLUS OF PlAntAGo<br />
ovAtA FOrSSK.<br />
Budzianowska Anna 1 , Budzianowski Jaromir. Poznań University<br />
of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical<br />
Botany and Plant Biotechnology, 14 Św. Marii Magdaleny St.,<br />
61-213 Poznań, Poland, 1 abudzian@ump.edu.pl<br />
Plantago ovata – Ispaghula (Plantaginaceae) is native to Asia<br />
and is cultivated for its seeds and seed husks. It is used mainly<br />
for constipation because the seeds and seed husks have a high<br />
content of mucilage. Phytochemical analyses showed the presence<br />
of iridoids and phenylethanoids (verbascoside, plantamajoside)<br />
in plants from cultivation and phenylethanoids (verbascoside,<br />
forsythoside B) and flavonoids in seeds. In our previous<br />
studies shoot and callus cultures of that species were obtained<br />
[Budzianowska, Budzianowski 2009]. The subject of the current<br />
studies were callus cultures from leaves, roots and hypocotyls<br />
of seedlings on MS medium with lowered content of NH-<br />
4NO 3 and supplemented with 2,4-D 1 mgl-1 and KIN 0.5 mgl-1.<br />
In passages X, XI and XII, the growth indices were measured<br />
(about 300%). Methanol extracts prepared from callus lines derived<br />
from different organs, were analyzed for phenolic compounds<br />
by TLC and 2D-TLC chromatography. Only phenylethanoids<br />
were found – verbascoside and plantamajoside being<br />
the dominant compounds, similarly as earlier observed in the<br />
case of callus of P.lanceolata [Budzianowska et al. 2004]. Suspension<br />
cultures obtained from callus were also performed. No<br />
excrection of phenolic compounds to the medium was observed.<br />
Budzianowska A., Budzianowski J. (2009) Acta. Biolog. Cracov.<br />
ser. Bot. 51 suppl. 1: 34. Budzianowska A., Skrzypczak L.,<br />
Budzianowski J. (2004) Planta Medica 70: 834– 840.<br />
APPLICATION OF in vitro CULTUrE TECHNIqUES<br />
IN OBTAINING frAGAriA SP. CLONES WITH IN-<br />
CrEASEd TOLErANCE TO SALT STrESS<br />
dziadczyk Ewa, Burian Maria, Bednara Józef. Maria-<br />
Curie-Skłodowska University, Department of Plant Anatomy<br />
and Cytology, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland,<br />
ewadziadczyk@interia.pl<br />
In vitro selection methods provide the possibility of obtaining<br />
lines with increased tolerance to different kinds of abiotic stresses,<br />
especially drought, salinity or cold. Strawberry (Fragaria x<br />
ananassa Duch.) is one of the crop species with low tolerance<br />
to soil salinity. Salt stress reduces both, vegetative growth of<br />
plants and fruit yields. Our aim was to use in vitro culture to<br />
obtain strawberry clones with increased salinity tolerance. Selective<br />
pressure was applied during seed germination and also<br />
during vegetative growth of young seedlings. We tested seeds<br />
collected from the self pollinated plants of cultivar ‘Elkat’ and<br />
seeds collected after open pollination of cvs. ‘Senga Sengana’,<br />
‘Selva’ and clone SSSR. The selection procedure was as follows:<br />
1) Seeds were sterilized in a 4% (w/v) sodium hypochloride solution,<br />
and placed on modified Murashige and Skoog (1962) vernalized<br />
for 8 weeks at 5 ° C in the dark. 2) After vernalization,<br />
they were transferred onto selective medium supplemented with<br />
175mM of NaCl and maintained in a growth chamber at 23 ° C<br />
and 16h/day photoperiod. Germinated seeds were counted in
one week intervals for 9 weeks. 3) Young seedlings that germinated<br />
on salt and were still alive, were presumed to be salt tolerant.<br />
They were transferred to 100ml jars on medium containing<br />
175mM NaCl (or 150mM NaCl-for cvs. ‘Elkat’ and ‘Selva’) for<br />
further continuation of selection.<br />
2-dE-BASEd PrOTEOMIC APPrOACHES OF SOMAT-<br />
IC EMBrYOGENESIS IN GentiAnA SPP.<br />
Floryanowicz-Czekalska Katarzyna 1 , Rybczyński Jan J. 2<br />
Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden – Center for<br />
Biological Diversity Conservation, 2 Prawdziwka St., 02-973<br />
Warsaw, Poland; 1 kasiaczeka@gmail.com; 2 jjryb@obpan.pl<br />
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) can serve as a model system to<br />
study the molecular events of plant embryogenesis. The process<br />
is easily achieved in Gentiana species. The studies were done to<br />
investigate Gentiana spp. somatic embryogenesis at the molecular<br />
level using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteome<br />
reference maps, initiated for somatic embryos in globular and<br />
cotyledon-shaped stages, were compared. They revealed the<br />
electrophoretically resolved spots in triplicate gels for each stadium<br />
and were submitted for detection with ImageMaster 2D<br />
Platinum (Amersham Biosciences) software. Our studies show<br />
that 2-DE-based electrophoresis approaches can serve as tools<br />
for identifying protein markers for the developmental stages<br />
of Gentiana SE. The results provided a basis for future studies<br />
including protein identification and the classification of their<br />
functions.<br />
HOrMONAL ANd ENVIrONMENTAL FACTOrS IN<br />
THE PrOPAGATION OF HErBACEOUS PEONY (PAeoniA<br />
lActiflorA PALLAS) in vitro<br />
Gabryszewska Eleonora. Research Institute of Pomology and<br />
Floriculture, 18 Pomologiczna St., 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland,<br />
Department of Physiology and Morphogenesis of Ornamental<br />
Plants, Eleonora.Gabryszewska@insad.pl<br />
Growth regulators (cytokinins, gibberellins, auxins, JA-Me),<br />
carbohydrates, mineral salts and temperature, influence the<br />
growth and development of herbaceous peony in vitro. Sucrose<br />
at a high concentration inhibited the growth and proliferation<br />
of shoots but promoted the dormant bud and root formation.<br />
Conversely, gibberellin in the presence of cytokinins counteracted<br />
the sugar-induced inhibition and stimulated peony shoot<br />
growth and multiplication. The chilling treatment reactivated<br />
dormant shoot growth, but the effect was weaker than that of<br />
the gibberellin treatment. Exogenous auxin at high concentrations,<br />
inhibited shoot growth and influenced the progression of<br />
shoots from juvenile to adult phase. The high concentration of<br />
mineral salts strongly inhibited the growth and development of<br />
shoots. Exogenous auxin and the high concentration of sucrose<br />
stimulated rooting. In addition, JA-Me applied together with<br />
IBA increased the rooting of shoots at low temperature. The<br />
effects of growth regulators, sucrose and mineral salts in the<br />
peony shoot proliferation and rooting were modified by temperature.<br />
THE TECHNOLOGY OF OBTAINING CArrOT HO-<br />
MOZYGOUS PLANTS USING ANTHEr CULTUrES<br />
Górecka Krystyna, Krzyżanowska Dorota, Kowalska Urszula,<br />
Kiszczak Waldemar, Górecki ryszard. Research Institute<br />
of Vegetable Crops, 1/3 Konstytucji 3 Maja St, 96-100 Skierniewice,<br />
Poland, krystyna.gorecka@inwarz.skierniewice.pl<br />
At the Research Institute of Vegetable Crops in Skierniewice,<br />
Poland the method of obtaining carrot homozygous plants by<br />
Plant Tissue Cultures<br />
application of anther cultures was elaborated. Embryogenic varieties<br />
were found. An effective technique has been developed,<br />
of plant regeneration from androgenetic embryos by inducing<br />
secondary embryogenesis and embryo conversion. This enabled<br />
us to eliminate the step of rooting, which was rather ineffective.<br />
Over 90% of obtain plants had a double set of chromosomes.<br />
Similar results of cytological and cytometric analyses,<br />
allow us to recommend the latter, as a good tool for defining<br />
ploidy of androgenetic carrot plants. Anatomical observations<br />
of microspore development during the course of anther culture,<br />
proved that embryos were formed directly from the microspores.<br />
Homozygosity of androgenetic plants was confirmed<br />
with isoenzymatic systems PGI and AAT. At present, the above<br />
stages are optymalized.<br />
IMPrOVING rOOT CULTUrES ANd in vitro CLON-<br />
ING OF SOME HErBACEOUS ANd WOOdY PLANTS<br />
Hanus-Fajerska Ewa, Wiszniewska Alina. University of Agriculture,<br />
Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, 29 Listopada<br />
54, 31-425 Cracow, Poland; e.hanus@ogr.ur.krakow.pl;<br />
a.wiszniewska@ogr.ur.krakow.pl<br />
The material was comprised of herbaceous plants growing in<br />
the form of rosette (Bisculella laevigata, Brassicaceae, Armeria<br />
maritima, Plumbaginaceae) and plants with woody shoots<br />
(Daphne caucasica, D. jasminea, D. tangutica, Thymelaeceae).<br />
Experiments were conducted with the aim to improve<br />
protocols and media which permit root culture and micropropagation<br />
of chosen models. The developed cultivation protocols<br />
enable efficient propagation and amelioration of chosen<br />
genotypes. It will also be possible to obtain material free from<br />
plant pathogens.<br />
dISTUrBANCE OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS ANd<br />
PErCEPTION dUrING SOMATIC EMBrYOGENESIS<br />
IN medicAGo sAtivA L. rEdUCES EMBrYO rEGEN-<br />
ErATION ABILITY<br />
Kępczyńska Ewa 1 , Zielińska Sylwia. University of Szczecin,<br />
Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology; Department of<br />
Plant Biotechnology, 13 Wąska St., 71-415 Szczecin, Poland,<br />
1 ekepcz@wp.pl<br />
Low germination and conversion rates, termed regeneration,<br />
of somatic embryos to normal plantlets, are the most critical<br />
problems limiting commercial application. In the present study,<br />
our main objective was to determine whether controlled disturbance<br />
of ethylene biosynthesis and perception during somatic<br />
embryogenesis (SE) in Medicago sativa L. cv. Regalander could<br />
influence vigor of the embryos in terms of their regeneration.<br />
Therefore we studied the effects of the non-specific ethylene<br />
biosynthesis inhibitors, salicylic acid (SA) and aminoethoxyvinylglicyne<br />
(AVG) and specific inhibitors of ethylene binding<br />
to receptors, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and 2,5 – norbornadiene<br />
(NBD) applied during proliferation and differentiation<br />
phases of SE on embryogenic suspension growth, embryo production,<br />
their development and in consequence, their germination<br />
and conversion ability. The obtained results showed that not<br />
only ethylene biosynthesis, but also ethylene action are involved<br />
in the control of individual phases of SE Medicago sativa L. cv.<br />
Regalander. Our results also showed that disturbance of those<br />
processes during distinct phases of SE adversely affects vigor<br />
of the somatic embryos obtained.<br />
109
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
MICrOPrOPAGATION OF rArE ANd PrOTECTEd<br />
SPECIES – erynGium mAritimum L.<br />
Kikowska Małgorzata, Thiem Barbara. K. Marcinkowski<br />
University of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical<br />
Botany and Plant Biotechnology, 14 Św. Marii Magdaleny St.,<br />
61-861 Poznań, Poland, kikowska@ump.edu.pl<br />
Eryngium maritimum L. (Apiaceae) – a rare perennial is under<br />
strict species protection in Poland and occupies a few sites on<br />
the sand dunes of the Baltic Sea Coast. This halophyte thrives<br />
best in poor, saline soil and requires intense insolation. This<br />
species has numerous applications in traditional medicine<br />
because of its content of triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids,<br />
phenolic acids and essential oils. For the rest of the national<br />
species of Eryngium, the micropropagation protocols were<br />
elaborated by the authors. The in vitro cultures of E. maritimum<br />
were estabilished from juvenile shoot apex and leaves of<br />
intact plants. The microshoots were obtained on ¼ MS, ½ MS,<br />
MS medium supplemented with BAP and IAA as well as TDZ<br />
plus NAA for organogenesis induction. Multiplicated plantlets<br />
and obtained somatic seeds may be achieved for ex situ conservation<br />
of this rare species. The use of in vitro techniques<br />
enables production of valuable plant material for phytochemical<br />
and pharmacologial investigations and allows us to protect<br />
the natural resources of this rare species.<br />
COMPArISON OF METHOdS FOr OBTAINING CArrOT<br />
dOUBLEd HAPLOIdS<br />
Kiszczak Waldemar, Krzyżanowska Dorota, Kowalska<br />
Urszula, Górecka Krystyna. Research Institute of Vegetable<br />
Crops, 1/3 Konstytucji 3 Maja St., 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland,<br />
waldemar.kiszczak@iwarz.pl<br />
It is assumed that application of anther cultures or cultures of<br />
isolated microspores shortens the step of parental component<br />
homozygotation, by about 1 year. The experiments presented<br />
here deal with androgenesis induction, regeneration and adaptation<br />
of resulted carrot plantlets. For the effect of the chosen<br />
factors on the time-course, these processes were compared using<br />
the two methods for obtaining androgenetic plants. Through<br />
electrophoretic analysis of two isoenzymatic systems; PGI (EC<br />
5.3.1.9) and AAT (EC 2.6.1.1), homozygotisity of these plants<br />
was examined. Because of methodological differences between<br />
anther culture and isolated microspores techniques, it was not<br />
possible to definitely state which of the two methods was more<br />
effective. The significant effect of the considered factors on the<br />
process of androgenesis in anther cultures as well as in isolated<br />
microspores cultures, was proved.<br />
GrOWTH ANd TUBErIZATION OF POTATO PLANTS<br />
WITH dIFFErENT VEGETATION PErIOd GrOWING<br />
in vitro ON MEdIUM WITH HUMIC SUBSTANCES<br />
Klocek Józef1 , Costa Guy2 , Mioduszewska Halina1 . 1Uni versity of Podlasie in Siedlce, 12 B. Prusa St., 08-110 Siedlce,<br />
Poland, klocek@ap.siedlce.pl; 2University in Limoges, France,<br />
Rue Thomas Albert 123, guy.costa@unilim.fr<br />
When added to MS medium, humic substances evidently affect<br />
the growth and development of the in vitro potato plants i.e. their<br />
length, number of leaves, roots and tubers. The effect was dependent<br />
both on the concentration of the humic substances and<br />
on the potato cultivar itself. Most often humic substances were<br />
found to inhibit the length of the potato stem and the number of<br />
its roots. At the same time a stimulatory effect was observed, as<br />
regards the number of the leaves and tubers. The stimulatory effect<br />
on the number of the tubers was more evident in the case of<br />
very early and early cultivars (Aster, Orlik, Denar), as compared<br />
to the middle late and late ones (Anielka, Sante, Rumpel). Ap-<br />
110<br />
parently the humic substances did not accelerate the tuberization<br />
process, but they intensified it.<br />
AGrobActerium-MEdIATEd TrANSFOrMATION<br />
OF mesembryAnthemum crystAllinum L.<br />
Konieczny robert 1 , Obert Bohuš 2,3 , Bleho Juraj 2,4 , Müller<br />
Jens 2 , Heym Claudia 2 , Tuleja Monika 1 , Menzel diedrik 2 , Šamaj<br />
Jozef 2,3 . 1 Jagiellonian University, Department of Plant Cytology<br />
and Embryology, 52 Grodzka St, 31-044 Cracow, Poland,<br />
robert.konieczny@uj.edu.pl; 2 University of Bonn, Institute of<br />
Cellular and Molecular Botany, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn,<br />
Germany; 3 Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Centre of the<br />
Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research,<br />
Šlechtitelů 11, 783 01 Olomouc, Czech Republic; 4 Slovak Academy<br />
of Sciences, Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology,<br />
Akademicka 2, SK-950 07 Nitra, Slovak Republic<br />
Transformation of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum with<br />
a green fluorescent protein (GFP) construct targeted to the endoplasmic<br />
reticulum, was obtained. The seedlings were infected<br />
with A. rhizogenes either by coating of cut radicals with bacteria<br />
growing on solid medium or by immersion of the cut surface in<br />
bacterial solutions at different optical densities. Both methods<br />
resulted in production of GFP-positive roots with a frequency<br />
of 4 to 27% according to the age of the explants and the applied<br />
procedure. Stable expression of the transgene was confirmed<br />
by PCR, immunoblotting and the capacity of roots to grow and<br />
produce callus on kanamycin-enriched medium. Calli obtained<br />
from transformed roots were also GFP-positive and remained<br />
non-regenerative or displayed high rhizogenic potential according<br />
to auxin/cytokinin ratio in the medium, for over 2 years.<br />
THE EFFECT OF MEdIUM COMPOSITION ON INdUC-<br />
TION OF ANdrOGENESIS IN CArrOT ANTHEr CUL-<br />
TUrE<br />
Krzyżanowska Dorota, Kowalska Urszula, Kiszczak Waldemar,<br />
Załuska Agata, Górecka Krystyna. Research Institute<br />
of Vegetable Crops, 1/3 Konstytucji 3 Maja St., 96-100 Skierniewice,<br />
Poland, dorota.krzyzanowska@iwarz.pl<br />
Inducing medium is a very important factor which influences<br />
embryos formation in anther culture. In experiments reported<br />
here, media were examined based on B5 and MS, containing<br />
differentiated quantities of sucrose (100 or 140 g/l) and of calcium<br />
chloride (150 and 750 mg/l). B5 medium proved to be more<br />
efficient. On this medium, over three times as many embryos<br />
of cv. Feria F1 were induced in anther culture and significantly<br />
more in cv. HCM. The optimal content of sucrose in media was<br />
100g/l, irrespective of basic medium. The optimal concentration<br />
of calcium chloride depended on the considered variety. In<br />
cv. HCM anther culture the concentration of 150 mg/l was more<br />
effective, and in cv. Feria F1 a concentration of 750 mg/l was<br />
more effective.<br />
HAIrY rOOTS ANd TrANSFOrMATEd PLANTS OF<br />
PlAntAGo coronoPus L.<br />
Makowczyńska Joanna, Andrzejewska-Golec Emilia. Medical<br />
University of Łódź, Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical<br />
Botany, 1 Muszyńskiego St., 90-151 Łódź, Poland, joanna.<br />
makowczynska@gmail.com<br />
Plantago coronopus L. (Plantaginaceae) in Poland is only<br />
known on two localities at the Baltic Sea coast. This plant species<br />
is a very rare and endangered plant in Poland. It is in the<br />
Polish Red Date Book of Plants as CR – a species critically<br />
endangered. It is also on The Polish Red List as E – a doomed
taxon. This plant contains secondary metabolites: iridoids (e.g.<br />
plantarenaloside) and phenolic compounds (e.g. verbascoside<br />
and salidroside). P. coronopus has been used for medicinal purposes<br />
in some countries e.g. Portugal, Canary Islands. To our<br />
knowledge there is no information in the literature about in vitro<br />
culture of this plant species. Earlier in our department, we propagated<br />
P. coronopus from different explants and studied the influence<br />
of explant type and BAP concentration on regeneration<br />
of P. coronopus. Hairy roots of P. coronopus were obtained as<br />
a result of infection of explants (leaves from plantlets obtained<br />
in in vitro culture) with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (strain LBA<br />
9402). The hairy roots of P. coronopus were cultured in a liquid<br />
Gamborg medium, which included half-strength macro- and<br />
microelements (1/2 B5) without growth regulators. Some of the<br />
clones were able to regenerate shoots. The transformed shoots<br />
(clones C and B) were propagated on MS agar medium supplemented<br />
with 1 mg•l -1 BAP and 0.1 mg•l -1 IAA. Shoots were<br />
rooted on MS media either without growth regulators or supplemented<br />
with auxins (IAA, IBA, NAA). Rooted transformed<br />
shoots were transferred into pots with soil and then they were<br />
acclimatized.<br />
EFFECT OF CYTOKININS ANd ACTIVATEd CHAr-<br />
COAL ON SHOOT MULTIPLICATION OF PulsAtillA<br />
hAlleri ANd P. AlPinA IN in vitro CULTUrE<br />
Michalska Magdalena 1 , Trejgell Alina, osińska Justyna,<br />
Tretyn Andrzej. Nicolaus Copernicus University, Institute of<br />
General and Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology,<br />
9 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland; 1 mimagda@poczta.fm<br />
Activated charcoal is characterized by a large adsorptive<br />
surface, which results in an ability to adsorb inhibitory compounds,<br />
metal ions, toxic metabolites, aromatic products and<br />
phenolics. The species of the genus Pulsatilla exude phenolics<br />
to the medium, which inhibit micropropagation in in vitro culture.<br />
In order to adsorb these substances, the activated charcoal<br />
was added to the media supplemented with growth regulators.<br />
The experimental materials were sterile seedlings of P. halleri<br />
and P. alpina. The surface-sterilized seeds germinated on MS<br />
medium supplemented with GA3 (1 mg/dm 3 ). Shoot tips, fragments<br />
of hypocotyls, roots and cotyledons were isolated from<br />
seedlings with well-developed cotyledons. The explants were<br />
transferred to the media supplemented with BAP, KIN or 2iP<br />
(1 mg/dm 3 ) in combination with NAA (0,1 mg/dm 3 ). The morphogenetic<br />
response was observed on shoot tips on all used media<br />
for both species. Hypocotyls and roots of P. halleri regenerated<br />
shoots on media supplemented with BAP, KIN, 2iP and<br />
BAP with the addition of the activated charcoal. In the case of<br />
P. alpine, regeneration occurred only on medium supplemented<br />
with 2iP without activated charcoal. However, the cotyledons<br />
did not regenerate shoots on any of the media used. The addition<br />
of the activated charcoal to the medium inhibited the multiplication<br />
rate of shoots, but stimulated their elongation.<br />
STOrAGE OF PLANT MATErIAL IN CrYOGENIC<br />
CONdITIONS<br />
Mikuła Anna 1 , Rybczyński Jan J. 2 Polish Academy of Sciences,<br />
Botanical Garden – Center for Biological Diversity Conservation,<br />
2 Prawdziwka St., 02-973 Warsaw, Poland; 1 amikula@<br />
obpan.pl; 2 jjryb@obpan.pl<br />
During the last few years, there has been a developing interest<br />
in taking advantage of cryopreservation not only to preserve genetic<br />
diversity in genebanks but also to store a constantly growing<br />
amount of in vitro – derived plant material. The collections<br />
of gymnosperms embryogenic cell lines, transgenic suspension<br />
cultures utilized as an alternative expression system for the<br />
production of therapeutic proteins, or mutants of model plants<br />
are examples for effective implementation of cryopreservation,<br />
Plant Tissue Cultures<br />
for commercial practice and scientific examination. It is very<br />
important to improve the cryogenic procedures in order to preserve<br />
many genotypes without the necessity of individual adaptation.<br />
Our recent investigations shown that the encapsulation/<br />
dehydration method is very efficient for different plant species<br />
and various plant materials if the optimal preculture procedure<br />
and slow osmotic dehydration (during 3– 7 days) are used. This<br />
universal method is effective for cryo-conservation the globular-stage<br />
somatic embryos and embryogenic cell suspension of<br />
four gentian species. The same method was successfully used<br />
for gametohytes of at least 9 fern species, whose sporophytes<br />
revealed different cold tolerance in their natural habitats. For all<br />
the above mentioned plant material, the achieved survival after<br />
cryopreservation was at least as hight as 70%.<br />
CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF ArAbidoPsis thAli-<br />
AnA rEGENErANTS USING FISH TECHNIqUE<br />
Orzechowska Maja, Stępień Katarzyna, Kamińska teresa,<br />
Siwińska Dorota. University of Silesia, Department of Plant<br />
Anatomy and Cytology, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice,<br />
Poland, maja.orzechowska@us.edu.pl<br />
Numerical and structural chromosome aberrations observed in<br />
plants regenerated through indirect organogenesis, are one of<br />
reasons for somaclonal variation. This phenomenon is especially<br />
intense in polysomatic plants because endoreduplication in<br />
somatic cells of explant generates ploidy changes. Observations<br />
of chromosome morphology in species with big and not numerous<br />
chromosomes, allowed us to analyze structural changes.<br />
In species with small chromosomes like A. thaliana, however,<br />
such analyses do not provide enough information. Fluorescent<br />
in situ hybridization with rDNA probes enabled us to identify<br />
most of A. thaliana chromosomes and to observe chromosome<br />
aberrations. Analysis of regenerants showed that, in addition<br />
to numerical changes, structural rearrangements are very frequent.<br />
Both diploid and tetraploid regenerants were chimeral<br />
specimens with all known types of structural aberrations. In<br />
one plant, in addition to normal karyotype, five different structural<br />
rearrangements occurred. The rearrangements included:<br />
sequence duplications, translocations, deletions and duplication<br />
of chromosome pair. It was shown that in diploid regenerants<br />
translocations of rDNA sequence occurred most often, whereas<br />
in tetraploid plants, deletions of 5S and/or 25S rDNA were most<br />
frequent.<br />
ESTABLISHMENT OF HAIrY rOOTS OF rehmAnniA<br />
GlutinosA LIBOSCH. BY AGrobActerium rhizo-<br />
Genes ANd IrIdOId ANd CONTENT OF PHENYLE-<br />
THANOId GLYCOSIdES IN OBTAINEd CULTUrES<br />
Piątczak Ewelina, Wysokińska Halina. Medical University,<br />
Departent of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany,<br />
1 Muszyńskiego St., 90-151 Łódź, Poland, ewelina.piatczak@<br />
umed.lodz.pl<br />
Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. (Scrophulariaceae) is a medicinal<br />
plant, which naturally occurs in China, Japan and Korea.<br />
The raw materials from this plant species are rhizomes and<br />
roots (Rehmanniae rhizoma cum radix). These materials are<br />
used for medicinal therapeutic purposes in Asian countries as<br />
tonic, antianemic, antipyretic and antyhypoglycemic agent.<br />
More than 70 active compounds including phenylethanoid glycosides<br />
(verbascoside), iridoid glycosides, polysaccharides, and<br />
amino acids have been isolated in the raw material. The aim of<br />
our work was to establish the hairy root cultures of R. glutinosa,<br />
estimate the level of verbascoside, isoverbascoside, catalposide<br />
and choose the clone with the highest content of these compounds.<br />
As explants, 4-week-old leaves and shoots of aseptically<br />
cultured plantlets were used. The explants were infected<br />
by Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A4 strain). It was observed, that<br />
111
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
the highest frequency of transformation (61%) was achieved on<br />
the shoot explants, 6 weeks after infection. Thus, 40 clones of<br />
hairy roots were obtained. Each of the obtained clones of hairy<br />
roots were able to produce verbascoside, isoverbascoside and<br />
catalposide, but at different levels. The highest total amount of<br />
these compounds (211.88 mg per flask) produced clone no 38<br />
after 4 weeks of growth in liquid Woody Plant hormone-free<br />
medium. Financial support 502-13-621.<br />
HISTOLOGICAL ANd IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL<br />
STUdIES ON SOMATIC EMBrYOGENESIS IN trifolium<br />
niGrescens VIV.<br />
Pilarska Maria1 , Knox John P. 2 , Konieczny robert1 , Kuta<br />
Elżbieta1 . 1Jagiellonian University, Department of Plant Cytology<br />
and Embryology, 52 Grodzka St., 31-044 Cracow, Poland,<br />
m.pilarska@iphils.uj.edu.pl; 2University of Leeds, Centre for<br />
Plant Sciences, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom<br />
Somatic embryo formation from hypocotyl of zygotic embryos<br />
in cotyledonary stage (CsE) of Trifolium nigrescens was studied<br />
with the aid of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy<br />
(SEM) and the immunolabelling technique. Histological<br />
slides indicated direct somatic embryogenesis (SE) on MS medium<br />
with 0.5 mg/l NAA and 2 mg/l 2iP. Most proembryoids<br />
developed into mature somatic embryos with typical bilateral<br />
symmetry, easily distinguishable root and two cotyledons. Nonregenerative<br />
callus accompanying SE was heterogenous tissue,<br />
formed by loosely attached parenchymatous cells at the periphery<br />
and more compact cells in its inner region. Extracellular<br />
surface matrix network (ECMSN) visible in SEM as reticulated<br />
fibrils and strands, covered the surface of callus and epidermis<br />
of somatic embryos in torpedo- and cotyledonary stages. The<br />
extracellular expression of specific pectin epitopes JIM5 and<br />
JIM7 coincided with ECMSN localization suggesting the putative<br />
pectic nature of the observed fibrills and strands. Development<br />
of somatic embryos was accompanied by a gradual diversity<br />
loss of AGPs epitopes in embryonic tissue.<br />
THE ExPLOITATION OF SINGLE CELL ExPLANTS<br />
IN STUdIES ON PLANT SPECIES rECALCITrANT in<br />
vitro<br />
Pindel Anna, Wiszniewska Alina, Piwowarczyk Barbara.<br />
Agricultural University in Cracow, Department of Botany and<br />
Plant Physiology, 54 29-Listopada St., 31-425 Cracow, Poland,<br />
a.pindel@ogr.ur.krakow.pl<br />
In studies aimed at explanation of limited morphogenetic response<br />
in vitro, exhibited by some agriculturally important<br />
plant species, single protoplasts and cells were used. These<br />
were isolated from standard explants, exploited in previously<br />
determined regeneration pathways. Examined species were:<br />
ornamental asparagus ‘Sprengeri’, hyacinth ‘Anna Lisa’, cymbidium<br />
hybrid, yellow lupin ‘Parys’ and grass pea ‘Derek’.<br />
We investigated the influence of numerous factors, including<br />
nurse cultures and conditioned medium application, on the<br />
induction of morphogenetic potential of the species. Studies<br />
on cellular events, like organization of tubulin cytoskeleton,<br />
cell wall regeneration process, presence of arabinogal<strong>acta</strong>n<br />
proteins (AGP) in the cell wall structure, as well as cell division<br />
process itself, were also conducted. The results revealed<br />
strong sensitivity of examined plant material, especially on osmotic<br />
stress and type of gelling agents. The recalcitrance was<br />
manifested by cytoskeletal disorders, disturbances in cell wall<br />
component distribution that resulted in unsettled cell morphology,<br />
and retardation of divisions that were often of an atypical<br />
character.<br />
112<br />
in vitro CHrOMOSOME dOUBLING IN TULIP<br />
Podwyszyńska Małgorzata. Research Institute of Pomology<br />
and Floriculture Department of Physiology and Morphogenesis<br />
of Ornamental Plants, 18 Pomologiczna St., 96-100 Skierniewice,<br />
Poland, mpodwysz@insad.pl<br />
Polyploids, especially triploids and tetraploids are widely used<br />
in the breeding programs, due to their desirable traits such as<br />
vigorous growth, large leaves, flowers, tubers, roots or fruits.<br />
There is considerable interest in obtaining polyploidization<br />
of tulip. The majority of tulip cultivars were derived from<br />
Tulipa gesneriana with a diploid chromosome number of<br />
2n = 2x = 24. Within the tulip polyploids, in horticulture production,<br />
the most important are the triploids. The creation of<br />
the new cultivars; tetraploids, especially allotetraploids as fertile<br />
plants are more prized by breeders than triploids which are<br />
usually sterile. Tetraploids themselves can form the new cultivars<br />
but, first of all, they can be utilized for further breeding in<br />
order to obtain triploids by crossing tetraploids with diploids.<br />
Polish diploid cultivars of tulip were use for the study. The initial<br />
explants (flower stem fragments) and the multiplied cyclic<br />
adventitious shoot cultures were subjected to polyploidization.<br />
The plant material was treated with antimitotic agents such<br />
as colchicine, oryzalin, amiprophos methyl and trifluralin.<br />
Treatment used incubation of plant material for several days<br />
on the regeneration media containing the above mentioned<br />
chemicals. The ploidy level evaluation, using flow cytometry,<br />
revealed that a significantly higher number of tetraploids was<br />
obtained when the cultures of adventitious shoots were used<br />
for antimitotic treatment. Each of the antimitotic agents induced<br />
tetraploid production.<br />
SYNTHETIC SEEdS OF sAlviA PrzewAlskii MAxIM.<br />
Skała Ewa, Wysokińska Halina. Medical University of<br />
Łódź, Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany,<br />
1 Muszyńskiego St., 90-151 Łódź, Poland, ewa.skala@umed.<br />
lodz.pl<br />
Salvia przewalskii is endemic species in north-western China.<br />
The roots of this species have been used for the long time in Far<br />
East medicine, because of the presence of some abietane diterpenoids<br />
called tanshinones. The aim of this work was to produce<br />
synthetic seeds of S. przewalskii and study their germination<br />
and their conversion into plants. The shoot tips or axillary<br />
shoot buds from in vitro cultured plants were used as explants.<br />
The explants were encapsulated in 3% sodium alginate solution<br />
with or without sucrose (1.5 or 3%) and/or gibberellic acid (0.5<br />
or 1.0 mg/l). The obtained (as above described) artificial seeds<br />
were cultured on full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar<br />
medium directly after encapsulation or after storage in the refrigerator<br />
at 4– 6ºC for 4 and 8 weeks. It was found that synthetic<br />
seeds showed a high capacity to form shoots (97%) even after<br />
8 weeks of storage. The alginate matrix was supplemented with<br />
3% sucrose and 0.5 mg/l gibberellic acid. Shoots were rooted<br />
successfully ex vitro, during acclimatization in pots, in greenhouse.<br />
After 10 weeks, 90% of the plants survived the transfer<br />
to pots.<br />
ATTEMPT AT STIMULATING THE PHENOLIC ACId<br />
ACCUMULATION IN in vitro CULTUrES OF ex-<br />
Acum Affine BALF. F.<br />
Skrzypczak-Pietraszek Ewa, Sokołowska Monika. Jagiellonian<br />
University, Collegium Medicum, Department of Pharmceutical<br />
Botany, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Cracow, Poland, ewa.<br />
skrzypczakpietraszek@gmail.com<br />
The aim of this study was an attempt at increasing the phenolic<br />
acid accumulation in agitated shoot cultures of Exacum affine<br />
Balf. f., after the addition of L-phenylalanine as the precur-
sor. Cultures were maintained in Murashige and Skoog medium<br />
supplemented with BAP (1 mg/l), NAA (0,5 mg/l), GA3<br />
(0,25 mg/l). The precursor – in a concentration 400 mg/l of medium<br />
– was added after two week growth of the agitated culture.<br />
Plant material was collected after 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours and 1, 2,<br />
3, 7 and 14 days after the addition of L-phenylalanine. Control<br />
samples were also collected. Phenolic acids were investigated<br />
in the collected material before and after the acidic hydrolysis.<br />
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of methanol extracts from<br />
biomass were conducted by the HPLC method. The following<br />
phenolic acids were found in the investigated material: protocatechuic,<br />
p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic,<br />
rosmarinic and cinnamic acid. The addition of L-phenylalanine<br />
increases the accumulation of some phenolic acids, especially<br />
protocatechuic and p-coumaric acid.<br />
EFFECTS OF METHYL JASMONATE ELICITATION<br />
ON THE PrOdUCTION OF PHENOLIC ACIdS IN CELL<br />
CULTUrE OF GinkGo bilobA L.<br />
Szewczyk Agnieszka. Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum,<br />
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, 9 Medyczna St.,<br />
30-688 Cracow, Poland, agniszew@yahoo.com<br />
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of methyl<br />
jasmonate on the phenolic acids accumulation in Ginkgo biloba<br />
male cell suspensions. Cell suspension cultures were<br />
initiated from male plant callus cultures, established from<br />
leaves explants coming from the JU Botanical Garden in Cracow.<br />
Cell suspension cultures were maintained on Murashige-<br />
Skoog medium supplemented with NAA (4 mg/l) and BAP<br />
(2 mg/l). Two series were carried out. Methyl jasmonate, in<br />
concentration 25 µM, was added after 2 weeks (series 1) and<br />
after 3 weeks (series 2) of inoculation. Biomass from elicitated<br />
and control cultures was collected every 24 h for 5 days. Liophyllizated<br />
biomass (after elicitation and control) was hydrolyzed<br />
(2 M HCl, 100°C) during a 60 min. period. The analyses<br />
of methanol extracts were conducted by the HPLC method.<br />
A content of protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic,<br />
p-coumaric and cinnamic acids was found. In materials<br />
collected in series 1 (elicitation after 2 weeks of inoculation),<br />
the content of these compounds was definitely higher. The<br />
content of some phenolic acids (protocatechuic and cinnamic)<br />
was elevated after elicitation. Significant differences of other<br />
phenolic acid contents were not observed.<br />
MICrOPrOPAGATION PrOTOCOL OF THrEE SPE-<br />
CIES THrEATENEd WITH ExTINCTION: Aconitum<br />
moldAvicum, Aconitum vArieGAtum, Aconitum<br />
lycoctonum<br />
Ślązak Błażej1 , Mitka Józef2 , Kuta Elżbieta1 . Jagiellonian<br />
University, Institute of Botany, 1Department of Plant Cytology<br />
and Embryology, 52 Grodzka St., 31-044 Cracow; blazejslazak@<br />
gmail.com; e.kuta@iphils.uj.edu.pl; 2Botnical Garden, 27 Kopernika<br />
St., 31-501 Cracow, Poland, j.mitka@uj.edu.pl<br />
In vitro culture is widely used to protect plant biodiversity,<br />
specially to protect species threatened with extinction. A micropropagation<br />
protocol of three Aconitum species: Aconitum<br />
moldavicum, Aconitum variegatum, Aconitum lycoctonum was<br />
developed. Standard Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium,<br />
solidified with agar and supplemented with different concentrations<br />
of the plant growth regulators BAP, NAA, 2,4-D was<br />
used in the experiment. Fragments of fresh leaves, shoots and<br />
shoot tips were used as explants. Response of the explants was<br />
dependent on the concentration and on the plant growth regulators.<br />
On the medium containing 1mg/l BAP, proliferation of<br />
Plant Tissue Cultures<br />
shoots was observed. Callus and large amount of somatic embryos<br />
were formed from fragments of shoots and fresh leaves<br />
on media containing 1mg/l BAP and 1mg/l NAA. This was<br />
confirmed by observations in SEM and histological analysis<br />
in light microscope. After three weeks of culture, the obtained<br />
explants were transferred to the rooting media Murashige and<br />
Skoog (1962), solidified with agar and supplemented with different<br />
concentrations of IBA and NAA. An attempt was taken<br />
to obtain somatic embryos in liquid cell culture for artificial<br />
seed production<br />
CHANGES IN THE ULTrASTrUCTUrE OF hericium<br />
erinAceum (BULL.: Fr.) PErS. MYCELIUM CAUSEd<br />
BY SELENIUM–INdUCEd OxIdATIVE STrESS<br />
Ślusarczyk Joanna1 , Kuraś Mieczysław 2 , Malinowska Eliza3<br />
, Krzyczkowski Wojciech3 . 1Jan Kochanowski University,<br />
Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, 15 Świętokrzyska<br />
St., 25-406 Kielce, Poland; 2University of Warsaw,<br />
Department of Ecotoxicology, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw,<br />
Poland; 3The Medical University of Warsaw, Chair and Department<br />
of Drug Technology, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw,<br />
Poland, emalinowska@wum.edu.pl<br />
The mycelium of Hericium erinaceum (Bull.: Fr. Pers.) produces<br />
anti-cancer and immunostimulating polysaccharides. In<br />
the course of our previous research we found that organic selenitetriglycerides<br />
(Selol) increased the biosynthesis of seleniumcontaining<br />
polysaccharides with antioxidant activity. The aim<br />
of this work was to investigate the effect of different forms of<br />
selenium in the liquid culture of H. erinaceum, on ultrastructural<br />
changes in cells. The mycelium was cultivated in shakeflasks<br />
on media containing sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), Selol2%,<br />
Selol5% (containing 2% and 5% w/w of Se, respectively), or<br />
mixutures of Na2SeO3 and Selol. The samples of mycelium<br />
were taken after 3 and 24 days of cultivation. They were fixed<br />
and then analyzed using a transmission electron microscope. It<br />
was noticed that only Selol2% caused no damage in cell ultrastructure.<br />
Selol2% did cause thickness of cell walls suggesting<br />
an increased production of polysaccharides. Other treatments<br />
caused some protoplasmic changes and no increase in cell wall<br />
thickness. These observations lead us to suggest that the cell<br />
reaction to Se, induced oxidative stress in mycelial cells and on<br />
the biosynthesis of polysaccharides.<br />
GentiAn SOMATIC HYBrIdS – MOLECULAr CHAr-<br />
ACTErISTIC ANd ANALYSIS OF GENETIC STABIL-<br />
ITY<br />
Tomiczak Karolina, Rybczyński Jan J. Polish Academy<br />
of Sciences, Botanical Garden – Center for Biological Diversity<br />
Conservation, 2 Prawdziwka St., 02-973 Warsaw, Poland,<br />
karolina_tomiczak@wp.pl, jjryb@obpan.pl<br />
Somatic hybridization is a method of interspecific and intergeneric<br />
hybrid production, as an alternative to distant crosses. It is<br />
important to note that, in contrast to traditional plant breeding,<br />
protoplast fusion allows us to obtain not only nuclear, but also<br />
nuclear-cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic hybrids. Unfortunately,<br />
its major shortcomings include limited control over elimination<br />
processes of parental species DNA, as well as genetic instability<br />
of obtained somatic hybrids. The presentation will show recent<br />
achievements in somatic hybridization within the Gentiana genus.<br />
Molecular and cytogenetic analysis of Gentiana kurroo (+)<br />
G. cruciata and G. cruciata (+) G. tibetica somatic hybrids. The<br />
aim of an estimation of their genome composition, similarity to<br />
parental species, level of symmetry and genetic stability will be<br />
particularly discussed.<br />
113
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
ALPHA-GALACTOSIdASE ACTIVITY IN GErMINAT-<br />
ING ZYGOTIC ANd SOMATIC EMBrYOS OF medicAGo<br />
sAtivA L. ANd ITS rEGULATION BY ENdOG-<br />
ENOUS GIBBErELLINS ANd ETHYLENE<br />
Zielińska Sylwia 1 , Kępczyńska Ewa. University of Szczecin,<br />
Chair of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Plant Physiology<br />
and Biotechnology, 13 Wąska St., 71 415 Szczecin, Poland,<br />
1 sziel@univ.szczecin.pl<br />
It is known that seeds and somatic embryos in good vigor should<br />
contain an adequate quantity of storage materials. Efficiency of<br />
their germination depends largely on the hydrolysis speed of<br />
these materials connected with the activity of basic enzymes:<br />
α-amylase, α-galactosidase. The activity of α-galactosidase, the<br />
enzyme that is responsible for soluble sugars hydrolysis, in unimbibed<br />
and germinating zygotic and somatic embryos of Medicago<br />
sativa L. cv. Rangelander, was detected. The dynamism<br />
of enzyme activity was analyzed in the I phase of germination<br />
(imbibition) after 16, 18, 20, 24 and 48 h. Dry somatic embryos<br />
as compared to zygotic had 2.5-fold higher α-galactosidase activity.<br />
However during imbibition the activity of this enzyme<br />
increased faster and was widely higher in germinating zygotic<br />
embryos of alfalfa than in somatic. We tested whether known<br />
stimulators of seed germination (gibberellins and ethylene) may<br />
regulate the activity of this enzyme during the first phase of germination.<br />
For this purpose inhibitor of gibberellins biosynthesis<br />
– ancymidol (ANC) and inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis<br />
– aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and salicylic acid (SA) were<br />
applied. The inhibitory effects of ancymidol, AVG and SA indicated<br />
that endogenous gibberellins and ethylene are required for<br />
regulation of α-galactosidase activity.<br />
EMPLOYMENT OF in vitro CULTUrES IN chAmAedAPhne<br />
cAlyculAtA (L) MOENCH PrOTECTION<br />
źróbek-Sokolnik Anna, Kucewicz Magdalena, Hołdyński<br />
Czesław. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department<br />
of Botany and Nature Protection, 1 Łódzki Sq., 10-727<br />
Olsztyn, Poland, a.zrobeksokolnik@uwm.edu.pl<br />
Leather leaf Chamaedaphne calyculata Moench (L) in Poland<br />
is rare and under full legal protection. It is a wintergreen dwarf<br />
shrub in the Ericaceae family. The limited number of existing<br />
stands of this plant (nowadays 9 small and widespread stands<br />
from 13 historically known stands) is the reason it is important<br />
to determine the possibility of propagating Chamaedaphne calyculata<br />
for the purpose of ex situ protection. The above reasons<br />
were the signal for starting experiments, conducting elaboration<br />
of protocol for in vitro propagation of leather leaf. The materials<br />
used were plant material derived from plants growing in the<br />
Mazurski Landscape Park (showing one of the lowest genetic<br />
erosion levels from among the Polish populations). These were<br />
the goals: 1) optimal time for plant material harvesting; 2) selection<br />
of optimal sterilization method; 3) the most useful explant<br />
type and medium for micropropagation via shoot organogenesis;<br />
and 4) elaboration of the method used for plantlet acclimatization<br />
to ex vitro conditions. On September 2009, 6 plantlets<br />
derived from in vitro cultures, after acclimatization in growth<br />
chamber and glasshouse, were transferred to Leśne Arboretum<br />
in Kudypy near Olsztyn.
Pteridology
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
MOrPHOGENESIS AT THE SHOOT APEx OF huPerziA<br />
BErNH.<br />
Gola Edyta M. University of Wrocław, Institute of Plantt Biology,<br />
6/8 Kanonia St., 50-328 Wrocław, Poland, edytag@biol.<br />
uni.wroc.pl<br />
The Huperzia Bernh. genus belongs to Lycophyta, the sister<br />
clade to other vascular plants. Because of the phylogenetic<br />
position, different aspects of lycopod development are intensively<br />
studied. Presented results show the structure of the<br />
shoot apical meristem (SAM) and organogenic processes at the<br />
Huperzia apex. The SAM in Huperzia is relatively flat, covered<br />
by the microphyll primordia and by periodically initiated gemmae<br />
(bulbils). At the meristem surface a group of usually four<br />
initial cells is present, that are transient and can be replaced in<br />
ontogeny of a given apex. The central part of the meristem is<br />
occupied by the procambium which reaches to the subsuperficial<br />
layers of the meristem. Microphyll and gemmae primordia,<br />
the latter being a little bigger than the former ones, are<br />
exogenously initiated in the peripheral zone of the SAM due<br />
to the periclinal divisions of the superficial cells. Procambium<br />
of the microphyll and gemmae traces is formed simultaneously<br />
in the basal part of primordium and in the shoot stele.<br />
The primordia are regularly arranged at the apex according to<br />
the phyllotactic pattern regardless of the primordium identity.<br />
Stalked sporangia are formed in the proximal part of the meristem,<br />
adaxially to the microphylls. They are initiated by the<br />
periclinal divisions of the protoderm.<br />
POPULATION rESOUrCES ANd HABITAT PrEFEr-<br />
ENCES OF oPhioGlossum vulGAtum L. AT A LO-<br />
CALIty NEAR RACIążEK IN tHE KUJAWy REGIoN<br />
Łazowy-Szczepanowska Iwona 1 , Załuski tomasz 2 . 1,2 Nicolaus<br />
Copernicus University, Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical<br />
Botany, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in<br />
Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz,<br />
Poland; 1 i.lazowy@cm.umk.pl; 2 tzaluski@cm.umk.pl<br />
A new locality of Ophioglossum vulgatum L. in the Kujawy<br />
region was characterised in a complex of a partially exploited<br />
and spontaneously overgrown fen surrounded by fields, near<br />
Raciążek. Exceptionally large population resources of the species<br />
as well as its local preferences for forest and shrub phytocoenoses<br />
were shown. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. was growing<br />
abundantly on 20 ares, its abundance was estimated at 140 thousand<br />
individuals (above-ground shoots) in total. In some places<br />
the number of individuals per 1 m2 exceeded 500. The species<br />
prefers mainly younger developmental stadia of Fraxino-Alnetum<br />
with dominance of Alnus glutinosa in a tree stand. It also<br />
grows numerously in Salicetum pentandro-cinereae and less<br />
often – in Thelypterido-Betuletum pubescentis, Molinio-Franguletum<br />
and in non-forest community with transitional features<br />
between Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae and Molinion.<br />
EFFICIENCY OF TWO CrYOPrESErVATION TECH-<br />
NIqUES IN THE CONSErVATION OF FErN GAMETO-<br />
PHYTES<br />
Makowski damian1 , Mikuła Anna2 , Rybczyński Jan J. 3<br />
1–3Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden – Center for Biological<br />
Diversity Conservation, 2 Prawdziwka St., 02-973 Warsaw,<br />
Poland; 1damian1718@poczta.onet.pl; 2mikula@obpan.pl; 3jjryb@obpan.pl Cryopreservation is actually recognised as one of the safest<br />
methods for the long-term preservation of diverse plant material.<br />
Experiments were carried out on the following fern gametophyte<br />
in vitro cultures: Osmunda regalis, Asplenium adiantumnigrum,<br />
Asplenium cuneifolium, Dicksonia fibrosa. In order to<br />
compare the efficiency of the conservation of the gametophytes<br />
116<br />
viability, two encapsulation procedures were examined: an<br />
encapsulation-dehydration and an encapsulation-vitrification.<br />
The first one relied on: 2-weeks of preculture (0,25 M sucrose<br />
and 0,01 ml ABA), 72 h of sucrose solution treatment ( 0,5 M;<br />
0,75 M; 1 M) and 5 h air desiccation and freezing in liquid nitrogen.<br />
In the second technique the encapsulated gametophytes<br />
were treated with the PVS3 vitrification solution for 0,5 h; 1 h;<br />
2 h; 3 h and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The experiments which<br />
we carried out demonstrated that both cryopreservation techniques<br />
are effective and can be applied in cryostorage the fern<br />
gametophytes.<br />
INITIATION ANd dEVELOPMENT OF THE MICrO-<br />
PHYLLOUS LEAF IN SPIKEMOSS selAGinellA SP.<br />
Punda Anna. University of Wrocław, Institute of Plant Biology,<br />
6/8 Kanonia St., 50-328 Wrocław, Poland, anna-punda@wp.pl<br />
Microphyllous leaves, characteristic of the lycophytes, evolved<br />
in a different way than macrophyllous leaves of other vascular<br />
plants. It is possible that the development of microphylls differs<br />
from that of macrophylls. An analysis of the initiation of<br />
the microphyllous leaf in two Selaginella species, S. martensii<br />
Spring and S. kraussiana (Kunze) A. Brown, showed that the<br />
sequence of developmental events resulting in the emergence of<br />
a microphyllous leaf primordium is specific and recurrent. The<br />
primordium initiation becomes visible due to elongation in the<br />
anticlinal direction of one of the superficial prismatic cells in the<br />
peripheral zone. Subsequently, this cell undergoes an unequal<br />
formative division giving rise to a leaf apical cell (LAC). The<br />
LAC divides regularly, cutting segments off alternately to the<br />
adaxial and abaxial sites. As a result, the lateral organ primordium<br />
emerges, and grows axially. Due to gained ability to divide<br />
periclinally, the number of cell layers increases at the base of<br />
the emerging primordium (leaf thickening), and then, the procambium<br />
is initiated. In the next stages of the spikemoss leaf<br />
morphogenesis, a microphyll trace differentiates and connects<br />
to the shoot stele, leaf tissues maturate and ultimately the leaf<br />
becomes fully developed. In spite of the different phylogenetic<br />
origin of the microphyllous leaf, its morphogenesis resembles<br />
that of the macrophyllous leaf in ferns.<br />
AzollA filiculoides (AZOLLACEAE) IN POLANd<br />
– dISTrIBUTION, BIOLOGY ANd ECOLOGY<br />
Szczęśniak Ewa. University of Wrocław, Institute of Plant Biology,<br />
6/8 Kanonia St., 50-358 Wrocław, Poland; ewaszcz@biol.<br />
uni.wroc.pl<br />
The monogeneric family Azollaceae consists of floating, not<br />
drought-tolerant ferns, found throughout the tropical and temperate<br />
zones. Azolla species are one of the smallest ferns occurring<br />
on Earth. Their relationship with Anabaena azollae is the<br />
only known mutualistic symbiosis between a pteridophyte and<br />
a diazotrophic prokaryote. A. filiculoides is the most frost-tolerant<br />
species, up to 2.5– 4 cm long, floating on the water surface<br />
in mats up to 20cm thick. It was introduced in Europe towards<br />
the end of the 19th century. A. filiculoides was classified as an<br />
ephemeral plant in Poland up to the end of the 20th century. In<br />
the last 15 years it appeared in 6 locations in south-west Poland.<br />
Two stands became destroyed, though four other populations<br />
still exist. Azolla filiculoides occurs in eutrophic or even polluted<br />
water of old river beds or anthropogenic ponds where it forms<br />
a dense mat up to 10cm thick. It stays sterile and propagates<br />
only in a vegetative manner. Frost resistance of Polish populations<br />
is higher than reported so far; fern may winter and rebuild<br />
the population after frost reaching -22 degree in Celsius scale.<br />
The size of a population is changeable during the vegetation<br />
season. In summer and autumn A. filiculoides substitutes native<br />
floating communities of Spirodela and Lemna. Szczęśniak E.,<br />
Błachuta J., Krukowski M., Picińska-Fałtynowicz J. 2009. Dis-
tribution of Azolla filiculoides Lam. (Azollaceae) in Poland.<br />
Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 78 (3): 241– 246 Weber E. 2005. Invasive<br />
Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing. 548 pp.<br />
dIVErSITY OF FErNS FrOM THE dryoPteris Affinis<br />
COMPLEx IN CENTrAL POLANd<br />
Woziwoda Beata1 , Podsiedlik Marek2 . University of Łódź,<br />
Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; 1Department of Geobotany<br />
and Plant Ecology, woziwoda@biol.uni.lodz.pl; 2Student of<br />
Department of Nature Protection, adeno2@op.pl<br />
The work presents the morphological and ecological diversity of<br />
specimens from Scaly Male-fern group, Dryopteris affinis aggregate,<br />
which grow in 16 isolated localities in the lowland part<br />
of Poland. This fern forms very small populations – usually only<br />
1 or 2 individuals are noted on the locality. The 17 characteristics<br />
are described and compared. Studied individuals represent<br />
two species: Dryopteris borreri (Newman) Newman ex Oberh.<br />
et Tavel and Dryopteris cambrensis (Fraser-Jenkins) Beitel et<br />
W.R. Buck (which means that D. affinis ss. has not been found<br />
on this area so far). The Scaly Male-ferns grow mainly in young<br />
forests, in unstable secondary communities with Scotch pine Pinus<br />
sylvestris (most of them are recent forests growing on arable<br />
abandoned fields), on oligotrophic and acid soils. A few localities<br />
are connected with anthropogenic monocultures of Betula pendula,<br />
Abies alba or Populus tremula as well as with hedgerows<br />
from the Rhamno-Prunetea class. These ferns are sporadically<br />
noted in oak-hornbeam forest (Tilio-Carpinetum) and riparian<br />
forest (Fraxino-Alnetum), on mezo- and eutrophic habitats.<br />
Pteridology<br />
EPIPHYTIC ANd TrEE FErNS OF qUEENSLANd<br />
STATE, AUSTrALIA<br />
Zenkteler Elżbieta. Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute<br />
of Experimental Biology, Department of General Botany,<br />
89 Umultowska St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland, elzbieta.zenkteler@<br />
amu.edu.pl<br />
Situated at the border between Queensland and New South<br />
Wales is the city of Brisbane with its three Botanical Gardens<br />
and the adjacent National Reserves in which the fern photographs<br />
shown in this lecture were taken. Within that area the<br />
tropical climate collides with the steppe climate of the Southern<br />
Hemisphere. This creates favorable conditions for the development<br />
of a rich pteridoflora in which species from both<br />
climatic zones are represented. In tropical broadleaf evergreen<br />
forests one encounters Antarctic species from genera Dicksonia<br />
and Cyathea growing in the vicinity of giant methuselahs<br />
of Nothofagus moorei, some about one thousand years old. The<br />
crown level is dominated by numerous epiphytic ferns, such<br />
as Asplenium australasicum, A. polyodon, Dictymia brownii,<br />
Vittaria and lush specimens of Platycerium. The rich forest<br />
floor is populated by large patches of terrestrial species from<br />
genera Davalia, Pellaea and Adiantum (sylvaticum, hispidulum,<br />
formosum, atroviride) growing together with mosses,<br />
liverworts, horsetails and club mosses. Fissures in the rocky<br />
cliffs of a volcanic crater in Springbrooke National Park are<br />
overgrown by filmy ferns Hymenophyllum australe and H.<br />
marginalis. This extraordinary species richness and the sometimes<br />
surprising combinations (occurrence of epiphytic ferns<br />
on tree ferns) form a very interesting panorama of the Australian<br />
pteridoflora.
Authors Index
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
A<br />
Adamczak Artur, 108<br />
Adamczewski Andrzej, 76<br />
Adamczyk Jacek, 104<br />
Adamowski Wojciech, 32<br />
Adamska Iwona, 72, 73<br />
Andryka Aleksandra, 64<br />
Andrzejewska-Golec Emilia, 108, 110<br />
Antkowiak Wojciech, 36<br />
Antosiewicz Danuta M., 86, 91<br />
Archacki Rafał, 10<br />
B<br />
Babczyńska-Sendek Beata, 32, 34<br />
Bacieczko Wanda, 32<br />
Bacigálová Kamila, 77<br />
Bacławska Ilona, 93<br />
Banaś Justyna, 96<br />
Banaszek Agata, 28<br />
Barabasz Anna, 91<br />
Barabasz-Krasny Beata, 54<br />
Baranowski Łukasz, 96<br />
Barbacka Maria, 82<br />
Barć Alicja, 32<br />
Bartoszek Wacław, 57<br />
Bartoszuk Helena, 43<br />
Bączkiewicz Alina, 24, 34<br />
Batóg Marta, 33<br />
Bederska Magdalena, 96<br />
Bednara Józef, 96, 100, 108<br />
Bednarska Elżbieta, 103<br />
Bednorz Leszek, 36<br />
Beker Henry J., 74<br />
Betleja Laura, 66<br />
Biedunkiewicz Anna, 72, 73<br />
Bielczyk Urszula, 66<br />
Bieniek Ewa, 34<br />
Bihun Magdalena, 72<br />
Bilska Anna, 92<br />
Bleho Juraj, 110<br />
Błaszkowski Janusz, 72<br />
Błońska Agnieszka, 32, 34<br />
Bobowicz Maria A., 28<br />
Bochenek Anna, 86<br />
Bochynek Anna, 72<br />
Bogatek Renata, 87, 92<br />
Bogdanowicz Agnieszka M., 33<br />
Bohdanowicz Jerzy, 100<br />
Bomanowska Anna, 32, 33<br />
Boratyński Adam, 45<br />
Borek Sławomir, 86, 91<br />
Borkowska Halina, 104<br />
Borkowska Lidia, 33, 36, 37<br />
Borkowski Jan, 97<br />
Borsukiewicz Luba, 33<br />
Borucki Wojciech, 96, 98<br />
Bosek Jagoda, 34<br />
Bosiacka Beata, 34<br />
Bróż Edward, 53<br />
Buchwald Waldemar, 20, 108<br />
Bucior Ernest, 10<br />
Buczkowska Katarzyna, 24, 34<br />
Budzianowska Anna, 108<br />
Budzianowski Jaromir, 108<br />
Burian Maria, 108<br />
Buszewicz Daniel, 10<br />
C<br />
Celiński Konrad, 28<br />
Celka Zbigniew, 34, 37<br />
Cembrowska Danuta, 86<br />
Chachulski Łukasz, 34, 36<br />
120<br />
Chłopek Kazimiera, 16<br />
Chmielecki Błażej, 39<br />
Chmielewska Małgorzata, 69<br />
Chojnacki Jan, 35<br />
Chołuj Danuta, 87<br />
Chomiela Katarzyna, 10<br />
Chomontowski Chrystian, 87<br />
Chouda Marcin, 97<br />
Chudzik Barbara, 96, 104<br />
Chudzińska Ewa, 28<br />
Chwedorzewska Katarzyna J., 35, 50<br />
Cieloszczyk Piotr, 50<br />
Cieluch Patrycja, 72<br />
Ciereszko Iwona, 90, 94<br />
Cieślak Elżbieta, 35<br />
Ciosek Paulina, 91<br />
Ciszewska-Marciniak Joanna, 73<br />
Ciurzycki Wojciech, 35<br />
Costa Guy, 110<br />
Czarna Aneta, 36, 50, 99, 102<br />
Czarnecka Bożenna, 38<br />
Czarnecka Joanna, 36<br />
Czarnota Paweł, 66<br />
Czerniawska Beata, 72, 73<br />
Czyżak Joanna, 36<br />
D<br />
Danyłyk Iwan, 54<br />
Davies Seth, 10<br />
Dąbrowska-Zapart Katarzyna, 16<br />
Dembowska Danuta, 36<br />
Dębska Karolina, 87, 92<br />
Diatta Jean, 28<br />
Dobrowolski Radosław, 84<br />
Domanowska Anna, 32<br />
Domżalska Lucyna, 87<br />
Doszczeczko Maciej, 86<br />
Drapikowska Maria, 34, 37<br />
Dreger Mariola, 108<br />
Drozdowicz Anna, 72, 73, 78<br />
Drożak Anna, 91<br />
Drzymulska Danuta, 82<br />
Dudek-Makuch Marlena, 41<br />
Dunajska Kamila, 87<br />
Dyguś Kazimierz H., 37, 54<br />
Dyki Barbara, 97<br />
Dynowska Maria, 73<br />
Dziadczyk Ewa, 108<br />
Dzido Alicja, 33, 37<br />
Dziewulska Aleksandra, 92<br />
Dzięgielewski Karol, 83<br />
Dzwonko Zbigniew, 37<br />
E<br />
Eissenstat David M., 11<br />
Ejdys Elżbieta, 73<br />
F<br />
Filipowicz Beata, 69<br />
Filipowicz Krzysztof, 80<br />
Flakus Adam, 66<br />
Floryanowicz-Czekalska Katarzyna, 109<br />
Forycka Anna, 20<br />
Franczak Magdalena, 38<br />
Frymark-Szymkowiak Anna, 74<br />
Fudali Sylwia, 103<br />
G<br />
Gabara Barbara, 91<br />
Gabryszewska Eleonora, 109<br />
Gajo Bernadetta, 75
Galera Halina, 35, 38, 56<br />
Gamrat Wojciech W., 82<br />
Gapska Marta, 32<br />
Garbaczewska Grażyna, 97<br />
Garnczarska Małgorzata, 94<br />
Garstka Maciej, 97<br />
Gawenda-Kempczyńska Dorota, 38<br />
Gawron-Gzella Anna, 41<br />
Gieczewska Katarzyna, 97<br />
Gielniak Paulina, 38<br />
Giełwanowska Irena, 96, 97, 104<br />
Głowska Natalia, 75<br />
Gniazdowska Agnieszka, 87, 92<br />
Godlewska Anna, 75<br />
Godzik Barbara, 39, 56<br />
Gola Edyta M., 116<br />
Golinowski Władysław, 103<br />
Góraj Justyna, 88<br />
Górecka Krystyna, 109, 110<br />
Górecka Mirosława, 98<br />
Górecki Ryszard, 97, 109<br />
Górska-Czekaj Magdalena, 98<br />
Górska-Paukszta Małgorzata, 108<br />
Górzyńska Karolina, 74<br />
Greuter Werner, 10<br />
Grewling Łukasz, 16<br />
Grinn-Gofroń Agnieszka, 16<br />
Grodzińska Krystyna, 39, 55, 56<br />
Grygoruk Mateusz, 43<br />
Gryszczyńska Agnieszka, 108<br />
Grzelak Arkadiusz, 39<br />
Grzesiak Barbara, 74<br />
Guzicka Marzenna, 98<br />
Guzow-Krzemińska Beata, 67<br />
Gzyl Jarosław, 89<br />
H<br />
Halamski Adam T., 82<br />
Halladin-Dąbrowska Anna, 39<br />
Hanikenne Marc, 91<br />
Hanus-Fajerska Ewa, 109<br />
Hardej Hubert, 102<br />
Hedberg Petter, 43<br />
Henry Max, 93<br />
Heym Claudia, 110<br />
Hobbie Sarah E., 11<br />
Hoffmann Renata, 59<br />
Holeksa Jan, 32<br />
Hołdyński Czesław, 56, 114<br />
Hulisz Piotr, 83<br />
I<br />
Izmaiłow Romana, 99<br />
J<br />
Jabłońska Agnieszka, 66<br />
Jabłońska Ewa, 28<br />
Jackowiak Bogdan, 16, 37<br />
Jackowski Grzegorz, 89<br />
Jadwiszczak Katarzyna, 28<br />
Jakubowska-Gabara Janina, 39<br />
Janakowski Sławomir, 98<br />
Jaroszewicz Bogdan, 40, 43, 62<br />
Jarzynka Agata, 82<br />
Jaźwa Małgorzata, 40<br />
Jendrzejczak Ewa, 16<br />
Jenner Bartosz, 16<br />
Jerzmanowski Andrzej, 10<br />
Jędryczka Małgorzata, 17, 73<br />
Jędrzejczyk Iwona, 98<br />
Jędrzejczyk-Korycińska Monika, 32, 40, 41, 50, 104<br />
Jonik Małgorzata, 40<br />
Jóźwiak Zofia, 62<br />
Jurga Stefan, 91<br />
Jurochnik Aleksandra, 83<br />
K<br />
Kaczmarek Joanna, 17<br />
Kaczmarzyk Ewa, 64<br />
Kagało Alexander, 54<br />
Kałucka Izabela, 74<br />
Kamińska Teresa, 111<br />
Kamiński Dariusz, 40<br />
Kapler Adam, 20<br />
Kapusta Paweł, 39, 41, 50, 55, 76<br />
Karasiewicz Mirosław Tomasz, 83<br />
Karliński Leszek, 75<br />
Kasprowicz Marek, 11<br />
Kasprzyk Idalia, 16<br />
Kaszewski Bogusław M., 16<br />
Kellmann Wioleta, 97<br />
Kępczyńska Ewa, 89, 109, 114<br />
Kępczyński Jan, 86, 88, 93<br />
Kieliszewska-Rokicka Barbara, 74, 75, 79<br />
Kikowska Małgorzata, 110<br />
Kirpluk Izabella, 20<br />
Kiszczak Waldemar, 109, 110<br />
Kitowski Ignacy, 36<br />
Kiziewicz Bożena, 75<br />
Klarzyńska Agnieszka, 44<br />
Klimko Małgorzata, 99<br />
Klocek Józef, 110<br />
Kloss Marek, 41<br />
Kluza-Wieloch Magdalena, 41<br />
Kłosowska Karolina, 99<br />
Knox John P., 112<br />
Kochanek-Felusiak Agnieszka, 41<br />
Kocurek Maciej, 88<br />
Kołaczkowska Ewa, 42<br />
Kołton Anna, 88<br />
Kompała-Bąba Agnieszka, 32<br />
Konarska Agata, 99<br />
Konieczny Robert, 110, 112<br />
Kopeć Dominik, 41, 42<br />
Kopras Wioletta, 88<br />
Koprowski Marcin, 28, 29<br />
Kosakowska Halina, 89<br />
Kosiński Igor, 35<br />
Kosmala Arkadiusz, 94<br />
Kossowska Maria, 67<br />
Kostelecka Joanna, 100<br />
Kostrakiewicz Kinga, 42<br />
Köhler Piotr, 64<br />
Kościelniak Robert, 67<br />
Kościńska-Pająk Maria, 100<br />
Kotańska Małgorzata, 42<br />
Kotowski Wiktor, 43<br />
Kowalczuk Sylwia, 43<br />
Kowalczyk Tomasz, 43<br />
Kowalkowska Agnieszka K., 100<br />
Kowalska Anna, 43<br />
Kowalska Urszula, 109, 110<br />
Kozłowska Maria, 50<br />
Kozub Łukasz, 43<br />
Krajewska-Patan Anna, 108<br />
Krämer Ute, 91<br />
Krasicka-Korczyńska Ewa, 44<br />
Krasuska Urszula, 87, 92<br />
Krause Roksana, 44<br />
Krawczyk Józef, 100<br />
Krawczyk Rafał, 44<br />
Kreitschitz Agnieszka, 100<br />
Król Paulina, 89<br />
Krupa Jan, 92<br />
Authors Index<br />
121
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
Krupnik Joanna, 83<br />
Kryszak Anna, 44<br />
Kryszak Jan, 44<br />
Krzeptowska-Moszkowicz Izabela, 64<br />
Krzyczkowski Wojciech, 113<br />
Krzyżanowska Dorota, 109, 110<br />
Kubala Szymon, 91<br />
Kubiak Dariusz., 67<br />
Kubicka Helena, 48, 89, 91<br />
Kucewicz Magdalena, 114<br />
Kucharczyk Izabela, 37<br />
Kucharczyk Marek, 43, 45<br />
Kucharski Leszek, 39, 41, 45, 61<br />
Kujawa Anna, 75<br />
Kukwa Martin, 66<br />
Kulczyk-Skrzeszewska Magdalena, 75<br />
Kupidłowska Ewa, 96, 101<br />
Kupryjanowicz Mirosława, 82<br />
Kuraś Mieczysław, 113<br />
Kurek Wojciech, 96<br />
Kuta Elżbieta, 104, 112, 113<br />
Kutyła Anna, 91<br />
Kutyna Ignacy, 48<br />
Kwiatkowski Paweł, 45<br />
L<br />
Lahuta Lesław, 86<br />
Latałowa Małgorzata, 16<br />
Lazarus Magdalena, 45<br />
Leja Iwona, 98<br />
Lembicz Marlena, 33, 74<br />
Leski Tomasz, 75, 78<br />
Leśniański Grzegorz, 68<br />
Leśniewska Joanna, 105<br />
Leuchtmann Adrian, 74<br />
Lewandowska Amelia, 45<br />
Lipowczan Marcin, 101<br />
Lissowski Andrzej, 101<br />
Loster Stefania, 37<br />
Luciński Robert, 89<br />
Lutzoni François, 68<br />
Ł<br />
Ładczuk Dorota, 76<br />
Łaska Grażyna, 46<br />
Ławrynowicz Maria, 76<br />
Łazowy-Szczepanowska Iwona, 116<br />
Łubek Anna, 68<br />
Łukaszuk Edyta, 90<br />
Łysko Andrzej, 53<br />
M<br />
Maciejczak Bożenna, 53<br />
Maciejewska-Rutkowska Irmina, 41<br />
Maciejewski Zbigniew, 46<br />
Maj Anna, 97<br />
Majchrzak Barbara, 46<br />
Majda Mateusz, 101<br />
Majkowska-Wojciechowska Barbara, 16<br />
Makowczyńska Joanna, 108, 110<br />
Makowski Damian, 116<br />
Malara Joanna, 47<br />
Malec Przemysław, 104<br />
Malewski Krzysztof, 47<br />
Malinowska Eliza, 113<br />
Maliszewska Magdalena, 47<br />
Małolepsza Urszula, 90<br />
Marciszewska Katarzyna, 61, 104<br />
Marcysiak Katarzyna, 45, 47<br />
Masierowska Marzena, 20<br />
Maśka Magdalena, 60<br />
122<br />
Matusiewicz Marta, 48<br />
Matwiejuk Anna, 68<br />
Mazalska Bożenna, 75<br />
Mazur Małgorzata, 45<br />
Mazur Radosław, 97<br />
Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz Kinga, 72, 76<br />
Medwecka-Kornaś Anna, 48<br />
Menzel Diedrik, 110<br />
Miądlikowska Jolanta, 68<br />
Michalec Katarzyna, 97<br />
Michalska Aneta, 101<br />
Michalska Magdalena, 111<br />
Michalska-Hejduk Dorota, 42<br />
Mielcarek Sebastian, 108<br />
Mikuła Anna, 111, 116<br />
Milewska Marta, 94<br />
Mioduszewska Halina, 110<br />
Mirzwa-Mróz Ewa, 76<br />
Misztal Lucyna, 89<br />
Mitka Józef, 104, 113<br />
Mleczko Piotr, 76<br />
Młynkowiak Elżbieta, 48<br />
Monder Marta Joanna, 20<br />
Morozowska Maria, 41, 102<br />
Mostowska Agnieszka, 97<br />
Moszkowicz Łukasz, 48<br />
Mułenko Wiesław, 77<br />
Musiał Krystyna, 100, 102<br />
Muszyńska Bożena, 77, 79<br />
Muszyńska Elżbieta, 75<br />
Muszyńska Ewa, 99<br />
Müller Jens, 110<br />
Myszkowska Dorota, 16<br />
Myśkow Elżbieta, 102<br />
Myśliwy Monika, 49<br />
N<br />
Nakielski Jerzy, 11, 101<br />
Nalepka Dorota, 83, 84<br />
Niemczyk Maciej, 20<br />
Niklińska Maria, 55<br />
Nobis Agnieszka, 40, 49, 58<br />
Nobis Marcin, 40, 43, 49, 58<br />
Noryśkiewicz Agnieszka M., 83<br />
Noryśkiewicz Bożena, 83, 84<br />
Nowaczyk Grzegorz, 91<br />
Nowak Arkadiusz, 43, 49<br />
Nowak Małgorzata, 16<br />
Nowak Sylwia, 49<br />
Nowak Teresa, 32, 40, 41, 50<br />
Nowakowska Kaja, 101<br />
Nowińska Renata, 50<br />
Nuc Katarzyna, 86, 90<br />
O<br />
Obert Bohuš, 110<br />
Obidziński Artur, 25, 47, 50<br />
Obremska Milena, 84<br />
Olech Maria A., 50<br />
Oleksyn Jacek, 11<br />
Olszanowski Ziemowit, 74<br />
Orczewska Anna, 50, 51<br />
Orłowski Grzegorz, 36<br />
Orzechowska Maja, 111<br />
Osadowski Zbigniew, 51, 84<br />
Oset Magdalena, 66<br />
Osińska Justyna, 111<br />
Ostrowski Marek, 38<br />
Otręba Anna, 51<br />
Otulak Katarzyna, 97
P<br />
Palusiński Antoni, 10<br />
Pastorczyk Marta, 97<br />
Paszek Iwona, 51<br />
Paul Wojciech, 51<br />
Pauwels Maxime, 59<br />
Pawicka Katarzyna, 52<br />
Pawlaczyk Ewa M., 28<br />
Pawlikowski Paweł, 52<br />
Pawłowski Dominik, 84<br />
Pawłowski Tomasz, 98<br />
Piątczak Ewelina, 111<br />
Piątek Marcin, 77<br />
Pidek Irena A., 84<br />
Piekarska-Stachowiak Anna, 101<br />
Pielesz Agnieszka, 32<br />
Pierścińska Agnieszka, 52<br />
Piersiak Tomasz, 104<br />
Pietras Marcin, 77<br />
Pietrowska Edyta, 90<br />
Pietrowska-Borek Małgorzata, 90<br />
Pietrzak Joanna, 29<br />
Pilarska Maria, 112<br />
Pilarski Jan, 88<br />
Pindel Anna, 100, 112<br />
Piotrowicz-Cieślak Agnieszka, 86<br />
Piotrowska Krystyna, 16, 17<br />
Piórkowski Hubert, 43<br />
Pirożnikow Ewa, 40, 62<br />
Pitra Magdalena, 42<br />
Piwowarczyk Barbara, 112<br />
Piwowarczyk Renata, 52<br />
Piwowarski Bartosz, 53<br />
Płachno Bartosz J., 102<br />
Plášek Vitezslav, 24<br />
Podgórska Monika, 53<br />
Podlaski Sławomir, 87, 88<br />
Podsiedlik Marek, 117<br />
Podwyszyńska Małgorzata, 112<br />
Popiela Agnieszka, 53<br />
Prączko Ilona, 10<br />
Prymakowska-Bosak Marta, 10<br />
Przedpełska-Wąsowicz Ewa, 90<br />
Pstrągowska Małgorzata, 61, 102<br />
Puc Małgorzata, 16<br />
Puchalski Jerzy, 20<br />
Punda Anna, 116<br />
Pyza Agnieszka, 89, 91<br />
R<br />
Rafińska Katarzyna, 103<br />
Raniszewska Małgorzata, 59<br />
Rapiejko Piotr, 16<br />
Ratajczak Lech, 91<br />
Ratyńska Halina, 59<br />
Rauchfleisz Marta, 83<br />
Reich Peter B., 11<br />
Rodriguez Pamela, 66<br />
Rolicka Anna, 10<br />
Romańczyk Michał, 60<br />
Romanowska Elżbieta, 91, 93<br />
Ronikier Anna, 77<br />
Ronikier Michał, 53<br />
Rosadziński Stanisław, 24<br />
Rostański Adam, 59, 104<br />
Rożek Stanisław, 88<br />
Rożkowski Roman, 98<br />
Róg Michał, 94<br />
Różańska Elżbieta, 103<br />
Rucińska-Sobkowiak Renata, 91<br />
Rudawska Maria, 75, 77, 78<br />
Rudzka Justyna, 91<br />
Ruminowicz Marta, 94<br />
Rusińska Anna, 24<br />
Ruszkiewicz-Michalska Małgorzata, 77<br />
Ruszkowski Tomasz, 103<br />
Rut Grzegorz, 92<br />
Rutkowski Lucjan, 54<br />
Rybczyński Jan J., 12, 87, 109, 111, 113, 116<br />
Rybicka Natalia, 28<br />
Rycharski Marek, 43<br />
Rzepka Andrzej, 92<br />
S<br />
Sagehorn Ruth, 54<br />
Salamaga Agnieszka, 78<br />
Šamaj Jozef, 110<br />
Samardakiewicz Sławomir, 89<br />
Saniewski Marian, 88<br />
Sarnowska Elżbieta, 10<br />
Sarnowski Tomasz, 10<br />
Saumitou-Laprade Pierre, 59<br />
Sawicki Jakub, 24, 34, 56<br />
Sawilska Anna K., 103<br />
Schönswetter Peter, 53<br />
Seaward Mark R.D., 68<br />
Senczyna Bogdana, 54<br />
Shevera Myroslav, 34<br />
Sienkiewicz Aneta, 46<br />
Silicki Artur, 76<br />
Siwińska Dorota, 111<br />
Skała Ewa, 112<br />
Skowrońska Katarzyna, 98<br />
Skrajna Teresa, 48<br />
Skrzypczak-Pietraszek Ewa, 112<br />
Słomka Aneta, 104<br />
Smulders Marinus J.M., 75<br />
Smutek Iwona, 78<br />
Snopek Adam, 54<br />
Sobczak Mirosław, 103<br />
Sobisz Zbigniew, 58<br />
Sokół Sławomir, 78<br />
Sokołowska Monika, 112<br />
Solecka Danuta, 92<br />
Sołtys Dorota, 92<br />
Sołtys-Lelek Anna, 54<br />
Sondej Izabela, 40, 55<br />
Sowiński Paweł, 92<br />
Spalik Krzysztof, 12<br />
Stachowicz-Rybka Renata, 83<br />
Stachurska-Swakoń Alina, 55, 57<br />
Stanisławska Marzena, 108<br />
Starck Zofia, 12<br />
Stawiarz Ernest, 21<br />
Stefaniak Agnieszka, 21<br />
Stefaniak Mateusz, 78<br />
Stefanowicz Anna M., 55<br />
Stępalska Danuta, 16<br />
Stępień Edyta, 55<br />
Stępień Katarzyna, 111<br />
Stępowska Anna, 97<br />
Stocker-Wörgötter Elfriede, 67<br />
Stosik Tomasz, 16<br />
Strychalska Agnieszka, 44<br />
Stuchlik Leon, 84<br />
Suder Donata, 56<br />
Sudnik-Wójcikowska Barbara, 38, 56<br />
Sugier Piotr, 36<br />
Sujkowska-Rybkowska Marzena, 104<br />
Sulborska Aneta, 17<br />
Sulwiński Marcin, 104<br />
Sułkowska-Ziaja Katarzyna, 77, 79<br />
Sutkowska Agnieszka, 100, 104<br />
Authors Index<br />
123
55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010<br />
Sypniewska Aneta, 89<br />
Szafrański Kamil, 92<br />
Szakiel Anna, 93<br />
Szarek-Łukaszewska Grażyna, 39, 41, 55, 56<br />
Szczecińska Monika, 24, 34, 56<br />
Szczepaniak Magdalena, 57, 104<br />
Szczepkowski Andrzej, 79<br />
Szczęśniak Ewa, 116<br />
Szczuka Ewa, 96, 97, 104<br />
Szewczyk Agnieszka, 113<br />
Szewczyk Monika, 43, 57<br />
Szkudlarz Piotr, 34, 37<br />
Szlachetko Dariusz L., 100<br />
Sznigir Paweł, 93<br />
Szworst-Łupina Dagmara, 98<br />
Szymańska Agata, 16<br />
Ś<br />
Ślązak Błażej, 113<br />
Śliwa Lucyna, 66, 68<br />
Śliwińska Elwira, 98<br />
Ślusarczyk Dominika, 79<br />
Ślusarczyk Joanna, 113<br />
Śnieżko Renata, 96<br />
Świątek Piotr, 102<br />
Świercz Anna, 29<br />
T<br />
Tchórzewska Dorota, 105<br />
Thiem Barbara, 110<br />
Tomiczak Karolina, 113<br />
Towpasz Krystyna, 56, 57<br />
Traut-Seliga Anna, 57<br />
Trejgell Alina, 111<br />
Tretyak Platon, 57<br />
Tretyn Andrzej, 87, 111<br />
Trojecka-Brzezińska Anna, 58<br />
Truchan Mariola, 58, 99<br />
Trzcianowska Marta, 47<br />
Tucharz Marta, 58<br />
Tuleja Monika, 110<br />
Tulik Mirela, 104<br />
Turczyn Magdalena, 105<br />
Tyburska Jolanta, 79<br />
Tyburski Jarosław, 87<br />
Tyc Anna, 58<br />
Tyszkiewicz Zofia, 79<br />
U<br />
Uruska Agnieszka, 16, 17<br />
W<br />
Wachowiak Ewa, 45<br />
Waldon Barbara, 59<br />
Waluś Barbara, 105<br />
Wałejko Agnieszka, 48<br />
Wasilewska Wioletta, 93<br />
Wawrzyniak Zuzanna, 84<br />
Wąsowicz Ewelina, 90<br />
Wąsowicz Paweł, 59<br />
Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta, 16, 17<br />
Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak Elżbieta, 93<br />
Wierzbicka Małgorzata, 56, 69, 90<br />
124<br />
Więcław Helena, 59<br />
Wika Stanisław, 44<br />
Wilczek Zbigniew, 60<br />
Wilhelm Marcin, 25<br />
Wilk Karina, 69<br />
Wiłkomirski Bogusław, 56<br />
Winiarczyk Krystyna, 105<br />
Wiszniewska Alina, 109, 112<br />
Wiśniewska Anita, 92<br />
Witosławski Piotr, 33<br />
Woch Marcin W., 60<br />
Wojas Sylwia, 86<br />
Wojda Tomasz, 29<br />
Wojnar Ryszard, 105<br />
Wojtyla Łukasz, 94<br />
Wolska-Sobczak Aneta, 89<br />
Wolski Grzegorz J., 21, 25<br />
Wołkowycki Dan, 60<br />
Wołkowycki Marek, 60<br />
Wołoszuk Mykoła, 34<br />
Woziwoda Beata, 60, 117<br />
Woźniak Gabriela, 32<br />
Woźniak Wanda, 80<br />
Woźnicka Agata, 102<br />
Wójciak Hanna, 69<br />
Wróblewska Anna, 21<br />
Wróblewski Wojciech, 91<br />
Wszałek-Rożek Katarzyna, 45<br />
Wysokińska Halina, 111, 112<br />
Wysota Wojciech, 83<br />
Z<br />
Zagórska-Marek Beata, 13, 101, 105<br />
Zając Adam, 61<br />
Zając Izabela, 39, 61<br />
Zając Maria, 61<br />
Zakrzewski Jacek, 61, 102<br />
Zalewska-Gałosz Joanna, 61<br />
Zalewski Marcin, 35<br />
Załuska Agata, 110<br />
Załuski Tomasz, 51, 62, 116<br />
Zaniewski Piotr, 69<br />
Zarzyka Barbara, 96<br />
Zduńczyk Anna, 80<br />
Zenkteler Elżbieta, 117<br />
Zglinicki Bartosz, 97<br />
Ziaja Jadwiga, 83, 84<br />
Zielińska Alicja, 62<br />
Zielińska Katarzyna, 39, 62<br />
Zielińska Sylwia, 109, 114<br />
Zielski Andrzej, 29<br />
Zienkiewicz Maksymilian, 91<br />
Zin Ewa, 25<br />
Zubel Robert, 25<br />
Ź<br />
Źróbek-Sokolnik Anna, 114<br />
Ż<br />
Żebrowska Ewa, 94<br />
Żukowski Waldemar, 33<br />
Żurek Sławomir, 84<br />
Żywiec Magdalena, 32, 62