(Juglans cinerea) Annotated Bibliography - Northern Research ...

United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Forest 

Service 

North Central 

Research Station 

General Technical 

Report NC-235 

Butternut (Juglans 

cinerea) Annotated 

Bibliography 

M.E. Ostry, M.J. Moore, and S.A.N. Worrall

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Published by: 

North Central Research Station 

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1992 Folwell Avenue 

St. Paul, MN 55108 

2003 

Web site: www.ncrs.fs.fed.us

Butternut (Juglans cinerea) 

Annotated Bibliography 

Butternut (Juglans cinerea) has a native range 

from eastern Canada west to Minnesota and 

south to Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, and 

Mississippi and frequently has been planted 

outside of this range. Also known as white 

walnut, lemonnut, or oilnut, butternut is valued 

for its wood, flavorful nuts, wildlife mast, and 

contribution to forest diversity. 

Early utilization of butternut included the 

medicinal use of bark, roots, and husks; 

production of syrup, dyes, and oil; as well as the 

use of its toxic bark to stun fish in small 

streams. However, butternut’s widely scattered 

growth habit within forest stands, its relatively 

soft wood, small to medium kernel, and hard 

shell have prevented it from becoming a 

commercially important timber or nut species. 

Butternut canker, first reported in 1967, is 

killing butternut throughout its range in North 

America and is threatening its survival as a 

Number of Publications 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

1890- 

1899 

1900- 

1909 

1910- 

1919 

1920- 

1929 

Figure 1.—Number of publications on Juglans cinerea from 1890 to 2002. 

viable species. As a result, State and Federal 

management guidelines have been enacted, and 

research and conservation practices to restore 

butternut are underway in Canada and the 

United States. 

This bibliography is intended as a reference for 

researchers, land managers, and butternut 

enthusiasts. The literature on butternut has 

dramatically increased since butternut canker 

was first observed in the late 1960s (fig. 1). The 

search of major computerized literature databases 

and other sources of literature was 

completed in December 2002. Our objective 

was to include the major papers and reports on 

butternut that have been published and not to 

include all the popular articles and disease 

detection reports that have been published in 

various outlets. Literature citations are arranged 

alphabetically by author, and a subject index is 

included. 

1930- 

1939 

1940- 

1949 

1950- 

1959 

Year Published 

1960- 

1969 

1970- 

1979 

1980- 

1989 

1990- 

1999 

About The Authors: 

M. E. Ostry is a Research Plant 

Pathologist, M. J. Moore is a 

Biological Technician, and S.A.N. 

Worrall is formerly a Biological 

Science Aid, USDA Forest Service, 

North Central Research Station, St. 

Paul, MN; Phone: (651) 649-5113. 

2000- 

2002*

1. Anderson, Robert L. 1988. The 

butternut...outlook grim. American Forests. 

94(9,10): 49. 

Describes the impact of butternut canker. 

2. Anderson, Robert L. 1996. Butternut canker. 

In: Proceedings, Southern Appalachian biological 

control initiative workshop; 1996 September 

26-27; Asheville, NC. South East Regional 

Association of Medical and Biological Organizations 

(SERAMBO): 4 p. [Available online: http:// 

www.main.nc.us/SERAMBO/BControl/ 

butternut.html]. 

Describes the butternut canker disease, its impact, 

and the potential of finding and propagating resistant 

trees for restoration. 

3. Anderson, Robert L.; LaMadeleine, Leon A. 

1978. The distribution of butternut decline in 

the eastern United States. For. Insect and Dis. 

Manage. Surv. Rep. S-3-78. Broomall, PA: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry. 

5 p. 

Results of a region-wide survey done in 1978. 

Affected trees were found in 14 of 16 States surveyed, 

and Sirococcus was isolated from samples from 8 

States. 

4. Ashworth, Fred L. 1965. Is the butternut our 

most promising undeveloped nut? Annual 

Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 

56: 114-116. 

Mentions a “dead limb disease” to which butternuts 

are susceptible. Also details the discovery of the 

“Chamberlin” butternut, and describes its good cracking 

quality and hardiness. 

5. Ashworth, Fred L. 1969. Butternuts, siebold 

(Japanese) walnuts, and their hybrids. In: 

Jaynes, Richard A., ed. Handbook of North 

American nut trees. Knoxville, TN: The Northern 

Nut Growers Association: 224-231. 

Describes butternuts, Japanese walnuts, and their 

hybrids. Includes the characteristics of named varieties, 

grafting methods used, and describes the Melanconis 

disease. 

2 

6. Balser, Dan. 1995. Butternut...a threatened 

species. The Ohio Woodland Journal. 2(2): 6-7. 

Lists insect pests and diseases that affect butternut, 

focusing on butternut canker. Symptoms, present status, 

and management guidelines are reviewed. 

7. Beardmore, Tannis. 1998. An ex situ conservation 

strategy for butternut. In: Carter, N.E., 

comp. Proceedings, Northeastern Forest Pest 

Council annual meeting; 1998 March 9-11; 

Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. 

Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada: Department 

of Natural Resources and Energy: 40. 

[Abstract]. 

Ultra-low, -196˚ C cryopreservation of butternut 

embryonic axes was explored. Despite significant tree-totree 

variation, it may be a viable method of ex situ 

conservation. 

8. Beardmore, Tannis; Vong, Wendy. 1998. Role 

of the cotyledonary tissue in improving low and 

ultralow temperature tolerance of butternut 

(Juglans cinerea) embryonic axes. Canadian 

Journal of Forest Research. 28: 903-910. 

Butternuts typically lose viability when stored for 

long periods of time. This study explored possibilities of 

low temperature storage of excised embryos. Germination 

generally decreased with exposure to lower temperatures. 

Embryos with some cotyledonary tissue attached 

and slowly desiccated to 4.8% water or less had the best 

chance of surviving ultra-low (-196˚ C) temperatures. 

9. Belisario, A.; Zoina, A.; Pezza, L.; Luongo, L. 

1999. Susceptibility of species of Juglans to 

pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris. European 

Journal of Forest Pathology. 29: 75-80. 

Bacterial blight is a serious disease affecting the 

genus Juglans. Among the species tested, J. regia was the 

most susceptible, and J. cinerea was among the most 

resistant.

10. Bergdahl, D.R.; Halik, S. 1997. The butternut 

canker fungus recovered from insects collected 

on Juglans cinerea. In: Laflamme, G.; Bérubé, 

J.A.; Hamelin, R.C., eds. Foliage, shoot and 

stem diseases of trees: Proceedings of the 

IUFRO WP 7.02.02 meeting; 1997 May 25-31; 

Québec City, Québec, Canada. Inf. Rep. LAU-X- 

122. Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada: Natural 

Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, 

Laurentian Forestry Centre: 133-137. 

Insects were collected from butternut trees in 

Vermont and tested for the presence of Sirococcus 

clavigignenti-juglandacearum spores. Three beetle 

species were found to carry spores on their bodies, 

mostly from freshly cut logs or branches. 

11. Bergdahl, D.R.; Landis, J.N.; Bergdahl, A.D.; 

Teillon, H.B. 1996. Status of butternut canker 

in northwestern Vermont. Supplement to 

Phytopathology. 86(11): S119. [Abstract]. 

During 1993-94, butternuts were evaluated for the 

incidence of butternut canker at 18 sites. Out of 1,317 

trees, 94% were infected. 

12. Beuchat, L.R. 1978. Relationship of water 

activity to moisture content in tree nuts. Journal 

of Food Science. 43: 754-755, 758. 

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects 

of moisture and oil content on the water activity (a w , a 

measure based on equilibration with a given humidity) 

of several nut meats, including butternuts. Butternut had 

a middle range of a w . 

13. Bish, Cyril. 1990. N.N.G.A. nut evaluation: 

1989 nut crop. Annual Report of the Northern 

Nut Growers Association. 81: 47-55. 

Evaluates the 1989 nut crop by the Nebraska scoring 

system. Includes an evaluation of a number of butternut 

selections. 

14. Bixby, Willard G. 1919. The butternut and the 

Japan walnut. American Nut Journal. 10(6): 76- 

83. 

Describes attempts to distinguish between heartnuts, 

butternuts, Japan walnuts, and their hybrids. Heartnuts 

often produce butternut-like progeny because of frequent 

hybridization with native butternuts. 

15. Black, W.M.; Neely, Dan. 1978. Relative 

resistance of Juglans species and hybrids to 

walnut anthracnose. Plant Disease Reporter. 

62(6): 497-499. 

Various nut trees, mostly Juglans species and 

hybrids, were inoculated with spores of Gnomia 

leptostyla. Butternut was more resistant than black 

walnut, but more susceptible than butternut/ 

Japanese hybrids. 

16. Bonner, Franklin T. [In press]. Juglans L., 

walnut. In: Bonner, Franklin T., tech. coord. 

Woody plant seed manual. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 

[Avaiolable online: http://www.wpsm.net]. 

Describes seed collection treatment and germination 

of the most common Juglans species. It includes common 

nursery practices and a number of tables including 

phenology, seed yield, stratification procedures, and 

germination rates. 

17. Brinkman, Kenneth A. 1974. Juglans L. 

(Walnut). In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech. coord. 

Seeds of woody plants in the United States. 

Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 454- 

459. 

A manual on the collection, treatment, and planting 

of walnut and butternut seeds. Butternut requires 90- 

120 days of cold stratification before germinating. 

18. Brooks, Fred E. 1922. Curculios that attack 

the young fruits and shoots of walnut and 

hickory. Bull. No. 1066. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture. 16 p. 

A description of the life cycle and damage caused by 

four different species of curculios. The butternut curculio 

feeds mainly on butternut and Japanese walnut. The 

walnut curculio may occasionally feed on butternut. The 

other two feed on hickory. Suggested control measures 

are mentioned. 

19. Brooks, Reid M.; Olmo, H.P. 1984. Register of 

new fruit and nut varieties list 34. HortScience. 

19(3): 359-363. 

Lists “Stark Bountiful” butternut as a patented 

variety and includes a brief description. 

3

20. Brown, Jean-Louis. 1975. Extension de l’aire 

de distribution de Juglans cinerea L. au Quebec: 

Extension of the area of distribution of Juglans 

cinerea L. in Québec. Le Naturaliste Canadien. 

102: 371-372. 

Article in French. Describes an area containing 

butternut trees, near La Tuque, Quebec, that is about 20 

km farther north than the previously known northern 

limit of its range. 

21. Burbank, Luther. 1915. On nut growing. In: 

Whitson, John; John, Robert; Smith Williams, 

Henry, eds. Luther Burbank - his methods and 

discoveries and their practical application. New 

York, NY: Luther Burbank Press: 11: 30-33. 

Describes walnut production but mentions that many 

people would put butternuts at the head of the list for 

best taste. 

22. Burgart, Harry P. 1942. Butternut propagation 

and other notes. Annual Report of the Northern 


Describes early grafting attempts with the “Craxezy” 

butternut. 

23. Burgart, Harry P. 1944. Origin of the Craxezy 

butternut. Annual Report of the Northern Nut 

Growers Association. 35: 59-60. 

Describes the discovery of the “Craxezy” butternut. 

24. Busov, Victor B.; Rink, George; Schlarbaum, 

Scott E.; Zuo, Jinghua. 1996. Allozyme 

variation within and among several Juglans L. 

species and their hybrids. In: Van Sambeek, 

J.W., ed. Knowledge for the future of black 

walnut: Proceedings of the 5th black walnut 

symposium; 1996 July 28-31; Springfield, MO. 

Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-191. St. Paul, MN: U.S. 


North Central Forest Experiment Station: 69. 

[Abstract]. 

Allozyme data for 10 loci were compared for 

discriminating between butternut, heartnut, and black 

walnut. Several enzyme systems were promising for 

discrimination between species and butternut/heartnut 

hybrids. Outcrossing rates and heterozygosity were also 

calculated. 

4 

25. Campbell, Faith Thompson. 1994. Killer pigs, 

vines, and fungi: alien species threaten native 

ecosystems. Endangered Species Technical 

Bulletin. 19(5): 3-5. 

Describes the butternut canker fungus as one of 

many exotic plants, insects, pathogens, and animals that 

threaten American ecosystems. 

26. Campbell, Faith Thompson. 1996. The 

invasion of the exotics. Endangered Species 

Bulletin. 21(2): 12-13. 

Describes the butternut canker fungus as one of 

many exotics (including plants, insects, pathogens, and 

animals) that threaten American ecosystems. 

27. Campbell, Faith Thompson; Schlarbaum, 

Scott E. 1994. Fading forests - North American 

trees and the threat of exotic pests. New York, 

NY: Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. 

47 p. 

Reviews a number of exotic pest and disease 

problems, including butternut canker. Also mentions 

possible future threats and gives suggestions for a 

comprehensive prevention and management program. 

28. Campbell, Faith Thompson; Schlarbaum, 

Scott E. 2002. Fading forests II - trading away 

America’s natural heritage (available only on 

CD). Healing Stones Foundation in cooperation 

with American Lands Alliance and the University 

of Tennessee, Knoxville. 

Discusses the problem of invasive exotic organisms, 

the common pathways of introduction, and issues related 

to the prevention of introduction. Reviews trade regulations, 

implementation, and needed changes. Butternut 

canker is described as an example of an exotic disease 

organism.

29. Campbell, Julian J.N. 1989. Historical evidence 

of forest composition in the Bluegrass 

Region of Kentucky. In: Rink, G.; Budelsky, 

C.A., eds. Proceedings of the 7th central hardwood 

forest conference; 1989 March 5-8; 

Carbondale, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-132. St. 

Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment 

Station: 231-246. 

A review from historical records of the forest 

composition of the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. Many 

records did not distinguish between black walnut and 

butternut, but those that did distinguish between the two 

mentioned butternut (white walnut) as frequently as 

black walnut. 

30. Chandler, R. Frank; Freeman, Lois; Hooper, 

Shirley N. 1979. Herbal remedies of the 

maritime Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 

1: 49-68. 

Describes some of the herbal remedies used in the 

past by the maritime Indians of eastern Canada. 

Mentions that butternut bark was used as a reliable 

purgative (laxative). 

31. Clark, F. Bryan. 1958. Silvical characteristics of 

butternut. Misc. Rel. 28. Columbus, OH: U.S. 


Central States Forest Experiment Station. 9 p. 

Describes the site preferences, associated species, 

growth characteristics, and pest and disease problems of 

butternut. 

32. Clark, F. Bryan. 1965. Butternut (Juglans 

cinerea L.). In: Fowells, H.A., comp. Silvics of 

forest trees of the United States. Washington, 

DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service: 208-210. 

Describes the site preferences, associated species, 

growth characteristics, and pest and disease problems of 

butternut. A detailed map of its range is included. 

33. Cogliastro, Alain; Gagnon, Daniel; Bouchard, 

André. 1993. Effet des sites et des traitements 

sylvicoles sur la croissance, l’allocation en 

biomasse et l’utilisation de l’azote de semis de 

quatre espèces feuillues en plantations dans le 

sud-ouest du Quebec: Effect of site and silvicultural 

treatment on growth, biomass allocation, 

and nitrogen utilization of seedlings of four 

broadleaf species in plantations in southwest 

Québec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 

23: 199-209. 

Article in French with an English abstract. Butternut 

was among four species planted to identify conditions 

leading to the successful establishment of plantations. 

Biomass allocation and nitrogen nutrition were analyzed. 

Weed control with glyphosate increased growth. 

Mortality was highest where water availability was 

lowest. 

34. Cogliastro, Alain; Gagnon, Daniel; Bouchard, 

André. 1997. Experimental determination of 

soil characteristics optimal for the growth of ten 

hardwoods planted on abandoned farmland. 

Forest Ecology and Management. 96: 49-63. 

The growth and survival of 10 different hardwoods 

including butternut were recorded over a range of soil 

and geological conditions. Butternut grew slowly but 

adapted to a wide range of soil types. 

35. Corneil, Jeffrey A.; Wilson, Louis F. 1979. 

Life history of the butternut curculio, 

Conotrachelus juglandis (Coleoptera: 

Curculionidae), in Michigan. The Great Lakes 

Entomologist. 14(1): 13-15. 

The life cycle of the butternut curculio was studied in 

Michigan. It has one generation per year. The major 

injury is caused by larval tunneling in the pith and 

girdling at the base of new shoots. Spring feeding by 

adults injures young shoots. 

36. Crane, H.L.; Reed, C.A.; Wood, M.N. 1937. 

Nut breeding. In: Yearbook of agriculture. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture: 

827-899. 

Describes histories of breeding most nut bearing trees 

in the U.S., including butternut. Includes information on 

how to perform controlled pollinations. 

5

37. Crawford, Martin. 2000. The butternut and 

the buartnut. Yearbook - West Australian Nut 

and Tree Crops Association. 24: 54-62. 

Describes the characteristics, uses, cultivation, insect 

pests, and diseases of butternut and its hybrids. Lists 

known cultivars of butternut and buartnut. 

38. Cummings Carlson, Jane. 1993. Butternut: 

are there any healthy trees left? Wisconsin 

Christmas Tree Producers Association Quarterly 

Journal. 8(2): 28-31. Also printed in: Woodland 

Management. 14(2): 11-12. 

Describes the impact of butternut canker in Wisconsin. 

The disease had spread throughout nearly the entire 

range of butternut with high percentages of trees 

infected. 

39. Cummings Carlson, Jane. 1997. Silviculture 

of butternut: relationship between size of 

canopy opening, disease development and host 

survival. In: Forest health conditions in Wisconsin 

annual report 1997. Madison, WI: 

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 

Forest Health Protection Unit: 59-63. 

Butternut seedlings were planted in two different 

habitat types in five different canopy openings to test for 

optimal conditions to promote growth and reduce disease 

severity. Interim results showed greater diameter and 

height growth in the better habitat type. 

40. Cummings Carlson, Jane; Guthmiller, Mark. 

1993. Incidence and severity of butternut 

canker in Wisconsin in 1976 and 1992. Phytopathology. 

83(12): 1352. [Abstract A188]. 

Reports on the percentages of trees surveyed that 

were infected in 1976 and 1992. In 1992, 92% of 

surveyed trees were infected and 27% were dead. 

41. Cummings Carlson, Jane; Kopitzke, David. 

1997. Wisconsin’s increasingly rare butternuts. 

Woodland Management. 18(3): 9-14. 

Describes butternut tree characteristics and butternut 

canker. Includes suggestions to landowners on how to 

identify diseased trees, encourage butternut regeneration, 

decide when to harvest, and report the presence of 

potentially resistant trees. 

6 

42. Davidson, J.; Reed, C.A. 1954. Other species 

of walnut. In: Improved nut trees of North 

America. New York, NY: Devin-Adair: 95-104. 

Describes the history, utilization, and varieties of 

butternuts, other Juglans species, and hybrids. 

43. Davidson, John. 1943. The status of nut 

growing in 1943. Annual Report of the Northern 


Results of a survey sent to nut growers in the U.S. 

and Canada covering many topics involved in nut 

growing. A number of topical sections mention butternut 

including soil, diseases, nut bearing, and named 

varieties. 

44. Davie, Bill; Davie, Lois. 1977. Budding 

persians, black walnuts, heartnuts, and butternuts 

on black walnut rootstocks. Annual Report 

of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 68: 

108-110. 

Describes a technique using greenwood field grafting 

with several species of nut trees, including butternuts. 

Authors often achieved 90% success. 

45. Davie, Bill; Davie, Lois. 1980. Greenwood tip 

grafting for nut tree propagation. Annual Report 

of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 71: 

63-65. 

Describes a technique using greenwood field grafting 

with several species of nut trees, including butternuts, 

and compares results with budding. 

46. Davis, C.N.; Myren, D.T.; Czerwinski, E.J. 

1992. First report of butternut canker in 

Ontario. Plant Disease. 76(9): 972. 

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum was 

confirmed on butternut trees in southern Ontario. 

47. Davis, Corwin. 1966. The butternut. Annual 


57: 101-102. 

Describes butternut tree and nut characteristics. 

Author offers suggestions for hulling and cracking the 

nuts, and mentions observations on grafting.

48. Davis, Donald D. 1996. Where have all the 

butternut trees gone? Pennsylvania Forests. 

87(1): 15-17. 

Describes butternut characteristics, disease symptoms, 

and biology, and efforts to combat the problem 

through management and the discovery of resistant trees. 

49. Delcourt, Hazel R. 1979. Late quaternary 

vegetation history of the eastern Highland Rim 

and adjacent Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. 

Ecological Monographs. 49(3): 255-280. 

Sediment cores were taken from two pond sites and 

analyzed for pollen and plant fossils. Butternut was 

among the first taxa to replace the boreal conifer forest 

after late-glacial climatic amelioration. 

50. Doyon, Frédérik; Bouchard, André; Gagnon, 

Daniel. 1998. Tree productivity and successional 

status in Québec northern hardwoods. 

Ecoscience. 5(2): 222-231. 

The study calculated age, production, and biomass of 

12 northern hardwoods, including butternut, along a 

stand age gradient in southwest Québec. Data from 

butternut clearly grouped it with early successional 

species. 

51. Federspiel, M.C.; Nair, V.M.G. 1982. Infection 

processes and host-parasite interactions in 

butternut canker caused by Sirococcus 

clavigignenti-juglandacearum. Bulletin of the 

Botanical Club of Wisconsin. 14(3): 33-34. 

Young butternut seedlings were infected when 

wounded, sprayed with a spore suspension, and enclosed 

in 95-100% humidity. At 50-75% humidity infection did 

not result. Infected tissue was microscopically examined, 

revealing hyphae penetrating through leaf scars. 

52. Fjellstrom, R.G.; Parfitt, D.E. 1994. Walnut 

(Juglans spp.) genetic diversity determined by 

restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Genome. 

37: 690-700. 

The genetic diversity of 13 Juglans species was 

characterized using nuclear RFLPs (DNA restriction 

fragments). Results suggested that butternut be included 

with section Cardiocaryon (oriental walnuts). Named 

varieties and the general population of butternut showed 

low variability, although a North Carolina population of 

butternut showed substantial variation. 

53. Fjellstrom, R.G.; Parfitt, D.E. 1995. Phylogenetic 

analysis and evolution of the genus Juglans 

(Juglandaceae) as determined from nuclear 

genome RFLPs. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 

197: 19-32. 

Phylogenic relationships between Juglans species 

were studied using RFLPs. Allele frequency data and 

fragment data were used to create distance matrices and 

perform parsimony analysis. Results suggested that 

butternut should be grouped with the oriental walnuts. 

54. Fleguel, V. Rosemary. 1996. A literature 

review of butternut and the butternut canker. 

Inf. Rep. 20. Kemptville, Ontario, Canada: 

Eastern Ontario Model Forest. 32 p. 

Describes butternut characteristics, seed propagation, 

grafting, butternut canker, and management 

guidelines. Includes information gathered from personal 

communication with individuals researching butternut 

canker. 

55. Fleming, R.A. 1970. Nut culture in Ontario. 

Publ. 494. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Ontario 

Department of Agriculture and Food. 10 p. 

Lists butternut among several nut tree species that 

will grow in southern Ontario. Includes information on 

planting, propagation, cultivation, and harvesting. 

56. Forest Gene Conservation Association. 

[n.d.]. A landowner’s guide to butternut canker 

in Ontario. Kemptville, Ontario, Canada: Forest 

Gene Conservation Association. n.p. 

Describes the symptoms of butternut canker with 

management guidelines and suggestions for identifying 

potentially resistant trees. Includes a chart on distinguishing 

between butternut and walnut. Illustrated. 

57. Fuller, Andrew S. 1912. The walnut. In: The 

nut culturist. New York, NY: Orange Judd 

Company: 203-253. 

Describes the characteristics, history, and culture of 

several species of walnut including butternut. 

7

58. Funk, David Truman. 1972. Identification and 

performance of Juglans hybrids. Dissertation 

Abstracts International B - Agriculture, Forestry 

and Wildlife. 32(12): 6761-6762. [Abstract]. 

A number of quantitative leaf and twig characteristics 

were used to differentiate between J. nigra, J. regia, 

and their hybrids, and between J. sieboldiana, J. 

cinerea, and their hybrids. Chromatography of polyphenol 

extracts from leaves was also used. Hybrid indices 

were developed using both techniques. 

59. Funkhouser, W.D. 1915. Note on the life 

history of Enchenopa binotata Say 

(Membracidae) on the butternut. Journal of 

Economic Entomology. 8: 368-371. 

A description of the life cycle of Enchenopa 

binotata. It often lives on other trees and shrubs, but it is 

abundant on butternut and has distinct habits on this 

tree. 

60. Furnier, Glenn R.; Stolz, Allison, M.; 

Mustaphi, Raka M.; Ostry, Michael E. 1999. 

Genetic evidence that butternut canker was 

recently introduced into North America. 

Canadian Journal of Botany. 77: 783-785. 

Samples of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum 

were collected throughout the native 

range of butternut. Using RAPD markers, the fungus 

was found to be monomorphic, which suggests it came 

from a single recent introduction. 

61. Gellatly, J.U. 1966. Heartnuts - outstanding 

selections and some of their best hybrids. 

Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers 

Association. 57: 103-110. 

A description of nut qualities of heartnut and 

buartnut varieties. 

62. Germain, E.; Hanquier, I.; Monet, R. 1993. 

Identification of eight Juglans spp. and their 

interspecific hybrids by isoenzymatic electrophoresis. 

Acta Horticulturae. 311: 73-85. 

Isoenzyme polymorphism was analyzed in leaf tissue 

from eight Juglans spp. and six hybrids. Nine enzymatic 

systems were used, showing a narrow intraspecific 

variability. This may be a useful diagnostic tool for 

identifying species and hybrids. In most enzyme systems, 

butternut either had distinct banding or had bands 

similar to that of the oriental walnuts. 

8 

63. Gervais, C. 1963. Un nouval hybride naturel 

chez Juglans: A new natural hybrid in Juglans. 

Annales ACFAS. 29: 45. [Abstract]. 

Article in French. A natural hybrid of butternut and 

black walnut was discovered in the botanical garden of 

Marburg, Germany. 

64. Gilmore, Melvin R. 1933. Some Chippewa 

uses of plants. Ann Arbor, MI: University of 

Michigan Press. 119-143. 

Lists plants and trees used by the Chippewa. 

Butternut bark was used to make a brown dye, and sap 

was boiled and used as a cathartic. 

65. Goldner, Richard D. 1978. Successful budgrafting. 

Annual Report of the Northern Nut 


Details the process of bud grafting, used for many 

nuts including butternuts. Describes many aspects of the 

process including scion storage, weather, cutting 

techniques, wrapping, and after care. 

66. Goldner, Richard D. 1979. Fifteen years with 

grafted black walnuts and butternuts. Annual 


70: 34-41. 

Author describes his successes and failures with 

growing nut trees. Details include weather, soil 

conditions, and success of various named varieties. 

67. Goodell, Edward. 1984. Walnuts for the 

northeast. Arnoldia. 44(1): 3-19. 

Describes all the major Juglans species including 

butternut, and provides suggestions for their culture.

68. Gottschalk, Kurt W.; Ostry, Michael E.; 

Morin, Randall S.; Liebhold, Andrew M. 

2002. Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) distribution 

for estimating butternut canker mortality 

impacts and potential reintroduction of resistant 

trees. In: 87th Annual meeting of the Ecological 

Society of America and the 14th Annual international 

conference of the Society for Ecological 

Restoration; 2002 August 4-9; Tucson, AZ. 

[Abstract]. [Available online: http:// 

199.245.200.45/pweb/ 

?SOCIETY=esa&YEAR=2002]. 

FIA plot data were used to create a probability map 

of butternut occurrence across the eastern U.S. This 

analysis was used to identify candidate areas for possible 

resistant butternut reintroduction. 

69. Graham, S.H. 1943. Better butternuts, please. 



A description of the good and poor qualities of 

butternuts. Among the poor qualities are early blooming, 

difficulty in grafting, butternut curculios, and the 

Melanconis disease. 

70. Graves, Arthur Harmount. 1923. The 

Melanconis disease of the butternut (Juglans 

cinerea L.). Phytopathology. 13: 411-435. 

A description of the Melanconis fungus on butternut. 

It includes details of the life cycle of the fungus and 

results of inoculation studies. 

71. Graves, H.S. 1913. Butternut Juglans cinerea 

Linnaeus. In: Forest atlas of the national forests 

of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: n.p. 

A map showing the known range of butternut as of 

1913. 

72. Grimm, Eric C. 1984. Fire and other factors 

controlling the Big Woods vegetation of Minnesota 

in the mid-nineteenth century. Ecological 

Monographs. 54(3): 291-311. 

Bearing-tree data from the original land survey 

records of 1847-1850 were used to reconstruct the 

vegetation of the Big Woods and prairie-woodland border 

in south-central Minnesota. Butternut consisted of 0.9% 

of the bearing trees. Vegetation type was related to 

physical firebreaks and to the presence or absence of fire. 

73. Halik, S.; Bergdahl, D.R. 1996. Sirococcus 

clavigignenti-juglandacearum isolated from 

beetles collected from Juglans cinerea. Supplement 

to Phytopathology. 86(11): S122. [Abstract]. 


isolated from the bodies of several beetle species collected 

from butternut logs and stems. 

74. Halik, S.; Bergdahl, D.R. 2002. Potential 

beetle vectors of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum 

on butternut. Plant Disease. 86: 

521-527. 

Beetles of 17 species, collected from diseased trees, 

logs, and branches of butternut, were found to carry 

conidia of Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. 

These beetles were most often found on dead stems and 

branches where the fungus was fruiting. 

75. Hamel, Paul B.; Chiltoskey, Mary U. 1975. 

Cherokee plants and their uses—a 400 year 

history. Sylva, NC: Herald Publishing Co. 65 p. 

Lists plants and trees that were used by the Cherokee 

Indians. Butternut bark was used as a cathartic, for 

toothache, and for dye. 

76. Harlow, William M.; Harrar, Ellwood S. 

1996. Juglans cinerea L. - butternut. In: Textbook 

of dendrology - covering the important 

forest trees of the United States and Canada. 5th 

ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co.: 243- 

245. 

A general description of butternut tree characteristics. 

77. Harrison, K.J.; Hurley, J.E.; Ostry, M.E. 1998. 

First report of butternut canker caused by 

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum in New 

Brunswick, Canada. Plant Disease. 82(11): 

1282. 

The butternut canker fungus was isolated from 

branches in several locations in New Brunswick, 

Canada. A sample was included from the far northeastern 

corner of the tree’s range. 

9

78. Harrison, Ken J.; Hurley, J. Edward. 1998. 

Butternut canker - a first record for New 

Brunswick. Tech. Note 315. Fredericton, New 

Brunswick, Canada: Canadian Forest Service, 

Atlantic Forestry Centre. 3 p. 

A search for butternut canker near the Maine-New 

Brunswick border confirmed the presence of the fungus 

in several locations. 

79. Haynes, S. Clark. 1994. Butternut canker in 

West Virginia. Annual Report of the Northern 


A status report describing the search for cankerresistant 

butternuts in West Virginia. Only one tree fit 

the criteria for selecting potentially resistant trees. 

80. Heimann, M.F.; Stevenson, W.R. 1997. 

Walnut and butternut toxicity. Urban 

Phytonarian Ser. A3182. Madison, WI: University 

of Wisconsin-Extension. 2 p. 

A description of walnut and butternut root toxicity, 

caused by juglone, affecting a number of plants. Lists 

sensitive and tolerant species and offers suggestions for 

homeowners to minimize the problem. 

81. Hepting, George H. 1971. Butternut - Juglans 

cinerea. In: Diseases of forest and shade trees of 

the United States. Agric. Handb. 386. Washington, 

DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service: 187-195. 

Describes the Melanconis disease and some other 

common diseases of butternut. 

82. Herrick, James William. 1977. Iroquois 

medical botany. Albany, NY: State University of 

New York. 557 p. Ph.D. Dissertation. 

Describes Iroquois medical uses of plants. Butternut 

was used to stop bleeding, for yellow skin, mouth ulcers, 

toothache, and venereal disease, as a laxative, and a 

dye. 

83. Hopkin, A.; Innes, L.; Harrison, K. 2000. 

Distribution of butternut canker (Sirococcus 

clavigignenti-juglandacearum) in eastern Canada. 

Canadian Plant Disease Survey. 81: 154-157. 

Results of surveys in eastern Canada were mapped, 

showing the distribution of butternut canker in the 

region. 

10 

84. Hopkin, A.; Innes, L.; Harrison, K. 2001. 

Distribution of butternut canker (Sirococcus 

clavigignenti-juglandacearum) in eastern Canada. 

Frontline Express Bull. No. 2. Sault Ste. Marie, 

Ontario, Canada: Canadian Forest Service, 

Great Lakes Forestry Centre. 2 p. [Available 

online: http://www.glfc.forestry.ca/frontline/ 

bulletins/bulletin_no.2_e.html]. 

Describes the symptoms and distribution of butternut 

canker in eastern Canada. 

85. Hutchins, Lee M.; Wester, Horace V. 1947. 

Graft-transmissible brooming disease of walnut. 

Phytopathology. 37: 11. [Abstract]. 

A brooming disease of black walnut, butternut, and 

Japanese walnut was studied. Patch bark grafts transmitted 

the pathogen, thought to be a virus, in black and 

Japanese walnut. 

86. Hyche, L.L. 1989. Seasonal cycle and habits of 

the butternut woolyworm. Bull. 601. Auburn, 

AL: Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. 

10 p. 

The sawfly Eriocampa juglandis is commonly called the 

butternut woolyworm. It was discovered in Alabama, 

further south than its previously reported range. The life 

cycle is described. It feeds on butternut, black walnut, 

and hickory. 

87. Innes, L. 1997. Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum 

on butternut and black walnut 

fruit. In: Laflamme, G.; Bérubé, J.A.; Hamelin, 

R.C., eds. Foliage, shoot and stem diseases of 

trees: Proceedings of the IUFRO WP 7.02.02 

meeting; 1997 May 25-31; Québec City, 

Québec, Canada. Inf. Rep. LAU-X-122. Sainte- 

Foy, Québec, Canada: Natural Resources 

Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian 

Forestry Centre: 129-132. 


isolated from both butternut and black walnut fruits. 

Other pathogenic fungi were also isolated.

88. Innes, Louise; Rainville, André. 1996. 

Distribution et détection du Sirococcus 

clavigignenti-juglandacearum au Québec: Distribution 

and detection of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum 

in Quebec. Phytoprotection. 

77(2): 75-78. 

Article in French with English abstract. Butternut 

canker was first reported in Quebec in 1990. In 1995 it 

was isolated from both butternut and walnut seedlings in 

two nurseries for the first time. 

89. Innes, Louise; Rainville, André. 1998. 

Distribution and detection of the Sirococcus 

canker of butternut in Quebec. In: Carter, N.E., 

comp. Proceedings, Northeastern Forest Pest 

Council annual meeting; 1998 March 9-11; 

Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. 

Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada: Department 

of Natural Resources and Energy: 37-39. 

The butternut canker fungus was found on butternut 

and walnut in nurseries and plantations, but caused less 

damage on walnut. A study of four new butternut 

plantations found canker present despite careful 

inspection and culling of seedlings. The disease was 

thought to be seedborne. 

90. Jaynes, Richard A. 1969. Breeding improved 

nut trees. In: Jaynes, Richard A., ed. Handbook 

of North American nut trees. Knoxville, TN: 

The Northern Nut Growers Association: 376- 

399. 

Reviews principles and techniques for nut breeding, and 

describes the hybridizing potential of Juglans species, 

including butternut. 

91. Johnson, Robert W.; Tyree, Melvin T. 1992. 

Effect of stem water content on sap flow from 

dormant maple and butternut stems. Plant 

Physiology. 100: 853-858. 

Sap flow from excised maple and butternut stems 

was correlated with stem water content. Exudation 

varied depending on water content, timing, and freeze/ 

thaw cycles. 

92. Kaeiser, M.; Funk, D.T. 1971. Structural 

changes in walnut grafts. Annual Report of the 

Northern Nut Growers Association. 62: 90-94. 

Several Juglans species and hybrids, including 

butternut, were grafted in 22 scion-stock combinations. 

At different times grafts were removed for microscopic 

examination. All were at least partly compatible in the 

earliest stages. 

93. Kaeiser, Margaret; Jones, Jay H.; Funk, David 

T. 1975. Interspecific walnut grafting in the 

greenhouse. The Plant Propagator. 20(4): 2-7 

and 21(1): 2-7. 

Cleft and bark grafts were performed in the greenhouse 

using a number of Juglans species and hybrids 

(including butternut) for scions and black walnut, 

Persian walnut, and Japanese walnut as rootstock. 

Success after 2 years was 80% for butternut on black 

walnut. Overall success was 74%. 

94. Katovich, Steven A.; Ostry, Michael E. 1998. 

Insects associated with butternut and butternut 

canker in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The Great 

Lakes Entomologist. 31(2): 97-108. 

Sirococcus clavigignenti-junglandacearum was 

isolated from several species of insects collected from 

diseased butternut trees. Potential disease vectors 

included beetles from three different coleopteran genera. 

95. Keifer, Hartford H.; Baker, Edward W.; Kono, 

Tokuwo; Delfinado, Mercedes; Styer, William 

E. 1982. An illustrated guide to plant abnormalities 

caused by eriophyid mites in North 

America. Agric. Handb. 573. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural 

Research Service. 178 p. 

Describes the eriophyid mites of many species, 

including Eriophyes cinereae, which creates puckered 

galls on butternut leaves. 

96. Krochmal, Arnold; Krochmal, Connie. 1982. 

Genus Juglans L. - walnut. In: Uncultivated nuts 

of the United States. Agric. Inf. Bull. 450. 

Washington, DC: United States Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service: 51-58. 

Describes native nut species in the U.S., including 

butternut. Lists several past uses for butternuts, 

including medicinal, dyes, and food products. 

11

97. Kuntz, J.E.; Nair, V.M.G. 1982. The role of 

hyphal pegs in spore dissemination by 

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. Phytopathology. 

72(8): 1137. [Abstract]. 

Hyphal pegs loosen and crack the outer bark of 

butternut, and expose pycnidia from which the spores 

extrude. 

98. Kuntz, James E.; Nair, V.M. Ganga. 1982. 

Hyphal pegs and pycnidia produced by 

Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. Bulletin 

of the Botanical Club of Wisconsin. 14(3): 35. 

[Abstract]. 

The fungus that causes butternut canker produces 

hyphal pegs and pycnidia from which conidia are 

extruded. 

99. Kuntz, J.; Prey, A.; Ambuel, B.; Sarkis, E. 

1978. The etiology and epidemiology of butternut 

canker. In: Proceedings of the 69th Annual 

meeting of the American Phytopathological 

Society; 1977 August; East Lansing, MI. St. 

Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society. 

4: 84. [Abstract]. 

Describes the symptoms and effects of butternut 

canker, fruiting bodies, and spore dissemination of the 

fungus. Inoculation of seedlings with the fungus resulted 

in lesions and seedling death. 

100. Kuntz, J.E.; Prey, A.J.; Jutte, S.; Nair, V.M.G. 

1979. The etiology, distribution, epidemiology, 

histology and impact of butternut canker in 

Wisconsin. In: Walnut insects and diseases, 

workshop proceedings; 1978 June 13-14; 




Station: 69-72. 

Describes the fungal biology and impact of butternut 

canker. 

12 

101. Lambert, France; Truax, Benoit; Gagnon, 

Daniel; Chevrier, Normand. 1994. Growth 

and N nutrition, monitored by enzyme assays, 

in a hardwood plantation: effects of mulching 

materials and glyphosate application. Forest 

Ecology and Management. 70: 231-244. 

The effects of mulching materials and glyphosate 

application on growth and nitrogen nutrition of seedlings 

of butternut, white ash, and bur oak were studied. 

Butternut was most responsive to herbicide application. 

Mulching alone was only somewhat effective with 

butternut. Butternut had the highest level of nitrate 

reductase activity. 

102. Landis, J.N.; Bergdahl, D.R. 1996. Incidence 

of butternut canker spatially related to tree 

density. Supplement to Phytopathology. 86(11): 

S123. [Abstract]. 

Butternut trees in northwestern Vermont were 

surveyed and entered into a GIS database. Analysis of 

spatial relationships revealed that rain splash spore 

dissemination explains only some of the distribution of 

butternut canker. 

103. LandOwner Resource Centre. 1996. Butternut. 

Ext. Notes Agdex 330. Ontario, Canada: 

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Eastern 

Ontario Model Forest. 6 p. 

Describes the characteristics of butternut, with 

guidelines for planting and growing the tree. Illustrated. 

104. Larsen, Esther Louise. 1942. Pehr Kalm’s 

observations on black walnut and butternut 

trees. Agricultural History. 16: 149-157. 

A translation of an article written in 1769 by a 

Swedish botanist. It describes habits and uses of black 

walnuts and butternuts in the 1700s. 

105. Lauriault, Jean. 1989. Identification guide to 

the trees of Canada. Markham, Ontario, 

Canada: Fitzhenry & Whiteside. 479 p. 

Describes characteristics and uses of the butternut 

tree.

106. Lefevre, Henry E. 1964. Experimenting with 

nut trees in Huntingdon County, Quebec. 



Mentions the abundance of butternuts in that area. 

107. Leffel, Robert C. 1996. Butternut trees: what 

else can be done? Pennsylvania Forests. 87(3): 

19. 

Discusses the possibility of using backcross breeding 

as a means of producing resistant butternuts. 

108. Loo, Judy. 1998. Development of conservation 

strategies for New Brunswick trees at risk. In: 

Carter, N.E., comp. Proceedings, Northeastern 

Forest Pest Council annual meeting; 1998 

March 9-11; Fredericton, New Brunswick, 

Canada. Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada: 

Department of Natural Resources and Energy: 

30-36. 

Uses butternut as an example in a discussion of what 

is needed for an effective conservation strategy. Discusses 

in situ and ex situ efforts, planning, and implementation. 

109. Lounsberry, C.C. 1946. Nut trees for Iowa. 

Transactions of the Iowa State Horticultural 

Society. 81: 253-267. 

Offers propagation and culture information on nut 

trees that grow in Iowa, including the butternut. 

110. MacDaniels, L.H. 1950. How about the 

butternut? Annual Report of the Northern Nut 


Describes some good and poor characteristics of 

butternut. Discusses nut characteristics of several named 

varieties, grafting preferences, diseases, and insect pests. 

111. Majcen, Zoran. 1995. Le noyer cendré au lac 

Tapani: The butternuts of Lake Tapani. Note de 

Recherche Forestière n˚ 64. Sainte-Foy, Québec, 

Canada: Direction de la Recherche Forestière. 

5 p. 

Article in French with an English abstract. A few 

stands of butternut were found around Tapani Lake, 

about 40 km north of Mont-Laurier in Quebec. This is a 

northward extension of its known range. 

112. Manning, Wayne E. 1978. The classification 

within the Juglandaceae. Annals of the Missouri 

Botanical Garden. 65: 1058-1087. 

Describes the taxonomical classifications within the 

Juglandaceae family, with an emphasis on floral 

characteristics. Places butternut in its own subgroup, 

Trachycaryon. 

113. Massey, A.B. 1925. Antagonism of the walnuts 

(Juglans nigra L. and J. cinerea L.) in certain 

plant associations. Phytopathology. 15: 773- 

784. 

Describes several studies in which plants were killed 

by their association with walnut or butternut roots. 

Hypothesizes that a toxic substance is secreted by the 

roots, most likely juglone. 

114. Matheron, M.E.; Mircetich, S.M. 1985. 

Relative resistance of different rootstocks of 

English walnut to six Phytophthora spp. that 

cause root and crown rot in orchard trees. Plant 

Disease. 69: 1039-1041. 

Seedlings of various Juglans species were tested for 

resistance to Phytophthora citricola in artificially 

inoculated biweekly flooded soil. Butternut was susceptible, 

as were all but Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya 

stenoptera). 

115. McDaniel, J.C. 1956. The pollination of 

Juglandaceae varieties - Illinois observations 

and review of earlier studies. Annual Report of 

the Northern Nut Growers Association. 47: 

118-132. 

Reviews the pollination habits of several Juglans 

species. Most nut trees are dichogamous, resulting in a 

need for cross-pollination with several different varieties. 

Butternut and heartnut trees often hybridize. Includes a 

chart with pollination habits and dates for several 

varieties. 

116. McDaniel, J.C. 1981. Other walnuts including 

butternut, heartnut, and hybrids. In: Jaynes, 

R.A., ed. Nut tree culture in North America. 

Hamden, CT: Northern Nut Growers Association: 

98-110. 

Describes butternuts, heartnuts, and their varieties 

and hybrids. Mentions breeding, propagation, diseases, 

and insect pests. 

13

117. McGranaham, Gale H.; Catlin, Peter B. 1987. 

Juglans rootstocks. In: Rom, Roy C.; Carlson, 

Robert F., eds. Rootstocks for fruit crops. New 

York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: 411-450. 

Describes characteristics of rootstocks used to graft 

Juglans regia. Butternut is mentioned as hybridizing 

with J. regia and J. ailantifolia. 

118. McGranaham, Gale; Leslie, Charles. 1991. 

Walnuts (Juglans). Acta Horticulturae. 290: 907- 

951. 

Describes nearly all Juglans species, including 

diseases, insect pests, geographic range, silviculture, 

phenology, and nut production. 

119. McIlwrick, Ken; Wetzel, S.; Beardmore, T.; 

Forbes, K. 2000. Ex situ conservation of 

American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) 

Borkh.) and butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), a 

review. The Forestry Chronicle. 76(5): 765-774. 

Describes current and possible future strategies for 

conserving chestnut and butternut. Discusses issues such 

as genetic diversity, seed and pollen storage, tissue 

culture, breeding, asexual propagation, and disease 

control. 

120. Miller, Regis B. 1976. Wood anatomy and 

identification of species of Juglans. Botanical 

Gazette. 137(4): 368-377. 

Wood anatomy of 15 Juglans species was investigated. 

Taxonomic keys based on wood structure were 

used to recognize four main groups. Butternuts were 

grouped with the oriental walnuts. 

121. Millikan, D.F. 1966. The butternut. American 

Nurseryman. 128(8): 15. 

Describes the use of butternut as a yard and 

landscape tree. Nut characteristics, diseases, insect pests, 

and named varieties are discussed. 

122. Millikan, D.F.; Hibbard, A.D. 1967. Butternuts, 

an overlooked tree crop. Annual Report of 


120-122. 

Discusses the lack of attention given to butternut as a 

wood or nut producing tree. Mentions how several 

negative characteristics may be overcome by planting 

superior varieties. 

14 

123. Millikan, D.F.; Stefan, Susan. 1983. Buttering 

up the butternut. Annual Report of the Northern 


Discusses the lack of attention given to the butternut. 

Describes 10 cultivars that were growing on the author’s 

acreage and the most successful side grafting technique. 

124. Millikan, D.F.; Stefan, Susan J. 1989. Current 

status of the butternut, Juglans cinerea L. Annual 


80: 52-54. 

Describes the threat of butternut canker, the search 

for improved cultivars, and the opportunity to preserve 

butternut in a repository. 

125. Millikan, D.F.; Stefan, Susan J.; Rigert, 

Kathleen S. 1990. Selection and preservation 

of butternut, Juglans cinerea L. Annual Report of 

the Northern Nut Growers Association. 81: 22- 

25. 

Describes the selection of superior cultivars of 

butternut. Thirteen cultivars have been sent to the 

National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, 

Oregon, to be grafted for preservation and study. 

126. Millikan, D.F.; Stefan, Susan J.; Shaffer, W.H., 

Jr. 1985. Butternuts worth propagating. Annual 


76: 103-105. 

Several named varieties were studied and rated for 

transplanting survival of grafts and for nut quality. 

127. Millikan, D.F.; Stefan, S.J.; Shaffer, W.H., Jr. 

1986. Recent observations on butternuts in 

Missouri. Annual Report of the Northern Nut 


Seedlings from several named varieties were planted 

and evaluated. Superior parentage produced vigorous 

seedlings. A foliar disorder related to a mite infestation is 

described.

128. Moerman, Daniel E. 1998. Native American 

ethnobotany. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 

927 p. 

Lists many plants and their use by Native American 

tribes. Butternut was used by a number of eastern and 

northern tribes for medicine, food, building material, 

and dye. Medicinal uses include use as a cathartic 

(laxative), pain reliever, wound healer, and as a hair and 

skin aid. 

129. Morin, Ricardo; Beaulieu, Jean; Daoust, 

Gaetan. 2000. Butternut, a threatened species 

showing a low genetic diversity. Network News 

- Forest Health and Biodiversity, Canadian 

Forestry Service. 4(1): 3-4. 

Reviews the impact of butternut canker in Canada. 

Describes a study revealing the lack of genetic diversity 

in the butternut species and its implications. Several 

preservation efforts are mentioned. 

130. Morin, Ricardo; Beaulieu, Jean; Deslauriers, 

Marie; Daoust, Gaëtan; Bousquet, Jean. 

2000. Low genetic diversity at allozyme loci in 

Juglans cinerea. Canadian Journal of Botany. 78: 

1238-1243. 

Butternut leaf samples from relatively healthy stands 

in eastern Canada were analyzed for isozyme variation. 

Genetic diversity estimates were much lower than in 

other Juglans species or other boreal tree species. 

Possible reasons and implications are discussed. 

131. Nair, V.M.G. 1999. Butternut canker - an 

international concern. In: Raychaudhuri, S.P.; 

Maramorosch, Karl, eds. Biotechnology and 

plant protection in forestry science. New Delhi, 

India: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.: 

239-252. 

Describes the impact of butternut canker, fungal 

biology, host parasite interaction, and possible mechanisms 

of resistance. Also mentions the international 

concern due to the susceptibility of other Juglans species. 

Illustrated. 

132. Nair, V.M.G.; Kostichka, C.J.; Kuntz, J.E. 

1979. Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum: an 

undescribed species causing canker on butternut. 

Mycologia. 71: 641-646. 

Describes the characteristics of the newly described 

fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. 

133. Nekiassena, Vera. 1934. Letter on culture of 

butternuts and black walnuts. Annual Report of 


114-115. 

Describes nut trees growing in the U.S.S.R., and 

mentions that butternut is hardy in White Russia. 

134. Nicholls, Thomas H. 1979. Butternut canker. 

In: Walnut insects and diseases: workshop 

proceedings; 1978 June 13-14; Carbondale, IL. 

Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-52. St. Paul, MN: U.S. 


North Central Forest Experiment Station: 73- 

82. 

The biology of butternut canker was studied by the 

dissection of diseased trees, spore trapping, artificial 

inoculation, and fungicide trials. 

135. Nicholls, Thomas H.; Kessler, Kenneth J., Jr.; 

Kuntz, James E. 1978. How to identify butternut 

canker. HT-36. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service, North 

Central Forest Experiment Station. n.p. 

Describes the symptoms of butternut canker. Includes 

descriptions of fruiting bodies, spores, and culturing 

techniques. Illustrated. 

136. Omar, S.; Lemonier, B.; Jones, N.; Ficker, C.; 

Smith, M.L.; Neema, C.; Towers, G.H.N.; 

Goel, K.; Arnason, J.T. 2000. Antimicrobial 

activity of extracts of eastern North American 

hardwood trees and relation to traditional 

medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 73: 

161-170. 

Several eastern hardwood trees, including butternut, 

were among those plants used as medicine by Native 

Americans. Wood and bark extracts of 14 of these trees 

were tested for antimicrobial activity against eight 

bacteria and six fungi. Butternut bark extract had a 

broad spectrum of activity against three strains of 

bacteria and all six fungal strains. 

15

137. Orchard, L.P. 1984. Butternut canker: host 

range, disease resistance, seedling-disease 

reactions, and seed-borne transmission. Madison, 

WI: University of Wisconsin. 145 p. Ph.D. 

dissertation. 

Branches of several Juglans species and their hybrids 

were wound inoculated, symptom development was 

monitored, and trees were ranked according to their 

susceptibility to butternut canker. Heartnut was least 

susceptible. A system of screening seedlings was developed. 

The pathogen was also isolated from butternut 

seeds. 

138. Orchard, L.P.; Kuntz, J.E. 1981. Disease 

reactions of walnut species to butternut canker. 

For. Res. Notes 246. Madison, WI: University of 

Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Forestry. 

7 p. 

Trees of several Juglans species and hybrids were 

wound inoculated with the butternut canker fungus in 

the fall. By the following summer most had developed 

active cankers. Persian walnut was most susceptible and 

heartnut least susceptible among the species tested. 

139. Orchard, L.P.; Guries, R.P.; Kuntz, J.E. 1981. 

Butternut canker: screening seedlings for 

disease resistance. Phytopathology. 71(2): 247. 

[Abstract]. 

Butternut seedlings were inoculated with spore 

suspensions and were tested under various humidities, 

temperatures, and exposure times. After 13 weeks, 38% 

developed lesions and there was no significant difference 

among variables. 

140. Orchard, L.P.; Kuntz, J.E.; Kessler, K.J., Jr. 

1982. Reaction of Juglans species to butternut 

canker and implications for disease resistance. 

In: Black walnut for the future. Gen. Tech. Rep. 

NC-74. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central 

Forest Experiment Station: 27-31. 

Trees of several Juglans species and hybrids were 

wound inoculated with the butternut canker fungus in 

the fall. By the following summer most had developed 

active cankers. Persian walnut was most susceptible and 

heartnut least susceptible among the species tested. 

16 

141. Ostry, M.E. 1996. Conservation of butternut in 

the Eastern forests. In: McVey, G.; Nielsen, C., 

eds. Forest gene conservation - principles to 

practice: workshop proceedings; 1995 March 

20-22; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. WP-008. 

Kemptville, Ontario, Canada: Ontario Ministry 

of Natural Resources, Southern Region Science 

& Technology Transfer Unit: 47-49. 

Describes butternut canker impact and efforts to 

conserve butternut through collection and propagation of 

healthy trees, harvest restrictions, and regeneration 

studies. 

142. Ostry, M.E. 1997. Butternut canker in North 

America 1967-1997. In: Laflamme, G.; Bérubé, 

J.A.; Hamelin, R.C., eds. Foliage, shoot and 

stem diseases of trees: Proceedings of the 

IUFRO WP 7.02.02 meeting; 1997 May 25-31; 

Québec City, Québec, Canada. Inf. Rep. LAU-X- 

122. Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada: Natural 

Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, 

Laurentian Forestry Centre: 121-128. 

Describes the history, impact, biology, and host range 

of butternut canker. Discusses efforts to preserve the tree 

through management, gene conservation, and preservation 

of resistant trees. 

143. Ostry, M.E. 1997. Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum 

on heartnut (Juglans ailantifolia 

var. cordiformis). Plant Disease. 81(12): 1461. 

Branch dieback was observed on heartnut. Hyphal 

pegs and conidia of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum 

were present and the fungus was 

isolated from samples. Inoculations of greenhouse 

butternut seedlings produced cankers similar to those 

caused by Sirococcus inoculations. This was the first 

report of the fungus on heartnut. 

144. Ostry, M.E. 1998. Butternut canker: a current 

example of the vulnerability of forest trees. In: 

Carter, N.E., comp. Proceedings, Northeastern 

Forest Pest Council annual meeting; 1998 

March 9-11; Fredericton, New Brunswick, 

Canada. Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada: 

Department of Natural Resources and Energy: 

41-48. 

Describes the impact, biology, and host range of 

butternut canker. Discusses management and preservation 

of potential resistant trees in clonal archives, and 

discusses current knowledge gaps.

145. Ostry, Michael E. 1996. Butternut canker: 

history, biology, impact, and resistance. In: Van 

Sambeek, J.W., ed. Knowledge for the future of 

black walnut: Proceedings of the 5th black 

walnut symposium; 1996 July 28-31; Springfield, 

MO. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-191. St. Paul, 

MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, North Central Forest Experiment 

Station: 192-199. 

Describes the history, fungal biology, host range, and 

impact of butternut canker. Strategies are described to 

identify and preserve possible resistant butternut trees. 

146. Ostry, Michael E. 2001. The need for butternut 

conservation. Annual Report of the Northern Nut 

Growers Association. 92(2001): 11-15. 

Describes the impact of butternut canker and 

attempts to preserve butternut using clonal archives of 

putative resistant trees. 

147. Ostry, M.E.; Pijut, P.M. 2000. Butternut: an 

underused resource in North America. 

HortTechnology. 10(2): 302-306. 

Describes butternut uses, characteristics, and 

propagation. Reviews the butternut canker problem and 

recent research and conservation efforts. 

148. Ostry, M.E.; Skilling, D.D. 1994. Butternut 

canker - past, present, future. In: Managing 

forests to meet people’s needs: Proceedings of 

the 1994 Society of American Foresters/Canadian 

Institute of Forestry convention; 1994 

September 18-22; Anchorage, AK. Bethesda, 

MD: Society of American Foresters: 469-470. 

Describes the impact of butternut canker and current 

efforts at preservation. 

149. Ostry, M.E.; Skilling, D.D. 1995. Butternut 

canker. In: Hutchinson, Jay G., ed. Northern 

hardwood notes. Note 7.11. St. Paul, MN: U.S. 


North Central Forest Experiment Station. 5 p. 

Describes the biology and impact of butternut canker, 

with management guidelines. Illustrated. 

150. Ostry, M.E.; Katovich, S.; Anderson, R.L. 

1997. First report of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum 

on black walnut. Plant Disease. 

81(7): 830. 

Cankers and branch dieback were observed on 

walnut trees in North Carolina and Minnesota. Isolation 

from trees produced cultures identical to Sirococcus 

clavigignenti-juglandacearum in both cases. Severe 

winter weather may have predisposed the Minnesota 

trees to infection from nearby infected butternut. 

151. Ostry, M.E.; Mielke, M.E.; Anderson, R.L. 1996. 

How to identify butternut canker and manage 

butternut trees. HT-70. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central 

Forest Experiment Station. 8 p. 

Describes symptoms of butternut canker. Includes 

recommendations for growing and managing butternut 

in the presence of the disease. Illustrated. 

152. Ostry, M.E.; Mielke, M.E.; Skilling, D.D. 

1994. Butternut - strategies for managing a 

threatened tree. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-165. St. 



Station and Northeastern Area State and Private 

Forestry. 7 p. 

Describes guidelines for managing butternut in the 

presence of butternut canker, including when to retain or 

remove trees. Offers guidelines for identifying potential 

resistant trees. Illustrated. 

153. Ostry, M.; Skilling, D.; Pijut, P. 1993. Butternut 

canker: present impact and prospects for 

the future. In: Proceedings, 6th International 

congress of plant pathology; 1993 July 28- 

August 6; Montréal, Québec, Canada. Ottawa, 

Ontario, Canada: National Research Council 

Canada: 126. [Abstract]. 

Describes the impact of butternut canker and efforts 

to preserve the butternut species. 

17

154. Ostry, M.E.; Ellingson, B.; Seekings, D.; 

Ruckheim, W. 2003. The need for silvicultural 

practices and collection of Juglans cinerea 

germplasm for species conservation. In: Van 

Sambeek, J.W.; Dawson, J.O.; Ponder, F., Jr.; 

Loewenstein, E.F.; Fralish, J.S., eds. Proceedings 

of the 13th Central hardwood forest conference; 

Urbana-Champaign, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC- 

234. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, North Central Research 

Station: 601-606. 

Describes the history and impact of butternut canker. 

Discusses the need for conservation strategies for 

recovery of butternut and establishment of clonal 

archives. Describes a regeneration study testing current 

management guidelines and monitoring natural 

regeneration and planted seeds and seedlings. 

155. Packard, Alpheus S. 1890. Insects injurious to 

the butternut (Juglans cinerea). In: 5th report of 

the United States Entomological Commission 

on insects injurious to forest and shade trees. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Government Printing Office: 337-342. 

A list of 13 insects found to feed on butternut. 

Includes descriptions and drawings. 

156. Patterson, R. 1993. Butternut blues. American 

Forests. 99(7,8): 22, 57. 

Describes the loss of butternut to the butternut 

canker disease. Describes factors that may make this 

disease more devastating than other well-known tree 

diseases. 

157. Peattie, Donald Culross. 1950. Butternut - 

Juglans cinerea Linnaeus. In: A natural history of 

trees of eastern and central North America. 

Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin: 119-121. 

Describes various tree characteristics including nuts, 

wood, and uses of butternut. 

158. Pijut, P.M. 1993. Regeneration of Juglans 

cinerea through somatic embryogenesis. In Vitro 

Cellular and Developmental Biology. 29A(3 Part 

II): 69A. [Abstract]. 

Somatic embryogenesis was induced in vitro from 

immature butternut cotyledons. Somatic embryos were 

induced to germinate at low frequency. 

18 

159. Pijut, P.M. 1997. Micropropagation of Juglans 

cinerea L. (butternut). In: Bajaj, Y.P.S., ed. 

Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry - 

high-tech and micropropagation V. Berlin: 

Springer-Verlag: 345-357. 

Butternut was successfully cultured in vitro using 

axillary bud culture. Axillary buds elongated, rooted, 

and acclimatized to ex vitro conditions. Somatic 

embryogenesis was induced using cotyledons of immature 

butternut seeds. Somatic embryos were induced to 

break dormancy and germinated at a low frequency. 

160. Pijut, Paula M. 1993. Somatic embryogenesis 

in butternut, Juglans cinerea. Canadian Journal 

of Forest Research. 23: 835-838. 

Cotyledons were excised from immature butternut 

fruits and were cultured in vitro. Somatic embryos were 

produced, and the embryogenic callus was maintained 

for one year. 

161. Pijut, Paula M. 1994. Micropropagation of 

butternut, Juglans cinerea. HortScience. 29(5): 

431. [Abstract]. 

Butternut was cultured in vitro via axillary buds of 

young seedlings. Buds elongated, rooted, and were 

acclimated ex vitro. 

162. Pijut, Paula M. 1999. Somatic embryogenesis 

from immature fruit of Juglans cinerea. In: 

Mohan Jain, S.; et al., eds. Somatic embryogenesis 

in woody plants. The Netherlands: Kluwer 

Academic Publishers: 415-429. 

Somatic embryogenesis was induced in vitro from 

immature butternut cotyledons. Best results were 

obtained from explants collected 8-9 weeks postanthesis 

and cultured in the dark on DKW medium containing 

BA, 2,4D, and glutamine. Somatic embryos were 

induced after removal of plant growth regulators. 

Embryos were induced to germinate at low frequency. 

163. Pijut, Paula M.; Barker, Melanie J. 1999. 

Propagation of Juglans cinerea L. (Butternut). 

HortScience. 34(3): 458-459. 

Hardwood and softwood cuttings of butternut at 

differing growth stages were tested for rooting success. 

Softwood cuttings rooted at greater frequencies than 

hardwood cuttings, up to 70% when collected in early 

June and treated with 74 mm IBA.

164. Pijut, Paula M.; Moore, Melanie J. 2002. 

Early season softwood cuttings effective for 

vegetative propagation of Juglans cinerea. 

HortScience. 37(4): 697-700. 

Hardwood and softwood cuttings of butternut at 

differing growth stages were tested for rooting success. 

Softwood cuttings rooted at greater frequencies than 

hardwood cuttings, up to 88% when collected in early 

June and treated with 74 mm IBA. Rooted cuttings were 

successfully overwintered and field planted. 

165. Porter, B.A. 1932. Insects affecting northern 

nuts. Annual Report of the Northern Nut 


Describes a number of insect pests affecting nut trees, 

including the butternut curculio and the walnut husk 

maggot. Includes suggestions for chemical controls. 

166. Prey, A.J.; Kuntz, J.E. 1982. The distribution 

and impact of butternut canker in Wisconsin. 

In: Black walnut for the future. Gen. Tech. Rep. 

NC-74. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central 

Forest Experiment Station: 23-26. 

Butternut trees from throughout Wisconsin were 

examined for evidence of butternut canker. In several 

counties in northeastern Wisconsin no infected trees were 

found, but in southwestern counties as many as 80% of 

the butternuts were infected and 32% were dead. 

167. Prey, Allen J.; Kuntz, James E.; Ostry, 

Michael E. 1997. Butternut canker: cause, 

spread and control. In: Procházkova, Z.; 

Sutherland, J.R., eds. Proceedings of the ISTA 

tree seed pathology meeting; 1996 October 9- 

11; Opocno, Czech Republic. Zurich, Switzerland: 

International Seed Testing Association: 

n.p. 

Describes the range, fungal biology, and transmission 

of butternut canker. Of special concern is the problem of 

seedborne transmission. 

168. Rainville, André; Innes, Louise; Colas, 

Fabienne; Bettez, Michèle; Mercier, Stéphan. 

2001. Butternut canker in Quebec: a 5-year 

history that led to seed treatments. In: Tree Seed 

Working Group News Bull. 34. [city and state 

unknown]: Canadian Tree Improvement 

Association: 14-16. 

Butternut seedlings in conservation plantings were 

found affected by butternut canker. The disease was 

shown to be seedborne in butternut and black walnut. 

Decontamination tests showed that soaking seeds in 

boiling water for 1 minute was effective in killing the 

fungus while protecting seed viability. 

169. Reed, C.A. 1931. Varieties of nuts for northern 

planting. Annual Report of the Northern Nut 


Offers suggestions for proper site and spacing for 

growing nut trees. Lists named varieties of butternut and 

other nut tree species. 

170. Reed, C.A. 1932. The year in nut culture 

(northeastern states). Annual Report of the 

Northern Nut Growers Association. 23: 143- 

152. 

Describes the establishment of several new research 

orchards in the region. Lists available named varieties, 


171. Reed, C.A. 1934. Varieties of nut trees for the 

northernmost zone. Annual Report of the 


Describes the difficulties in producing nuts in 

northern areas, and lists recommended varieties of black 

walnuts, butternuts, and hickories for the north. 

172. Reed, C.A. 1936. Natural walnut hybrids in 

the East. Annual Report of the Northern Nut 


Describes a number of specimen trees that were 

known or suspected Juglans hybrids in the eastern U.S. 

Includes butternut/Persian walnut and butternut/ 

Japanese walnut hybrids. 

19

173. Rehder, Alfred. 1962. Juglandaceae. In: 

Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in 

North America - exclusive of the subtropical 

and warmer temperate regions. 2d ed. New 

York, NY: The MacMillan Co.: 117-124. 

Describes the taxonomic characteristics of trees in the 

Juglandaceae family, including butternut. 

174. Renlund, Donald W., comp., ed. 1971. Forest 

pest conditions in Wisconsin, annual report 

1971. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resouces: 26-28. 

Widespread dying of butternut was reported and 

investigated. Aerial surveys, mapping, and disease 

sampling were performed. The disease was identified as 

Melanconis. 

175. Rink, George. 1990. Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. 

In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., 

tech. coords. Silvics of North America. Washington, 

DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service: 386-390. 

Describes the growth characteristics, habitat 

preferences, and diseases of butternut. 

176. Rosengarten, Frederic, Jr. 1984. Butternuts. 

In: The book of edible nuts. New York, NY: 

Walker and Co.: 279-281. 

Briefly describes butternut tree and nut characteristics, 

and past uses of the trees. 

177. St. Jacques, Claude; Labrecque, Michel; 

Bellefleur, Pierre. 1991. Plasticity of leaf 

absorbance in some broadleaf tree seedlings. 

Botanical Gazette. 152(2): 195-202. 

Five species of tree seedlings of varying shade 

tolerances were placed in the shade or in the open. Leaf 

absorbance was measured in early June and in late July. 

Butternut, a shade intolerant species, had little difference 

in absorbance between shaded and sunlit leaves. Sugar 

maple, a very shade tolerant species, quickly developed 

significant differences in absorbance between shaded and 

sunlit leaves. 

20 

178. Sajan, R.; Melbourne, S.; Czerwinski, E. 

1994. Butternut canker. In: Results of forest 

insect and disease surveys in the southern 

region of Ontario. Inf. Rep. O-X-429. Ontario, 

Canada: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian 

Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre: 21- 

23. 

Reports the results of surveys done in southern 

Ontario. Butternut canker was detected at several sites. 

A map of confirmed canker locations is included. 

179. Schaefer, Mark, ed. 1998. ECSONG: a nut 

growers’ manual for eastern Ontario. Eastern 

Chapter Society of Ontario Nut Growers. 

[Available online: http://www.ecsong.ca/ 

manual.html]. 

Describes nut bearing trees and shrubs in eastern 

Canada, and provides recommendations for successful 

propagation and growth. Includes a section on butternut. 

180. Schlarbaum, Scott E.; Hebard, Frederick; 

Spaine, Pauline C.; Kamalay, Joseph C. 1997. 

Three American tragedies: chestnut blight, 

butternut canker, and Dutch elm disease. In: 

Britton, Kerry O., ed. Proceedings, Exotic pests 

of eastern forests; 1997 April 8-10; Nashville, 

TN. [city and state unknown]: Tennessee Exotic 

Pest Plant Council: 45-54. 

American chestnut, butternut, and American elm are 

examples of trees that have been devastated by exotic 

fungal diseases. Describes the impact of butternut canker 

and current research and conservation initiatives. 

181. Schroeder, J.G. 1972. Butternut...an American 

wood. FS-223. Athens, GA: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest 

Experiment Station. 6 p. 

A description of butternut’s range, growth habits, and 

wood properties.

182. Schuler, Thomas M. 1997. Temporal variation 

in woody species composition from 1922 to 

1996 in a second-growth Appalachian forest. 

In: Pallardy, S.G.; Cecich, R.A.; Garrett, H.E.; 

Johnson, P.S., eds. Proceedings, 11th Central 

hardwood forest conference; 1997 March 23- 

26; Columbia, MO. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-188. 

St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 


Station: 352. [Abstract]. 

A comparison of present species composition with a 

1922 inventory in West Virginia shows a decline in 

several species including black walnut and butternut. 

183. Schweitzer, Dale F. 1982. Field observations of 

foodplant overlap among sympatric Catocala 

feeding on Juglandaceae. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ 

Society. 36(4): 256-263. 

Several species of the moth genus Catocala feed on 

hickory, walnut, and butternut. In this study trees were 

inspected for larvae and eggs, and larvae were raised on 

various leaves. Catocala neogama was most common on 

butternut. 

184. Seliskar, Carl E. 1973. Association of a 

mycoplasmalike organism with walnut bunch 

disease. In: Abstracts of papers of the 2d 

International Congress of Plant Pathology: 

Colloquium 37: virus diseases of small-fruit 

plants; 1973 September 5-12; Minneapolis, 

MN. International Society for Plant Pathology: 

n.p. [Abstract 0933]. 

Walnut bunch disease affects Japanese, English, and 

black walnut, and butternut. It was formerly thought to 

be caused by a virus. Observations revealed a 

mycoplasmalike organism in diseased tissues. 

185. Seliskar, Carl E. 1976. Mycoplasmalike 

organism found in the phloem of bunchdiseased 

walnuts. Forest Science. 22: 144-148. 

Walnut bunch disease occurs on Japanese, 

Manchurian, English, and black walnut, and 

butternut. Electron microscopy revealed the 

presence of a mycoplasmalike organism in diseased 

but not healthy tissue. No virus particles were 

found. 

186. Senter, S.D.; Horvat, R.J.; Forbus, W.R. 1983. 

Comparative GLC-MS analysis of phenolic acids 

of selected tree nuts. Journal of Food Science. 

48: 798-799, 824. 

Phenolic acids were extracted from a number of 

species of tree nuts and analyzed for levels of individual 

compounds. Butternuts had the lowest total concentration 

of phenolic acids at 0.31 µg/g, mostly from gallic 

acid. 

187. Sinclair, Wayne A.; Lyon, Howard H.; 

Johnson, Warren T. 1987. Sirococcus canker of 

butternut. In: Diseases of trees and shrubs. 

Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates: 

132-133. 

Describes butternut canker symptoms, disease 

development in the tree, fungal biology, and spread. 

Illustrated. 

188. Smith, Huron H. 1923. Ethnobotany of the 

Menomini Indians. Bulletin of the Public 

Museum of Milwaukee. 4(1): 1-174. 

Lists plants and trees used by the Menomini Indians. 

Butternut syrup was used as a physic, nuts were eaten, 

and husks and bark were used for brown and black dyes. 


Meskwaki Indians. Bulletin of the Public 

Museum of Milwaukee. 4(2): 175-326. 

Lists plants and trees used by the Meskwaki Indians. 

Butternut bark was used as a cathartic and the nuts 

were used for food. 


Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum 

of Milwaukee. 4(3): 327-525. 

Lists plants and trees used by the Ojibwe Indians. 

Butternut was used for food and for a brown or black 

dye. 


Forest Potawatomi Indians. Bulletin of the 

Public Museum of Milwaukee. 7(1): 1-230. 

Lists plants and trees used by the Forest 

Potawatomi Indians. Butternut bark was used as a 

physic and tonic and the nuts were used for food. 

21

192. Smith, Norman F. 1952. Butternut...Juglans 

cinerea, L. Michigan Conservation. September- 

October: 23-24. 

Describes the growth characteristics and uses of 

butternut. 

193. Soják, Dusan. ˇ 1996. Produkcia dendromasy 

vybratych ´ ihlicnatych ˇ ´ a tvrdych ´ listnatych ´ 

drevín podunajskej níziny: ˇ Production of 

dendromass of selected needle-leaved trees and 

hard-wooded broadleaves in the Danubian 

lowland. Zprávy Lesnického Vyzkumo. ´ 41(2): 

17-22. 

Article in Slovakian with an English abstract. 

Compares growth and biomass production of butternut, 

black walnut, and several other species in areas of full 

soil preparation. 

194. Soják, Dusan; ˇ Réh, Roman. 1998. Moznosti ˇ 

pestovania a vyuzitia ˇ orecha popolavého 

(Juglans cinerea L.) v intenzívnych porastoch: 

Possibilities of cultivation and use of butternut 

(Juglans cinerea L.) in intensive stands. Lesnícky 

casopis ˇ 

- Forestry Journal. 44(5): 345-360. 

Article in Slovakian with an abstract and summary 

in English. This study was aimed at evaluating butternut 

as a suitable crop tree in their area of Slovakia. A 40year-old 

stand was evaluated for biomass and veneer 

production. Butternut was recommended as a suitable 

tree for intensively managed stands. 

195. Solomon, Allen M.; Bartlein, Patrick J. 1992. 

Past and future climate change: response by 

mixed deciduous-coniferous forest ecosystems 

in northern Michigan. Canadian Journal of 

Forest Research. 22: 1727-1738. 

Prehistoric pollen records in Upper Michigan were 

used to develop climate change models. These models 

were used to simulate potential future climate and 

vegetation changes. Butternut was predicted to reappear 

after the decline of other species created opportunites for 

regeneration. 

22 

196. Spaine, P.; McElreath, S.; Jolley, L. 2001. 

Double-stranded RNA analysis of Sirococcus 

isolates from butternut cankers. Supplement to 

Phytopathology. 91(6): S83. [Abstract]. 

A continuation of an earlier study found dsRNA 

occurs more often in isolates from Southeastern States 

than from the North. A doublet of between 1.5 and 2.5 

kbp was common to most dsRNA positive isolates. 

197. Spaine, P.; Schlarbaum, S.; McElreath, S. 

1999. Detection of dsRNA in the butternut 

canker fungus. Supplement to Phytopathology. 

89(6): S74. [Abstract]. 

The relationship between healing butternut cankers 

and double-stranded RNA positive strains of Sirococcus 

was studied. DsRNA was found in samples from several 

sites. 

198. Spaine, P.; Anderson, R.; Young, C.; 

Schlarbaum, S. 1997. Testing methods of 

disease resistance screening for butternut 

canker. Supplement to Phytopathology. 87(6): 

S93. [Abstract]. 

Butternut seed from three locations revealed no 

Sirococcus infection. Seedlings were wound inoculated 

with the fungus, resulting in no differences in wound size. 

Logs were inoculated with the fungus and later examined 

to reveal some differences between susceptible and 

resistant hosts. 

199. Spurgeon, Charles A. 1995. 1995 butternut 

observations. Annual Report of the Northern 


Nut characteristics such as cracking ability and 

percent kernel were evaluated for several varieties. 

200. Stanford, Alice M.; Harden, Rachel; Parks, 

Clifford R. 2000. Phylogeny and biogeography 

of Juglans (Juglandaceae) based on matK and 

ITS sequence data. American Journal of Botany. 

87(6): 872-882. 

Using DNA analysis techniques, 15 Juglans and 

related species were investigated for phylogenetic and 

biogeographic relationships. Butternut consistently 

grouped with Cardiocaryon, the oriental walnuts.

201. Stefan, Susan J.; Warmund, M.R.; Shaffer, 

W.H., Jr.; Millikan, D.F. 1984. Propagation of 

butternut, Juglans cinerea L., by the Beineke side 

bud graft. Annual Report of the Northern Nut 


Several named varieties of butternut were grafted 

using the Beineke side graft. Success was 52% overall, 

with wide variation between varieties. Results were 

better overall than with bench grafting. 

202. Strode, Donald D. 1977. Butternut/Juglans 

cinerea L. In: Halls, Lowell K., ed. Southern 

fruit-producing woody plants used by wildlife. 

Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-16. U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest 

Experiment Station: 149-150. 

Lists general characteristics of the butternut tree, 

along with its utilization by animals and humans. 

203. Taylor, J. Lee; Perry, Ronald L. 1986. Growing 

nuts. North Cent. Reg. Ext. Publ. #237. East 

Lansing, MI: Cooperative Extension Service, 

Michigan State University. 27 p. 

Describes growing nut trees in a home or orchard 

setting. Covers most common nut trees, including 

butternuts. Includes sections on planting and maintaining 

an orchard, harvesting and processing nuts, and 

propagation and grafting methods. 

204. Timmons, Randall G.; Smiles, Wayne A.; 

Dawson, Jeffrey O. 1993. Planting method and 

herbicide treatment influence direct seeding 

success of some central hardwood tree species. 

For. Res. Rep. 93-1. Urbana-Champaign, IL: 

Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, University 

of Illinois. 7 p. 

A mixture of hardwood tree seeds, including butternut, 

was broadcast in a prepared field and subjected to 

several incorporation and herbicide treatments. Overall, 

seeding success for butternut was 1%. Double disking 

produced the best success for butternut at 5%. Herbicide 

treatments reduced overall success. 

205. Tisserat, Ned Andrew. 1982. Epidemiology of 

butternut canker. Madison, WI: University of 

Wisconsin. 122 p. Ph.D. dissertation. 

Describes the fungal biology and spore dispersal of 

the fungus causing butternut canker. Spores were 

released throughout the growing season during rain, and 

caused new infections after dissemination in runoff or 

rain splash. Spore longevity was increased by cool 

temperature and high humidity, up to 35% after 8 hours. 

Disease incidence increased exponentially in an isolated 

butternut plantation. 

206. Tisserat, N.A.; Kuntz, J.E. 1982. Epidemiology 

of butternut canker. In: Black walnut for 

the future. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-74. St. Paul, 

MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, North Central Forest Experiment 


Describes the fungal biology and spore dispersal of 

the fungus causing butternut canker. Spores were 

released throughout the growing season during rain, and 

caused new infections after dissemination in runoff or 

rain splash. Spores were dispersed up to 30 m from 

infected trees. Infection occurred in potted seedlings 

placed under infected trees from late July to October. 

207. Tisserat, N.; Kuntz, J.E. 1983. Dispersal 

gradients of conidia of the butternut canker 

fungus in a forest during rain. Canadian Journal 

of Forest Research. 13: 1139-1144. 

Spores of the butternut fungus were released 

throughout the growing season during rain, and caused 

new infections after dissemination in runoff or rain 

splash. Spores were dispersed up to 40 m from infected 

trees. Concentrations of conidia decreased exponentially 

with increasing distances from the inoculum source. 

208. Tisserat, N.; Kuntz, J.E. 1983. The etiology 

and epidemiology of butternut canker. Annual 


74: 30-36. 

Describes the symptoms and fungal biology of the 

butternut canker disease. Also descibes the historical 

process by which researchers discovered the causal 

organism. 

23

209. Tisserat, N.; Kuntz, J.E. 1983. Longevity of 

conidia of Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum 

in a simulated airborne state. 

Phytopathology. 73(12): 1628-1631. 

Butternut canker conidia were tested for longevity on 

spiderweb frames. Cool temperatures (13 o C) and high 

humidity (9.7 mb VPD) resulted in 81% survival after 

32 hours. In the field the greatest survival was 35% after 

8 hours on a cool, rainy day. 

210. Tisserat, N.; Kuntz, J.E. 1984. Butternut 

canker: development on individual trees and 

increase within a plantation. Plant Disease. 

68(7): 613-616. 

Butternut canker incidence increased exponentially 

from 1978 to 1983 in an isolated butternut plantation. 

Cankers developed first on branches of the lower crown, 

followed by branch mortality and trunk cankers. The 

fungus continued to sporulate on dead trees for 20 

months. 

211. Tisserat, N.; Nicholls, T.H.; Kuntz, J.E. 1981. 

Spore liberation and dispersal of Sirococcus 

clavigignenti-juglandacearum. Phytopathology. 

71(2): 261. [Abstract]. 

The butternut canker fungus extruded spores from 

April to October during humid conditions. Spores were 

deposited on slides only during rainfall, with concentrations 

decreasing exponentially at increasing distances 

from the source of inoculum. 

212. Truax, Benoit; Gagnon, Daniel. 1993. Effects 

of straw and black plastic mulching on the 

initial growth and nutrition of butternut, white 

ash and bur oak. Forest Ecology and Management. 

57: 17-27. 

The effects of mulching materials on the growth and 

nutrition of seedlings of butternut, white ash, and bur 

oak were studied. Butternut did not respond positively to 

mulch treatment. Butternut had the highest foliar 

concentration of nitrogen. 

24 

213. Twardus, Daniel B. 1995. Forest health 

assessment for eastern hardwood forests. In: 

Proceedings, 10th Central hardwood forest 

conference; 1995 March 5-8; Morgantown, WV. 

Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-197. Radnor, PA: U.S. 


Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 3-10. 

A report on the health of a number of eastern tree 

species, including butternut. 

214. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1937. Nuts. 

In: Yearbook of agriculture. Washington, DC: 

United States Government Printing Office: 857- 

877. 

Describes characteristics of several nut species 

including butternut. It includes information on pollination 

and breeding. 

215. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1993. 

Butternut. In: Forest health assessment for the 

Northeastern Area. NA-TP-01-95. Radnor, PA: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Northeastern Area and Northeastern Forest 

Experiment Station: 12-13. 

A report on the health of a number of eastern tree 

species, including butternut. 

216. Van Manen, Frank T.; Clark, Joseph D.; 

Schlarbaum, Scott E.; Johnson, Kristine; 

Taylor, Glenn. 2002. A model to predict the 

occurrence of surviving butternut trees in the 

southern Blue Ridge Mountains. In: Scott, J. 

Michael; Heglund, Patricia J.; Morrison, Michael 

L.; et al., eds. Predicting species occurrences - 

issues of accuracy and scale. Washington, DC: 

Island Press: 491-498. 

A GIS-based database of known butternut locations 

from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was 

used to create a model to predict other probable butternut 

locations. Surveys of a sample of predicted locations 

revealed butternuts growing in a number of those 

locations.

217. Van Sambeek, J.W.; Ostry, Michael E.; 

Zaczek, James J. 2003. Survival and growth of 

deep-planted, in-leaf grafts in a germplasm 

repository of canker-resistant butternut. In: Van 

Sambeek, J.W.; Dawson, J.O.; Ponder, F., Jr.; et 

al., eds. Proceedings of the 13th Central hardwood 

forest conference; 2002 April 1-3; Urbana-Champaign, 

IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-234. 

St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, North Central Research Station: 

519-522. 

Grafted butternuts were field planted, and survival 

and growth were monitored for seven growing seasons. 

Mortality was high, and affected by field location, clone, 

and planting depth. Height growth of deep planted grafts 

exceeded that of more shallowly planted grafts. 

218. Vidakovic-Cifrek, Zeljka; Jelencic, Biserka; 

Regula, Ivan. 1997. Increasing of serotonin 

content in seeds of Juglans nigra L. and Juglans 

cinerea L. during ripening. Periodicum 

Biologorum. 99(1): 103-106. 

Nuts of several Juglans species are known to contain 

high levels of serotonin. Extracts of black walnut and 

butternut at differing maturity stages were examined for 

serotonin levels. Both showed increasing levels over the 

ripening period. 

219. Von Althen, F.W. 1980. Five-year survival and 

growth of sixteen hardwood species planted in 

different mixtures. Rep. 0-X-313. Sault Ste. 

Marie, Ontario, Canada: Department of the 

Environment, Canadian Forestry Service, Great 

Lakes Forestry Research Centre. 8 p. 

A mixture of 12 species of hardwood seedlings was 

planted either 12 of one species grouped per row or 

completely at random. After 5 years, butternuts had 

92% survival in either treatment and were slightly taller 

in the 12 per row treatment than in the random 

treatment. 

220. Wallace, B.D. 1934. Letter on the culture of 

butternuts and black walnuts. Annual Report of 


113-114. 

Describes the performance of butternut in Manitoba. 

By retaining only the hardiest trees in a plantation and 

collecting seed from them, the author had distributed 

butternuts throughout central Canada. 

221. Watts, R.L. 1941. The place of the butternut in 

northern nut culture. Annual Report of the 


Discusses the lack of interest in butternut and offers 

several reasons why butternut should attract more 

attention and study. These include the nutritive value of 

the nuts, tree hardiness, wood quality, and the nuts’ use 

as a wildlife food. 

222. Watts, R.L. 1944. Grow more butternuts. 



Author lists a number of named varieties of butternuts, 

and encourages further study and propagation. 

223. Weschcke, Carl. 1953. Growing nuts in the 

North. St. Paul, MN: Webb Publishing Co. 

124 p. 

Author describes his experiences growing many types 

of nut trees. One chapter is devoted to butternut, 

providing descriptions of growth characteristics, wood 

properties, nut properties, and propagation. 

224. Whealy, Kent; Demuth, Steve, eds. 1993. 

Fruit, berry and nut inventory. 2d ed. Decorah, 

IA: Seed Saver Publications. 518 p. 

Compiles lists of varieties of fruits and nuts available 

through mail order in the U.S. Lists 16 available 

butternut varieties. 

225. Wilson, Louis F.; Corneil, Jeffrey A. 1979. 

The butternut curculio on some hybrid walnuts 

in Michigan. In: Walnut insects and diseases: 

workshop proceedings; 1978 June 13-14; 





A plantation containing various Juglans species and 

hybrids was observed for butternut curculio damage. 

Butternut was rated low in susceptibility, and butternut/ 

Japanese walnut hybrids were rated as moderately 

susceptible. 

25

226. Wilson, Louis F.; Corneil, Jeffrey A.; 

Lemmien, Walter A. 1979. Susceptibility and 

injury of some hybrid walnuts by the butternut 

curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Great 

Lakes Entomologist. 12(1): 17-21. 

Susceptibility to the butternut curculio was studied in 

a mixed Juglans plantation in Michigan. In general, 

trees with Japanese walnut parentage were most 

susceptible, and butternut, along with black walnut and 

Persian walnut, was among the least susceptible. 

227. Wisconsin Conservation Department. 1967. 

Forest pest conditions in Wisconsin. Madison, 

WI: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 

67 p. 

First report of butternut dieback and canker in 

several counties of Wisconsin. 

228. Woodroof, Jasper Guy. 1979. Butternut. In: 

Tree nuts: production, processing, products. 2d 

ed. Westport, CT: Avi Publishing Company, 

Inc.: 659-661. 

Describes some of the positive qualities of butternut, 

along with its disease problems. Lists named varieties 

and grafting techniques used. 

229. Yabloko, A.S. 1936. Inter-species hybridization 

of walnuts. Soviet Subtropics. 5: 53-60. 

Article in Russian with an English summary. Most 

major Juglans species were tested for inter-species 

hybridization. The Manchurian walnut hybridized most 

easily with other species, including butternut, which 

produced an average of 28% hybrid fruit. 

230. Young, James A.; Young, Cheryl G. 1992. 

Juglandaceae - walnut family. In: Dudley, 

Theodore R., ed. Seeds of woody plants in 

North America. Revised. Portland, OR: 

Dioscorides Press: 184-187. 

Discusses nut harvesting, hulling, stratifying, and 

planting of most of the common Juglans species, 


26

Subject Index 

Diseases 

Bunch disease: 37, 85, 116, 118, 175, 

184, 185 

Leaf anthracnose: 15, 37, 81, 110, 118, 121, 

228 

Melanconis: 5, 31, 32, 37, 43, 69, 70, 

81, 110, 116, 174, 223 

Sirococcus canker: 

General: 6, 25-28, 41, 118, 129, 

151, 156, 175, 179, 216 

Associated 

Insects: 10, 73, 74, 94, 144, 145 

Distribution: 1-3, 11, 38, 40, 41, 46, 

54, 77-79, 83, 84, 88, 

166, 174, 178, 213, 215, 

227 

Fungal Biology: 48, 51, 54, 87-89, 97-100, 

102, 131, 132, 134, 135, 

137-140, 142, 144, 145, 

149, 166-168, 187, 198, 

205-211 

Fungal Genetics: 60, 141, 196, 197 

Host Range: 54, 87, 131, 137, 138, 

140, 142-145, 147, 150, 

167 

Resistance: 2, 41, 48, 54, 56, 68, 79, 

107, 108, 131, 141, 142, 

145, 146, 148, 152-154, 

167, 180, 198 

Other diseases: 4, 6, 9, 43, 81, 87, 110, 

114, 118 

Conservation 

Clonal archives: 2, 119, 124, 125, 141, 

144-146, 154, 217 

Cryopreservation: 7, 8, 119 

Genetics 

Cultivars: 4, 5, 13, 19, 22, 23, 37, 

42, 43, 52, 61, 66, 67, 

109, 110, 115, 116, 121- 

127, 147, 169-171, 199, 

201, 214, 222, 224, 228 

Hybrids: 5, 14, 15, 24, 37, 42, 54, 

57, 58, 61-63, 67, 90, 92, 

93, 116-118, 137, 138, 

140, 172, 225, 226, 229 

Molecular genetics: 24, 52, 53, 62, 119, 129, 

130, 154, 200 

Related species: 5, 9, 14-18, 24, 36, 42, 

43, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 62, 

66, 67, 87-90, 92, 93, 

112-118, 120, 131, 137, 

138, 140, 143, 150, 165, 

170, 173, 184, 185, 200, 

203, 214, 223, 225, 226, 

229, 230 

Taxonomy: 52, 53, 62, 112, 118, 120, 

173, 200 

Insect pests: 6, 18, 31, 32, 35, 37, 59, 

69, 86, 95, 110, 116, 118, 

121, 127, 155, 165, 183, 

203, 225, 226 

Native range: 20, 29, 32, 49, 68, 71, 72, 

104, 106, 111, 118, 133, 

181, 182, 193-195, 200, 

216 

Nut characteristics: 4, 12-14, 21, 36, 37, 42, 

43, 47, 61, 66, 104, 110, 

116, 118, 121, 126, 171, 

176, 186, 199, 203, 218, 

221, 223, 228 

Physiology: 33, 50, 58, 80, 91, 101, 

113, 130, 136, 177, 212, 

218 

27

Propagation 

General: 55, 103, 119, 147 

Cuttings: 163, 164 

Grafting: 5, 22, 44, 45, 47, 54, 65, 

66, 69, 92, 93, 109, 110, 

116, 117, 123, 126, 201, 

203, 217, 223, 228 

In vitro propagation: 7, 8, 158-162 

Pollination/breeding: 36, 69, 90, 107, 115, 116, 

119, 214, 229 

Seed propagation: 7, 8, 16, 17, 39, 54, 168, 

203, 204, 220, 223, 230 

Silvics/identification: 31, 32, 37, 41, 47, 54, 56, 

67, 76, 96, 103, 105, 147, 

157, 173, 175, 176, 179, 

181, 192, 202, 228 

Silviculture 

Forest management: 6, 41, 48, 54, 56, 108, 

142, 144, 146, 149, 151, 

152, 154, 193, 194 

Planting/ 31-34, 37, 41, 43, 54, 55, 

establishment: 66, 67, 101, 103, 118, 

127, 147, 151, 169, 175, 

179, 193, 203, 204, 212, 

217, 219, 220, 223 

Regeneration: 39, 41, 154, 195 

Utilization: 30, 37, 42, 54, 64, 67, 75, 

82, 96, 104, 105, 128, 

136, 147, 157, 176, 188- 

192, 202 

Wood characteristics: 37, 42, 91, 104, 120, 157, 

181, 194, 221, 223 

28

Ostry, M.E.; Moore, M.J.; Worrall, S.A.N. 

2003. Butternut (Juglans cinerea) annotated bibliography. Gen. 

Tech. Rep. NC-235. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, North Central Research Station. 28 p. (Available 

online at http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/) 

An annotated bibliography of the major literature related to butternut 

(Juglans cinerea) from 1890 to 2002. Includes 230 citations and a 

topical index. Topics include diseases, conservation, genetics, insect 

pests, silvics, nut production, physiology, propagation, silviculture, 

and utilization. 

KEY WORDS: Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, nut trees, 

butternut canker, white walnut, oilnut, hybrids, threatened species.

MISSION STATEMENT 

We believe the good life has its roots in clean air, sparkling water, rich soil, healthy economies and 

a diverse living landscape. Maintaining the good life for generations to come begins with everyday 

choices about natural resources. The North Central Research Station provides the knowledge and 

the tools to help people make informed choices. That’s how the science we do enhances the 

quality of people’s lives. 

For further information contact: 

North Central 

Research Station 

USDA Forest Service 

1992 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108 

Or visit our web site: 

www.ncrs.fs.fed.us

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