interpretation

journal 

of 

interpretation 

RESEARCH 

volume 8 

number 2 

2003 

EDITOR 

Cem M. Basman, Ph.D. 

Indiana University 

Bloomington, IN 

EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS 

Tamara Eklof 



ASSOCIATE EDITORS 

James Absher, Ph.D. 

USDA Forest Service 

Riverside, CA 

Susan Barro, Ph.D. 

USDA Forest Service 

St. Paul, MN 

Robert Bixler, Ph.D. 

Clemson University 

Clemson, SC 

Alan Bright, Ph.D. 

Colorado State University 

Fort Collins, CO 

John Burde, Ph.D. 

Southern Illinois University 

Carbondale, IL 

Andrew Carver, Ph.D. 


Carbondale,IL 

Jean Mangun, Ph.D. 


Carbondale, IL 

Mark Morgan, Ph.D. 

University of Missouri 

Columbia, MO 

James Pease, Ph.D. 

Iowa State University 

Ames, IA 

Don Rodriguez, Ph.D. 


Fort Collins , CO 

Lois Silverman, Ph.D. 



Gail Vander Stoep, Ph.D. 

Michigan State University 

East Lansing, MI 

Marcella Wells, Ph.D. 


Ft. Collins, CO 

Carolyn J.Ward, Ph.D. 

Humboldt State University 

Arcata, CA 

Homer Wu, Ph.D. 

National Taichung Teachers College 

Taichung City,Taiwan

N A I 

STAFF 

Tim Merriman 

executive director 

Lisa Brochu 

associate director 

Heather Manier 

membership manager 

Paul Caputo 

art and publications director 

Marsha Rowton 

bookkeeper 

Susan Crowe 

membership assistant 

Jim Pasquotto 

certification clerk 

Joe Wilcox 

assistant editor 

Copyright ©2003 

National Association for Interpretation 

P.O. Box 2246 

Fort Collins, CO 80522 

888-900-8283 toll free 

970-484-8283 

970-484-8179 fax 

866-362-4642 certification office 

design@interpnet.com 

www.interpnet.com 

Subscription: $35 domestic, $45 foreign 

ISSN 1092-5872

ibliography of interpretive resources 

C O N T E N T S 

Acknowledgments V 

Preface VII 

Foreword IX 

A Note from the Editor XI 

Adventure & Ecotourism 1 

Audio/Visual 3 

Computers, Technology & Internet 5 

Diversity & ADA 11 

Environmental Education 17 

Exhibits & Signs 33 

Funding, Promotion & Marketing 39 

General 43 

History & Culture 57 

International 71 

Management & Administration 75 

Personal Interpretation 85 

Planning 101 

Preschool/Young Children 107 

Resource Management 109 

Sustainable Design 117 

Training, Coaching & Professional Development 119 

Urban Environment 127 

Visitor Studies, Evaluation & Research 129 

Volunteers & Docents 149 

Writing and Publications 153 

Zoos & Wildlife 157 

Appendix: Submission Guidelines for Authors 161

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S 

Many thanks to Andrea Brown for her substantial commitment of both time and 

energy in updating and expanding NAI’s bibliography, and to Cassandra A. Lee for 

compiling the first edition. 

v

P R E F A C E 

This special issue of the Journal of Interpretation Research lists resources available in 

the field of natural and cultural heritage interpretation. The National Association 

for Interpretation updates this bibliography regularly. Readers who notice incorrect 

information or omissions are invited to send corrections and updates to our 

publishing office. Please use the InterpPress information below to contact us. We 

hope you find this bibliography helpful in your scholarly and professional work. 

InterpPress 

888-900-8283 toll-free 

design@interpnet.com 

vii

viii

F O R E W O R D 

Interpretation is a communication process that forges emotional and intellectual connections 

between the interests of the audience and the inherent meanings in the resource. 

—National Association for Interpretation (NAI) Board of Directors, 2000 

Since NAI was formed in 1988 out of its parent organizations (Association for 

Interpretive Naturalists and Western Interpreters Association), both the science and 

the art of interpretation have come a long way. The variety and breadth of the 

printed material in this bibliography is proof that, as interpreters, we continue to 

raise our professional standards while giving back to the profession through 

presentations at national workshops, papers published in NAI’s publications, Legacy 

magazine, the Journal of Interpretation Research, sourcebooks from workshops, and 

several new books on interpretation, including new titles from our publishing 

department, InterpPress. 

This is an update of the first bibliography, published in 1998, which shows how 

much we are accomplishing in this relatively young field. This is an invaluable 

resource to the body of knowledge that our profession is building upon. With the 

advances NAI is making in professional training, publishing, and expanding its 

membership nationally and internationally, I look forward to seeing NAI’s 

bibliography of interpretive resources continue to mirror the growth of 

interpretation as we strive to fulfill NAI’s mission to “inspire leadership and 

excellence to advance natural and cultural interpretation as a profession.” 

Sarah D. Blodgett 

President 

National Association 

for Interpretation 

ix

A 

N O T E F R O M T H E E D I T O R 

As a service to those conducting research activities, this special issue of the Journal of 

Interpretation Research offers a listing of the growing literature and research in the 

field of heritage interpretation. We are very grateful to Andrea Brown for gathering 

the information contained in this issue. 

This issue of the Journal also marks a transition to a new editor. Dr. Carolyn 

Ward from Humboldt State University in California will become the new editor of 

the Journal of Interpretation Research. Dr. Ward has served as an associate editor 

and has been a contributor to the Journal. I am elated at her willingness to become 

the new editor as I look for wonderful changes and advances to the Journal under 

her leadership. 

The Journal of Interpretation Research was introduced in 1996 as a scholarly 

publication highlighting the academic research in heritage interpretation. Since that 

time, a great number of people have been involved in preparing the issues. From 

the dedicated commitment of the associate editors, editorial assistants, and the 

National Association for Interpretation staff, a very useful and valuable publication 

has emerged. I will fondly recall all of their contribution while anticipating the 

wonderful developments to come in the future. It has been my absolute pleasure to 

serve as your editor. 

—CMB 

xi

A D V E N T U R E & E C O T O U R I S M 

JOURNALS & MAGAZINES 

Bucy, David E. M. Tourism Vs. Environmental Integrity and Livability. Legacy 2, 4 

(1991): 10-14. 

Dummer, Kathy. Affordable Ecotourism? A success Story form the North. Legacy 9, 2 

(1998): 28-31. 

Weiler, Betty. Assessing the Interpretation Competencies of Ecotour Guides. Journal 

of Interpretation Research 4, 1 (1999): 80-83. 

Zachary, Steve. Each One, Teach One: A Model for Heritage Protection and 

Ecotourism. Legacy 11, 3 (2000): 24-28. 

NATIONAL INTERPRETERS WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS 

Ashton, Patricia S., and Joni Blakeslee. Ecotourism: The Evolution of Nature Tourism 

Ethics and Leader Training. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 72-75. 

Baker, Molly Ames. Land History Interpretation in Adventure Education. 2000 

Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 24-25. 

Crisler, Patrick. Adventure Education in Interpretation. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(2000): 167-168. 

Dummer, Kathy, and Peggy Callahan. Affordable Ecotourism?: A Success Story for 

Planners and Participants. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 96-97. 

Frost, Sandra. Here Be Dragons. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 151-153. 

Gillespie, Hollis J., and Susannah L. Smith. Adventure Park Safari Sells Conservation 

Education: Are They Listening? 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 43-44. 

Hoessle, Kirk. Ecotourism and Interpretation: Roles, Relationships and Future 

Potential. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 76-77. 

Hudspeth, Thomas R. Developing Partnerships for Watchable Wildlife and Ecotourism 

in Island Pond, Vermont. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 73-75. 

1

Bibliography of Interpretive Resources 

Hudspeth, Thomas R. Environmental Interpretation, Ecotourism, and Sustainability in 

Honduras, Belize, and Costa Rica. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 211-212. 

Kaplan, Alan L, Conservation, Environmental Education and Ecotourism in Costa Rica: 

The Lomas Barbudal Model. 1990 National Interpreters Workshop (1990): 133-135. 

Kohl, Jon. Challenges to Introducing Interpretation into Ecotourism Programs in 

Mesoamerican Protected Areas. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 209-210. 

Packer, Mary J., Tony Clark, and Emily Cohen. Moosalamoo Ecotourism Partnership: 

Interpretive Initiatives. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 

National Interpreters Workshop (1994): 195-197. 

Reding, Sarah, and Donnal Stine. Adventure Program... A Private Non-profit and 

State Agency Working Together to Provide Interpretive Programs. The 1995 


Syman, Miriam S. Interpretation’s Role in Ecotourism: A Case Study in Mexico’s 

Maya Forest. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 213-214. 

Tabata, Raymond S. Dive Travel in Hawaii and Implications for Commercial 

Interpretation. 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1988): 

272-277. 

Williams, Wayne, Ecotourism and Interpretation in Costa Rica: Parallels and 

Peregrinations. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters Workshop (1993): 351-354. 

Zachary, Steve. Each One, Teach One: Creating a Model in Heritage Protection and 

Ecotourism for the National Parks of Nepal. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1999): 218-220. 

2

A U D I O / V I S U A L 


Angelo, Mark. Using Cassette Tapes in Interpretive Programming on the Yew Lake 

Nature Trail. Journal of Interpretation 6, 2 (1981): 15-17. 

Arning, Chuck. Video: New Tool for Interpreter’s Toolbox. Legacy 9, 2 (1998): 12-15. 

Cherem, Gabriel J., and David E. Traweek. Visitor Employed Photography: An Aid in 

Planning Guided Activities. The Interpreter 9, 1 (1977): 13-15. 

Feldman, Robert. Audio Interpretation for Motorists. The Interpreter 11, 2 (1979): 

15-19. 

Ham, Sam. Slides and Sound ‘In Synch’. The Interpreter 11, 2 (1979): 8-11. 

Hartley, William W. Gearing Up for Winter Photography. Legacy 8, 6 (1997): 26. 

Hartley, William W. In Focus: Tips for Effective Nature Photography. Legacy 8, 1 

(1997): 31. 

Hartley, William W. In Focus: Photographing Birds in Flight. Legacy 8, 3 (1997): 24. 

Hartley, William W. In Focus: Using Your Automobile as a Photographic Blind. 

Legacy 8, 4 (1997): 28. 

Hartley, Willliam W. Tips for Effective Nature Photography. Legacy 8, 1 (1997): 31. 

Hooper, John K. Photographing Graphics. The Interpreter 11, 2 (1979): 11-12. 

McClosky, Pat. Why Multi-Image AV? The Interpreter 12, 1 (1980): 26-27. 

Williams, Wayne E., and Edward N. Schultz. Quiet on the Set! Filmmaking at 

Interpretive Sites. Legacy 12, 6 (2001): 19-26. 


Arning, Chuck. Video—New Tool for Interpreter’s Toolbox. 1997 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1997): 129-131. 

3


Best, Dan, and Jim Blum. Nature Interpretation on the Air: Taking Radio Audiences 

‘Beyond the Backyard’. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 114-116. 

Brabander, Christopher, and Roberta D. Wendel. The Real Magic of Visual 

Communications. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 209-210. 

Burke II, Arthur R. Future Visions in Video. 1990 National Interpreters Workshop 

(1990): 113-115. 

Caldwell, Mike, Ken Garrahan, and Chuck Arning. How To Win Friends and 

Influence People Through Video and TV—the Talk. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1998): 159-160. 

Davies, Thomas L. Principles of Design: Constants and Change. 1999 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1999): 225-226. 

Dillon, Costa. So You Want to Make a Video? Proceedings of the 1989 National 

Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, Minnesota (1989): 206-209. 

Dillon, Costa. So You Want to Make a Video? 1990 National Interpreters Workshop 

(1990): 110-112. 

Elvidge, Janice. The Care and Feeding of Slide Collections. 1992 National Interpreters 

Workshop Proceedings (1992): 60-63. 

Heidel, Kathy. “Radio Days:” Interpretation on Radio. Proceedings of the 1989 

National Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, Minnesota (1989): 55-58. 

McCloskey, Patrick, and Heather Walter. Stories on the Silver Screen. 2002 


Miller, Gregory A. Video 101-A Video Media Primer. Proceedings: 1993 National 

Interpreters Workshop (1993): 237-240. 

Roberts, Diana C., and Chip Curry. Creating a Video Documentary and Building 

Community. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 106-107. 

Robinson, Jay, and Eric Andersen. Slides, Music, and Narrative: Putting It All 

Together with Illustrated Talks. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 13-14. 

Schwartz, Gregory C. Photographic Pricing and Reproduction Rights in Museums. 

The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1994): 152-155. 

Tellis, Chris. Audio Images: New Approaches and Technologies for Audio 

Interpretation. Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters Workshop (1991): 316-318. 

4

COMPUTERS, 

TECHNOLOGY & INTERNET 

BOOKS 

Gamble, Susan Claire. Outdoor Education and Computer-Assisted Instruction in 

Teaching Critical Thinking Regarding Environmental Concepts. Fort Collins, CO: 

National Association for Interpretation, 1988. 


Athman, Julie. Commentary: Email, GIS, and Eagle Nests: Technology at Work in 

Environmental Educaiton. Legacy 9, 6 (1998): 25-27. 

Athman, Julie, Tim Bates. Commentary: Technology and Environmental Education: 

Friend or Foe? Legacy 9, 3 (1998): 12-15. 

Ball, Bob , Eileen Dunn, John Fite, Steve Marshman, Dennis McLane, and Jim 

Peterson. Electronic Interpretation. The Interpreter 8, 4 (1976-77): 22-23. 

Beam, Jon D. Out of the Cave and Into the Chips. Legacy 3, 2 (1992): 28-29. 

Degen, Carl. Cable Television, an Interpretive Out-Reach. The Interpreter 6, 2 

(1974): 5-6. 

Furry, Darin. Interpreting Technology. Legacy 2, 6 (1991): 9-11. 

Homemade Plexiglas Light Table (Tech Memo). The Interpreter 9, 3 (1977): 26-27. 

Inexpensive Rear Screen Projection. The Interpreter 5, 1 (1973): 7. 

Martin, Carly. Geocaching: Technology Meets the Great Outdoors. Legacy 14, 2 

(2003): 14-19. 

Nieminski, Maxine. Auto Cassette Tour. The Interpreter 5, 3 (1977): 7-8. 

Thomas, Jim. Using Computer Graphics in Interpretation: New Uses for Those Old 

Photographs. Legacy 6, 1 (1995): 32-33. 

5



Allen, Peter, and Robert Showler. Artistry in Desktop Publishing. The Interpretive 

Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National Interpreters Workshop (1994): 

147-149. 

Baker, Randy E. From Wildlife Myths to Microchips. Proceedings of the 1989 National 


Barry, J. Patrick, and Darin J. Furry. You Already Know How To Interpret 

Technology! 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 382-384. 

Beale, Chad. Flowing with the Digital Tide. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 

108-109. 

Carley, Tim, Jeanie Linn, and Chris McAlear. The Virtual Visitor Center: Helping the 

Visitors Help Themselves. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 215-216. 

Clebsch, Julia C. GIS-Geographic Information Systems and Good Interpretive 

Services. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 207-209. 

Corens, Ken. Connecting the Nature Center to the Classrooom with 

Telecommunications. Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters Workshop 

St. Paul, Minnesota (1989): 15. 

Crume, Charles T. Computerized Interpretation. Proceedings of the 1989 National 

Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, Minnesota (1989): 205. 

Curran, Maureen. Let’s Interact: Developing an Interactive Video Computer System 

to Interpret Your Site. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 

203-206. 

Dalman, Karen J. Interpretation in American University Fields and Forests. 2002 

Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 98. 

Davis, Wyndeth. Arctic Journeys: Anatomy of an Electronic Field Trip. 1998 


Denney, David. Large-Format Digital Graphics. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 

132-133. 

Doucette, Lynda C., and A. Daisy Martin. Databases: Your Path to Peace and 

Organization! 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 151-152. 

Doucette, Lynda C., and Nancy Hadlock. Build Your Website for Free! 2002 


Erickson, Debra M. Live Via Satellite. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop 

Proceedings (1992): 212-15. 

Erickson, Debra M. CD-I: Advancing Interactive Video Systems. Proceedings: 1993 


Evans, Carla, Ginger Butcher, Toni Dufficy, and Cynthia Hamel. From a Bird’s-Eye 

View to Satellite Images—Changing Views of Your Park. 1999 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1999): 73-76. 

6

Computers, Technology & Internet 

Fleener, Nickieann, and Edward J. Ruddell. From Gutenberg to Cyberspace: 

Interpretation and Promotion of California’s Big Trees. 1998 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1998): 163-164. 

Frost, Sandy, Hilary Chapman, and Ben Swecker. Winging Northward: A Shorebird’s 

Journey. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 46-47. 

Gilber, David T., and Judy Chetwin. Creating Effective Websites. 2000 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (2000): 79-80. 

Heimlich, Joe E. Use of Web by Environmental Educators. 2000 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (2000): 186-187. 

Hinkle, Robert D. Nature On-Line! Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters 

Workshop St. Paul, Minnesota (1989): 244-248. 

Hinkle, Robert D. Nature On-Line: Cleveland Metroparks’ Nature Centers 

Computer Dulletin Board Service. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop 

Proceedings (1992): 233-235. 

Johnson, David Ernest, and Ann E. Sigford. Personal Computers for Interpreters. 

Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, Minnesota 

(1989): 268-273. 

Johnson, Wm. C., and Phil Zichterman. Understanding Habitat: Applying GPS and 

GIS Technology. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 278-279. 

Jones, Ralph. Digital Interpretation: Using Powerpoint to Enhance Your Message. 

2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 203. 

Jones, Ralph. Digital Interpretation: Using PowerPoint to Plant the Ideas that Create 

the Dreams. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 219. 

Jones, Ralph. PowerPoint Possiblities: Using PowerPoint to Enhance Your Message. 

2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 111-112. 

Kennedy, Michael J. Highway to the Tropics: An Educational Research Project on the 

Internet. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the National Interpreters 

Workshop (1996): 267-269. 

Kimmich, Jennifer. The ‘Nature’ of Computer Media. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1997): 180-181. 

Kleiman, Tom. The New Dynamic Duo: Video and Computers. 1990 National 


Li, Ning. An Interactive Computer-Based Interpretation Center. Proceedings of the 

1989 National Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, Minnesota (1989): 79-83. 

Martin, Carly, and Robert Hinkle. Geocaching: Teaching Meets the Great Outdoors. 


Mechlinski, Ron, and Kerry Lee. Interactive Computers and Multmedia in Modern 

Interpretation, Tourism, and Education. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 171. 

7


Milliken, Charles C., and Krista C. Kovach. Creating Wayside Exhibits With Desktop 

Publishing Computer Applications. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 235-237. 

Moyer, Ed. Biodiversity, Banana Slugs, and Virtual Reality. 1996 Interpretive 

Sourcebook: Proceedings of the National Interpreters Workshop (1996): 285-287. 

Musselwhite, Phillip. Digital Imaging: A Newcomer Among Diverse Wayside Exhibit 

Choices. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 123-124. 

Nielsen, Cindy. High Tech at the End of the Road: Video Aplplications in Remote 

Areas. Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, Minnesota 

(1989): 295-297. 

Olson, Linds L. 35mm Color Slides: The (Usually) Neglected Resource. 1990 


Osterbauer, Ron and Mark Martell. High Tech Magic: Satellites to Schools. The 1995 


Parratt, Lloyd S. Developing a Visitor Interactive Computer Information System at 

Olympic National Park. 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings 

(1988): 200-203. 

Petsche, Jerry, and Andy Kardos. The Interpreters’ Resource Information System 

(IRIS) and Its Application. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings 

(1992): 170-174. 

Points, Larry G. Development of Your Own Cassette Tape Tour. Proceedings: 1993 


Price, Kari. Merging Environmental Education and Website Technology for Effective 

Learning. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 91-94. 

Rademacher, Craig, and Jeremy Sullivan. Interpretive Outreach in the Changing 

World of ‘New Media’ Production. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 182-184. 

Repko, Melinda T., Lynda C. Doucette, and A. Daisy Martin. Databases: Your Path to 

Peace and Organization! 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 115-116. 

Rummenie, Pat, and Rod Kuehn. Tracker: Fun and Functional Phenology. 2001 


Samples, Cindy, and Vicky Silcox. A Space and a Place for a Computer Interactive 

Exhibit. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the National Interpreters 

Workshop (1996): 270-272. 

Schaller, David T., and Susan A. Nagel. Mission Accomplished: Developing Goal- 

Based Scenarios for Web Education. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 93-95. 

Smartt, Philip. A Survey of Computer Facilities of Nature Centers in Eleven 

Southern States. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 353-356. 

Stith, Brian, and Molly O’Donnell. Artificial Intelligence: Taking Interactive to a 

Whole New Level. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 104-105. 

8

Computers, Technology & Internet 

Vaughan, Tom. Interpretation on the Web. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 

177-179. 

Wood, Roy, and Margot Snure. Virtual Visitor Centers. The 1995 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1995): 262-263. 

Wright, David G. Informintion Systems in Interpretation: An Exciting Future for the 

National Parks. 1990 National Interpreters Workshop (1990): 129-130. 

TECHNICAL REPORT 

Wagar, J. Alan. Cassette Tapes for Interpretation. Portland, Oregon: USDA Forest 

Service Research Paper PNW-207. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range 

Experiment Station, 1976. 

9

D I V E R S I T Y & A D A 

BOOKS 

Beechel, Jacque M. Handbook for Interpreters: Interpretation for Handicapped Persons. 

Seattle, WA: University of Washington: Cooperative Park Studies Unit, 1975. 

Bultena, Gordon, Donald Field, and Renee Renninger. Interpretation for the Elderly: 

A Study of the Interpretive Interests of National Park Goers. Seattle, WA: 

University of Washington: Cooperative Park Studies Unit, 1977. 

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER 

National Park Service. 1984. Interpretation for Disabled Visitors in the National Park 

System. Washington, D.C.: Special Programs and Populations Branch, U.S. 

Government Printing Office. ERIC, ED260532. 


Beechel, Jacque. Interpretive Trails for Handicapped Persons. The Interpreter 6, 1 

(1974): 4-23. 

Beechel, Jacque M. National Park Service Special Programs and Population Branch: 

Interpretation for Disabled Visitors in the National Park System. Journal of 

Interpretation 10, 1 (1985): 37-40. 

Douglas, R.A., E.J. Rickards, and J-M. Goltse. Outdoor Wheelchair Pathways: Design 

Guidelines for Interpretive Planners. Journal of Interpretation 11, 2 (1986): 33-48. 

Frazier, Richard. Singapore Sensory Trail: A Nature Experience for Visually Impaired 

Visitors. Legacy 13, 5 (2002): 12-17. 

Gatson, C. Quvator, and Betsy A. Leonard. Ordinary People: A Challange of Cultural 

Diversity. Legacy 6, 6 (1995): 34-36. 

Gwaltney, William W. Interpreting Diversity, Diversifying Interpretation. Legacy 6, 6 

(1995): 4-5. 

Hook, Eileen, Elana Hallett, and Donna Pozzi. Interpretation For The Disabled. The 

Interpreter 11, 1 (1979): 33. 

11


Hughes, Amanda. Interpreting in the Spirit of ADA! Legacy 6, 3 (1995): 6-7. 

Jacobson, Susan K., John J. Arana, Mallory D. McDuiff. Environmental 

Interpretation for a Diverse Public: Nature Center Planning for Minority 

Populations. Journal of Interpretation Research 2, 1 (1997): 27-46. 

James, Katherine. Increasing Racial Diversity: A Philosophy for Change. Legacy 2, 2 

(1991): 16-19. 

Kuehner, Barbara. Handicapped Trails: The Dream and the Reality. The Interpreter 

8, 4 (1976-77): 20-21. 

La Mere, Karen. American Indian Interpretation from an Indian Perspective. Legacy 

4, 2 (1993): 22-24. 

Lewton, Dave. An Introduction to Environmental Interpretation in Sign Language— 

Part 1. The Interpreter 6, 1 (1974): 6-15. 


Part 2. The Interpreter 6, 3 (1974): 6-15. 


Part 3. The Interpreter 6, 4 (1974-75): 8-15. 

Maccarry, Bert and Noel. How Storytellers Contribute to a Better Understanding of 

Cultural Diversities. Legacy 2, 2 (1991): 6-7. 

Morales, Jorge F. Commentary: Environmental, Historical, Cultural, Natural 

Interpretation: A Spanish View on Heritage Interpretation. Legacy 8, 5 (1997): 10. 

Ruddell, Edward J., and Carol G. Ruddell. Some Perceptions and MIsperceptions 

About Cognitive Abilities of Hearing-Impaired Students: Implications for Park 

Interpreters. Legacy 2, 5 (1991): 14-19. 

Thornton, Melanie P. Breaking the Sound Barrier: Communicating Effectively with 

Visitors Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. Legacy 8, 4 (1997): 10-13. 

Virgin, Terry. Utilizing the Visually Handicapped in Interpretation. Journal of 

Interpretation 4, 1 (1979): 18. 

Zuefle, David Matthew. Religious Indentification and Environmental Attitudes 

Among Interpreters. Legacy 8, 2 (1997): 6-9, 34-35. 


Baldwin, Cheryl K., and Debra A. Hornfeldt. Adapting and Modifying Interpretive 

Programs to Better Serve Persons with Disabilities. Proceedings of the 1989 


Baldwin, Cheryl K., and Jean M. Larson. Learning Differences: Everthing You 

Wanted to Know About Developmental Disabilities but, Were Aftaid to Ask. 

1990 National Interpreters Workshop (1990): 124-126. 

12

Diversity & ADA 

Barton, Dorothy E., Patricia E. Hicks, and Julia L. Washburn. Making Connections: 

Creating Multi-Cultural Environmental Education Programs. 1992 National 

Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 220-223. 

Blacoe, Joanne, Sharon A. Brown, and Anna Coxe Toogood. Finding A Forum For 

Diversity. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 38-41. 

Blatt, Martin, and William Gwaltney. Another Kind of Glory: Success Stories in 

Interpreting the African-American Experience. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: 

Proceedings of the National Interpreters Workshop (1996): 3-5. 

Brown, Audrey L. Changing Images of African-American Women and Interpretation. 


Cadez, Alyse. Another Way to Listen: Rethinking Old Myths and Steriotypes. 1992 

National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 16-17. 

Cooke-Kayser, Sheila, and Sandra Brue. Interpreting for the Diverse Universe 

New Encounters of the Interpretive Kind. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1995): 41-43. 

Cox, W. Eugene. Developing an Accessible Nature Trail. The 1995 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1995): 187-189. 

Dillon, Constantine J. Interpretation and Inclusion. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1995): 44-46. 

Dunn, Mike. The Need for Natives. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the 


Ellis, W. Kay, and Hal Hallett. Accessibility IS Customer Service. 1996 Interpretive 


Geiger, Jr, Roy A, and W. Kay Ellis. Improving the Accessibility of Your Interpretive 

Programs. 1990 National Interpreters Workshop (1990): 127-128. 

Geiger, Jr., Roy A., W. Kay Ellis. So You Want to Build a ‘Handicapped’ Trail? 1992 


Geiger, Roy A., and W. Kay Ellis. Attracting Senior Visitors to Your Programs and 

Facilities: Myths and Facts. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 


Geiger, Roy , W. Kay Ellis, and Suzanne Cromlish. Making Your Facilities and 

Programs Accessible to Disabled Visitors. Proceedings of the 1989 National 


Gibson, Bob, and Dave Moriah. Meeting The Interpretive Needs of Minorities. 


(1989): 223-227. 

Hilton, Sunita C. Multiculturalism and Intepretation: Different Ways of Knowing. 


13


Hughes, Amanda. The Disabled Community-Your Best Resource for Accessible 

Design. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the National Interpreters 

Workshop (1996): 174-175. 

Hughes-Horan, Amanda. The Disabled Community—Your Best Resource for 

Accessible Design. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 147-148. 

Isensee, Kerry H. Reaching the Foreign Tourist. Proceedings: 1993 National 

Interpreters Workshop (1993): 171. 

James, Kathy. A Philosophy for Change. 1990 National Interpreters Workshop (1990): 

63-65. 

Judson, Chris. Inexpensively Increasing Visitor Center Accessibility. 1997 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1997): 149-150. 

Ledford, Randy, and Mark Teder. Native American Artifact Creations. Proceedings of 

the 1989 National Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, Minnesota (1989): 73-78. 

Martynuik, Charlotte A., and Jan James. Increasing Leadership Competencies in 

Interpreters Who Teach Children with Mild Developmental Disabilities. The 

Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1994): 298-303. 

McAvoy, Leo H., and Stuart J. Schleien. Effects of Integrated Interpretive Programs 

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14

Diversity & ADA 

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E N V I R O N M E N T A L E D U C A T I O N 

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21


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Osterbauer, Ron. Dawn of a New Decade: Walking the Talk of Environmental 

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Make Costumes Anyone Can Create. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1993): 275-276. 

Reding, Sarah, and Jen Gresham. Neighborhood Naturalist—An After-School 

Program for At-Risk Youth. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 46-48. 

Reding, Wil. ’The Wetland Sleuth’: Marsh Mallow Man. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: 


28


Reding, Wil. The Tao of Yas Ennya Oyaka: Environmental and Theatrical 

Participatory Education. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 


Reding, Wil and Sarah. The Environmental Time Review. Proceedings: 1991 National 


Reilly, Patti, and Kathy Tevyaw. Resource Education in National Parks: The Real 

Thing. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 111-113. 

Risk, Paul H. Bites, Stings, and Venomous Things. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(2000): 89-90. 

Russo, Ron. Children of the New Millennium. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1999): 30-32. 

Sachs, Susan, and Mike Maslona. A K–8 Integrated Science Curriculum in the Great 

Smoky Mountains National Park. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 21-22. 

Salter-Stith, Cynthia, Julia Washburn, and Dorothy Barton. A Circle of Sharing: 

Making Your Environmental Education Programs Multicultural. Proceedings: 


Salterberg, Susan. Waste Reduction: Addressing the Overlooked ‘R’ in Grades 7-12. 


Samples, Cynthia S. Animal Tracks That Walk Away ‘I Made Tracks at Albeni Falls’. 


Samples, Cynthia S. Beautiful Butterfly Gardens from Rotting Rot Pots. Proceedings: 


Saunders, D. Andrew, and Jon D. Beam. The Interpretive Link: Forging a Vital 

Connection Between Wildlife Research and Environmental Education. 


Schilling, Mark R. WOW! The Wonders of Wetlands. Proceedings: 1993 National 


Sears, G. Payton. Bugs Not Drugs—A Sampler. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1997): 29-30. 

Seavey, Marcy, and John Etgen. Introducing Healthy Water, Healthy People. 2001 


Seymour, Stephen M., and Karen A. Seymour. Strengthening the Proficiencies 

Through Environmental Education. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 49-50. 

Shanberg, Karen. Kids for Saving Earth: Blending Action and Environmental 

Education. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 200. 

Shanberg, Karen, and Stan Tekiela. Plantworks: A Fresh Look at Wild Edibles. 


29


Shanberg, Karen, and Stan Tekiela. Plantworks: A Fresh Look at Wild Edibles. 1992 

National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 256. 

Shankland, Debra K. Wonderful Water. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 74-75. 

Simmons, Bora. The National Environmental Education Standards Project. 1996 


(1996): 48-49. 

Slivovsky, Katie, and Dana Murphy. Save the Elephants—Don’t Buy Ivory Soap: Why 

We Shouldn’t Clobber Kids with Environemtnal Doom and Gloom. 2000 


Sorensen, Peg, Celeste Prussia, and Suzanne Sturtevant. What Does It Mean to Be 

Environmentally Literate? National Guidelings for Environmental Education. 


Staples, Sara. Science Adventures Interpreting Remote Environments. The 


Workshop (1994): 105-107. 

Staples, Sara Carter. Nature’s Colors: Natural Dyeing for All Ages. 1988 NAI National 


Stearns, Liza. The World of Barilla Taylor: A Primary Source-Based Curriculum Kit 

for Students in Grades 8-12. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 


Stofan, James L. Crossing the Sea: Sea World’s Distance Education. The 1995 


Strang, Carl A. Scientific Sorcery: Putting Science in Its Place. 1990 National 


Swain, Marta. Interplay! Recognizing and Celebrating Our Relationship to Earth. 


Swain, Marta. Interplay! Connecting Across Worlds. 1992 National Interpreters 


Taglauer, Tim, David Kronk, and Neil De Jong. Environmental Education: New 

Directions Using Some Proven Magic! The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1995): 114. 

Tekiela, Stan, and Karen Shanberg. Start Mushrooming: Practice Safe Six in the 90's. 


Thomas, James A., and Gary W. Mullins. Earth Stewards: Partnership-Based 

Environmental Education. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the 


Thomas, Kathy. Rainforest Preservation: Who Will Save the Kinnkajou? Proceedings: 


30


Tobinson, Randy, and Ethan Taylor. Suitcase for Survival: Interpreting Relationships 

Between Wildlife Trade, Biodiversity and Tourism. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(2002): 41-42. 

Torres, Jill, and Sharon Farrell. Creating Community for the Future: A High School 

Stewardship Program. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the National 


Tulp, Bill, and Dana Karuza. Gardening with Kids. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(2001): 151-152. 

Tyburec, Janet. Bat Basics. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 45-46. 

Vogl, Robert, and Sonia Vogl. Educational, Interpretive, and Practical Uses of Solar 

Electricity. Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, 

Minnesota (1989): 159-161. 

Vogl, Robert, and Sonia Vogl. Educational, Interpretive and Practical Uses of Solar 

Electricity. Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters Workshop (1991): 347-349. 

Von Halle, Cindy, and Bill O’Donnell. Environmental Education: Involve Me & I’ll 

Understand! The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 109-110. 

Washburn, Julia, Maggie Zadorozny, Sarah Luchs, Emmalou Norland, Cindy 

Sommers, and Norma Neely. Parks as Resources for Knowledge in Science. 1999 


Wasserman, Pamela B. People and the Planet: Hands-on Population Education. 


Weiss, Robinne L. Interpreting Insects: High Drama Under the Hands Lens. 1999 


White, Laura K., and Mark Johns. Hemlock Rangers: Natural Resource Education 

for Teenagers. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 107-108. 

White, Robin. Planting Seeds in a Concrete Jungle. Proceedings: 1991 National 


Winslow, Brian. Jump on the Dinosaur Bandwagon: Dinosaurs as a Tool for 

Interpreting Natural History. 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop 

Proceedings (1988): 302-304. 

Woyke, Priscilla P. Early Childhood EE: Integrating Appropriate Art Experiences into 

Nature-Based Programs. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 64-65. 

Yarde, Nick L. Naturalist’s Notes: Mapping Your Journey. 1988 NAI National 


Young, Kay. What’s Wild for Lunch? 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the 


Zadorozny, Maggie. Operation Explore: An Environmnetal Education Program of 

Four Cooperating Agencies. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings 

(1992): 247-249. 

31


Zadorozny, Maggie, and Nancy Smaroff Wikerson. Bridging the Watershed. 1999 


Zaletel, Linda R.F., and Kay Neumann. New Tools for Educating About Birds Are 

Currently Migrating to You! 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 80-81. 

Zaletel, Linda R.F., Kay Neumann, and Amy Yoakum. New Tools for Educating 

About Birds Are Currently Migrating to You. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(2000): 107-109. 


Gramann, James. Interpretive Activities Inventory. College of Forest Resources, 

University of Washington, Seattle, 1977. 

Harr, Douglas C. Interpretive Potential of South Dakota Wetlands. South Dakota 

Sate University, Brookings, 1971. 

32

E X H I B I T S & S I G N S 

BIBLIOGRAPHIES 

Blackmore, S., T.R. Lee, and A.M. Turnbull. Exhibitions: Annotated Bibliography. 

Guildford, UK: The Department of Psychology, The University of Surrey, 1975. 

BOOKS 

Edwards, R. Yorke. Interpretation in Your Museum. Victoria, B.C., Canada: British 

Columbia Prov. Museum, 1968. 

Serrell, Beverly. Exhibit Labels: An Interpretive Approach. New York, NY: Rowman 

and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1996. 

Trapp, Suzanne, Michael Gross, and Ron Zimmerman. Signs, Trails, and Wayside 

Exhibits: Connecting People and Places. Stevens Point, WI: University of 

Wisconsin-Stevens Point Foundation Press, Inc., 1994. 


Akin, George. A Patchwork Quilt of Thoughts, Ideas and Comments on Display 

Graphics. The Interpreter 7, 4 (1975-76): 4-12. 

Alt, M. B. Evaluating Didactic Exhibits: A Critical Look at Shettel’s Work. Curator 20, 

3 (1977): 241-258. 

Capelle, Alan. The Highway Rest Area: An “Overlooked” Facility for Interpretation? 

Journal of Interpretation 6, 1 (1981): 1-8. 

Caputo, Paul. Tough Love: Vivid Visuals Keep Crowds Safe. Legacy 13, 4 (2002): 24-25. 

DeMars, Louise L. Designs of the Times. Legacy 2, 6 (1991): 18-19. 

England, Charles, and John Hanna. Sign of Times. The Interpreter 12, 1 (1980): 25. 

Flasher, Bob. Parking Lot Interpretation. The Interpreter 11, 3 (1979): 9-10. 

Fremd, Theodore J. The Diagram Group: The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. Journal 

of Interpretation 11, 2 (1986): 61-63. 

33


Hawthorne, Jean. Using Plaster as an Interpretive Tool. The Interpreter 12, 1 (1980): 

20-21. 

Heidorn, Elizabeth J., Laura Emmer, and Marsha Knittig. Carpet Foam. Legacy 2, 4 

(1991): 24-26. 

Hoffman, Richard B. Wayside Exhibit Planning: Focusing on Significant Terrain. 

Legacy 10, 2 (1999): 17-19, 32. 

Howard, Jonathon. A Mobile Interactive Display: A Simple Solution to Selling a 

Complex Message. Legacy 4, 3 (1993): 30. 

Kauffman, Robert B. The Learning Board. Journal of Interpretation 4, 1 (1979): 29-31. 

Kidder, Norman. Interpretive Trails at Scicon. The Interpreter 6, 4 (1974-75): 3. 

Kuehner, Barbara. Visitor Centers: What Works and What Doesn’t. The Interpreter 8, 

3 (1976): 6-15. 

Kuehner, Dick. Self-guiding Interpretive Trails: A Design Process for Better Relating 

the Visitor to Various Environments. The Interpreter 8, 4 (1976-77): 4-10. 

Mosbacher, Frank. Temporary Bulletin Board Design. The Interpreter 11, 1 (1979): 16. 

Murray, Will. Traveling Chalkboard. Legacy 3, 1 (1992): 25. 

Nickens, Paul R. The Use of Protective Signs at Cultural Resource Sites. Legacy 1, 2 

(1990): 9-11. 

Oltman, Marcie. Creting Exhibits for the Very Young. Legacy 11, 6 (2000): 14-19. 

Papesh, Maria G.C. and Tess Shatzer. Interpreting Adult Exhibits for Children. 

Legacy 8, 3 (1997): 20-23, 36-39. 

Passing Phenomena Signs (Tech Memo). The Interpreter 9, 1 (1977): 22. 

Rhoades, Ellen E., and Kristen A. Dill. Discover with Discover Carts. Legacy 6, 4 

(1995): 23. 

Rohling, Jane M. Creating Effective Interpretive Signs: Pitfalls and Complications of 

‘Going it Alone’. Legacy 8, 6 (1997): 20-25. 

Serrell, Beverly, and Jack MacRae. Thinking Like Visitors? Legacy 12, 5 (2001): 41-45. 

USDA Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service. Exhibit Guides. The 

Interpreter 11, 1 (1979): 11-15. 

Vandal Resistant Trailside Post (Tech Memo). The Interpreter 9, 1 (1977): 23. 

Veverka, John. Where’s the Interpretation in Interpretive Exhibits? Legacy 3, 5 

(1992): 26-28. 

Walker, J. Terry. Proper Planning—Key to Exhibit Success. The Interpreter 11, 1 

(1979): 5-6. 

Wyzga, Marilyn C. Exhibit Design: A Team Approach. Legacy 6, 6 (1995): 12-15. 

34

Exhibits & Signs 

Zink, Robert C. Meeting the Public Booth. The Interpreter 6, 4 (1974-75): 6. 

Zink, Robert C. The Nature Trail Syndrome. The Interpreter 5, 2 (1973): 2. 


Barnette, Brian. Building a Live Exhibit From Dead Animals. 1999 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1999): 109-111. 

Beavans, Gwen W. Trails With Tales. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 112-113. 

Beery, Karen, and Jan French. Are Your Graphics Lost in the Visual Woods? 


Blacoe, Joanne C. The Magic of Self-Discovery: Creating a Self-guiding Tour for 

Students, Teachers and Parents. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 180-182. 

Brabander, Christopher. If a Sign Fell in the Woods… Would Anyone Miss It? The 


Workshop (1994): 133-134. 

Broder, Phil. Exhibit Design for Dummies. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 

204-206. 

Brunswick, Nancy A., Dale J. Blahna, and John C. Ellsworth. The Role of Exhibit 

Design in Development of Successful Scenic Byway Interpretation: Appearances 

Do Matter. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 293-305. 

Cardea, Dominic, and Josj Bevans. Just Give Me a Sign. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(2002): 109-111. 

Christensen, Tom. A 10 Cent Pencil Can Prevent A Million Dollar Mistake- Pencil 

testing Interpretive Designs. Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters 


Cook, Cathleen J., and Paul Singer. Pointers and Pitfalls of Managing a Wayside 

Exhibit Project. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 177-179. 

Day, Melinda, and David Larsen. Personal Battlefields: The Aftrican-American 

Exhibit - A Valuable Educational Tool. Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1991): 62-64. 

Garrison, Robert, and Robin Holmes. Creating Quality Exhibits Without Much Cash or 

Experience. 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1988): 78-82. 

Greenhouse, Ruth, and Elaine McGinn. Developing Visitor-Centered Exhibits: An 

Innovative Team Approach. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 201-202. 

Guiney, David, and Neil Mackay. Streamlining Exhibit Planning. 2002 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (2002): 114-116. 

Hamer, Ginger, and Elaine Feikema. Friendly Regulatory Signage, or How to Say 

‘Thou Shalt Not’ With a Smile. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 227-229. 

Hanna, John W., and Lisa Brochu. The Continuing Quest for the Perfect Sign. 1997 


35


Hanna, John W., Ph.D, and Lisa Brochu. Quest for the Perfect Sign. 1996 Interpretive 


Harris, Catherine. Interpreation Lore in History Museums: Evolving Narrative and 

Transference in the Study of Decorative Arts and Architecture. 1999 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1999): 49-50. 

Heidorn, Elizabeth J., Laura Emmer, and Marsha Knittig. Carpet Foam: From Under 

the Rug to Center Stage Interpretation. 1990 National Interpreters Workshop 

(1990): 95-97. 

Hoffman, Richard. Wayside Exhibit Planning: Focusing on Significant Terrain. 1998 


Honkonen, Karl W., and Karst R. Hoogeboom. To Walden Pond By Touch Screen. 

1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the National Interpreters Workshop 

(1996): 273-274. 

Jahn, Mary L. , Jane M. Rohling, and Dick Ostergaard. Interpretive Sign Design: 

Pitfalls and Complications of Going it Alone. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: 


Janssen, Wendy, Neil Mackay, and Harris A. Shettel. Incorporating Media Evaluation 

in Exhibit Planning and Design: A Case Study. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(2000): 7-9. 

Johnson, Wade. Touching Missing Dinosaurs. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 1-2. 

Knittig, Marsha. Tricks (and good advice) for a Terrific Tactile Tour. 1996 

Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the National Interpreters Workshop (1996): 

176-178. 

Lyon, Sandy. Try Your Luck at ‘Muck’. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of 

the 1994 National Interpreters Workshop (1994): 89-90. 

MacRae, Jack, and Beverly Serrell. Paying Attention: Visitors’ Time in Exhibitions. 


Mikenas, Gail, and Kathryn Appelbaum. Taking Risks: Would You Send a Child into the 

Woods Alone? 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 297-299. 

Miller, Gregory A. Developing Exhibits That Communicate. 1990 National 


Morgan, J. Mark, and Marlana Hodgkinson. Why Johnny Doesn’t Read Zoo Labels: 

Implications for Educators. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 135. 

Morris, Jodi. A Picture is Worth a Thousand Interpretive Programs. 1996 Interpretive 


Oltman, Marcie. Early Learner Limbo: How Low Can Exhibits Go? 1999 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1999): 89-90. 

36

Exhibits & Signs 

Packer, Mary Jeanne, and Laura DiRado. White River TravelWay: Wayside Exhibit 

Design. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National 


Papesh, Maria G.C. and Tess Shatzer. Interpreting Adult Exhibits for Children. 


(1996): 93-95. 

Redvale, Jolene, and Elizabeth Dickey. Hands-on Exhibits: The Magical Touch. The 


Rogers, Nancy, Greg Miller, and John W. Hanna. A Model for Exhibit Rehabilitation. 


Routman, Emily O. Are High-Tech, High-Appeal and High-Cost Exhibits for You? 


Schafer, Sharon. Rock-Solid Exhibit Ideas. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 238-239. 

Sharon, E. Michael. Mixing Interpretive Media: Death Knell or Creative Mind 

Expander? 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1988): 251-253. 

Smith, Russell P. Everwhere a Sign! 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings 

(1992): 115-117. 

Spinnler, John R. A Wayside Exhibit Primer (Abstract Only). Proceedings: 1991 


The Division of Wayside Exhibits. Planning Wayside Exhibits. Proceedings: 1993 


Thompson, D., and S. Bitgood. The Effects of Sign Length, Letter Size, and Proximity 

on Reading. 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1988). 

Thompson, James B., and James A. Mack. A Systems Approach to Interpretive 

Media: Using Visitor Interests and Avalaible Time. Proceedings: 1991 National 


Trapp, Suzanne, and Michael Gross. Effective Design for Signs, Trails and Wayside 

Exhibits (Abstract Only). Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters Workshop 

(1991): 330. 

Trapp, Suzanne, Michael Gross, and Ron Zimmerman. Signs, Trails, and Wayside 

Exhibits: Future Research Needs (Abstract Only). 1990 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1990): 383. 

Veverka, John A. Where is the Interpretation in Interpretive Exhibits? Proceedings of 


Werting, Donn Paul. Short Loop Trails Designed with Nintendo in Mind. 1992 


Williams, Marian, John W. Hanna, and Pamela Wright. Making Signage Work: 

Showing the Way (Abstract Only). Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1991): 367. 

37


Wyzga, Marilyn C., and Judith K. Silverberg. Exhibit Design: A Team Approach. The 


Workshop (1994): 144-146. 


Aboulafia, Leon R. Educational Exhibits in Wildlife Conservation. Dept. of Forest 

Zoology, State University College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 

Syracuse, New York, 1960. 

Hambleton, Susan Kay. Interpreting a Museum Exhibit: Message and Cost 

Effectiveness of Alternative Audio Messages. School of Natural Resources, Ohio 

State University, Columbus, 1978. 

Harker, George R. The Interpretation of the Landscape to Interstate Highway 

Travelers. Ohio State University, Columbus, 1968. 

Sharik, Terry L. Establishing and Developing the Self-Guiding Trail as an 

Interpretive Media in Urban Areas - a Case History. The University of Michigan, 

Ann Arbor, 1966. 

38

F U N D I N G , 

P R O M O T I O N & M A R K E T I N G 

BOOKS 

Fazio, James R., and Douglas L. Gilbert. Public Relations and Communications for 

Natural Resource Managers. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co, 2000 

(3rd ed.). 


Brumgardt, John R. Need Money? Just Write! The Interpreter 10, 4 (1979): 19-22. 

Burde, John H., and Gary Howatt. Marketing Nature Centers: Product, Price, and 

Promotion. Legacy 4, 4 (1993): 16-21. 

Fargo, Heather. Playing the Grants Game. The Interpreter 12, 2 (1981): 36-39. 

Merriman, Tim. Romantic Fundraising. Legacy 3, 2 (1992): 6-7. 

Merriman, Tim. In Search of a Pony. Legacy 3, 4 (1992): 6-7. 

Samples, Cind, Ruth Watkins, Carol Mack, and Shelly Gilmore. Want to Be a 

‘Spawnsor?’—How about a ‘Contributary?’: Creative Partnering for Watershed 

Education. Legacy 9, 4 (1998): 18-21, 31-32. 

Veverka, John. Marketing Basics for Intepretive Sites and Attractions: It’s All About 

the Visitors. Legacy 12, 2 (2001): 34-37. 


Albrecht, Beverly E., and Laurie Risch. Magic Dividends From Partnership 

Investment. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 149-151. 

Badgley, Delores R. Marketing Interpretive Programs. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1997): 43-44. 

Basman, Cem M., Theodore Kauss, and Kristi J. Branson. The Foundations of Powerful 

Fundraising. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters Workshop (1993): 13-16. 

Brenneman, Judy Fort. Marketing the Harvest: How to Market Ideas, Programs, and 

More. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 127-128. 

39


Breslav, Marc. A Professional Approach to Public Relations and Marketing. 


(1989): 185-187. 

Breslav, Marc. A Professional Approach to Public Relations and Marketing. 1988 NAI 


Breslav, Marc. A Professional Approach to Public Relations & Marketing. Proceedings: 


Breslav, Marc. A Professional’s Approach to Public Relations and Marketing. 1999 


Broder, Phil. Penniless Publicity. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters Workshop 

(1993): 39-42. 

Brown, Barbara L. Dollars and Sense. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the 


Brown, Foster. Those Glorious Grants: Dreams Planted; Ideas harvested. 2001 


Bugeda, Ann, and John Schaust. There’s No Magic About Being Broke. The 1995 


Burde, John H., and Gary Howatt. Marketing Nature Centers: Product, Price and 

Promotion. Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters Workshop (1991): 46-50. 

Burrrus-Bammel, Lei Lane , Gen Bammel, Kathy Kopitsky, and J.D. Carpenter. 

Assessing Your Agency’s Image: The Perspective Given to the Public through 

Public Relations Material. 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings 

(1988): 37-45. 

Christyson, M. Jane, and Robert R. Rotatori. Attracting New Audiences Through 

Special Events. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National 


Cook, Tim. Writing That Profit$: The Basics of Direct Mail Fundraising. Proceedings: 


Cowan, Vik. Schmoozing 101. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 245-246. 

Dreves, John P. Now, How Do We Pay for It. 1990 National Interpreters Workshop 

(1990): 77-78. 

Erickson, Debra, and Jim Stofan. Images and Perceptions: What Are Your Marketing 

Pieces Telling Your Guests? The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 


Ewbank, Kevin. A Low-cost, Quick Visitor Center Facelift. 1997 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1997): 166-167. 

Finch, Kenneth H. The Choir’s Getting Bored, and the Pews Are Bare; Marketing for 

Nature Centers. 1990 National Interpreters Workshop (1990): 55-55. 

40

Funding, Promotion & Marketing 

Garrett, E. Fund Raising for Small Organizations. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1997): 35-36. 

Harper, Sean P., and Michael Legg. A Marketing Analysis of Interpretive Programs 

and Facilities at Empire Farm, Land Between the Lakes, Kentucky. 1990 National 


Heffington, Julie Barrett. Interpretive Facilities and Funding Your Mission. 1997 


Kohring, Margaret A. Building Donor Support For Your Nature Center. Proceedings 

of the 1989 National Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, Minnesota (1989): 274-275. 

LaBaire, Michael. Merchandising Interpretive Materials. 1992 National Interpreters 

Workshop Proceedings (1992): 224. 

Liljegren, Aric J., and Julia Liljegren. Marketing Your Convictions. 2001 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (2001): 222-223. 

Mullin, Thomas D. Capital Campaigns-Ask Questions First. 1996 Interpretive 


Osterndorf, Laurie. Pulling Money Out of a Hat: The Magic of Fundraising. The 


Rominger, Gary. Invasion of Privacy? Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1991): 280-282. 

Samples, Cindy. Want to be a ‘Spawnsor’ or a ‘Contributary’: Creative Partnering for 

Environmental Education. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 52-53. 

Shamir, Ilan. Amazing and Creative Ways to Promote Your Programs, your Products, 

and Even Yourself. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 203-204. 

Spears, Carol J. Using the Press in Controversial Issues. Proceedings: 1991 National 


Spears, Carol J. Using the Press in Controversial Issues. 1992 National Interpreters 


Teslow, Dawn. Marketing Your Interpretive News Releases. Proceedings of the 1989 


Tucker, Trudy L. Putting Together a Professional Effective Press Kit. Proceedings: 


Wright, Pamela A. , Gary W. Mullins, and Mike Watson. Market Segmentation of 

Interpretive Participants at National Park Service Sites. 1988 NAI National 


Zichterman, Phil. A Special Invitation: Marketing for the Recreational Visitor. 


41


Zimmerman, Ray A. Publicity: It Doesn't have to Be Expensive. The Interpretive 

Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National Interpreters Workshop 

(1994): 227-229. 

Zohrer, Wendy, and Julie Barrows. We are on the Air!: How to take a Vision And 

Develop a Marketable Product. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the 


42

G E N E R A L 


Barclay, Derrick, producer. Geoffrey Lord and Jane Patterson, eds. Interpretation of 

the Environment: A Bibliography. Midlothian, Scotland: Macdonald Printers, Ltd. 

Foley, James P. Interpretation Bibliography. Alberta: Interpretation Canada, 1974. 

Foley, James P. Interpretation Bibliography (sequel to Interpretation Canada). 

Alberta: Interpretation Canada, 1976. 

Fridgen, Joseph, Daniel Stynes, Joan Peterson, Denice Wilkins, and Helen West. 

Interpreting the Urban Milieu: A Bibliography. Derwood, MD: Association of 

Interpretive Naturalists, 1981. 

Winzeler, Elizabeth R., and Gabriel J. Cherem. An Interpretive Research Bibliography. 

Derwood, MD: Association of Interpretive Naturalists, 1978. 

BOOKS 

Cantu, Rita. Interpretation: A Way of Looking at Things. Maryland: Association of 

Interpretive Naturalists, 1973. 

Grater, Russell K. Earl Jackson, ed. The Interpreter’s Handbook: Methods, Skills, & 

Techniques. Tucson, AZ: Southwest Parks and Monuments Assoc, 1978. 

Gross, Michael and Ron Zimmerman. Interpretive Centers: The History, Design and 

Development of Nature and Visitor Centers. Stevens Point, WI: University of 

Wisconsin-Stevens Point Foundation Press, Inc., 2002. 

Ham, Sam H. Environmental Interpretation: A Practical Guide for People with Big 

Ideas and Small Budgets. Golden, CO: North American Press, 1992. 

Ham, Sam H. Interpretacion Ambiental: Una Guía Práctica para Gente Con Grandes 

Ideas y Presupuestos Pequeños. Golden, CO: North American Press, 1992. 

Knudson, Douglas M., Ted T. Cable, and Larry Beck. Interpretation of Cultural and 

Natural Resources. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc., 1995. 

43


Mott, W. P. Twelve-Point Plan: The Challenge. Washington, D.C.: Arizona Memorial 

Museum Association and National Park Foundation, 1985. 

Sharpe, Grant W. Interpreting the Environment, 2nd ed. Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley 

& Sons, Inc, 1982. 

Strang, Carl. Interpretive Undercurrents. Fort Collins, CO: National Association for 

Interpretation Region 5, 1999. 

Tilden, Freeman. Interpreting Our Heritage. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North 

Carolina Press, 1967. 

Tilden, Freeman. Interpreting Our Heritage: Principles and Practices for Visitor Services 

in Parks, Museums, and Historic Places. New York, NY: Van Rees Press, 1957. 

Tilden, Freeman. The Fifth Essence: An Invitation to Share in Our Eternal Heritage. 

Washington, D.C.: The National Park Trust Fund Board, . 

Tilden, Freeman. The National Parks. New York, NY: Knopf, 1978. 

Yetman, Wayne. Interpretation: A Total Communications Service. Hull, Quebec: 

Association of Canadian Interpreters, 1976. 


Erikson, Debra M., ed. 1988. Charting a New Course. National Association for 

Interpretation. Conference Proceedings, San Diego. ERIC, ED378066. 

JOURNAL/ MAGAZINES 

Baird, Robert Weldon. Retreating for Interpretation. Journal of Interpretation 3, 1 

(1978): 3-5. 

Beam, John. A View from the Other Side. Legacy 3, 1 (1992): 6-8. 

Bernard, Jr., Nelson T. Earning Support for Interpretation. Journal of Interpretation 

2, 1 (1977): 26-27. 

Bevilacqua, Sarah. An Interview with Dr Sam Ham. Legacy 5, 2 (1994): 6-9. 

Bixler, Robert D. Commentary: Why We Must ‘Preach to the Choir’. Legacy 12, 6 

(2001): 33-34. 

Bogue, Gary. An Interview with Paul Covel. The Interpreter 5, 3 (1973): 11. 

Brabander, Chris. Commentary: What’s in a Name? Legacy 11, 1 (2000): 29-30. 

Brochu, Lisa. Commentary: Guiding the Profession to New Perspectives. Legacy 13, 6 

(2002): 32-35. 

Brooks, Diana. Camouflage Craft. Legacy 8, 4 (1997): 19. 

Brooks, Diana. Face Painting. Legacy 6, 3 (1995): 34. 

Cable, Ted T., and Virgil Brack Jr. The Martin-Mosquito Myth: Interpretive 

Propaganda. Journal of Interpretation 10, 1 (1985): 29-32. 

44

General 

Capelle, Alan. A Commitment to Excellence: Identifying Outstanding Sites in Region 

5. Legacy 9, 2 (1998): 22-24. 

Capelle, Alan D. Tilden’s Interpretive Principles—A Neglected Legacy. The 

Interpreter 12, 1 (1980): 17-18. 

Carlson, Patricia. In the Beginning. Journal of Interpretation 1, 1 (1976): 15-16. 

Cherem, Gabe. Regional Interpretation Systems. The Interpreter 11, 3 (1979): 29-30. 

Civitarese, Sandra Rideout, Michael H. Legg, and David Matthew Zuefle. More 

Thoughts on the Differences Between Environmental Interpretation and 

Environmental Education. Legacy 8, 6 (1997): 10, 28-29. 

Cohen, Michael J. The Fabric of Personal and Global Balance. Legacy 2, 1 (1991): 

28-30. 

Coutant, Gerald C. Interpretation: The Changing Role of a Profession. Journal of 


Dalman, Karen J. Commentary: The Power of Words. Legacy 11, 6 (2000): 12. 

Dawson, Leslie. Car Troubles: An Interpretive Approach. Legacy 6, 4 (1995): 11-15. 

Dick, R.E., D.T. McKee, and J.A. Wagar. A Summary and Annotated Bibliography of 

Communications Principles. Journal of Environmental Education 5, 4 (1974): 8-13. 

Dickenson, Russell E. Interpretation in an Era of Change. Journal of Interpretation 7, 

1 (1982): 27-29. 

Dochterman, Robyn. Freeman Tilden: The Writer-Wanderer Who Showed Us the 

Way. Legacy 13, 3 (2002): 16-25. 

Dorrance, John. The Making and Musings of a Master Interpreter. Legacy 11, 5 

(2000): 10-12, 32-39. 

Dorrance, John. The National Steinbeck Center: An Author’s Art Wakes Up a Sleepy 

Town. Legacy 10, 5 (1999): 18-20, 22-27. 

Dulen, Deanna. Scenic Byways: Partnerships, Pitfalls, and Interpretive Gems. Legacy 

10, 6 (1999): 19-23, 37. 

Edwards, Yorke. Interpretation—What Should It Be? Journal of Interpretation 1, 1 

(1976): 11-14. 

Flowers That Bloom Forever. The Interpreter 7, 4 (1975-76): 17. 

Freed, Mike. Back to Basics. The Interpreter 12, 3 (1981): 24-28. 

Freed, Mike. Can Interpretation Be Value Free? Two Points of View: Pro. The 

Interpreter 9, 2 (1977): 12-14. 

Frome, Michael. To Sin by Silence... Journal of Interpretation 7, 2 (1982): 41-46. 

Fronk, Eric. A Conversation with Sam Ham. Legacy 9, 5 (1998): 17-18, 28-36. 

Furry, Darin. How to Know Everything (and More!). Legacy 3, 4 (1992): 25. 

45


Goss, Jim. The Acceptance Speech I Would Have Made, if There Had Been Time. 

Legacy 8, 6 (1997): 30-31. 

Grater, Russell K. Interpretation: The Early Years, as I Saw Them Part 1. Legacy 3, 3 

(1992): 8. 

Grater, Russell K. Interpretation: The Early Years, As I Saw Them Part 2. Legacy 3, 6 

(1992): 8. 


(1993): 6. 


(1993): 6. 


(1993): 6-7. 


(1993): 6-7. 

Haley, Suzanne S. Rachel Carson: Interpretive Writer. Legacy 11, 2 (2000): 31-33. 

Hammitt, William E. A Theoretical Foundation for Tilden’s Interpretive Principles. 


Hammitt, William E. A Theoretical Foundation for Tilden’s Interpretive Principles. 

Journal of Environmental Education 12, 3 (1981): 13-16. 

Hanna, John W. Sources of Information Commonly Used by Interpreters. The 

Interpreter 8, 2 (1976): 14-15. 

Harding, Melanie, and Angie Nyquist. Turning Green Ideas into Great Ideas. Legacy 

12, 5 (2001): 10-17, 40. 

Harrison, Connie. Terrarium: A Plant for All Seasons. Legacy 4, 1 (1993): 31. 

Hazard, Norwood. Should Interpreters Enter Photo Contests? Some Questions and 

Answers About Photo Competitions. The Interpreter 7, 4 (1975-76): 20-22. 

Hilten, Jeanie, and Richard Hilten. A Sense of Place for Environmental Education 

and Interpretation. Legacy 8, 2 (1997): 10-13, 36. 

Hof, Marilyn. ‘What Is Interpretation?" The Interpreter 11, 1 (1979): 31-32. 

Hunt, John D. Interpretation: A Crucial Factor in Agency Image. Journal of 


Keck, Wallace F. What Good Is It? Legacy 2, 3 (1991): 16. 

Kiley, Bob, and Enda Mills Kiley. Following in the Footsteps of Enos Mills. Journal of 


Knapp, Doug. Commentary: “The Relationship Between Environmental 

lnterpretation and Environmental Education”. Legacy 8, 3 (1997): 10-13. 

46

General 

Knapp, Doug, Elizabeth Barrie. Ecology Versus Issue Interpretation: The Analysis of 

Two Different Messages. Journal of Interpretation Research 3, 1 (1998): 21-38. 

Kostka, Donna, and John Shiel. What Are Interpreters’ Hot Issues for 1980? Journal 

of Interpretation 6, 1 (1980): 35. 

Kostka, Donna, Tex Hawkins. What Are Interpreters’ “Hot Issues” in 1979? Journal of 


Kuehner, Barbara. The Interpreter 40 Years Ago. The Interpreter 7, 2 (1975): 10. 

Lapage, Will. Commentary: If Not Us, Who? If Not Now, When? Legacy 13, 1 (2002): 

29-32. 

LaPage, Will. Commentary: Nature ‘Speaks’: Exploring the Inspiration of Public 

Parklands: Conversations with Creative People Part I. Legacy 12, 5 (2001): 18-23. 

Lawler, John. Helping Visitors Take Better Pictures. Legacy 2, 5 (1991): 23-24. 

Leftridge, Alan. Peak Moments. Legacy 12, 2 (2001): 14-20. 

Leftridge, Alan. Peak Moments Part II. Legacy 12, 3 (2001): 14-20. 

Leicester, Marti. Interpreting ‘Interpretation’. Legacy 3, 3 (1992): 6-7. 

Lewis, William J. Authenticity. Legacy 5, 3 (1994): 10-11. 

Lewis, William J. Cross-Fertilization of Ideas. Legacy 3, 6 (1992): 9. 

Lewis, William J. Momentarily. Legacy 4, 5 (1993): 13. 

Lewis, William J. Seeing is Not Believing. The Interpreter 12, 2 (1981): 40-41. 

Lewis, William J. The Curious Case of the Card Table. Legacy 2, 2 (1991): 8. 

Lewis, William J. What Is Interpretation? Legacy 1, 1 (1990): 6. 

Lewis, William J. What is Your Referent? Legacy 4, 1 (1993): 8-9. 

Machlis, G. The Devil’s Work in God’s Country: Politics and Interpretation in the 

1990s. Journal of Interpretation 13, 5 (1989): 4-5. 

Machlis, Gary E., and Sam H. Ham. On the Journal’s Evolution. Journal of 


Mainone, Robert F. Philosophies. Journal of Interpretation 4, 1 (1979): 12-17. 

Mark, Morgan, J. Wildlife Society Bulletin. Legacy 6, 3 (1995): 20. 

McDonald, Dan, Diane McCarty, Mirabelle Betterton, Richard Stinchfield. Signs of the 

Times: Making a Positive Impact on Mother Earth. Legacy 10, 4 (1999): 18-23, 32. 

McHenry, Douglas Bruce. The Professional. The Interpreter 11, 3 (1979): 33. 

Mortensen, Charles O. Environmental Perception: An Interpretive Resource. Journal 


Mosbacher, Frank E. Climbing An Information Pyramid. The Interpreter 11, 2 

(1979): 25. 

47


Mott, William Penn, Jr. Changing the Inerpretation Emphasis. Legacy 3, 5 (1992): 8. 

Mott, William Penn, Jr. The Interpreter—A People Liker. The Interpreter 3, 1 (1971): 5. 

Mullins, Gary W. Interpretive Challenges in the Twenty-First Century. Outdoor 

Communicator 16, 1 (1985): 32-36. 

Nelson, Christian. An Open Letter to the Airlines. The Interpreter 6, 1 (1974): 2. 

Nelson, Christian. Should There Be One National Interpretive Association? The 

Interpreter 5, 1 (1973): 12. 

Nyberg, Kenneth. Some Radical Comments on Interpretation. The Interpreter 9, 3 

(1977): 24-25. 

Pawling, Richard N. Where We Have Come From and Where We Are Going, The 

Philosophy of Interpretation. Legacy 3, 2 (1992): 16-19. 

Pigage, John C., and Frederick E. Maier. Nature Photo Contest as an Interpreter’s 

Tool. Journal of Interpretation 10, 2 (1985): 15-18. 

Purcell, Raymond. Shasta Lake VIS. The Interpreter 11, 3 (1979): 32. 

Rath, Linda Herr. We CAN Make a Difference! Legacy 2, 2 (1991): 25-26. 

Risk, Paul H. Commentary: The Priceless Ingredient Part 1: Touching the Human 

Heart. Legacy 13, 5 (2002): 34-37. 

Risk, Paul H. Commentary: The Priceless Ingredient Part II. Legacy 13, 6 (2002): 38-39. 

Risk, Paul H. Truth, Fantasy, or Wishful Thinking? The Environemental Circus. 

Legacy 5, 3 (1994): 12-13. 

Roth, Carolyn. Reflections. The Interpreter 11, 1 (1979): 34. 

Ruch, Jim. Interpretation in the Bureau of Land Management. The Interpreter 8, 1 

(1976): 10. 

Russo, Ron. Commentary: America’s Parklands: Are We Loving Them to Death? 

Legacy 11, 5 (2000): 29-30. 

Scanlon, Carole T. Interpretation: The Language of the Visitor. Historic Preservation 

October-December, (1974): 34-37. 

Scanlon, Carole T. Interpretation: The Language of the Visitor. The Interpreter 7, 2 

(1975): 5. 

Schaaf, Miv. Things. The Interpreter 7, 3 (1975): 19-20. 

Schultz, Randy. Building Toward the Future. Legacy 14, 2 (2003): 20-25. 

Shively, Carol A. Get Provoked: Applying Tilden’s Principles. Legacy 6, 4 (1995): 6-10. 

Steuerwald, Kay Riordan. The Art of Interpretation. Journal of Interpretation 9, 1 

(1984): 47-48. 

Strang, Carl A. Commentary: ‘In Defense of Anthropomorphism’. Legacy 8, 3 

(1997): 6-9. 

48

General 

Tayler, B. E. Federal Provincial Parks Conference. Task Force Report on Interpretation. 

(1975). 

Taylor, Scott. One Dozen Gimmicks and Gadgets. The Interpreter 9, 2 (1977): 14. 

The Quest for an Ecological Theology. The Interpreter 5, 4 (1973-74): 1. 

Tuck, Jim. John Muir: Interpreter. The Interpreter 8, 3 (1976): 20. 

Tuck, Jim. John Muir Metric Path. The Interpreter 8, 4 (1976): 22. 

Twillmann, Bev. Commentary: Imagery: The Power Behind Effective Interpretation. 

Legacy 13, 2 (2002): 26-30. 

Vander Stoep, Gail A. Interpreters, It’s Time to Sit at the Loom and Weave. Legacy 1, 

2 (1990): 21-30. 

Wagar, J. Alan. Why Interpretation? Meeting the Challenge! Journal of Interpretation 

3, 1 (1978): 6-10. 

Wallin, Harold E. AIN—Then and Now. Journal of Interpretation 3, 1 (1978): 11-13. 

Wells, Marcella. Playing with Interpretation. Legacy 2, 6 (1991): 14-17. 

Western Interpreters Association. A Few Minutes with Josh Barkin. The Interpreter 

12, 1 (1980): 12-16. 

Wood, Harold William Jr. Interpretive Purpose. The Interpreter 6, 2 (1977): 4-5. 

Woodcock, Steve. Can Interpretaion Be Value Free? Two Points of View: Con. The 

Interpreter 9, 2 (1977): 10-11. 

Zuefle, David Matthew. Commentary: Taking Tilden Seriously: On the Differences 

Between Interpretation and Environmental Education. Legacy 8, 1 (1997): 5-6. 

Zuefle, David Matthew, Marjorie Varn. Who Interprets?: A Snapshot of the 

Interpretive Community. Legacy 9, 1 (1998): 20-22. 


Anibal, Charles. Stop Patching the Castle Walls! Rebuild the Foundation! The 1995 


Augst, Sheri. Check It Out! 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings 

(1988): 4-9. 

Barnette, Brian. The Care and Feeding of a Taxidermy Collection. 2001 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (2001): 143-144. 

Baron, Jill, James A. Mack, and Craig Axtell. Global Change and the National Park 

Service. Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters Workshop (1991): 17-18. 

Bebilacqua, Sarah A., Jim Quiring, and Rancisco Valenzuela. Interpreting Disasters and 

Phenomenal Natural Events. 1990 National Interpreters Workshop (1990): 88-91. 

Beck, Larry, and Andrea Philips-Beck. Interpreting Our Heretics. 1988 NAI National 


49


Bremen, Gary, and Allan Dailey. Look Out for that Roadblock: Paving the Way for 

Creative Interpretation. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 230-232. 

Brenneman, Judy Fort. Fanning the Creative Spark. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(2002): 7-8. 

Capelle, Alan D. Identifying Outstanding Interpretive Sites: A Region 5 Task Force 

Update. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 168-169. 

Cheek, laura, and Dan Johnson. Leave No Trace. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 

195-196. 

Clark, William, Patrick Durland, and Dana M. Dierkes. Wildland Fire: Friend or 

Foe? The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National 


Cole, Maria, and Dana Comi. ‘Rosie the Riveter’ Communicating Complex Concepts 

to Children. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 273-274. 

Covel, Jim. Interpreting Remote Environments. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The 


Cunningham, Richard L. The Biological Diversity of Food Plants: Some Interpretive 

Thoughts. Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters Workshop (1991): 60-61. 

Danton, Tom. Finding Ourselves: Searching for the Roots of Interpretation. 


Daugherty, John. Invasion of the Alien Bivalves: Keeping Zebra Mussels Off the St. 

Croix River. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National 


DuFour, Marilyn Berry. Development Communications and Interpretation 

(published as Interpreters: Educators or Recreators or What?). The Interpretive 


261-262. 

Dulen, Deanna. Scenic Byways: Partnerships, Pitfalls, and Interpretive Gems. 1998 


Duncan, Faith L. A Human Exchange: The Anthropology of Interpretation. 


Duncan, Faith L. Tales from the Trail: A Pioneer Resort Naturalist Program at Apace 

Lake. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 300-302. 

Dutton, David, A. A Thousand Points of Light Need Electricity. 1990 National 


Dutton, David A. Water Safety Interpretation: How to Stay Afloat! 1992 National 


Elvidge, Janice, and Laurie Heuppel. The Lewis and Clark Bicentennial 

Commemoration: What’s Happening? An Overview and Networking 

Opportunity for Interpreters. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 47-48. 

50

General 

Erickson, Debra. Conservation Activities. Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1991): 93-98. 

Follows, Donald S. From Capitol Concepts to Capital Assets: Resource Interpretation 

in Twenty-Frist Century Transition. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1993): 89-92. 

Forman, Bruce. Nature Bowl - A Strategy for Learning Motivation and Involvement. 


Frome, Michael. Replacing Old Illusions with New Realities. 1990 National 


Galprin, Amy D. Back to the Basics: Tilden’s Principles. 1992 National Interpreters 


Glen, Michael H. When a National Park is Not a National Park: An Interpreter’s 

Challenge. Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, 

Minnesota (1989): 228-232. 

Hansen, Susan M. The Interpretive Equation. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 

143-145. 

Heffington, Tim. Biodiversity, Cultural Resources, and Commercialism. 1997 


Heidorn, Elizabeth. Skytrail: A Vehicle for Creative Interpretation. Proceedings of the 


Herber, Mary, Cindy Darr, Neil Mackay, and Ben Miller. Reaching Out to Children: 

In Parks, Museums, and Classrooms. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 89-91. 

Hilten, Jeanie, and Richard F. Hilten. A Sense of Place for Environmental Education 

and Interpretation. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the National 


Horvath, Doug. Environmental Youth Congress: Solving Environmental Problems. 


Workshop (1994): 78-80. 

Hunnicutt, Thomas. Miniature Theater: Build Your Own Paper Film Machine. The 


Workshop (1994): 121-122. 

Imagining Rock Art. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 212. 

Katzenberger, John, and Robyn Myers. Aspen Global Change Institute. 1992 National 


Kaye, Glen. Who is Killing the National Parks? 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: 


Knapp, Doug , Ph.D. The Relationship Between Environmental Interpretation and 

Environmental Education. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the 


51


Kromrey, Karen L., and Alice Hall. Stream Watch: Partners in Restoration. 1998 


Kronk, David. Critical Thinking in Interpretation. 1992 National Interpreters 


Kuehn, Diane. Interpreting Resources Along Scenic Byways and Corridors. The 1995 


Kuhavy, Dave. Forensic Forestry: Interpreting the Forest from Woodpeckers to Pine 

Cones. Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, 

Minnesota (1989): 71-72. 

Larsen, David L. Interpreting Multiple Points of View: Keeping the Resource 

Relevant. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters Workshop (1993): 205-207. 

Legg, Mike, and Dave Kulhavy. Our Legacy Our Future. 1990 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1990): 396-397. 

Legg, Mike, and Ray Darville. NAI Students: Their Activities, Opinions, and 

Suggestions to the Organization. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 197-198. 

Lillie, Robert J. Parks and Plates: How Earth’s Dynamic Forces Shape Our National 

Parks. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 110-111. 

Lillie, Robert J. Parks and Plates: How Earth’s Dynamic Forces Shape Our National 

Parks. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 83-85. 

Mahoney, Edward M. The Business(es) of Interpretation and Environmental 

Education. 1990 National Interpreters Workshop (1990): 8-17. 

Marshall, Marker. Birding by Ear. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 87-88. 

Massey, James L. Defining Interpretation’s Role in a Public Communications 

Strategy. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 112-114. 

Mazur, Jennifer, and Sara Lustbader. Tick Talk. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 

28-29. 

McDermott, Sandy. Field Sketching: Discovering the Nature in Your Habitat. 1999 


McReynolds, Corky. Educational Trends for Interpretation. 1988 NAI National 


Meredith, Joyce, and Jeff Gill. Interpretive Themes: Where Message and 

Understanding Converge. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 9-10. 

Mikenas, Gail N. Harvesting Ideas/Planting Dreams: Tilden’s Sixth Principle in the 

Twenty-First Century. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 234-235. 

Mullin, Thomas D. Land Trusts—Partners in Protection. 1997 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1997): 65-66. 

52

General 

Myers, Robyn , Marti Leicester, and Len McKenzie. One Planet from Two 

Perspectives: National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National 

Park Service are Looking at the Earth Together. Proceedings of the 1989 National 


Nichols, Robert E. Meeting the Challenges of Developing a Land Ethic with Urban 

Audiences. 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1988): 186-190. 

Nicholson, Michael L. and Fred Wooley. The Sky’s the Limit: Homespun to High 

Tech Techniques of Night Sky Interpretation. Proceedings of the 1989 National 


Norris, Robin C., and J. Patrick Barry. Creation and Evolution: Interpretation Makes 

the Difference. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National 


O’Donnell, Bill, and Cindy Von Halle. Interpretation & Fries: A Partnership Between 

the National Park Service and McDonald’s. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1995): 136-139. 

Outlaw, Alex T. Roosevelt's Civilian Conservation Corps: Models for Today's Youth. 


Workshop (1994): 23-25. 

Paris, Rhana Smout. More Tips, Tricks, and Tales of the Night Sky. 2002 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (2002): 82-83. 

Paris, Rhana Smout. Tips, Tricks, and Tales of the Night Sky. 2001 Interpretive 


Parker, Amber L. A Naturalist’s Notebook: Field Journaling Techniques. 2002 


Parratt, Smitt.y. What Are We Really Saying. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 

258-261. 

Parratt, Smitty. Interpreting Islands. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 99-100. 

Parratt, Smitty. Schmoozing—Networking Skills. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1997): 163-165. 

Parratt, Smitty. Schmoozing—Networking Skills. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1998): 95-98. 

Pawling, Richard Nelson. Interpreting and Interpreter: In the Footsteps of 

Peacekeeper. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 30-31. 

Pawling, Richard Nelson. Where We Have Come From and Now, Where Are We 

Going? The Philosophy of Interpretetation. Proceedings: 1991 National 


Pellicciotto, Elisa. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Interpretive Services and Outreach. 


53


Potter, Brenda K., and Karen J. Dalman. Exploring Ethnobotany. 2002 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (2002): 68-69. 

Quist, Kris Nelson. The Museum Environment: Preserving Interpretive Collections. 

1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1988): 220-227. 

Reding, Wil and Sara. Mentors of Interpretation, See How they Give us Direction. 

The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 212. 

Reding, Wil, and Vicki Loveland. Following Our Mentors—A Reading Group. 1997 


Richter, Tom, and Peggy Scherbaum. A Search for the Intangible and Universal in 

the Corps of Discovery. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 14. 

Richter, Tom, Maria Altobello, and Karen Westerfield. 800 + 900 = Service. 


Risk, Paul H. ‘The Priceless Ingredient’ - Touching the Human Heart. 2000 


Risk, Paul H., and Brenda K. Lackey. An Interpretive Smorgasboard—A Pinch of 

This and a Dash of That. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 170-172. 

Robertson, Steve. Nature Interpretation Where ‘Environmental’ is a Bad Word. 1998 


Rovetta, Ane. The Legends, Lore and Practical Uses of Some Wildly Common Plants. 

1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 201. 

Samples, Cynthia. Many Methods of Interpretation Provide the Magical Touch. The 


Saunders, D. Andrew. Interpretation Meets Science Education: Interpretation’s 

Contributions to Science Education. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 200-201. 

Scott, Donald M., and Bob Valen. Infinite Possibilities: NASA and NAI. 1997 


Seaman, Kristie. Advocacy and Interpretation - A Bridge to Understanding. 1992 


Shively, Carol A. Get Inspired Again: Tilden for the Next Century. 1999 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1999): 151-158. 

Stewart, Barbara J. The Basics Revisited. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop 

Proceedings (1992): 38-39. 

Strang, Carl. ‘Communitarian’ Musings and The Willowbrook Safari. Proceedings: 


Strang, Carl. Dynamic Tracking: The Study of Changes in Landscapes. The 


Workshop (1994): 110-111. 

54

Strang, Carl. Dynamic Tracking: The Study of Changes in Landscapes. 1997 


Tabb, Jr, George E. Federal Interagency Council Workshops. 1990 National 


General 

Vander Stoep, Gail A. Lessons from Literature: Insights and Implications for 

Interpretation. Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters Workshop (1991): 341-346. 

Vander Stoep, Gail A. NAI Members Speak: Summary of Workshop Results on 

Interpretation Compentencies. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of 


Vander Stoep, Gail A. What Direction Interpretation? Results of the 1987 

Interpreters Workshop Nominal Group Session. 1988 NAI National Interpreters 


Voth, Kathy. Interpretation as an Emotional Journey-Memorializing Firefighters on 

Storm King. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the National Interpreters 

Workshop (1996): 234-237. 

Walker, Melissa. Strengthening Our Bonds Close to Home an Interdisciplinary and 

Interagency Perspective (Abstract Only). Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1991): 354. 

Warren, Karen J. Ecological Feminism: What it is and Why it Matters. Proceedings of 


Wood, Douglas. The Wilderness Within: Our Psychological-Spiritual Relationship to 

Nature. Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters Workshop St. Paul, 

Minnesota (1989): 169-172. 

Yemoto, Linda, and Peter J.F. Stobie. Just Good Books and How to Use Them! 2001 


Yemoto, Linda, and Sara Lustbader. Calendar of Crafts: How to Make Something 

Out of Nothing Each Month of the Year. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1993): 355-358. 

Zuefle, David Matthew. Interpretation Meets the Philosophy of Science: A Necessary 

Introduction. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 78-80. 

Zuefle, David Matthew, William E. Randall, and Michael H. Legg. Taking Tilden 

Seriously: Interpretation’s Foundations in Recreation. 1997 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1997): 188-189. 


Brown, Babette I. The History and Development of the Nature Trail Idea in the 

United States. Cornell University, Ithaca, 1940. 

Schlamp, Philip G. A Survey of Interpretive Opportunities on the Helena National 

Forest. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, 1971. 

55

H I S T O R Y & C U L T U R E 


Macauley, Marian. Interpretation in a Historic Milieu: A Bibliography. Ottawa: Parks 

Canada, 1975. 

BOOKS 

Alderson, William T., and Shirley Pain Low. Interpretation of Historic Sites. Nashville, 

TN: American Association for State and Local History, 1976. 

Anderson, J. Time Machines: The World of Living History. Nashville, TN: The 

American Association for State and Local History, 1984. 


Farrell, Edmund J. 1980. Oral Histories as Living Literature. Presented at National 

Council of Teachers of English. Cincinnati, OH. ERIC, ED196013. 

Paige, John C. 1985. The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 

1933-1942: An Administrative History. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. 

ERIC, ED266012. 

Yellis, Ken, ed. 1985. Interpreting Historic Sites and the Built Environment. Journal 

of Museum Education: Roundtable Reports. ERIC, ED348237. 


Ambrosino, Audrey M. Voices of an Industrial Past. Legacy 4, 5 (1993): 10-12. 

Anderson, Jay. Once Upon a Time in America. Journal of Interpretation 11, 1 (1986): 

41-42. 

Anderson, Susan, and Doris Omundson. Women in Interpretation. The Interpreter 6, 

4 (1974-75): 5. 

Arning, Chuck, Jennifer Gonsalves, Frank Middleton. Places to Hide: The 

Underground Railroad and the NPS Initiative. Legacy 11, 2 (2000): 14-20. 

Ash, Carol S. The Venerable Dr. King and Fire Station No. 6. Legacy 13, 5 (2002): 20-24. 

57


Barkin, Josh. A Day to Remember—A Visit with Freeman Tilden. The Interpreter 3, 1 

(1971): 21-23. 

Beam, Scott P. Environmental Dependency: The Bridge Between Natural History 

and Cultural History Interpretation. Legacy 4, 6 (1993): 24-25. 

Becker, C. L. Everyman His Own Historian. The American Historical Review 37, 2 

(1932): 221-236. 

Blatt, Martin. Hope and Glory. Legacy 8, 5 (1997): 16-19, 28-29. 

Blomquist, Robert. Why Teach Pioneering as Part of Outdoor Education. Journal of 

Outdoor Education 26, (1993): 19-23. 

Boothe, Heather. Tools for Learning About the Past to Protect the Future: Archeology 

in the Classroom. Legacy 11, 1 (2000): 10-12, 37. 

Brown, Nancy Nelson. Underground Railroad Comes Alive in Montgomery County, 

Maryland. Legacy 9, 2 (1998): 18-21. 

Brue, Sandy. Familiar Places Through Ancient Eyes: A Visit to the Outer Coast of 

Kenai Fjords National Park with Members of the Native Community. Legacy 13, 

6 (2002): 20-29. 

Brue, Sandy, and Terrence Vaughn. The Stories Buildings Tell: Interpreting Events in 

Pre-Revolutionary Boston Along the Freedom Trail. Legacy 6, 3 (1995): 10-13. 

Brumgardt, John R. Cliology. The Interpreter 11, 2 (1979): 22-24. 

Capelle, Alan. Communal Bison Jumping on the Northern Great Plains: An 

Emerging Interpretive Frontier. Journal of Interpretation 6, 2 (1981): 1-9. 

Capelle, Alan D. Interpreting Irrigation Technology. The Interpreter 11, 3 (1979): 17-21. 

Caputo, Paul. Commentary: Two Tales of a City. Legacy 14, 1 (2003): 36-39. 

Cartledge, Thomas R., and Patricia M. Spoeri. Discovering the Past: Archaeological 

Research and Public Interpretation. Legacy 4, 5 (1993): 29-32. 

Christensen, Ernst. Living History Intrepretation. The Interpreter 6, 3 (1974): 3. 

Danton, Tom. The Father of Modern Interpretation: Enos A. Mills? Journal of 


Dunlap, Steven. Lessons from the Cadron River. Legacy 13, 1 (2002): 10-16, 40. 

Frederick, Larry. Evolution of a Living History Cave Tour. The Interpreter 12, 2 

(1981): 29-31. 

Fronk, Eric. Historic Costuming: When Appearance Is Everything. Legacy 8, 4 

(1997): 20-25. 

Glen, Michael H. Tackling Taboos: The Interpretation of Strife, Crime, Belief, and 

Relief. Legacy 8, 2 (1997): 18-19, 26-28. 

Glowacki, Amy, and Tess Shatzer. The Acre: Interpreting a Cultural Melting Pot. 

Legacy 11, 4 (2000): 22-27. 

58

History & Culture 

Hall, Dorothy. The Cleveland National Forest El Prado Cabin. Legacy 1, 3 (1990): 25. 

Hancock, Beverly H. Archaeology in the Classroom: An Artificial On-Site 

Experience. Legacy 2, 2 (1991): 4-5. 

Harrell, Woody. Testing for “Interpretiveness” in Cultural Heritage Presentations. 

Legacy 3, 5 (1992): 10-13. 

Hayward, D. Geoffrey, and Arthur D. Jensen. Enhancing a Sense of Past: Perceptions 

of Visitors and Interpreters. The Interpreter 12, 2 (1981): 4-12. 

Helmich, Stephen G. Interpretation in Old Sacramento: The Anatomy of a Historic 

District. The Interpreter 9, 4 (1977-78): 13-16. 

Hull, Lynne. Beyond Illustration: Contemporary Artists Interpret the Environment. 

Legacy 6, 5 (1995): 26-27. 

Kaplan, Alan I. Games People Play: Old Favorites and the New Ecology. Legacy 5, 1 

(1994): 29-31. 

Kaye, Glen. Hidden Visions: Discovering the Stories of the Land. Legacy 3, 5 (1992): 9. 

Kubel, Patia F., and Robert A. Leone. History is More Than Dates: A Practical 

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Leftridge, Alan. A Conversation with Enda Mills Kiley. Legacy 12, 6 (2001): 10-17, 46. 

Lewis, James Oliver. Presenting Slavery: The Perils of Telling America’s Racial Story. 

Legacy 11, 2 (2000): 8-12, 34-39. 

Lewis, Shea. Presenting Archology To the Public: A View from Toltec Mounds 

Archeological State Park. Legacy 9, 5 (1998): 11-15. 

Lutz-Ryan, Linda. The Paleontology Path: Sparking Student Interest with 

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Marek, Marie T. In the Shadow of the Arch: Inspirations from Canyon County. 

Legacy 4, 4 (1993): 15. 

McDonald, Cheryl L. Untold Titanic Story Brings Waves of Visitors. Legacy 11, 2 

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Meyer, Nadine, and Evelyn Kirkwood. Historical Character Development for 

Women. Legacy 12, 3 (2001): 22-27. 

Moser, Karen Nelson. A Form Most Fitting: One Group’s Endeavor to Create a 

Living Tradition. Legacy 10, 3 (1999): 30-34. 

Nichols, Nancy. Games People Play: Big Rocks & Broomsticks. Legacy 9, 1 (1998): 36. 

Nichols, Nancy. Yo-Yo: Toy or Weapon. Legacy 8, 5 (1997): 36. 

Nichols, Nancy A. Lacrosse—Past and Present. Legacy 8, 2 (1997): 40. 

Nichols, Nancy A. Games People Play: ‘Any Way You Throw the Dice’. Legacy 8, 3 

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59


Nichols, Nancy A. Games People Play: Poktatok, Game of the Maya. Legacy 8, 4 

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Nichols, Nancy A. Games People Play: Polo. Legacy 8, 6 (1997): 36. 

Norman, Rex Allen. Fur Trade Fort Laramie: An Experience in Planning a Living- 

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Patrick, Jeff, and John M. Sutton. Blue Wool and Black Powder: Assuring Excellence 

in Military Living History Programs. Legacy 6, 5 (1995): 6-11. 

Peoples, Sara. Commentary: What I Learned Over My Summer Vacation. Legacy 12, 

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Price, H.H. History Happened Here: The Story of the Underground Railroad in 

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Reeves, Laura. Commemorating Lewis and Clark: Rekindling Interest in the Corps 

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Robinson, John W. Interpreting the Battle That Saved Washington. Legacy 5, 1 

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Rudd, Connie. Beyond Traditional Costumed Interpretation, New Techniques for 

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Seidl, Carla. Commentary: Living History in Death Valley. Legacy 13, 5 (2002): 38-39. 

Silverman, Lois H. Personalizing the Past: A Review of Literature with Implications 

for Historical Interpretation. Journal of Interpretation Research 2, 1 (1997): 1-12. 

Simonton, June. Vail Yesterday. Legacy 2, 3 (1991): 6-7. 

Smith, Eugene. Living History at Colorado Springs: White House Ranch. The 

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Stammerjohan, George, and Eileen Hook. Dressing the Past: Mid to Late Nineteeth 

Century Frontier Clothing. The Interpreter 12, 2 (1981): 13-16. 

Stuckey, Michael. The Common Thread. Legacy 3, 4 (1992): 15-17. 

Sweeney, Vincent. Way Back When: A History of Sailors’ Jargon. Legacy 3, 5 (1992): 

14-17. 

Tweed, William. Presenting Park History at Sequoia and Kings Canyon. The Interpreter 

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Van Mater, John Jr. The Artist: A Creative Interpreter. The Interpreter 7, 4 (1975-76): 

18-19. 

Vander Stoep, Gail A. A Slice of Oral History Almost Slid Down the Snowy Hill Into 

Our Laps. Legacy 2, 4 (1991): 15-17. 

60


Veverka, Sandra, and John Veverka. Of Soil, Pots, and Arrowheads. The Interpreter 

10, 4 (1979): 12-15. 

Weber, Armin. Opening the Gate to a Nation’s Heritage. The Interpreter 10, 4 

(1979): 8-11. 

Werling, Donn Paul. Regional Model Heritage Education. Legacy 6, 5 (1995): 16-17. 

Whatford, J. Charles, and Jane M. Caputo. The Window to the Past: The Interpreter’s 

Role in the Preservation of Cultural Resources. Legacy 1, 2 (1990): 18-20. 

Yoelson, Martin I. 1776 Revisited. The Interpreter 10, 4 (1979): 4-7. 

Zurel, Richard L. Archaeology, History, and Human Ecology: Applied Anthropology 

for Public Use Areas. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin No. 18 

(1975): 123-131. 


Allen, Stacey. Heritage Hobbies. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 37-38. 

Anders, Kristie Seaman. Planting Ideas Through the Editorial Cartoons of ‘Ding’ 

Darling. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 224-225. 

Anderson, Bryce. Last Call for CCC Oral Histories. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1995): 31-34. 

Arning, Chuck, Frank Barrows, and Tara Morrison. Places to Hide: The 

Underground Railroad and the National Park Service. 1999 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (1999): 3-6. 

Austin, P.S., and D. Heffington. Trail of Tears National Historic Trail: Historical 

Interpretation and Interpretive Overview. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 8-9. 

Austin, Sue, and Betsey Clopine. Help for an E.L.P. 1992 National Interpreters 


Autrey, John, Myra Gilliam, Karen Iwamoto, Sasha Lindgren, Linda Slaght, Mark 

McCallum, and Terry Fifield. Windows on the Past: The Forest Service–Alaska 

Region Heritage Program. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 143-145. 

Bachert, Delmar. Capital Ideas for Living Historical Farms and Agricultural 

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Bachert, Delmar. Capital Ideas for Living Historical Farms and Agricultural 

Museums 2. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters Workshop (1993): 11-12. 

Banks, Alan S. Interpreting the Cultural Landscape: Turning the Inside Out. The 


Beam, Scott. Artificial Lighting in American History. The Interpretive Sourcebook: 


Bernardo, Celeste, Ailema Benally, Jennifer Gonsalves, Ajena Rogers, and Patricia 

West. Politically Correct or Historically Correct?: Interpreting Untold Stories in 

the National Park Service. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 35-39. 

61


Betsy, L., and G. Haynes. The Burroughs Plantation: A Departure From Fiction. The 


Blackburn, David K. Filling in the Blanks: Bringing Historical Resources to Life. 


Blacoe, Joanne C.. Crisis in the Capital—The Deadly Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793. 


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Block, Dan. Flint Knapping. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 61-62. 

Block, Dan A. Flint Knapping. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 148. 

Block, Dan A. The Fur Trade: A History of Trapping. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook 

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Boland, Beth M., Kathleen Hunter, and Kathy Tevyaw. Interpreter-Teacher 

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Borgman, Penny. Archaeology—Can You Dig It?: An Innovative Achaeology 

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Brown, Karen E. Interpreting Arts and Culture for the Park Audience. 1988 NAI 


Brown, Lenard E., and Paul Hawke. If You Were There, How Would You Feel? The 


Chapman, Dawn M., Stacey A. Newbrough, and Edward F. Pembleton. Aldo Leopold’s 

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Chenoweth, Bob. The Spalding-Allen Collection. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: 


Cherem, Gabe. Green Travelers, Olive Interpreters and the Mental Geographer. The 


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Conoboy, John T. The Interpretation of Long Skinny Things: National Historic and 

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Conway, Terry, Elsie Eubanks, Ashley Chapman. Archaeology and Students: A 

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Cooke-Kayser, Sheila, and Hazel M. Trembley. Elephants, Leopards and Consumers 

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62


Daskal, Kathryn, and Peter Kasin. Just What Do You Do With a Drunken Sailor?: 

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Day, Melinda J., and Catherine Bragaw. Developing and Interpreting Heritage 

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Deas-Moore, Vennie. Mrs. Agnes: An Oral History Interview with a 100-Year-Old 

Aftrican-American Woman. 1990 National Interpreters Workshop (1990): 118-119. 

Detwiler, Scott. Sugaring Outside the Mold: Alternatives for Maple-Sugaring 

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Dillon, Constantine J. Interpreting Myths and Misconceptions of U.S. History. The 


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Dillon, Costa. Interpreting Myths and Misconceptions of U.S. History. Proceedings: 


Ditmanson, Dennis. Challenge and Change at Little Bighorn. 1997 Interpretive 


Doerner, John, and Anton Heinlein. American Battlefields: Compelling Stories and 

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Dunlap, Steven,a nd Terry Hayhurst. Seeking a New View with Living History 

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Elvidge, Janice, John C.F. Luzader. From Shore to Shore: The Lewis and Clark 

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Emerson, Rae, and Alison D’Amario. The Power of Magic in Shaping History. The 


Fedorchak, Rich. Lechuguilla Cave: Pathway to the Past, Portal to the Future. 


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Fong, Mele, and Rita Cantu. Awakenings - Multicultural Interpretation Through the 

Performing Arts. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters Workshop (1993): 93-96. 

Foppes, Ellen K., and Kayci Cook. The Embarrassment of Interpreting Historical 

Faux Pas. Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters Workshop (1991): 99-102. 

Fournier, Bonnie. Go Wild! Artisit-in-residence Programming in Your Park. 1997 


Fowler, Stan. Observations from the Dance Ranger the Evolution of a Living History 

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63


Gangi, Joanne M. Technology, Inventions and Consequences. Proceedings: 1993 


Gillihan, Mary. Cultural Education and Partnerships. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook 

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Gillihan, Mary A., and Tony Guinn. Four Chords and Several Million Years Ago. 


Glen, Michael H. Tackling Taboos: Interpretation of Strife, Crime, Belief, and Relief. 


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Goss, James A. Travels with Tony Buckskin: Learning to See The Colorado Lanscape 

Through Ute Indian Eyes. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the 


Gwaltney, William W., and Richard Pawling. Getting it Right: Excellence in Living 

History. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 127-128. 

Harding, Douglas A. Shadows of Immortality: Or the Secrets of the Dark Chamber. 


Harper, Marilyn M. Teaching with Historic Place—Enhancing Interpretive Programs. 


Haynes, L. Betsy G. The Burroughs Plantation: A Departure from Fiction. The 1995 


Hays, Coralle S. Artists in the Parks. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of 


Heffington, Douglas, and Nancy Stimson. Interpretation of Native Peoples: Issues 

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Heffington, Douglas, Paul Austin, and Judith Mimbs. Cherokee Trail of Tears: 

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Higgins, Bette Lou, and Shelley Pearsall. The Past is Present. The Interpretive 


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Hildebrand, David K. Historical Interpretation Through Music: A Program in Cultural 

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Hill, Sunita C. Culture and Natural Resources: A Case Study of Communication in 

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Horiuchi, Lynne. Turning the Leaves of the Family Album Exploring Family and 

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Hull, Lynne. Beyond Illustration: Contemporary Artists Interpret the Environment. 


64


Jacobson, LouAnn. A Virtual Walk Into the Past: The People in the Past Project. 


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Johnson, Judy. Interpreting a Central California Indian Culture, Or Walking the Story 

of Turtle. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 175-177. 

Kambui, Kamau, and Kathey James. The Underground Railroad Interpretation 

Through Experiential Education. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop 

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Kane, Patricia F. Bridges to the Natural World: A Natural History Guide for Teachers 

of Grades Pre-K Through 6. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings 

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Kaplan, Alan I. The Ancient Calendar in Modern Life: Groundhogs, Candles and 

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Kubel, Patia F., and Robert A. Leone. History is More Than Dates: A Practical Approach 

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La Mere, Karen. Back When the Indians Were Here... Proceedings: 1993 National 


Larsen, David L., and Melinda Day. You Can Do This: Themes, Tools, and 

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Lavoie, Catherine C. Habs: Architectural Documentation for Recordation and 

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Ledford, Randy. Primitive Skills in Interpretation Today. 1990 National Interpreters 

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Legg, Michael H. Teaching American History in the Forest. 1988 NAI National 


Legg, Michael H., and Ginger Elliott. History of the Forest. 2002 Interpretive 

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Lethbridge, Amy, and Robb De Forest. Bringing Nature to South Central Los 

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Lewis, Shea, and Jodi Morris. Adventures in Archeology. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook 

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65


Lindemann, William N. Arts and Schools—Partners in Parks, Tile by Fire. 1999 


Lunn, Gerry. Yes, But Did it Make You Cry? 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 

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Lutz-Ryan, Linda. Paleontologist’s Path: Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. 


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Luzader, John C. F., and Jerri S. Spellman. Politically Correct for its Time. 1998 


Luzader, John C. F., and Jerri S. Spellman. I Am a Living Museum. 1998 Interpretive 

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Luzader, John C.F., and Jerri S. Spellman. Dead Men Do Tell Tales. 1999 Interpretive 

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Luzader, John C.F., and Jerri S. Spellman. The Invisible Man: Inclusion History. 2001 


Luzader, John C.F., and Jerri Spellman. Living History: Hobby or Profession. 1996 


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Lyons, Rebecca, Terry Latschar, Donna Birchard, Elizabeth Hogan, Janet Bucklew, 

Simon J. Bronner, and Toni Saladna. History Meets the Arts: The Tide of 

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Machuga, Pamela. Traveling an Underground Railroad to Freedom. 2001 Interpretive 

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Manus, Grady. The Corps of Discovery: The Realization of Potential. 2002 


Martinez, Daniel A. Interpreting Controversial Historic Sites: Insights and Strategies 

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Mayo, Charles W. Material Culture Study: How to be a History Detective. 


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McCray, Rynda. Life in the Woods. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 120. 

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Moore, Melody B., and Melanie Barton. Harvesting Wisdom Through Oral History. 


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Morris, Beverly R. Put More Life in Your Cemetery. The Interpretive Sourcebook: 


Morris, Ray. Making Magic with Archaeology and Educational Partnerships. The 


Mortensen, Charles O. Standing for Nature: Nineteenth-century Interpretation 

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Neighbor, David. Making Them Cry!: How to Evoke Emotions Through Living 

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O’Connor, Richard. Haer: Engineering Documentation for Interpretation. 1996 


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Ortiz, Beverly R. Cultural Interpretation Through Food. 1992 National Interpreters 


Parker, P. L., R. Kaldenberg, D. Brown, and J. Mitchell. Federal Response to the 

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Pawling, Richard Nelson. Back on the Road Again: Living History Off-Site. 


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Pettit, Jan. The Ute Experience-Bear Dance. Proceedings of the 1989 National 


Plainfeather, Mardell. The Survival of North American Indian Cultures After 1492. 

1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 294. 

Poresky, Laura. Correct Clothing for Historical Interpreters in Living History 

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Postlewait, Molly Sue. Lamp of Freedom. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 41-42. 

Rath, Linda Herr, Jody Borchardt. Trunk of Junk, Or Is It? Proceedings of the 1989 


Rathle, Angela. History So Fun, You Need a Weeklong Camp! 1999 Interpretive 

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Ravage, Jack. Images of the Black West. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The 


Reding, Wil J. So, You Want to Be a Character! 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 

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Reding, Will and Sarah. History Comes Alive. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop 

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67


Reinoehl, Gary, and Jean Yun. Archaeological Relationships...A Long-term 

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Risk, Paul. Interpretation and Emotion: Making Heritage Live. The 1995 Interpretive 


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Schneider, William, and Margaret J. Steigerwald. New Frontiers in Oral History: 

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Simcox, David E. The Emerging Role of Interpretiation in Creating Intercultural 

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Simon, Jimm, and Aileen Najduch. In Their Own Voice. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook 

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Simons, Don R. Traveling with Audubon. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 94-95. 

Snyder, MaryEllen, and Carol S. Ash. Interpreting Historic Religious Sites, or ‘How 

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Spellman, Jerri S., and John C. F. Luzader. Children and Living History: Places in the 

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Spellman, Jerri S., and John C.F. Luzader. History Police! 2000 Interpretive 

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Spieles, Beth A. Tapping into the Great Oasis of Local Environmental History. 2001 


St. John, Pam, and Laura Beattie. Letterboxing: Part Scavenger Hunt and Part Nature 

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Staffs of National Parks of Hawai’i. Hawaiian Culture Live! 2000 Interpretive 

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Stallings, Diane G. Vibracores, Clovis Points, and Magnetometers: Gaining Insights 

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Stansfield, John. Reclaiming the Past: Storytelling Skills for Historical Interpreters. 


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68


Stoeberl, Todd, and Diane Lobb-Boyce. Did People Really Live Like This? The 1995 


Strang, Carl A. Our Schoolyard, Then and Now. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 

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Stuckey, Michael. The Common Thread: A Perspective on Historical Interpretation. 


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Stumpf, Kathleen Miller, and Donna Zimmerman. Heritage Tourism: Selling the 

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Sucec, Rosemary, and Kim Sikoryak. Establishing a Sense of Place: American Indians 

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Sutton, John M., and Jeff Patrick. Blue Wool and Black Powder: Assuring Excellence 

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Taylor, Bruce R., and Larry Newbern. The Reproduction of an 1830s Carey Plow. 


Texel, Mark. Interpreting Cultural Diversity Through Living History: Portrayng 

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Tierney, Karen, and Meredith Reeve. The Unique Planning of an Historic Canal 

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Toomer, John. York of Lewis and Clark. 1997 Interpretive Sourcebook (1997): 119. 

Trembley, Hazel May, and Linda Rae Emerson. Capital Idea: Cod Captures Colonial 

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Turner, John W. Be Sure to Get That Tall Thing on Top of the Church in the Picture 

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Twillmann, Bev. The Bonding of Genterations: Integrating People into Regional 

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Vander Stoep, Gail A. Aerial Photos and Other Views From Above: New Ways to Tell 

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Vieira, Anne, Nancy Rogers, Gregory A. Miller, and Stephen B. Austin. How Did It 

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Vietzke, Gay E., and John W. Piltzecker. Celebrating Social History Through Art and 

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69


Warder, Donald S., and Regine Joule. Historic Site Interpretation: Past, Present and 

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Werling, Donn paul. A Regional Model of Heritage Education Using Teacher/Youth 

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Wheeler, Beth. Windows into the Past: Examining Some Prehistoric Indian Cultures. 


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Zaborowski, Gregory. Taking Pride in Our Industrial Past. 1992 National Interpreters 


Zito, Ross A. Interpreting Local History and Land Use Values Through a Public 

Archaeology Program at the Manor House Site of Lord Stirling. 1988 NAI 



Owens, Patricia A. Teachers’ Objectives for School Group Visits to a National 

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I N T E R N A T I O N A L 

BOOKS 

Freed, Michael, Richard Huber, Richard Meganck, and William Possiel. 

Environmental Education/Interpretation in Trinidad and Tobago: In-Country 

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Cunningham, Richard L. The International Trade in Plants and Animals: Some 

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Ham, Sam H., and Richard A. Meganck. Environmental Interpretation in 

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Henkel, William B. A Gringo Communicates with Latin America. Legacy 4, 3 (1993): 

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Howard, Jonathan. Interpretation Down Under: Guided Activities at Parks and 

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Kohl, Jon. Park Planning for Life. Legacy 13, 2 (2002): 32-42. 

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Kohl, Jon. The International Interpreter: Ten Myths of Interpretation Infrastructure 

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Kohl, Jon. The International Interpreter: The Need to Monitor Visitors and Impacts. 

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Kohl, Jon. The International Interpreter: In the Heart of Jurassic - Ah, Komodo - 

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Kohl, Jon. The International Interpreter: When You Have to Interpret Yourself, Go 

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Mortensen, Charles O. Scandinavia: Interpretive Impressions. Journal of 


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Poneleit, Sandra. Avenues for International Interpretation. The Interpreter 11, 1 

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Sam H. Ham, David S. Sutherland, and James R. Barborak. Role of Protected Areas 

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72

International 

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Gross, Elaine. Chugach Environmental Educators Teach in the Russian Far East. 


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Ham, Sam H. Problems in Transferring U.S. Environmental Education Models to 

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Curtis, April. Children in the Boardroom. Legacy 2, 1 (1991): 8-9. 

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Management & Administration 

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Beardslee, Lois. Confessions of an Ojibwe Storyteller: Keepers of the Water. Legacy 

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Beardslee, Lois. Confessions of an Ojibwe Storyteller: Woodland Beadwork. Legacy 9, 

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Beardslee, Lois. Confessions of an Ojibwe Storyteller: Deebawjimot, the Storyteller. 

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Beardslee, Lois. Confessions of an Ojibwe Storyteller: Pragmatism as a Source Of 

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Brabander, Chris. The Ultimate Wolf Den. Legacy 9, 1 (1998): 16-19. 

86

Brown, William E. The Storytellers. Legacy 1, 3 (1990): 20-21. 

Personal Interpretation 

Buchanan, Suzanne. Keeping Your Community Warm Through Interpretation. 

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Buchanan, Suzanne. Taking Your Show on the Road. Legacy 9, 3 (1998): 8-11. 

Burress, Rex. The Power of Suggestion. Legacy 1, 1 (1990): 7. 

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Christensen, Tom. The “Other” LIst of Interpretive Program Hints. Legacy 2, 6 

(1991): 12. 

Crump, Jennifer. The Interpreter: Meta-MORPH-osis: A Fun-Filled Craft 

Demonstration the Life Cycle of a Frog. Legacy 11, 4 (2000): 31. 

Cunnigham, Richard C. Energy And Parks. The Interpreter 11, 2 (1979): 20-21. 

Dean, Joanne. I Hear You Talking, But... The Interpreter 6, 3 (1974): 16. 

Detwiler, Scott. The Interpreter: Twisting New Life into Tree Rings. Legacy 11, 4 

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Dottavio, F. Dominic, and Robert W. McLellan. The Effect of Clothing on 

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Dotterer, Ann, Doug Hay, and Kathy Yee. Use of Puppets in Interpretation. The 

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Edwards, Susie, Amy Roell. Park A La Cart: Taking Interpretation to the Visitor with 

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Gnesios, Gregory. Making the Miwok Live. The Interpreter 12, 2 (1981): 32-35. 

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Grater, Russ. Drama and Interpretation. The Interpreter 6, 3 (1977): 7-11. 

Grater, Russell. Appearances Are Important. The Interpreter 10, 4 (1979): 16. 

Grove, Susan Chittum. The Many Voices of the American River. Legacy 8, 2 

(1997): 20-24. 

Gyorgyfalvy, Robin Lee. Storytelling a Tool for Preserving Land and Culture. Legacy 

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Simon, Jimm. In Their Own Voice: The Delicate Matter of Speaking for Others. 

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Slivovsky, Katie. Commentary: Confessions of a Passionate Interpreter. Legacy 12, 5 

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Tuck, James. The Environmental Living Program at John Muir National Historic 

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Weiss, David, Anna Bates. Tilden’s Sixth Turned Upside Down: How to Keep the 

FUN in Interpretation. Legacy 8, 5 (1997): 12-14, 32. 

Weiss, Robinne L. Drive Your Visitors Buggy. Legacy 11, 1 (2000): 14-19. 

Westcamp-Johnson, Karen. Bike It!: The Virtues of Two-Wheeled Interpretation. 

Legacy 11, 3 (2000): 14-15. 

Whited, Nord. Did you say HOST? The Interpreter 12, 1 (1980): 24. 

Witt, David. Personalized Tours. The Interpreter 9, 1 (1977): 11. 

Wolf, Wendy , Peter Womble, and Donald R. Field. Hiking the Chilkoot Trail: 

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Zink, Robert C. What! Interpret Recreation? The Interpreter 6, 1 (1974): 3. 


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89


Andrew, Carole J. Guerilla Interpretation. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop 

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Anibal, Charles, David B. Dahlen, and Judy L. Hellmich. Objects and Places: Oh, 

the Stories They Can Tell. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters Workshop 

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Ardoin, Nicole. Bringing Biodiversity to Life! 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 

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Ballou, Deirdre C. Improving the Monorail Tour: An Interpretive Experience. 1988 


Barrie, Elizabeth R. Ingredients of Meaningful Interpretive Experiences. 2001 


Barry, David, Celeste Bernardo, Roxie Farwell, and Lynn Fonfa. Using Traditional 

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Basman, Cem M. Preaching to the Unsaved: How to Bettter Reach Your Audience. 


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Billington, Neal R. Antique Tereoscope Views: Out of Grandma’s Attic and Into Your 

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Black, Judith. Enlivening Your Tours: Creating Story From Fact and Fiction. 1999 


Bowald, Ken, and Keren Seymour. Enchant Your Audiences with Magic! The 1995 


Bradstreet, Lois A. Interpreting a Rainforest Ecosystem (When Your Nature 

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Bradt-Barnhart, Judy. Interpreting the Ice Age Without a Glacier. 1998 Interpretive 

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90


Brown, Foster C. Nature Theatre: Using the Arts for Interpretation. The 


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Buchanan, Suzanne. Interpretation on the go...Have Story, Will Travel! 1997 


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Cahill, Joanie S., Scott Mair, and Brian Cahill. Campfire Singing for the Timid Soul. 


Capra, Doug. Tour Boats and Buses and Trains, Oh, My!: Interpretation in the Land 

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Cherem, Gabe. Shamans, Stories, and Sis-Ciplines (Part II). The 1995 Interpretive 

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Farmer, Daniel K. Adding Insects to Your Outdoor Repertoire. The Interpretive 


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Feltner, Linda M. and Wendy Walker. From Biophilia to Clear-Cuts- How Much of 

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Fojut, Patricia. Let’s Tell Stories with Big Maps of Small Places. 2001 Interpretive 

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Follows, Don. Resource Interpretation As Value-Added Product. 1992 National 


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92


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Geske, Nan, and Jerry Keys. Put ‘Character’ in Your Environmental Message. 2001 


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Hannibal, Joseph T. Rocks in the City: The Interpretation of Building Stone. The 


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Harding, Melanie, and Angie Nyquist. How Does a Green Game Grow? 2001 


Harding, Melanie, and Angie Nyquist. How Does a Green Game Grow? 2000 


Harding, Melanie, and Julie Wilking. Dusk to Dawn: Shedding Light on Night Hikes. 


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Harter, Kathleen, and Fawn Bauer. Applying Learning Styles and Multiple 

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High, Kimberly A. Of Time and Place: Interpreting Changing Land-Use Ethics. The 


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Hilton, Sunita C. Community Interpretation: Involving Disadvantaged Children. 


93


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Hope, Kaitlin B., Eric F. Minella, April M. Rand, Allison P. Taylor, and Dustin Van 

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Isensee, Kerry H. Children’s Programs for Today’s Visitors. 1992 National Interpreters 


Isensee, Kerry H. Preaching to the Choir. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters 

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Isleib, Jim. Hog Call, Zip-Zap-Zup and People to People: Forming a Close-Knit 

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James, Katherine, and James Absher. Information Services: Content and Timing to 

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Jamiel, David. Looking Beyond What’s in Front of You. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook 

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Jenkins, Mary F. Informal Interpretation—Capitalize on the Moment. Proceedings: 


Kaphlan, Alan I. They’re Heeere!: Killer Bees and Entomology Interpretation. 1992 


Kingston, Earll. From Black and White to Flesh and Blood. 1992 National 

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Knapp, Doug. Moving Beyond Tilden: Producing Behavior Change Goals for 

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Loughlin, Maureen. Children of the Everglades: Interpreting an Endangered Park. 


94


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MacCarry, Bert, and Noel MacCarry. How Revivalist Storytellers Can Contribute to 

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Mair, Scott. When Elvis the Elk Sings, the Audience Listens. Proceedings: 1993 


Mair, Scott. Free Beer and Singing Chipmunks: Saving the World in Sixty Minutes. 


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McArthur, Cynthia. Experiential Link to Interpretation. Proceedings of the 1989 


McHenry, Douglas Bruce. Meet 1933 Junior Naturalist. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: 


McKenzie, Cynthia. Why Play Games? 1992 National Interpreters Workshop 

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Miche, Mary. Earth Tunes and Nature Notes: Songs About Science and Nature. 1992 


Miculka, James E., and Susan Davenport. Rails: Rangers and Amtrak Interpreting 

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100

P L A N N I N G 

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Macko, John L. 1982. INTERP: A Computer Simulation Game of the Interpretive 

Planning Process. Masters Thesis, Ohio State University. ERIC, ED221379. 


Baird, Robert W. Interpretation: From Plan to Action. Journal of Interpretation 4, 1 

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Blahna, Dale J., and Joseph W. Roggenbuck. Planning Interpretation Which is ‘In 

Tune’ with Visitor Expectations. Journal of Interpretation 4, 2 (1979): 17-19. 

Budliger, Robert E. The 6p’s of Program. Outdoor Communicator 19, 1 (1987): 19-21. 

Edens, Robert H. Communications and Contractors. The Interpreter 11, 1 (1979): 4. 

Fleck, Lenore. Garden of the Gods Park Master Plan: Freeing the Genie. Legacy 6, 6 

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Griffin, Robert L. Semantic Samaritans and Interpretive Gremlins. The Interpreter 9, 3 

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Hammitt, William E. Designing Mystery Into Trail-Landscape Experiences. Journal 


Hanna, John W. Interpretive Operations Planning. Journal of Interpretation 5, 2 

(1980): 11-15. 

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(1991): 6-9. 

Masberg, Barbara A., and Margaret Savige. Incorporating Ecotourist Needs Data 

into the Interpretive Planning Process. Journal of Environmental Education 27, 3 

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Pearst, Bob, and John G. Woods. A Communication Model for Interpretive 

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Peart, Robert, and John Woods. A Communications Model as a Framework for 

Interpretive Planning. The Interpreter 9, 3 (1976): 21-22. 

Putney, Allen D., and J. Alan Wagar. Objectives and Evaluation in Interpretive 

Planning. The Journal of Environmental Education 5, 1 (1973): 43-44. 

Traweek, David E., and John A. Veverka. A Systems Approach to Interpretive 

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102

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Harris, Rene. Improvisation and Adaptation: Conducting Programs on an Unfinished 

Site. 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1988): 88-89. 

Harvey, Pegi S. 90 Days and Counting...Program Planning Using the Panda Model. 


Hunsaker, David, Carolyn Z. Shelton, and Joyce Badgley Hunsaker. Genesis of an 

Interpretive Center Case Study: The National Historic Oregon Trai lnterpretive 

Center at Flagstaff Hill Baker City, Oregon. Proceedings: 1993 National 


Knudson, Douglas M., and Susanna Barricklow-Arvin. An Interpretation Growth 

Frontier: County Park Systems. Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters 


Kohen, Richard M., and Kim E. Sikoryak. Working with Partners to Create 

Comprehensive Interpretive Plans. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 118-120. 

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Planning. 1999 Interpretive Sourcebook (1999): 167-172. 

Lewanski, Thomas J. Hastings Middle School 2000. Proceedings of the 1989 National 


McCrea, William J. The Charlotte Hawkins Brown Memorial: Master Plan for 

Interpreting a Southern Black Educators Vision. 1990 National Interpreters 

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McGlashan, Patricia, and Sil Pembleton. A Simple Assessment. 1996 Interpretive 


103


Morgan, Keith, and Don Kodak. Planning for Facilities, Media and Service. The 1995 


Palmer, Joni M. Exploring the Power of Place: Interpretation and Arts and Resource 

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Tabb, Jr, George E. Implications of an Agency Signing Program. 1988 NAI National 


Truesdell, Barton, and Mary Mallen. A Seminar Series A Simple Journey to a New 

Audience. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 275-276. 

Vander Stoep, Gail A. Expanding Interpretation to Encourage Public Involvement: 

Using Public Workshops to Gather State Park Management Input. Proceedings: 


Verburg, K. A Practical Approach to Interpretive Planning. Proceedings of the 1989 


Veverka, John A. Interpretive Planning Stategies for the 1990’s. 1990 National 


Veverka, John A. Developing Interpretive Master Plans. 1992 National Interpreters 


Vogl, Sonia, and Robert L. Vogl. Teachers as Interpretive Planners: An Alternative 

View. 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1988): 298-301. 


Bousquet, Woodward S. A Basis for Interpretive Planning: The Demographic and 

Behavioral Characteristics of Visitors to the Eleven Point National Science River, 

Missouri. Ohio State University, Columbus, 1976. 

Burbridge, William R. Development of an Interpretive Document for the Bear River 

Migratory Bird Refuge. Utah State University, Logan, 1972. 

Derry, William E. An Interpretive Plan for Hungry Horse Reservoir. College of 

Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, 1973. 

Frandsen, Paul Ray. Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge Interpretive Plan. College 

of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, 1974. 

Hardula, A. M. Interpretive Planning in the Ontario Provincial Parks. Colorado State 

University, Fort Collins, 1971. 

Kuehner, Richard A. A Prospectus for Improved Interpretation of Ancient 

Bristlecone Pine ND the White Mountains of California. University of 

Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1966. 

Traweek, David E. Cutler Reservoir: Interpretive Development of a Western Marsh. 

Utah State University, Logan, 1975. 

104

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Traweek, David Edward. Visitor Employed Photography on the Huron River: A Tool 

for Interpretive Planning. Ohio State University, Columbus, 1977. 

Zink, Robert C. An Analysis of the Development, Organization, and Future of the 

Nature Interpretive Field. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 1950. 

105

106

P R E S C H O O L / Y O U N G C H I L D R E N 


Arnold, Katrina. Stroller Strut: Nature for Infants and Their Caregivers. Legacy 13, 4 

(2002): 12-23. 

Bailie, Patti Ensel. Forging Partnerships with Preschools. Legacy 10, 2 (1999): 20-25. 

Blodgett, Sarah Davis. Capturing the Adults in Your Audience While Programming 

for Preschoolers. Legacy 10, 3 (1999): 10-16, 36. 

Semlak, Sarah, Larry Beck. Visitor Centers and Museums as Learning Environments 

for Young Children. Legacy 10, 5 (1999): 28-34. 


Ballie, Patti Ensel. Forging Partnerships with Preschools: Nature Activities for Young 

Children. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook (1998): 34-36. 

Blodgett, Sarah D., and Sharon L. Peterson. From Robins and Worms to Edible Bees: 

A Sampler of Preschool Activities. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1993): 29-32. 

Brogan, Ann Marie. Getting Them While They’re Young: Establishing Interpretation 

Programs for Children Ages 3-8. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop 

Proceedings (1992): 131-134. 

Deeming, Mary Ann. Tots: Hooked on Water Safety. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The 


Fisher, Sherry. TOT Trek: Introducing Preschool Programs at Your Site. 2000 


Foerster, Fawn Edmunds, and Sara Staples. Muskrat Matinees: Preschool Parent-Child 

Programs. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings (1992): 225-232. 

Gaub, Mary, and Karen Kearns. The Magic Mixture: Pre-Schoolers, Puppets and the 

Outdoors. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National 


107


Meyer, Margaret. Finding the Words for Preschoolers. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(2001): 68-69. 

Oltman, Marcie. Early Childhood EE: Exhibits for Young Children. 2001 Interpretive 

Sourcebook (2001): 62-63. 

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for Preschoolers. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 


Paris, Rhana Smout. Hugging the Earth: A Preschooler's Introduction to Healing the 

Earth. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National 


Powers, Julie. Early Childhood EE: Starting a Preschool Program at a Nature Center. 


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Stendahl, Rebekah. Serious Fun: Interpretation for Young Children. 2000 Interpretive 

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Preschoolers and Their Grown-Ups. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 57-59. 

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Stokes, David W. Creative Interpretation for Young Children: Encouraging a Sense of 

Wonder. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters Workshop (1993): 307. 

Wilson, Ruth A. Preschool Children and the Natural Environment. The 


Workshop (1994): 177-179. 

Yemoto, Linda, and Sara Lustbader. Interpretation for the Preschooler. 1988 NAI 


Zaletel, Linda R.F., and Nan Geske. Naturalist in a Box: Why You Should Teach 

Environmental Education to Preschoolers and How You Can Do It. 2000 


108

R E S O U R C E M A N A G E M E N T 

BOOKS 

Vander Stoep, Gail A., and James H. Gramann. Use of Interpretation as an Indirect 

Visitor Management Tool: An Alternative to Regulation and Enforcement. Fort 

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The Interpreter 13, 1 (1982): 18-22. 

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Born, Ted J. Environmental Interpretation at the County Level: Problems and 

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Cable, Ted, and Larry Beck. Commentary: The Need for Interpretation: Now More 

than Ever. Legacy 12, 5 (2001): 47. 

Capelle, John A. and Sandra A. Poneleit. Interpretation as a Managment Tool for 

Underwater Parks. Journal of Interpretation 6, 2 (1981): 10-14. 

Carter, Bob. Interpretating Restoration. Legacy 4, 4 (1993): 11-13. 

Christensen, Joel. Interpretive Education: Parks’ Preventive Maintenance. Legacy 5, 2 

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Covel, Jim. Interpretation in an Urban Agency. The Interpreter 9, 4 (1977-78): 5-6. 

Dengler, Bill. Meadow Stompers Stamped Out on Mount Rainier. Legacy 2, 6 

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Dustin, D., and L. McAvoy. Interpretation as a Management Tool: A Dissenting 

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Ferreira, Paul. Have We Made an Outlaw of Man’s Best Friend? The Interpreter 6, 3 

(1974): 18. 

Floyd, Donald W. Understanding Environmental Conflict: Issues for Interpreters. 

Legacy 5, 1 (1994): 22-25. 

Freed, Mike, and Broc Stenman. Interpretation For Resource Management. The 

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Griest, Debra L., and Gary W. Mullins. Managing Conflict: A Process for Increasing 

Use of Interpretation as a Management Tool. Journal of Interpretation 9, 1 

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Ham, Sam H. Embrace The Tourist. Legacy 3, 6 (1992): 6-7. 

Hooper, Jon K. and Karen S. Weiss. Interpretation as a Management Tool: A 

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Johnson, Paul R. Protective Interpretation. The Interpreter 7, 3 (1975): 17-19. 

Lustig, Loren W. The Use of Interpretation to Reduce Vandalism and Maintenance 

Costs: An Interpreter’s In-Field Formula. Journal of Interpretation 7, 2 (1982): 

19-29. 

Magil, Arthur W. Challenge of Interpretation in Urban Forestry. The Interpreter 9, 4 

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Matheny, S.J. A Successful Campaign to Reduce Trail Switchback Shortcutting. 

Proceedings of Joint National Park Service/United States Forest Service Conference 

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McAvoy, L., and D. Dustin. Indirect Versus Direct Regulation of Recreation Behavior. 

Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 1, 4 (1983): 12-17. 

Mullins, Gary W., Kim Palmer-Parfitt, and Michael D. Watson. Critical Resource 

Issues: Interpreting Biological Diversity in U.S. National Parks. Legacy 2, 4 

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Nelson, Christian. Is There a Case for the ‘Interpreter-Cop’? The Interpreter 5, 1 

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Oliver, S.S., J.W. Roggenbuck, and A.E. Watson. Education to Reduce Impacts in 

Forest Campgrounds. Journal of Forestry 83, 4 (1985): 234-236. 

Oreskes, Rebecca. The Accidental Interpreter: Backcountry Rangers and 

Interpretation. Legacy 6, 5 (1995): 20-22. 

Radke, Ted. The Baldwin Channel Project, A New Threat to the Bay and Delta. The 

Interpreter 3, 1 (1971): 18-20. 

Rodriguez, Donald A., and George N. Wallace. Developing the Interpretive Niche for 

Protected Area Personnel. Legacy 5, 6 (1994): 11-15. 

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Roggenbuck, Joseph W., William E. Hammitt, and Deborah L. Berrier. The Role of 

Interpretation in Managing for Recreational Carrying Capacity. Journal of 


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Tabb, Jr, George E. The Changing Role of the Professional Land Manager. Legacy 8, 1 

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Vander Stoep, G.A., and J.H. Gramann. The Effects of Verbal Appeal and Incentives 

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Womble, Peter, Gordon Bultens, and Donald Field. Interpretation and Backcountry 

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NATIONAL INTERPRETERS W ORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS 

Baker, Randy E. Wildlife Rehabilition as an Interpretive Tool. 1988 NAI National 


Broder, Phil, Vern Fish, and Brook McDonald. Interpreting Deer Management: 

Before, During and After. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 


Burde, John, and Steve Fadden. Interpretation for Wilderness Neighbors: Needs and 

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Cathey, Karen E., and Michael H. Legg. The Importance of Interpreting Wilderness 

Managment Policies to Visitors. 1988 NAI National Interpreters Workshop 


Chavez, Deborah. Environmental Educaiton: A Resource Management Tool (abstract 

only). Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters Workshop (1991): 51. 

Clark, William , Dana Dierkes, and Patrick Durland. Wildland Fire: An Interpretive 

Challenge. The 1995 Interpretive Sourcebook (1995): 101-104. 

Clute, Kevin P., Gary W. Mullins, and Pat Durland. Communicating Wildland Fire: 

What Interpreters Need To Know. 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook (2000): 169-170. 

Cunningham, Richard L., and Carol J. Spears. Global Issues Primer for Interpreters: 

Illegal Wildlife Trade, Global Warming, Migratory Songbird Decline. 


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Dalman, Karen J. Interpretation as a Management Tool. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook 

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Dillon, Costa. Interpretaion and the Protection of Zambia’s Wildlife. Proceedings: 


Dustin, Daniel, Harriet Christensen, and Richard Namba. Designing Interpretive 

messages to Combat Vandalism and Deprciative Behavior. Proceedings of the 


Estill, Elizabeth. Interpretation Futures in Resource Management. 1990 National 


Farrell, Tom. Interpreting Controversial Resource Issues in Yellowstone’s Gateway 

Communities. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 215-216. 

Garner, John, and Bill Dengler. Management Through Interpretation. Proceedings: 


Gwaltney, William W., Laura Cheek, Jerry L. Stevens, and Nina S. Roberts. All the 

Colors of the Earth: Critical Directions in the Interpretation of American 

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Hooper, Jon K., and Karen S. Weiss. Interpretation as a Management Tool: A 

Nationan Study of Interpretive Professionals’ Views. 1990 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1990): 350-357. 

Hudspeth, Thomas R. The Story Behing the Stump: Accomplishing Multiple Use 

Objectives Through The Cutting of Trees on Green Mountain National Forest. 


(1989): 253-256. 

Isensse, Kerry H. Stop Thief! Interpretation As a Resource Protection Tool. 

Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters Workshop (1993): 173. 

112


Johnson, David E. A Rattlesnake’s Tale - Using Collabrative Efforts to Further Local 

Endangered Species Protection Programs. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1993): 181-183. 

King, Lisa M., Raymond W. Tabata. Hanauma Bay Educational Programs: 

Interpretation as a Park Management Tool. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop 

Proceedings (1992): 138-141. 

LaPage, Will. Interpretation and Park Stewardship—The Immutable Connection. 


Leftridge, Alan, and Tom Hunnicutt. Hazardous Waste - American Indian Lands. 


Workshop (1994): 235-236. 

Lime, David W., R. Michael Madell, and David G. Lehman. Communication to 

Reduce Recreation Conflicts: A New Challenge for Interpreters. 1990 National 


Marsh, Delene, and John Burde. Effective Wilderness Communication: A New 

Perspective. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National 


McDonough, Maureen H. Public Knowledge of Forest Practices: Understanding 

Before Education. Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters Workshop St. 


Miles, Diana. Facing Hot Issues-Celilo Falls Photo Exhibit at the Nez Perce National 

Historical Park. 1996 Interpretive Sourcebook: Proceedings of the National 


Mullins, Gary W., Kim Palmer-Parfitt, and Michael D. Watson. Factors Affecting 

Critical Resources Issues Interpretation in US National Parks. 1990 National 


Nielsen, Cindy and Linda Olson. Fire and Water: Two Case Studies on the 

Interpretation of Resource Management. 1988 NAI National Interpreters 


Rankin, Janna S. The Interpreters’ Role in Visitor Protection. Proceedings of the 1989 


Richter, Tom. Successful Interpretation of Fragile Resources in an Historic Structure. 


(1989): 309-311. 

Rodriguez, Donald A., David S. Sutherland, and George N. Wallace. The "Interpretive 

Niche" of Park Rangers in Protected Area Management: The Galapagos Case 

Study. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters Workshop (1993): 281-284. 

Russo, Ron. Underwater Parks—An Interpretive Challenge. 1988 NAI National 


113


Sharpe, Grant W. Reducing Vandalism Through Interpretation. 1988 NAI National 


Snyder, Hank, and Jane Anderson. Interpretation, Resource Management and the 

Reality of Power Groups. 1992 National Interpreters Workshop Proceedings 

(1992): 168-169. 

Snyder, Henry M. And Now for the Bad News. Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters 

Workshop (1991): 293-294. 

Spears, Carol J. Interpreting Critical Natural Resources Management Issues: A 

Hands-On Approach. Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters Workshop St. 

Paul, Minnesota (1989): 134. 

Spears, Carol J. Integration of Research, Resources Management, and Interpretation: 

A Partnership for Preservation. Proceedings of the 1989 National Interpreters 


Stalder, Michael H., and Brian W. Cahill. Bears, Bears, and More Bears, 

Interpretation as a Resource Management Tool: A Success Story! 1992 National 


Super, Paul E. Resource Acadia: Linking Resource Management and Interpretation. 


Tabb, Jr, George E. The Changing Role of the Professional Land Manager. 1996 


(1996): 81-82. 

Wadzinski, Les, and Doug Knapp. Saving the ‘Unwild’ Wilderness Through 

Interpretation. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 National 


Wallce, George N. Law Enforcement, Interpretation and the “Authority of the Resource” 

Technique. Proceedings: 1991 National Interpreters Workshop (1991): 355-361. 

Welch, Bradley A., and Sunita C. Hilton. Interpreting Invasice Species: Threat to the 

Neighborhood or Just a New Face in the Crowd? 2000 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(2000): 101-102. 

Wells, Marcella. Cows, Conflict, and Communication: A Case Study in Southern 

Colorado. Proceedings: 1993 National Interpreters Workshop (1993): 343-346. 

Whatley, Mike, Nina Roberts, and Lynne Murdock. Critical Natural Resource Issues 

in the National Parks: Tips and Techniques for Skillful Communication of 

Scientific Findings. 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 20-22. 


Gensler, Gail. The Role of Interpretation in Park Management. College of Forest 

Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, 1977. 

114


Henning, Daniel H. Integrating Conservation into the Naturalist Interpretive 

Program of Rocky Mountain National Park and Shadow Mountain National 

Recreation Area. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1959. 

Schecter, Jonathan S. Interpretation as a Management Tool for Sections of the 

Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon. College of Forest 

Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, 1975. 

TECHNICAL REPORTS 

Christensen, H. H. Bystander Intervention and Litter Control: Evaluation of an 

Appeal-to-help Program. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service Research Paper 

PNW-287, 1981. 

Ross, Terence L., and George H. Moeller. Communicating Rules in Recreation Areas. 

Pennsylvania: USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-297. Northeastern Forest 


Wagar, J. Alan. Communicating with Recreationists. Upper Darby, Pennsylvania: 

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1971. 

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116

S U S T A I N A B L E D E S I G N 


Merriman, Tim. Sustainable Development. Legacy 6, 1 (1995): 6-7. 


Diem, Jason J. Think Green! 2002 Interpretive Sourcebook (2002): 56-58. 

Dispenza, Bob. Setting an Example: The Low-Impact Nature Center. Proceedings: 


Groshek, Matthew. Milwaukee Green Map Project: If You Map it, They Will Come - 

Defining Sustainable Resources in Urban Space. 1998 Interpretive Sourcebook 

(1998): 156-158. 

Hudspeth, Thomas. Interpreting Sustainability Initiatives in Wales & Vermont. 1998 


Merriman, Tim. Interpreting Sustainable Development and the Man and the 

Biosphere Programme. The Interpretive Sourcebook: The Proceedings of the 1994 


Stokes, David W. Living Lightly in the City... On the Planet. Proceedings of the 1989 


Weimer, Jim. Green Building Interpertation. 2001 Interpretive Sourcebook (2001): 119. 

117

118

T R A I N I N G , C O A C H I N G & 

P R O F E S S I O N A L D E V E L O P M E N T 

BOOKS 

Grinder, Alison L., and E. Sue McCoy. The Good Guide: A Sourcebook for Interpreters, 

Docents and Tour Guides. Tucson, AZ: Ironwood Press, 1985. 

Hanna, John W. Interpretive Skills for Environmental Communicator. College Station, 

TX: Department of Recreation and Parks, Texas A&M University, 1977. 

National Park Service. A Personal Training Program for Interpreters. Booklet to 

accompany the five video tapes in a training package. Washington, D.C.: NPS 

Division of Interpretation, 1976. 


Elsner, Gary, and others. 1991. Education Requirements for Natural Resource Based 

Outdoor Recreation Professionals. ERIC, ED335191. 

Forest Service. 1994. Working Together: California Indians and the Forest Service. 

Accomplishment Report. Forest Service, Berkeley, California. Pacific Southwest 

Forest and Range Experiment Station. ERIC, ED378001. 

Hartmann, Lawrence A., Comp. 1983. Directory of Interpretive Curricula in the 

United States and Canada. Washington D.C.: Forest Service. ERIC, ED238695. 

Minnesota State Department of Natural Resources. 1992. Fishing...Get In the 

Habitat! Leader’s Guide. Minnesota State Department of Natural Resources, St. 

Paul. ERIC, ED399132. 


Basman, Cem. On Defining Professionalism. Legacy 8, 6 (1997): 8-9. 

Beck, Larry. Commentary: What is the Essence of Our Professional Responsibility? 

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Bixler, Robert D., Cynthia L. Carlisle, and Myron F. Floyd. Wayfinding Aids: Getting 

the Novice Into the Woods. Legacy 6, 6 (1995): 25-29. 

119


Bowan, Mary Lynne, and Gary W. Mullins. Training Interpreters for Off-site 

Interpretation. The Interpreter 11, 3 (1979): 6-8. 

Butowicz, Kathryn. The Interpreter: Leadership Bread. Legacy 12, 6 (2001): 37-38. 

Catlin, David. What Makes Successful Interpreters? Legacy 5, 1 (1994): 15. 

Cherem, Gabriel J. The Professional Interpreter: Agent for an Awakening Giant. 


Comish, Thomas R. How to Win the Fight for Training. The Interpreter 13, 1 

(1982): 33-34. 

Covel, Paul F. Look Mom...I’m a Technician. The Interpreter 5, 2 (1973): 15. 

Davies, Danny. What to Do with the Nonachiever—Inspire or Fire? Legacy 9, 2 

(1998): 8,10. 

Elliott, Jerold E. The Environmental Interpreter—Report of the AIN Competency 

Task Force. Journal of Interpretation 3, 1 (1978): 27-28. 

Fortner, Rosanne W. Public Information Conferences as Tools for Environmental 

Communication Training. Journal of Environmental Education 17, 2 (1986): 14-19. 

Freed, Mike. Training Interpreters at Oregon State University. The Interpreter 8, 2 

(1976): 15-17. 

Freed, Mike. Four Characteristics Necessary To a Good Interpreter. The Interpreter 

11, 3 (1979): 31. 

Gress, Bob. Interpretive Naturalists: The Basic Components. Legacy 5, 1 (1994): 14. 

Hawthorne, Jean M. The P.A.C.E. Exam. The Interpreter 8, 3 (1976): 16-17. 

Heffington, Julie Barrett, and Becky Christensen. Creating the No-Slop Workshop. 

Legacy 6, 3 (1995): 8-9. 

Heilman, Clay. Motherhood and the Fear of Career Death. Legacy 1, 3 (1990): 8-9. 

Jacobson, Susan K., and Magali Jurado. Participatory Interpretive Training for Tikal 

National Park, Guatemala. Legacy 7, 1 (1996): 18-23. 

Johnson, Paul R. Master Programs in Interpretation. The Interpreter 9, 2 (1977): 21-22. 

Kohl, Joh, Cynthia Brown, and Matt Humke. Overcoming Hurdles: Teaching Guides 

to Interpret Biodiversity Conservation. Legacy 12, 4 (2001): 19-28. 

Kuehner, Barbara, and Dick Kuehner. The Education and Training of Interpreters. 


Leftridge, Alan. The ‘Instant’ Naturalist. Legacy 1, 3 (1990): 26-28. 

Leftridge, Alan. The Mentor Spirit. Legacy 12, 5 (2001): 24-30. 

Lewis, K.L. Self-Evaluation—A Management Tool. The Interpreter 12, 1 (1980): 3-5. 

Lewis, Shea. Commentary: Career Climbing. Legacy 13, 5 (2002): 10-1. 

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Lewis, William J. The Use of Models in Training. Legacy 4, 4 (1993): 6-7. 

Mahaffey, Ben D. Curricular Guidelines for Environmental Interpreter Training 

Programs. Journal of Environmental Education 5, 1 (1973): 23-30. 

McCoy, Mary. Intern Programs. The Interpreter 7, 3 (1975): 12-15. 

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(1999): 14-16, 34-37. 

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Tooley, Pam. Love What Your Doing! Legacy 5, 1 (1994): 17. 

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122


Follows, Don S. Partners in Passage: Certifying New Professionals. 1996 Interpretive 


Gordon, Jayne, and Ronald Young. Interpreter Reinvigoration. Proceedings: 1993 


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Educators and Interpreters, Investigated Through Significant Life Experiences. 


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124


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Sontag, William H., and Tom Haraden. Gotta Move! We’ve Outgrown the House: A 

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125



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U R B A N E N V I R O N M E N T 


Athman, Julie. Urban Environmental Education: Tree House-Style. Legacy 12, 1 

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Simmons, Deborah. Urban Teachers’ Willingness to Use Natural Areas for EE: The 

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Wallace, Virginia K., and Daniel J. Witter. Urban Nature Centers: What Do Our 

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Zadorozny, Mary Ann N. Urban Outback. Legacy 3, 4 (1992): 23-24. 

Zadorozny, Mary Ann N. Urban Outbak: Gateway National Recreation Area’s 

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Beesley, Jane. Urban Nature Programs—Transportation Solutions. Proceedings: 1991 


Lethbridge, Amy. Unit: A Success Story in Urban Outreach. 1992 National 


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127

128

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136


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140


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141


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142


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143


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Roberts, Nina S. Attitudes, Perceptions, Experiences Across Cultures: Case Study at 

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Scott, David, and Carl Casevecchia. An Importance/Performance Appraisal of 

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Stewart, Carren D. Self-Guiding Trails in Yellowstone National Park: Which Media 

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Taft, Joe H. Misconceptions That May Hinder Effective Interpretation. The 1995 


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Vaughn, Sam, and Bob Hernbrode. Influencing Resource-Related Visitor Behavior. 


Visty, Judith. From the Classroom to the Forest: Aooktubg Firnak Edycatuibak 

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144


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Herbert, Mary Ellen. System for Measuring Visitor Participation in Interpretive 

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Kranek, James P. Interpretive Objectives from Audience Expectations at Selected 

Parks and Museums. School of Natural Resources, Ohio State University, 

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Kraus, J. E. Stimulating Attendance at Interpretive Programs. Department of 

Recreation Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 1969. 

Kress, Stephen Wayne. A Study of the Modification of Children’s Negative Attitudes 

Toward Animals. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1975. 

Machlis, Gary. Families in Parks: An Analysis of Family Organization in Leisure 

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Martinkovic, Patricia L. The Effects of an Interpreter’s Nonverbal Behavior on Park 

Visitors During a Natural History Presentation. School of Natural Resources, 

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Ross, Roy Gene. The Factors Affecting the Quality of Visitor Experience at 

Timpanogos Cave National Monument. Department of Recreation Education, 

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146


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Methods at a Community Nature Center. Department of Park and Recreation 

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Terry, Ronald A. Campers’ Interests in Interpretive Services in Ozark National Scenic 

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Satisfactions, Opinions, and Preferences. Studies in Recreation, Department of 

HPER, University of Montana, Missoula, 1975. 

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Willis, Jill Rae. Visitor Analysis at the Cincinnati Zoo with Implications for 

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Cordell, Harold K., George A. James, and Russell F. Griffith. Estimating Recreation 

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Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1970. 

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Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Final Report 

PO:DACW-39-81-M-2264, 1982. 

Roggenbuck, Joseph W. The Relationship Between Trip Motives of Whitewater River 

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Shiner, James W., and Elwood L. Shafer, Jr. How Long Do People Look at and Listen to 

Forest-Oriented exhibits? Pennsylvania: USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE- 

325. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1975. 

Wagar, J. Alan. The Recording Quizboard: A Device for Evaluating Interpretive Services. 

Oregon: USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW-139. Pacific Northwest 

Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1972. 

Wagar, J. Alan. Evaluating Interpretation and Interpretive Media. Berkeley: Pacific SW 


147


Wagar, J. Alan. Interpretation to Increase Benefits to Recreationists. St. Paul, 

Minnesota: USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-9, North Central 

Forest Experiment Station, 1974. 

Wagar, J. Alan. Achieving Effectiveness in Environmental Interpretation. Berkeley: 

Pacific SW Experiment Station, 1975. 

Wagar, J. Alan, Gregory W. Lovelady, and Harlin Falkin. Evaluation Techniques for 

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USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW-211. Pacific Northwest Forest and 

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148

V O L U N T E E R S & D O C E N T S 


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156

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160

APPENDIX 

submission 

guidelines 

for authors 

The purposes of the Journal of Interpretation Research (JIR) 

are to communicate original empirical research dealing 

with heritage interpretation and to provide a forum for 

scholarly discourse about issues facing the profession of 

interpretation. JIR is published by the National Association 

for Interpretation, the preeminent professional association 

representing the heritage interpretation profession. 

In recognition of how difficult it is for interpreters to 

keep up with the growing and diverse body of relevant 

literature, JIR will publish reviews of recent books, 

professional meetings and workshops, government 

publications, and original literature reviews and 

bibliographies dealing with heritage interpretation. 

Additionally, JIR will publish thought pieces that exhibit 

excellence and offer original or relevant philosophical 

discourse on the state of heritage interpretation. Review 

articles and thought pieces are reviewed internally by the 

JIR editorial staff. 

JIR also includes a “Research Briefs” section. This 

section will accept reports of ongoing interpretation 

research. It will also provide an outlet for summaries of 

research studies with limited scope. Much heritage 

interpretation research consists of small “in-house” program 

evaluations and basic visitor studies. The purpose of this 

section is to communicate current research activities and 

allow readers to identify colleagues with similar interests. 

JIR takes a broad view of the field of heritage 

interpretation and publishes manuscripts from a wide 

range of academic disciplines. The primary criterion for 

deeming a manuscript appropriate for publication is 

whether it offers new insights for interpreters or those who 

study interpretation. 

Manuscript Submission Guidelines 

JIR is published in accordance with American Psychological 

Association (APA) style for sociological research. Authors are 

encouraged to refer to the Publication Manual of the American 

Psychological Association (4th ed.) for all style questions. 

All manuscripts will be reviewed anonymously by a JIR 

Associate Editor and by at least two other reviewers. Based 

on the nature of the manuscript, special efforts will be 

made to identify well-qualified Associate Editors and 

reviewers to evaluate the manuscripts. From the 

recommendations of the Associate Editor, the Editor will 

make the final decision of the manuscript’s disposition and 

communicate this information to the author. 

161


MANUSCRIPT FORMAT Manuscripts will be accepted with the understanding that 

their content is unpublished and not being submitted elsewhere for publication. The 

following guidelines should be followed when preparing your manuscript: 

• All of the manuscript, including title page, abstract, tables, and legends, should 

be typed in 10-point Times font, and double-spaced on one side of 8-1/2” x 11” 

white paper. 

• Margins should be 1” on all sides. 

• Manuscript pages should be numbered consecutively in the top right corner. 

• All papers must be submitted in English. Translations of papers previously 

published in other languages will be considered for publication, but this 

information must be supplied by the author when the manuscript is submitted. 

• Maximum length of full research manuscripts shall be between 15 and 20 pages 

in length (including all text, figures, tables, and citations). Editors will consider 

longer manuscripts on an individual basis. Research briefs and reviews should 

be limited to 300 to 600 words. 

TITLES Must be as brief as possible (6–12 words). Authors should also supply a 

shortened version of the title, suitable for the running headline, not exceeding 50 

character spaces. 

AFFILIATION On the title page include full names of authors, academic and/or 

other professional affiliations, and the complete mailing address of the author to 

whom proofs and correspondence should be sent. An e-mail address and phone and 

fax numbers should also be included. As all manuscripts will be reviewed 

anonymously, the name(s) of the author(s) should only appear on the title page. 

ABSTRACT Each paper should be summarized in an abstract of no more than 150 

words. The abstract will preface the paper and should be a comprehensive summary 

of the paper’s content, including the purpose or problem, methods, findings, and 

implications or applications. It should enable the reader to determine exactly what 

the paper is about and make an informed decision about whether to read the entire 

paper. Abbreviations and references to the text should be avoided. All abstracts shall 

be listed on the Journal of Interpretation Research and National Association for 

Interpretation Internet web pages. 

KEYWORDS Authors must supply 5–10 key words or phrases that identify the most 

important subjects covered by the paper. 

FIGURES All figures must be discussed in the text and numbered in order of 

mention. Each figure must be submitted in camera-ready form. Photocopies are not 

acceptable. Figures must be submitted either as black-and-white glossy photographs 

or as high-quality line art. Label each figure with article title, author’s name, and 

figure number by attaching a separate sheet of white paper to the back of each 

figure. Do not write on the camera-ready art. Each figure should be provided with a 

brief descriptive legend. All legends should be typed on a separate page at the end 

of the manuscript. 

162

Journal of Interpretation Research 

REFERENCES AND CITATIONS Include only references to books, articles, and 

bulletins actually cited in the text. As with all other matters of style, references must 

follow the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed.). 

References in the text should cite the author’s last name, year of publication, and 

page (if appropriate). All references used in the text should appear at the end of the 

typed manuscript in alphabetical order according to APA style. 

Examples of References 

McCool, S., & Braithwaite, A. (1992). Persuasive messages and safety hazards in 

dispersed and natural recreation settings. In M. Manfredo (Ed.), Influencing 

Human Behavior. Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing. 

Reno, R., Cialdini, R., & Kallgren, C. (1993). The transsituational influence of social 

norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 104–112. 

Tilden, F. (1977). Interpreting Our Heritage (2nd ed.). Chapel Hill: University of 

North Carolina Press. 

TABLES All tables must be discussed in the text and numbered in order of mention. 

Each table should have a brief descriptive title. Do not include explanatory material 

in the title; use footnotes keyed to the table with superscript lowercase letters. Place 

all footnotes to a table at the end of the table. Define all data in the column heads. 

Every table should be fully understandable without reference to the text. Type all 

tables on separate sheets; do not include them within the text. 

PERMISSIONS If any figure, table, or more than a few lines of text from a previously 

published work are included in a manuscript, the author must obtain written 

permission for publication from the copyright holder and forward a copy to the 

Editor with the manuscript. 

COPYRIGHT Under U.S. copyright law, the transfer of copyright from the author to 

the publisher (National Association for Interpretation, DBA Journal of Interpretation 

Research) must be explicitly stated to enable the publisher to ensure maximum 

dissemination of the author’s work. A completed copyright form sent to you with 

the acknowledgment must be returned to the publisher before any manuscript can 

be assigned an issue for publication. 

PRO OFS All proofs must be corrected and returned to the publisher within 72 hours 

of receipt. If the manuscript is not returned within the allotted time, the editor will 

proofread the article, and it will be printed per his/her instruction. Only correction 

of typographical errors and copy editor queries is permitted. The author may be 

charged for additional alterations to text at the proof stage. 

SUBMISSION Please submit an original and three copies of your manuscript to 

the editor’s mailing address, listed at the end of this appendix. Authors whose 

manuscripts are accepted for publication must submit final manuscripts 

electronically on computer disk. 

163


For More Information 

Questions should be directed to: 

Carolyn Ward, Editor 

Associate Professor 

Humboldt State University 

Arcata, CA 95521 

707-826-5639 

cjw5@humboldt.edu 

164

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