B.Sc. - Acharya Nagarjuna University

MODIFIED 

CURRICULUM 

B.Sc. 

From the batch of Students admitted 

in the Academic Year 200809 

ACHARYA NAGARJUNA UNIVERSITY 

NAGARJUNA NAGAR – 522 510

B.Sc. COURSE STRUCTURE 

Second Year w.e.f. the Academic Year 200910 

(From the batch of Students admitted in the year 200809) 

Part – I: 

S.No. Subject Hrs per 

week 

No of 

Marks 

1 English Language including 6 100 

communication skills 

2 Second language 4 100 

3 Environmental Studies 4 100 

4 Office Automation Tools 

2 100 

(Computer Skills)* 

Total 16 400 

Part – II : 

S.No. Subject Hrs per 

week 

No of 

Marks 

5 Core – 1 – II 4 100 

6 Core – 2 – II 4 100 

7 Core – 3 – II 4 100 

8 Core1 Lab II 3 50 



Total :: 21 450 

Grand Total :: 37 850 

* For all B.A & B.Sc. programmes with no Computer Course as core subject 

NOTE : 

1. All are credit Subjects for award of Pass / Class 

2. For those subjects modified curriculum is not given, the old syllabus holds good. 

3. Model question papers that are not available with this booklet will be sent to the 

colleges in due course.

Second Year ENGLISH Syllabus 

PAPER – II (Part – II) 

Part – A (50 Marks) 

Max. Marks : 100 

POETRY 

Title of the Poem 

Name of the Poet 

1. The Sunne Rising John Donne 

2. The Solitary Reaper William Wordsworth 

3. Road Not Taken Robert Frost 

4. Refugee Mother and Child Chinua Achebe 

5. Good Bye Party for Mrs. Pushpa T. S. Nissim Ezekiel 

6. I will embrace only the sun Tripuraneni Srinivas (Down to Earth, Post 

Modern Telugu Poetry, OUP ) 

PROSE 

Title of the Prose Lesson 

Name of the Author 

1. Mr. KnowAll Somerset Maugham 

2. FilmMaking Satyajit Ray 

3. Not Just Oranges Premchand 

4. Talk on Advertising Herman Wouk 

5. On Shaking Hands A. G. Gardiner 

6. Decolonizing the Mind Ngugi wa Thiong’o 

COMMUNICATION AND COMPOSITION 

1. Resume Writing 

2. eCorrespondence 

3. NoteMaking 

4. Report Writing 

5. Expansion of Proverbs and Ideas 

6. Description of Pictures 

FURTHER READING FOR SECOND YEAR 

Short Stories: 

1. Gajar Halwa Gita Hariharan 

2. My Brother, My Brother Norah Burke 

(from Indian Literature, 166 MarApr 1995, Vol XXXVIII, No: 2, Sahitya Academy) 

OneAct Plays 

1. Refund Ritz Karinthi 

2. Julius Caesar (Caesar’s Murder Scene only) William Shakespeare 

INFORMATION TRANSFER, COMMUNICATION AND COMPOSITION 

1. Jumbled Passages (from oneact plays) 

2. ParagraphWriting (with hints from short stories)

Part – B (50 Marks) 

COMMUNICATION CURRICULUM 

YEAR – II COMMUNICATION CURRICULUM 

Year – II 

/ Level – 2 

Modules 

IIB1 

Spoken English 

IIB2 

Listening 

Comprehension 

Topics Skills / Activities Time 

1. Neutralization 

of Accent 

Pronunciation 

2. Art of 

Conversation 

3. Giving a 

Formal 

Talk/Speech 

4. Telephoning 

Skills 

1. 

*Barriers to 

listening 

*Types of 

listening 

▪ Academic 

(lectures) 

▪ Information 

(facts and 

inferences) 

2. Real life 

listening 

▪ railway/airport 

▪announcements, 

radio/TV news 

▪ casual 

conversations 

· Word stress, tone, pitch, speed, 

weak forms, pauses 

· Reading aloud texts 

· Sentence stress (Recording voice) 

· Intonation 

· Word ending pronunciation 

· Problem sounds 

· Accents – regional, standard 

· Reducing MTI 

· Initiating, sustaining, closing, turntaking, 

interrupting, apologizing, 

clarifying, confirming, etc. 

· Speech type: Describing/Narratingpeople, 

place, things, events 

· 13 minute talks (e.g. welcoming a 

gathering) 

· Types of CallsFormal/Informal 

· Making/changing appointments 

· Practice with Mock Calls 

· Telephone etiquette 

· Role play 

· Listening to and understanding live 

or recorded text 

· Taking dictationparagraphs, 

dialogues (written/spoken) 

· Identifying context 

· Listening for the main idea 

· Listening for specific information 

· Information transferfilling in a 

form/table while listening 

Frame 

40 

Hours 

Additional 

Infrastructure 

Requirement 

10 *Sound System 

* Recording 

facility 

10 Nil 

4 *Sound System 

10 *Speaker 

Phone 

recommended 

3 *Audio, 

CD / Tapes 

3 *Audio, 

CD / Tapes

The Pattern of the Question Paper for the Second Year 

1. Prose: 10 (Section A) 

2. Poetry: 10 (Section B) 

3. Additional Reading (NonDetailed Text): 10 (Section C) 

4. Composition & Vocabulary : 20 (Section D) 

The Question Paper Model for the Second Year 

Section – A 

I. Answer any FIVE out of EIGHT following in about 25 words: 5x2=10 

(One of the questions is on identifying and commenting on the given passage from Prose) 

Section – B 

II. Answer any FIVE out of EIGHT following in about 25 words: 5x2=10 

(One of the questions is on identifying and commenting on the given passage from Poetry) 

Section – C 

III. Answer any FIVE out of EIGHT following in about 25 words: 5x2=10 

(One of the questions is on a Jumbled Passage from oneact plays) 

(One of questions is on paragraph writing –with hints given from the short stories) 

Section – D 

IV. Answer all the questions and all questions carry equal marks: 4x5=20 

1. Respond to the advertisement below writing a Resume using the information 

given: (OR) Respond to the given email (Official/Business) 

2. Note Making (OR) Mindmapping: 

3. Expansion of a proverb / ideas in about 100 words (OR) Information Transfer: 

4. Description of a given picture(or) Report writing of a dialogue(from oneact 

plays)

Second Year SANSKRIT Syllabus 

Paper II(Part – II) 

(1) Drama (2) Drama (Modern) 

(3) Upanishad (4) Prose 

(5) Bhoja Prabandha story (6) History of Literature 

(7) Alankaras , (8) Grammar 

1).Pratima Gruham 

Pratima of Bhasa III act only 

Drama 

2) Modern Drama 

Bharata Samskruteh mulam 

P. Sreeramachandrudu from (Susamhata Bharatam VI act) 

3) Upanisadadesah 

Bruhadaranayaka 

Sikshanusasanam 

Dakara katha 

Sikshavalli of Taittiriya 

Prose 

4) Sukanasopadesah 

From Kadambari Sangraha 

5) Bhojasya Saraswati Sushama 

From Bhojaprabandha Page No. 74 (Abridged form) 

6) Poets and Books from History of literature 

1) Panini (2) Kautilya 

3) Bharatamuni (4) Bharavi 

5) Magha (6) Sri Harsha 

7) Bhavabhuti (8) Sankaracharya 

9) Dandin (10) Jagannadha 

7) Alankaras from Kuvalayananda 

(1) Upama (2) Ananvayaa 

(3) Utpreksha (4) Deepakam 

(5) Aprastutaprasamsa (6) Drstantam 

(7) Arthantaranyasa (8) Virodha Bhasa 

(9) Ullekha (10) Vyajasthuti

8) Grammar 

Declensions : 

Pronouns : 

Participles : 

Halanta Nouns 

(1) Jalamuc (2) Vac 

(3) Marut (4) Bhagavat 

(5) Pachat (6) Rajan 

(7) Gunin (8) Naman 

(9) Vidwas (10) Manas 

Asmad, Yushmad, Idam, Tat, Etat, Yat, Kim 

Ktva, Lyap, tumun, Kta. Ktavat, Shatr, Shanac, Tavya

Suggested Model paper 

Sanskrit 

IInd year 

100 Marks 

1) Essays two out of four 12 x 2 = 24 

2) Short answers from lessons four out of eight 4 x 4 = 16 

3) Annotations (Contexts) three out of six 5 x 3 = 15 

4) Translation (Upanishads) = 05 

5) Poets, and Works two out of four 5 x 2 = 10 

6) Alankaras two out of four 5 x 2 = 10 

7) a) Sabdas two out of four 5 x 2 = 10 

b) Krtparticiples 2 x 5 = 10

Second Year HINDI (Second Language) Syllabus 

Paper II (Part – II) 

A. Poetry Text – Kavya Deep 

Editor : Sri B. Radha Krishna Murthy 

Maruthi Publications, Guntur 

B. History of Hindi Literature : Main tendencies of all the four ages with special references to the 

following authors and poets : 

(1) Chand Vardai (2) Kabir das (3) Surdas (4) Tulasidas (5) Mirabai (6) Raheem (7) Biharilal 

(8) Bharatendu Harishchandra (9) Mahaveer Prasad Dwivedi (10) Maithilisharan Gupt (11) 

Premchand (12) Jayashankar Prasad (13) Pant (14) Nirala (15) Maha Devi Verma (16) Agyeya 

(17) Dinkar. 

C. General Essay 

(1) Sahitya Aur Samaj (2)Vidyarthi Aur Rajniti (3) Vidyarthi Aur Anushasan (4) Aaj Ki Shiksha 

Niti (5) Vigyan : Abhishap Ya Vardan (6) Nari Shiksha (7) Samaj Main Nari Ka Sthan (8) 

Adhunik Shiksha Aur Nari (9) Bharat Main Berojgari Ki Samasya (10) Bharat par 

Bhoomandalikaran Ka Prabhav (11) H.I.V./Aids (12) Paryavaran Aur Pradooshan (13) Bharat 

Main Badhati Hui Janasankhya Ki Samasya. 

D. Translation from English or Telugu to Hindi 

E. Prayojan moolak Hindi : (1) Prayojanmoolak Hindi : Arth Evam Swaroop (2) Raj Bhasha, 

Rastra Bhasha aur Sampark Bhasha. 

Reference Books: 

1. Hindi Sahitya Ka Itihas – Prof. T. Mohan Singh, 

2. Hindi Sahitya Ka Sanskhipt Itihas – Dr. Vidya Sagar Dayal 

3. Hindi Sahitya Ka Sanskhipt Itihas – Dr. Tej Narayan Jaiswal. 

4. Hindi Sahitya Ka Subodh Itihas – Gulab Rai 

5. Prayojanmoolak Hindi – Dr. Ram Prakash, Dr. Dinesh Gupt

B.A., B.Sc., B.Com – Second Year Second Language Hindi 

Model Question Paper Pattern 

Paper – II 

Maximum Marks : 100 

1. 2 out of 4 Annotations from the prescribed poetry text 10 x 2 = 20 

2. 1out of 3 long answer questions from prescribed poetry text 10 

3. 1 out of 2 long answer questions from the prescribed History of 

Hindi Literature 

4. 2 out of 4 short answer questions from the prescribed authors 

and poets from History of Hindi Literature 

5. 1 out of 3 long answer questions from the prescribed general 

essays 

15 

10 x 2 = 20 

10 

6. Translation of five English or Telugu sentences into Hindi 2 x 5 = 10 

7. 1 out of 3 short answer questions from the prescribed Prayojan 

moolak Hindi 

5 

8. 1 comprehensive passage along with 5 questions 2 x 5 = 10

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 

COURSE METERIAL 

This course material is designed to introduce students to the way nonengineering students analyse 

problems of managing the environment and natural resources. It is not meant to make students experts in 

Environmental studies, but should give a distinctive economic perspective on how to analyse 

environmental issues and to appreciate some of the economic arguments that can be used in these. The 

lectures look at environmental problems that are of current concern, and develop the economic 

principles needed to analysis them. The main objective of the lectures is to introduce students to various 

aspects of the environmental problems, viz., natural resource degradation, depletion of oil reserves 

environmental pollution, the overexploitation of forests, global warming; conservation of resources, 

environmental acts, impacts of human population, etc. Environmental Systems and Society minor is 

designed for students who wish to augment their major program of study with courses addressing the 

relationships between environmental science and associated social and political issues. This will enable 

the student to impart a deeper understanding of environmental systems related to air, land, and water 

resources and provide a basis for sound professional decision making. Through this, the student can 

develop the following skills 

►Specific knowledge and skills associated with the topics covered; 

►Written and oral communication; and 

►Capacity to evaluate critically the roles of various stakeholders in managing 

environmental goods. 

Environmental Systems and Society 

Each course consists of units and each unit consists of modules. The student is expected to: 

►Review course material and follow up reference on each topic; 

►Work through course material and other notes regularly to check the understanding 

of the concepts and methods discussed; and 

►Write the examination, which should draw on course material, and the 

references provided but also on a range of sources related to 

environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SYLLABUS 

(NonEngineering Students) 

Module 1: Environmental Studies – Introduction 

►Definition, Scope and Importance 

►Measuring and defining environmental development: indicators 

(3 lectures) 

Module 2: Basic Principles of ecosystem functioning 

►Concept of an ecosystem 

►Structure and function of an ecosystem 

►Producers, consumers and decomposers 

►Energy flow in the ecosystem 

►Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids 

►Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and functions 

▪ Forest ecosystem 

▪ Grassland ecosystem 

▪ Desert ecosystem 

▪ Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers oceans, estuaries) 

(8 lectures) 

Module 3: Environment and Natural Resources 

►Forest Resources 

▪ Use and overexploitation 

▪ Deforestation 

▪ Timber extraction 

▪ Mining and damstheir effects on forests and tribal people. 

▪ Case studies 

►Water Resources 

▪ Use and overutilization of surface and ground water 

▪ Floods, droughts 

▪ Conflicts over water 

▪ Damsbenefits and costs 

▪ Mineral resources 

▪ Use and exploitation 

▪ Effects of extracting and using mineral resources 

▪ Case studies

►Food resources 

▪ World food problems 

▪ Changes caused by agricultural and overgrazing 

▪ Effects of modern agriculture, fertilizerpesticide problems, water logging, and salinity 

▪ Case studies. 

►Energy resources 

▪ Growing energy needs 

▪ Renewable and non renewable energy sources 

▪ Use of alternate energy sources 

▪ Case studies 

►Land resources 

▪ Land as a resource 

▪ Common property resources 

▪ Land degradation 

▪ Soil erosion and desertification 

(10 lectures) 

Module 4: Biodiversity and its Conservation 

►IntroductionGenetic, species and ecosystem diversity 

►Biogeographical classification of India 

►Value of biodiversity consumptive and productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option 

values. 

►Biodiversityglobal, national and local levels 

►Hotspots of biodiversity 

►Threats to biodiversity – habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, manwildlife conflicts 

►India as a megadiversity nation 

►Endangered and endemic species of India 

►Conservation of biodiversityInsitu and Exsitu conservation 

(6 lectures) 

Module 5: Environmental Pollution 

►Welfare Measures and Environmental Values 

►Definition and Classification of Environmental Values 

►Valuation Methods 

(4 lectures) 

Module 6: Environmental Economics 

►Economic approach to environmental preservation and conservation 

►Property rights and externalities 

►Management of Natural Resources 

►Economics of natural resources 

▪ Forestry 

▪ Water resources

▪ Fisheries 

▪ Biodiversity 

(8 lectures) 

Module 7: Environmental Pollution 

►Causes, effects and control measures of 

▪ Air pollution 

▪ Water pollution 

▪ Soil pollution 

▪ Marine pollution 

▪ Noise pollution 

▪ Nuclear hazards 

▪ Solid Waste Management 

▪ Urban and industrial wastes 

►Pollution case studies 

►Pollution control methods 

►Disaster managementfloods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides. 

(8 lectures) 

Module 8: Regional and sectoral Issues 

►Urbanisation 

►Agroforestry 

►Drylands 

►Goods and services 

►Mountain development 

►River basin water resource management 

►Sustainable tourism 

►Coastal zone management 

(8 lectures) 

Module 9: Environment and Development 

►The economy and environment interaction 

►State of the environment 

►Economics of development, preservation and conservation 

►Sustainability: theory and practice 

►Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles 

►Role of an individual in prevention of pollution 

(6 lectures) 

Module 10: Environmental Problems in India 

►Effects of human activities on the quality of life 

►Water and River, Ground water 

►Wasteland reclamation 

►EnergyFirewood, Animal energy, thermal and Nuclear energy 

►Access to Common Property Resources (CPR) 

►Pollution: domestic 

►Solid waste, Health and Sanitation and Unsafe Drinking water 

(6 lectures)

Module 11: Human Population and the Environment 

►Population growth and environment 

►Human Rights 

►Value Education 

►Women and Child Welfare 

►Role of Information Technology 

►Case Studies 

(6 lectures) 

Module 12: Social Issues and the Environment 

►From Unsustainable to Sustainable development 

►Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management 

►Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns 

►Case studies 

►Environmental ethics : Issues and possible solutions 

►Consumerism and waste products 

►Public awareness 

►Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources 

(8 lectures) 

Module 13: Sustainable Resource Management 

►Benefits and costs of environmental management 

►Market and nonmarket benefits 

►Health benefits 

►Recreation benefits 

►Aesthetic benefits 

►Environmental costs 

►Environmental impact assessment 

►Evaluation of project and programmes 

(6 lectures) 

Module 14: Design of Environmental Policy 

►Direct Regulation by Government 

►Common and Control Instruments 

▪ Economic Instruments 

▪ Pollution Taxes 

▪ Marketable Permits 

▪ Mixed Instruments 

▪ Informal Regulation by Local Communities 

►Monitoring and Enforcement of Environmental Regulation 

Module 15: Institutions and Governance 

(6 lectures) 

►Evolution of laws, institutions, and policies relation to India 

►Popular participation in environmental movement 

►Environmental activities and ethics that sustain the world 

(4 lectures) 

Module 16: Environment and Sustainable Development 

►Concepts and indicators

►Linkages and tradeoffs 

►Indicators of sustainability 

►Approaches to sustainable development 

(4 lectures) 

Module 17: Field Work 

►Visit to a local area to document environmental assetsriver/forests/grassland/hill/mountain 

►Study of local environmentcommon plants, insects, birds 

►Study of simple ecosystemspond, river, hill slopes, etc 

►Prepare a term paper based on the observations during the field work. 

(Field work Equal to 6 lecture hours).

For all B.A./B.Sc./B.Com. Programs with no computer course 

as core subject 

II Year 

Theory Paper2 

Office Automation Tools 

Unit1: MS EXCEL BASICS 

12 hrs 

Excel basics : The usual spread sheet features, Overview of excel 

features, Getting Started, Creating a new work sheet, Selecting cells, 

Navigating with the mouse and keyboard, Entering and editing text, text 

boxes, text notes, checking spelling, undoing and repeating actions, 

entering and formatting numbers, entering and editing formulas, referencing 

cells, order of evaluation in formulas, look up tables, copying entries and 

equations to minimize typing, more auto fill examples, creating custom fill 

lists, protecting and un protecting documents and cells. 

Rearranging worksheets : Moving cells, copying cells, sorting cell data, 

inserting rows, inserting columns, inserting cells, inserting as you paste, 

deleting parts of a worksheet, clearing parts of a worksheet, how formulas 

react to worksheet design changes, Auditing tools help spot potential 

problems. 

Excel formatting tips and techniques : Excel page setup, Changing column 

widths and row heights, auto format, manual formatting, using styles, format 

codes alter a number’s appearance, format painter speeds up format copying, 

changing font sizes and attributes, adjusting alignments, centering text 

across columns, using border buttons and commands, changing colors and 

shading, inserting and removing page breaks, hiding rows and columns. 

Organizing large projects : Using names, splitting windows and fixing 

titles, outlining your worksheets, working with multiple worksheets, using 

multiple worksheets in a workbook, viewing multiple windows, summarizing 

information from multiple worksheets. 

An introduction to functions : Parts of a function, functions requiring addins, 

online functions help, the function wizard, examples of functions by 

category, error messages from functions. 

Unit2: EXCEL CHARTS, GRAPHICS AND FUNCTIONS 

12 hrs 

Excel’s chart features : chart parts and terminology, instant charts with 

the chart wizard, creating charts on separate worksheets, resizing and 

moving charts, adding chart notes and arrows, editing charts, rotating 3D 

charts, Changing worksheet values by dragging chart parts, printing charts, 

deleting charts, setting the default chart type, controlling which series on 

which axis, adding overlay charts, creating trend lines, data map.

General Stream B.A./B.Com./B.Sc.: II Year: Theory Paper2 (Continued) 

Working with graphics in Excel : Creating and placing graphic objects, 

resizing graphics, positioning graphics on worksheets, drawing lines and 

shapes, examples of graphics in Excel, possible sources of excel graphics, 

Excel slide shows. 

Introduction to Excel’s command macros : Recording your own macros, running 

macros, assigning macros to buttons. 

Using worksheets as databases : Database concepts and terms, Creating an 

excel database, Working with data forms, filtering—a better way to find, 

sorting excel databases, crosstabulating databases, adding subtotals to 

databases. 

Automating whatif projects : General organizational tips, scenario manager, 

finding the right number with solver. 

Auditing and trouble shooting worksheets : Using error values to locate 

problems, using iteration to solve circular references, using the info 

window to find errors, using the auditing command to trouble shoot. 

Unit3: MS ACCESS BASICS 

12 hrs 

Introduction to Access : Access concepts and terms, starting and quitting 

access, the access workspace and tools, the views. 

Creating a simple database and tables : The access table wizard, creating 

databases without the wizard, field names, data types and properties, adding 

or deleting fields in tables, renaming fields and their captions, moving 

fields, deleting fields in tables, resizing fields, changing the appearance 

of text in tables, freezing columns, primary key fields, indexing fields, 

viewing a list of database properties. 

Forms : The form wizard, saving forms, modifying forms. 

Entering and editing data : Typing, adding records, duplicate previous 

entries without retyping, switching out of data entry mode, when do entries 

get saved?, undo, correcting entries, global replacements, moving from 

record to record in a table, entry and navigational shortcuts. 

Finding, sorting and displaying data : Queries and dynasets, creating and 

using select queries, returning to the query design, multiple search 

criteria, finding incomplete matches, using wildcards in queries, requesting 

range of records, hiding columns, reformatting dynasets, multilevel sorts, 

showing all records after a query, saving queries for latter use, cross tab 

queries, find and replace.


Unit4: ACCESS REPORTS, FORMS AND GRAPHICS 12 hrs 

Printing reports, forms, letters and labels: simple table, form, and 

database printing, defining advanced reports, manual reporting and 

modifying, modifying section contents, properties in reports, saving report 

formats for reuse, printing mailing labels, changing label designs. 

Relational databases : Flat versus relational, how relationships work, 

Exercise: creating a simple relationship, types of relationships, defining 

and redefining relationships, deleting relationships, creating 

relationships. 

Expressions, macros and other automation : Expressions, using expressions in 

reports, using expressions in queries, using expressions in forms, 

expression builders. 

Graphics in databases : Objects: linked, embedded, bound and unbound, 

unbound graphics as form and report embellishments, bound graphics in 

records, adding graphics to buttons, chart wizard: charting your data. 

Linking, importing and exporting records : Importing versus linking, linking 

other databases as tables, importing data from spread sheet files, importing 

data from word files, exporting access data. 

Unit5: FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET 12 hrs 

The Internet and the World Wide Web : Overview: what is Internet, The 

Internet’s history, The Internet’s major services, Understanding the world 

wide web, Using your browser and the world wide web, navigating the web, 

closing your browser, getting help with your browser, searching the web, 

search results and web sites. 

Email and other Internet Services : Overview: communicating through the 

Internet, Using Email, Using an Email program, Stomping out spam, Using 

webbased email services, More features of the Internet. 

Connecting to the Internet: Overview: Joining the Internet phenomenon, 

Connecting to the Internet through wires, How PC applications access the 

Internet, Connecting to the Internet wirelessly. 

Doing business in the online world : Overview: commerce on the world wide 

web, Ecommerce at the consumer level, Ecommerce at the business level, 

Business, the Internet and every thing, Telecommuters.


Prescribed books: 

1. Ron Mansfield, Working in Microsoft office, Tata McGraw Hill (2008) 

(chapters 13 to 23 and 29 to 38) 

2. Peter Norton, Introduction to computers, Sixth Edition Tata 

McGraw Hill (2007)(Chapters 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B). 

Reference Books : 

1. Michael Miller, Absolute Beginner’s guide to computer Basics, 

Fourth Edition, Pearson Education (2007). 

2. Deborah Morley, Charles S.Parker, understanding computers today 

and tomorrow, 11 th edition, Thomson (2007). 

3. Ed Bott, woody Leonhard, using Microsoft Office 2007, Pearson 

Education (2007). 

4. Rajkamal, Internet and web Technologies, Tata McGraw Hill(2007).

Model Question Paper 

General Stream B.A./B.Com./B.Sc.: II Year: Theory Paper2 

Office Automation Tools 

Time: 3Hrs 

Max.Marks:100 

SectionA 

Answer all the following questions. 

10*2=20 Marks 

1. 

a) How can we add ‘n’ number of worksheets with a single click? 

b) How are browsers and the WWW associated with each other? 

c) List out the different ways of viewing a query. 

d) What is a modem? 

e) What is the difference between Ecommerce and Web commerce? 

f) Distinguish between front end and back end tools with examples. 

g) What are the different possible extensions for an Excel worksheet? 

h) How can we use the format painter? 

i) List out some of the operators used in Excel. 

j) What is bandwidth? 

SectionB 

Answer all the following questions. 

5 * 16 = 80 Marks 

2) a) Explain the engineering functions used in excel with examples. 

b) Explain the excel workspace with a neat diagram. 

(or) 

c) Explain Auto filling dates, numbers and strings in Excel. 

d) Discuss some of the formatting features of excel. 

3) a) How can we perform “Whatif” analysis in Excel? 

b) Explain the different types of charts available in Excel. 

(or) 

c) What is the use of macros in Excel? 

d) How can we detect and avoid circular references in excel? 

4) a) Discuss the different ways of creating forms in Access. 

b) Explain the important features of M.S. Access. 

(or) 

c) How can we retrieve the data stored in database? 

d) Write procedure to establish relationships in Access.

5) a) Describe the following terminology: 

(i) Database management system 

(ii) Primary key 

(iii)Dynasets 

(iv) OLE. 

b) Explain working with graphics in Access. 

(or) 

c) Discuss in brief about linking between databases. 

d) How can we export our own data base. 

6) a) How can we search for the content present in www? 

b) Explain different applications of Internet in brief. 

(or) 

c) Describe the working of email system. 

d) Discuss the pros and cons of Ecommerce compared with 

traditional commerce. 

* * * * *

Second Year BOTANY Syllabus 

Paper II: Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany 

(Total Hours of Teaching: 120 @ 4 h / Week) 

Unit I: Anatomy (30 h) 

1. Meristems: Types, histological organisation of shoot and root apices and theories. (4 h) 

2. Tissues and Tissue Systems: . (6 h) 

3. Leaf: Out Lines of Ontogeny, diversity of internal structure & types of stomata. (6 h) 

4. Stem and root: Vascular cambium Formation and function. Out Lines of the concept 

Secondary growth Anamalous secondary growthGeneral account. Stem – 

Boerhavia, Bignonia, Dracaena; Root – Beta (8 h) 

5. Wood structure: General account. Study of local timbers (Botanical aspects and economic 

importance) – Teak (Tectona grandis), Rosewood, (Albergia latefolia), Red sanders, 

(Pterocarpus santalinus) Nallamaddi (Terminalia tomentosa (T. alata)), Yegisa 

(Pterocarpus marsupiun) and Neem (Azadirachta indica). (6 h) 

Unit II: Embryology (24 h) 

6. Introduction: History and importance of Embryology.(out lines) 

Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte. (5 h) 

7. Ovule structure and types; Megasporogenesis; development of female 

Gametophyte/embryo sac – Sturcture of a typical (Polygonum type) 

(6 h) 

8. Pollination Embryo sac &Types of embryo sacs. Fertilization.(out lines) 

(4 h) 

9. Endosperm Development and types. Embryo development and types; Polyembryony 

and Apomixis an outline. (5 h) 

10. Palynology: Principles and applications. (4 h)

Unit III: Taxonomy (36 h) 

11. Introduction: Types of classification: Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic. (4 h) 

12. Systems of classification: Salient features and comparative account of Bentham & Hooker 

and Engler & Prantle. (6 h) 

13. Current concepts in Angiosperm Taxonomy: Embryology in relation to taxonomy, 

Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy and Numerical Taxonomy. (4 h) 

14. Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to ICBN, Vienna code a brief 

account. (6 h) 

15. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belong to the following families: 

Annonaceae, Capparaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae (Faboideae/papilionoideae, 

Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae), Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, 

Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae and 

Poaceae. 

(16h) 

Unit IV: Medicinal Botany (30 h) 

16. Ethnomedicine: Scope, interdisciplinary nature, distinction of Ethnomedicine from 

Folklore medicine. Outlines of Ayurveda, Sidda, Unani and Homeopathic systems 

of traditional medicine. Role of AYUSH, NMPB, CIMAP and CDRI. (8 h) 

17. Plants in primary health care: Common medicinal plants – Identicfication – Plant parts to be 

used as remedies Tippateega (Tinospora cordifolia), tulasi (Oscimum sanctum ), 

pippallu (Piper longum), Karaka (Terminalia chebula), Kalabanda (Aloe vera), 

Turmeric (Curcuma longa). (4 h) 

18. Traditional medicine vs Modern medicine: Study of select plant examples used in traditional 

medicine as resource (active principles, structure, usage and pharmacological action)

of modern medicine: Aswagandha (Withania somnifera), Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia 

serpentina), Nela usiri (Phyllanthus amarus), Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) and Brahmi 

(Bacopa monnieri). (6 h) 

19. Pharmacognosy: Introduction and scope. Adulteration of plant crude drugs and methods 

of identification some examples. Indian Pharmacopoeia. (6 h) 

20. Plant crude drugs: Types, methods of collection, processing and storage practices. 

Evaluation of crude drugs. (6 h) 

Suggested Readings: 

Bhattacharya et. al. 2007. A textbook of Palynology, Central, New Delhi. 

Bhojwani, S. S. and S. P. Bhatnagar. 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms (4 th Ed.), Vikas 

Publishing House, Delhi. 

Davis, P. H. and V. H. Heywood. 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver and Boyd, 

London. 

Esau, K. 1971. Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Son, USA. 

Heywood, V. H. 1965 . Plant Taxonomy. ELBS , London. 

Heywood, V. H. and D. M. Moore (Eds). 1984. Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic 

Press, London. 

Jain, S. K. and V. Mudgal. 1999. A Handbook of Ethnobotany. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 

Dehradun. 

Jeffrey, C. 1982. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 

London. 

Johri, B. M. 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms. SpringerVerleg, Berlin. 

Joshi, S. G. 2000. Medicinal Plants. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. 

Kapil, R. P. 1986. Pollination Biology. Inter India Publishers, New Delhi. 

Kokate, C. and Gokeale Pharmocognacy Nirali Prakashan, NewDelhi. 

Lad, V. 1984. Ayurveda – The Science of Selfhealing. Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi.

Lewis, W. H. and M. P. F. Elwin Lewis. 1976. Medical Botany. Plants Affecting Man’s Health. A 

Wiley Inter science Publication. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 

Maheswari, P. 1971. An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill Book Co., 

London. 

Pandey, B. P. 2007. Botany for Degree Students: Diversity of Seed Plants and their Systematics, 

Structure, Development and Reproduction in Flowering Plants. S. Chand & Company Ltd, 

New Delhi. 

Rastogi, R. R. and B. N. Mehrotra. 1993. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. I & Vol. II. 

CSIR, Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi. 

Sivarajan, V. V. and I. Balasubramaniyan. 1994. Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources. Oxford 

and IBH, New Delhi. 

Stace, C. A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biostatistics (2 nd Ed.). Edward Arnold, London. 

Singh, G. 1999. Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.

Practical II: Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany 

(Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 90 @ 3 h / Week in 30 Sessions) 

Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 

1. Demonstration staining technique. (3 h) 

2. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides (3 h) 

3. Preparation & staining of 

Primary structure: Root Cicer, Canna; Stem – Tridax, Sorghum 

(any dicot & Moncot roots and sterns) (6 h) 

Secondary structure: Root – Tridax sp.; Stem –Pongamia 

(any dicot secondary root and sternn) (3 h) 

Anomalous secondary structure: Examples as given in theory syllabus. (6 h) 

4. Stomatal types using epidermal peels. (3 h) 

5. Microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S. (6 h) 

6. Structure of anther and microsporoganesis using permanent slides. (3 h) 

7. Structure of pollen grains using whole mounts (Catharanthus, Hibiscus, 

Acassia, Grass). (3 h) 

8. Pollen viability test using in vitro germination (Catharanthus). (3 h) 

9. (models or photographs or slide) (permanent slides) Study of ovule types and 

developmental stages of embryosac. (3 h) 

10. Structure of endosperm (nuclear and cellular); Developmental stages of dicot and monocot 

Embryos using permanent slides. (3 h) 

11. Isolation and mounting of embryo (using Symopsis / Senna / Crotalaria) (3 h) 

12. Systematic study of locally available plants belonging to the families prescribed in 

theory syllabus (Minimum of one plant representative for each family) (18 h) 

13. Demonstration of herbarium techniques. (3 h) 

14. Local field visits to study the vegetation and flora. (6 h)

15. Detailed morphological and anatomical study of medicinally important part(s) of locally 

available plants (a minimum 10 plants) used in traditional medicine. (12 h) 

16. Field visits to identify and collect ethno medicinal plants used by local tribes/folklore. (3 h) 

17. Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the practical 

examination.

Second Year BIOCHEMISTRY Syllabus 

Theory – PaperII: Metabolism and Biochemical Techniques 

Unit I : Bioenergetics and Biological Oxidations 

120 hrs (4hrs/week) 

30 hours 

Energy transformations in the living system, Free energy concept. Exergonic and endergonic reactions. 

High energy compounds. Phosphate group transfer potential. Substrate level phosphorylation. 

Biological oxidations: Definition, enzymes involved oxidases, dehydrogenases and oxygenases. Redox 

reactions. Redox couplers. Reduction potential (e, e o , e’ o ). Standard reduction potential (e’ o ) of some 

biochemically important half reactions. 

Ultra structure of mitochondria. Electron transport chain and carriers involved. Oxidative 

phosphorylation, theories of oxidative phosphorylation Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory. 

F o F 1 ATPase. Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, uncouplers. Formation of 

reactive oxygen species and their disposal through enzymatic reactions. 

Ultra structure of chloroplast, Cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation. 

Unit II : Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism 

30 hours 

Concept of anabolism and catabolism. Glycolytic pathway, energy yield. Fate of pyruvate formation of 

lactate and ethanol, Pasteur effect. Citric acid cycle, regulation, energy yield, amphipathic role. 

Anaplerotic reactions. Glycogenolysis and glycogenesis. Pentose phosphate pathway. 

Gluconeogenesis. Photosytnthesis Light and Dark reactions, Calvin cycle, C 4 Pathway. 

Catabolism of fatty acids (β oxidation) with even and odd number of carbon atoms, Ketogenesis, de 

novo synthesis of fatty acids, elongation of fatty acids in mitochondria and microsomes, Biosynthesis 

and degradation of triacylglycerol and lecithin. Biosynthesis of cholesterol. 

UnitIII : Metabolism of Nitrogen Compounds 

30 hours 

General reactions of amino acid metabolism transamination, decarboxylation and deamination, Urea 

cycle and regulation, Catabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acids glycogenic and ketogenic amino 

acids. Metabolism of glycine, serine, aspartic acid, methionine, phenylalanine and leucine. 

Biosynthesis of creatine. Inborn errors of aromatic and branched chain amino acid metabolism. 

Biosynthesis and regulation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, de novo and salvage pathways. 

Catabolism of purines and pyrimidines. Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides ribonucleotide reductase 

and thymidylate synthase and their significance. Disorders of nucleotide metabolism Gout, Lesch 

Nyhan syndrome. 

Biosynthesis and degradation of heme. 

UnitIV : Biochemical Techniques 

30 hours 

Methods of tissue homogenization: (PotterElvejham, mechnical blender, sonicator and enzymatic).

Principle and applications of centrifugation techniques differential, density gradient. Ultracentrifugation 

preparative and analytical.. 

Principle and applications of chromatographic techniques paper, thin layer, gel filtration, ion exchange 

and affinity chromatography. Elementary treatment of an enzyme purification. 

Electrophoresis principles and applications of paper, polyacrylamide (native and SDS) and agarose gel 

electrophoresis. 

Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry Laws of light absorption BeerLambert law. UV and visible 

absorption spectra, molar extinction coefficient, biochemical applications of spectrophotometer. 

Principle of fluorimetry. 

Tracer techniques: Radio isotopes, units of radio activity, half life, β and γ emitters, use of radioactive 

isotopes in biology.

2 nd Year Practical – PaperII: Quantitative Analysis and Biochemical Techniques 

90 Hrs (3hrs/week) 

List of Experiments: 

1. Estimation of amino acid by ninhydrin method. 

2. Estimation of protein by Biuret method. 

3. Estimation of protein by Lowry method. 

4. Estimation of glucose by DNS method. 

5. Estimation of glucose by Benedict’s titrimetric method. 

6. Estimation of total carbohydrates by anthrone method. 

7. Isolation of egg albumin from egg white. 

8. Isolation of cholesterol from egg yolk. 

9. Isolation of starch from potatoes. 

10.Isolation of casein from milk. 

11.Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography. 

12.Determination of exchange capacity of resin by titrimetry. 

13.Separation of serum proteins by paper electrophoresis. 

14.Separation of plant pigments by TLC.

Second Year BIOTECHNOLOGY 

Paper II – Biological Chemistry and Microbiology 


UNIT I Biomolecules 35 hours 

1.1 Carbohydrates : Importance, classification and properties 

1.2 Structure, configuration and biochemical importance of monosaccharides 

(glucose and fructose) 

1.3 Dissacharides – Structures and biochemical importance of sucrose and trehalose 

Physiologically important glycosides (streptomycin, cardiac glycosides, ouabain) 

1.4 Structure and function of homo polysaccharides – starch, inulin, cellulose and glycogen 

Structure and function of heteropolysaccharides – Hyaluronic acid 

1.5 Proteins : Classification, structure and properties amino acids 

1.6 Peptide bond – Synthesis and characters 

1.7 Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins 

1.8 Lipids : Fatty acids : Saturated and unsaturated 

1.9 Triacylglycerols, Spingolipids, Sterols 

Phospholipids (phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine) 

1.10 Enzymes : Classification and nomenclature of enzymes 

Kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions 

1.11 Factors influencing enzymatic reactions 

(a) pH (b) Temperature (c) Substrate concentration (d) Enzyme concentration 

1.12 Enzyme Inhibition – Competitive and noncompetitive 

Unit II Intermediary Metabolism 30 hours 

2.1 Glycolysis 

2.2 Citric acid cycle 

2.3 Gluconeogenesis and its significance 

2.4 Mitochondrial electron transport 

Chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis 

2.5 bOxidation of fatty acid 

2.6 Deamination, decarboxylation and transamination reactions of amino acids 

2.7 Catabolism of amino acids – phenyl alanine and tyrosine (Phenylketonuria 

and albinism) 

2.8 Photosynthesis – Light reaction and photophosphorylation 

2.9 Carbon Assimilation 

Unit III Fundamentals of Microbiology 25 hours 

3.1 Outlines of classification of microorganisms 

3.2 Structure and general characters of Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and Micro Algae 

(one example from each group)

3.3 Disease causing pathogens and their symptoms (examples; Typhoid, HIV only) 

3.4 Isolation, identification and preservation of microorganisms (Bacteria) 

3.5 Identification methods of Fungi and useful Micro Algae 

3.6 Methods of sterilization 

3.7 Bacterial reproduction and growth kinetics (Batch and continuous cultures) 

3.8 Pure cultures and cultural characteristics 

UNIT – IV Principles and Applications of Biophysical Techniques 30 hours 

4.1 Microscopy – Light, Inverted, Fluorescent and Electron microscopy 

4.2 Colorimetry – Beer – Lambert’s Law 

4.3 UVVIS Spectrophotometry 

4.4 Chromatography 

(a) Paper (b) Thin Layer (c) Ionexchange (d) Gelfiltration 

4.5 Electrophoresis – Native gels and SDSPAGE, Agarose 

4.6 Centrifugation and filtration – Basic Principles 

4.7 Dialysis and lyopholization 

4.8 Radio isotopes and their use in biology

Second Year BIOTECHNOLOGY 

Practicals Paper – II 

90 hrs 

(3 hrs/week) 

1. Preparation of Normal, Molar and Molal solutions 

2. Preparation of Buffers (Acidic, Neutral and Alkaline Buffers) 

3. Qualitative tests of sugars, amino acids and lipids 

4. Estimations of protein by Biuret method 

5. Estimation of total sugars by anthrone method 

6. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography 

7. Electrophoretic separation of proteins (SDSPAGE) 

8. Technique of Micrometry (Stage and ocular) 

9. Enzyme assay – Catalase or Invertase (or any other enzyme) 

10. Preparation of routine microbiological media. 

11. Isolation of common nonpathogenic bacteria 

12. Staining and identification of bacteria – E.coli, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and 

Staphylococcus 

Recommended Books 

1. Biochemistry By Dr. U. Satyanarayana, U. Chakrapani 

2. Biochemistry By J.L. Jain 

3. Biochemistry By Conn and Stumpf 

4. Biochemistry By Lehninger 

5. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry By S. Ramakrishnan, R. Rajan, and K.G. 

Prasannan (Orient Longman) 

6. Biochemistry By Stryer 

7. Biochemistry By Voet and Voet 

8. Biochemistry (Jaypee) By Vasudevan 

9. Biochemistry By David Rawn 

10. General Biochemistry By J.H. Well 

11. Biochemistry By K. Trehan 

12. Biochemical Methods By S. Sadasivam and A. Manickam 

12. An introduction to Practical Biochemistry By T. Plummer 

13. Experimental Biochemistry A Student Companion By V. Deshpande and B. Sasidhar Rao 

14. Practical Biochemistry – By Upadhayay, Wilson and Wilson, Wilson & Walker 

15. Biochemistry – Viva Series 

16. Text Book of Microbiology By Ananthanarayan and Paniker 

17. Microbiology By Cappuccino (Pearson Education) 

18. Microbiology By Tortora (Pearson Education) 

19. Microbiology B.J. Pelczar, E.S.N. Cfan and N.R. Kreig, McGraw Hill Publ. 

20. General Microbiology – By Stanier, R.Y, J.L. Ingrahm, M.L. Wheel is & P.R. 

Painter 

21. General Microbiology – By Powar (Vol. I and Vol. II). 

22. Practical Microbiology By Aneja.

Second Year CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS 

Paper –II 

UNIT – I (Inorganic Chemistry – II) 

I. Chemistry of dblock elements: Stability of various oxidation states 

and e.m.f. Comparative treatment of second and third transition series 

with their 3d analogues. Study of Ti, Cr and Cu traids in respect of 

electronic configuration and reactivity of different oxidation states. 

7 h 

II. 

Chemistry of flock elements: Spectral properties and separation of 

lanthanides by ion exchange and solvent extraction methods. 

Chemistry of actinides – electronic configuration, oxidation states, 

actinide contraction, position of actinides in the periodic table, 

comparison with lanthanides in terms of magnetic properties, spectral 

properties and complex formation. 

7 h 

III. Theories of bonding in metals: Valence bond theory, Explanation of 

metallic properties and its limitations, Free electron theory, thermal 

and electrical conductivity of metals, limitations, Band theory, 

formation of bands, explanation of conductors, semiconductors and 

insulators. 

6 h 

IV. Metal carbonyls and related compounds – EAN rule, classification 

of metal carbonyls, structures and shapes of metal carbonyls of V, Cr, 

Mn, Fe, Co and Ni. Metal nitrosyls and metallocenes (only 

ferrocene). 

7 h 

UNITII (Organic Chemistry – II) 

1. Halogen compounds:Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reactionclassification 

into S N 1 and S N 2. Energy profile diagram of S N 1 and S N 2 

reactions. Stereochemistry of S N 2 (Walden Inversion) S N 1

(Racemisation). Explanation of both by taking the example of optically 

active alkyl halide – 2bromobutane. Ease of hydrolysis – comparision of 

alkyl, benzyl, alkyl, vinyl and aryl halides. Nature of nucleophil, Nature 

of leaving group, Nature of solvent, SNi, Neighbouring group 

participataion. 

4 h 

2. Hydroxy compounds 5 h 

Alcohols: Preparation with hydroboration reaction, Grignard synthesis of 

alcohols. 

Phenols: Preparation i) from diazonium salt, ii) from aryl sulphonates, iii) 

from cumene with mechanisom. 

Chemical properties: 

a. Acidic nature of phenols, 

b. Formation of alkoxides/phenoxides and their reaction 

with RX, 

c. Esterification by acids ( mechanism), 

d. Dehydration of alcohols. 

e. Special reaction of phenols with mechanism; 

Bromination, KolbSchmidt reaction, Riemer 

Polyhydroxy compounds: PinacolPinacolone rearrangement. 

3. Carbonyl compounds 8 h 

Synthesis of aldehydes from acid chlorides, synthesis of ketones from 

nitriles and from carboxylic acids. 

Physical properties: absence of hydrogen bonding, ketoenol 

tautomerism, reactivity of carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones. 

Nucleophilic addition reaction with a) NaHSO 3 , b) HCN, c) RMgX, d) 2, 

4 DNP with mechanism. 

Halogenation using PCl 5 with mechanism. 

Base catalysed reactions with mechanism: 

a) Aldol, b) Cannizzaro reaction, c) Perkin reaction, d) Benzoin 

condensation, e) Haloform reaction, f) Knoevenagel reaction.

Oxidation of aldehydes: BaeyerVilliger oxidation of ketones with 

mechanism. 

Reduction: Wolf Kishner reduction, MPV reduction, reduction with 

LiAlH 4 and NaBH 4 (all mechanisms.) 

Analysis of aldehydes and ketones with a) 2,4DNT test, b) Tollen’s test, 

c) Fehling text, d) Schiff test, e) Haloform test (with equation). 

4. Carboxylic acids and derivatives: 5 h. 

Methods of preparation by a) hydrolysis of nitriles, amides and esters. b) 

carbonation of Grignard reagents. 

Special methods of preparation of aromatic acids by a) oxidation of side 

chain. b) hydrolysis by benzotrichlorides. c) Kolbe reaction. 

Physical properties: Hydrogen bonding, dimeric association, aciditystrength 

of acids with examples of trimethyl acetic acid and 

trichloroacetic acid. Relative differences in the acidities of aromatic and 

aliphatic acids. 

Chemical properties: Reactions involving H, OH and COOH groupssalt 

formation, anhydride formation, acid chloride formation, amide 

formation and esterification (mechanism).Degradation of carboxylic acids 

by HunsDiecker reaction, decarboxylation by Schimdt reaction, Arndt 

Eistert synthesis, halogenation by HellVolhard Zelinsky reaction. 

Derivatives of carboxylic acids: Reaction of acid chlorides, acid 

anhydrides, acid amides, esters (mechanism of the hydrolysis of esters by 

acids and bases). 

5. Active methylene compounds 4 h 

Acetoacetic esters: Preparation by Claisen condensation, ketoenol 

tautomerism. Acid hydrolysis and ketonic hydrolysis. 

Preparation of a) monocarboxylic acids. b) dicarboxylic acids. 

Reaction with urea 

Malonic ester: Preparation from acetic acid.

Synthetic applications: Preparation of 

a) monocarboxylic acids (propionic acid and nbutyric acid). 

b) dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid and adipic acid). 

c) α,ß-unsaturated carboxylic acids (crotonic acid). 

Reaction with urea. 

6. Exercises in interconversion: Halogen derivatives to hydroxyl 

compounds, carboxylic acids and its derivatives. 

2 h 

Note: All reactions in the above chapters are to be explained 

withmechanisms. 

Unit III (Physical chemistry – II) 

1. Phase rule: 5 h 

Concept of phase, components, degree of freedom. Derivation of Gibbs 

phase rule. Phase equilibrium of one component – water system. Phase 

equilibrium of twocomponent system, solidliquid equilibrium. Simple 

eutectic diagram of PbAg system, desilverisation of lead. Solid solutionscompound 

with congruent melting point (MgZn) system, compound with 

incongruent melting point – NaCl water system. Freezing mixtures. 

2. Catalysis: 12h 

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous catalysis, comparision with 

examples. Kinetics of specific acid catalyzed reactions, inversion of cane 

sugar. Kinetics of specific base catalyzed rreactions, base catalyzed 

conversion of acetone to diacetone alcohol. Acid and base catalyzed reactions

hydrolysis of esters, mutarotation of glucose. Catalytic activity at surfaces. 

Mechanisms of heterogeneous catalysis. LangmuirHinshelwood mechanism. 

Enzyme catalysis: Classification, characteristics of enzyme catalysis. 

Kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactionsMichaelis Menton law, significance of 

Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax). Factors effecting 

enzyme catalysiseffect of tempetature, pH, concentration and inhibitor. 

Catalytic efficiency. Mechanism of oxidation of ethanol by alcohol 

dehydrogenase. 

3. Electrochemistry 14 h 

DebyeHuckelOnsagar’s equation for strong electrolytes (elementary 

treatment only). Definition of transport number, determination by Hittorf’s 

method. Application of conductivity measurementsdetermination of 

dissociation constant (K a ) of an acid, determination of solubility product of 

sparingly soluble salt, conductometric titrations. Types of reversible 

electrodes the gas electrode, metalmetal ion, metalinsoluble salt and redox 

electrodes. Electrode reactions. Calculations of thermodynamic quantities of 

cell reactions (G, H and K). Determination of pH using quinhydrone 

electrode, Solubility product of AgCl. Potentiometric titrations. 

Unit IV (General chemistryII) 

1. Molecular symmetry 5h 

Concept of symmetry in chemistrysymmetry operations, symmetry 

elements. Rotational axis of symmetry and types of rotational axes. Planes of 

symmetry and types of planes. Improper rotational axis of symmetry. 

Inversion centre. Identity element. The symmetry operations of a molecule 

form a group. Flow chart for the identification of molecular point group. 

2. Theory of quantitative analysis 8 hrs

a) Principles of volumetric analysis: Theories of acidbase, redox, 

complexometric, iodometric and precipitation titrations, choice of 

indicators for these titrations. 

b) Principles of gravimetric analysis: Precipitation, coagulation, 

peptization, coprecipitation, post precipitation, digestion, filtration and 

washing of precipitate, drying and ignition, precipitation from 

homogenous solutions, requirements of gravimetric analysis. 

3. Evaluation of analytical data 4 h 

Theory of errors, idea of significant figures and its importance, accuracy 

– methods of expressing accuracy, error analysis and minimization of 

errors, precision – methods of expressing precision, standard deviation 

and confidence limit. 

4. Introductory treatment to: 

a) Pericyclic Reactions 5 h 

Concerted reactions, Molecular orbitals, Symmetry properties HOMO, 

LUMO, Thermal and photochemical pericyclic reactions. Types of 

pericyclic reactions – electrocyclic, cycloaddition and sigmatropic 

reactions – one example each. 

b) Synthetic strategies 4 h 

Terminology – Disconnection (dix), Symbol ( ), synthon, synthetic 

equivalent (SE), Functional group interconversion (FGI), Linear, 

Convergent and Combinatorial syntheses, Target molecule (TM). 

Retrosynthesis of the following molecules 

1) Acetophenone 

2) Cyclohexene 

3) Phenylethylbromide

I. Titrimetric analysis: 

Second Year CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS 

LABORATORY COURSE – II 

Practical Paper – II (Inorganic Chemistry) 

1) Determination of carbonate and bicarbonate in a mixture 

2) Determination of Fe(II) using K 2 Cr 2 O 7 

3) Determination of Fe(II) using KMnO 4 with oxalic acid as primary 

standard. 

4) Determination of Cu(II) using Na 2 S 2 O 3 with K 2 Cr 2 O 7 as primary 

standard 

5) Determination of Zinc using EDTA 

6) Determination of Magnesium using EDTA 

7) Determination of hardness of water 

8) Determination of Zinc by ferrocy amide 

II. Gravimetric analysis (any three of the following) 

1) Determination of barium as barium sulphate 

2) Determination of sulphate as barium sulphate 

3) Determination of lead as lead chromate 

4) Determination of nickel as NiDMG complex 

5) Determination of magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate.

B.Sc.(Computer Science): II Year: Theory Paper2 

Object Oriented Programming with Java and Data Structures. 


Detailed Syllabus : 

Unit – 1: Java Fundamentals 

24h 

Fundamentals of Object Oriented programming : Object Oriented paradigm – 

Basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming – Benefits of OOP – 

Applications of OOP. 

Java Evolution : Java Features – How Java differs from C and C++ Java and 

Internet – Java and World Wide Web – Web Browsers – Hardware and Software 

Requirements – Java Environment. 

Overview of Java Language: Simple Java Program – Java Program Structure – Java Tokens Java 

Statements – Implementing a Java Program – Java Virtual Machine – Command Line Arguments. 

Constants, Variables and Data types: Constants – Variables – Data types – Declaration of Variables 

Giving Values to variables Scope of VariablesSymbolic ConstantsType Casting. 

(Chapters : 1,2,3,4 ) 

Unit – 2: Oops Concepts in Java 

24h 

Operators and Expressions: Arithmetic Operators – Relational Operators Logical Operators – 

Assignment Operators – Increment and Decrement Operators – Conditional Operators – Bitwise 

Operators – Special Operators – Arithmetic Expressions – Evaluation of Expressions – Precedence of 

Arithmetic Operators – Operator Precedence and Associativity. 

Decision Making and Branching: Decision Making with If statement – Simple If StatementIf else 

StatementNesting If Else Statement the ElseIf LadderThe switch Statement – The ?: operator. 

Decision Making and Looping: The while statement – The do statement – The for statement – Jumps 

in Loops.

Class , Objects and Methods: Defining a Class – Fields Declaration – Methods Declaration – Creating 

Objects – Accessing class members – Constructors – Methods Overloading – Static Members – Nesting 

of Methods – Inheritance – Overriding Methods – Final Variables and Methods – Final Classes – 

Abstract Methods and Classes – Visibility Control. 

(Chapters : 5,6,7,8 ) 

Unit – 3: Packages and Interfaces in Java 

24h 

Arrays, Strings and Vectors: Onedimensional Arrayscreating an Array – Two dimensional Arrays – 

Strings – Vectors – Wrapper Classes – Enumerated Types. 

Interfaces: Multiple Inheritance : Defining Interfaces – Extending Interfaces – Implementing Interfaces 

– Accessing Interface Variables. 

Packages: Java API Packages – Using system Packages – Naming Conventions – Creating Packages – 

Accessing a Package – Using a Package – Adding a Class to a Package – Hiding Classes – Static Import. 

(CHAPTERS : 9,10,11 ) 

UNIT – 4 

Multithreaded Programming: Creating Threads – Extending the Thread Class – 

Stopping and Blocking a Thread – Life Cycle of a Thread – Using Thread 

Methods – Thread Exceptions – Thread Priority – Synchronization. 

Managing Errors and Exceptions: Types of Errors – Exceptions – Syntax of Exception Handling Code – Multiple Catch Statements – Using Finally 

Statement – Throwing our own Exceptions – Using Exceptions for debugging. 

Applet Programming: How Applets differ from Applications – Preparing to 

write Applets – Building Applet Code – Applet Life Cycle – Creating an 

executable Applet – Designing a WebPage – Applet Tag – Adding Applet to HTML 

file – Running the Applet – More about Applet Tag – Passing parameters to 

Applets – Aligning the display – More about HTML tags – Displaying Numerical 

Values – Getting Input from the user. 

(Chapters : 12, 13, 14 ) 

Unit – 5 Data Structures 

24h 

Sorting: Bubble Sort – Selection Sort – Insertion Sort – Quick SortStacks 

and Queues: Stacks – Queues – Circular Queue – Deques Priority Queue –

Parsing Arithmetic Expressions – Linked List: Simple Linked List – Finding 

and Deleting Specified Links – Double Ended Lists – Abstract Data types – 

Sorted Lists – Doubly Linked Lists – Advanced Sorting : Quick Sort Binary 

Trees : Tree Terminology – Finding a Node – Inserting a Node – Traversing 

the Tree – Finding Maximum and Minimum values – Deleting a Node – Efficiency 

of Binary Trees – Trees Represented as Arrays – Graphs: Introduction to 

Graphs – Searches – Minimum Spanning Tree – Topological Sorting with 

Directed Graphs – Connectivity in Directed Graphs. 

(Chapters : 3,4,5,7 (Only Quick Sort), 8,13) 

Prescribed books : 

1. E.Balaguruswamy, Programming with Java, A primer, 3e, TATA McGrawHill 

Company (2008).(Chapters : 1 to 14 ) 

2. Robert Lafore, Data Structures & Algorithms in Java, Second Edition, 

Pearson Education(2008) 

(Chapters: 3,4,5,7 (Only Quick Sort),8,13 ) 

Reference Books : 

1. John R. Hubbard, Programming with Java, Second Edition, Schaum’s 

outline Series, Tata McGrawhill (2007). 

2. Timothy Budd, Understanding Object Oriented Programming with Java, 

Pearson Education (2007). 

3. Adam Drozdek, Data Structures and Algorithms in Java, Second Edition, 

Cengage Learning(2008). 

4. John R. Hubbard, Anita Hurry, Data Structures with Java, Pearson 

Education (2008). 

5. Jana, Java and Object Oriented Programming Paradigm, PHI (2007). 

6. Deitel & Deitel. Java TM: How to Program, 7 th Edition, PHI (2008). 

7. Samatha, Classic Data Structures, PHI (2005).

B.Sc(Computer Science): II Year: Lab2 

Java and Data structures Lab 

90hrs (3hrs/week) 

Java Lab Cycle 

1. Write a java program to determine the sum of the following harmonic 

series for a given value of ‘n’. 

1+1/2+1/3+. . . _1/n 

2. Write a program to perform the following operations on strings through 

interactive input. 

a) Sort given strings in alphabetical order. 

b) Check whether one string is sub string of another string or not. 

c) Convert the strings to uppercase. 

3. Write a program to simulate online shopping. 

4. Write a program to identify a duplicate value in a vector. 

5. Create two threads such that one of the thread print even no’s and 

another prints odd no’s up to a given range. 

6. Define an exception called “Marks Out Of Bound” Exception, that is 

thrown if the entered marks are greater than 100. 

7. Write a JAVA program to shuffle the list elements using all the 

possible permutations. 

8. Create a package called “Arithmetic” that contains methods to deal 

with all arithmetic operations. Also, write a program to use the 

package. 

9. Write an Applet program to design a simple calculator. 

10.Write a program to read a text and count all the occurrences 

of a given word. Also, display their positions. 

11.Write an applet illustrating sequence of events in an applet. 

12. Illustrate the method overriding in JAVA. 

13. Write a program to fill elements into a list. Also, copy them 

in reverse order into another list. 

14. Write an interactive program to accept name of a person and 

validate it. If the name contains any numeric value throw an 

exception “InvalidName”. 

15. Write an applet program to insert the text at the specified 

position.

B.Sc(Computer Science): II Year: Lab2 (Continued) 

16. Prompt for the cost price and selling price of an article and 

display the profit (or) loss percentage. 

17. Create an anonymous array in JAVA. 

18. Create a font animation application that changes the colors 

of text as and when prompted. 

19. Write an interactive program to wish the user at different 

hours of the day. 

20. Simulate the library information system i.e. maintain the 

list of books and borrower’s details. 

Data Structures Lab Cycle 

21. Program to create , insert, delete and display operations on 

single linked list ? 


double linked list ? 


circular single linked list ? 

24. Program to split a single linked list 

25. Program to reverse a single linked list 

26. Program to implement Insertion Sort. 

27. Program to implement PUSH and POP operations on Stack using 

array method. 

28. Program to implement PUSH and POP operations on Stack using 

Linked list method. 

29. Program to implement insert and delete operations on Queue 

using array method. 

30. Program to implement insert and delete operations on Queue 

using linked list method. 

31. Program to implement insert and delete operations on Priority 

Queue? 

32. Program to implement insert and delete operations on Double 

Ended Queue? 

33. Program to evaluate postfix expression by using Stack? 

34. Program to construct Binary Search Tree and implement tree 

traversing Techniques. 

35. Program to delete a leaf node from binary search tree. 

36. Program to implement Selection Sort. 

37. Program to implement Bubble Sort. 

38. Program to implement Operations on Circular Queue. 

39. Program to implement Quick Sort. 

40. Program to Find number of Leaf nodes and NonLeaf nodes in a 

Binary Search Tree. 

41. Program for Insertion Sort.

Model Question Paper 

B.Sc.(Computer Science): II Year: Theory Paper2 

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH JAVA AND DATA STRUCTURES 

Time: 3Hrs Max. Marks: 100 

______________________________________________________________ 

Section – A 

Answer ALL Questions 10 * 2 = 20 

1. a) Difference between applet and Standalone applications? 

b) Is a Java Program compiled or Interpreted? Justify? 

c) Difference between String and StringBuffer. 

d) What are the components of Java Development kit? 

e) Write rules of thumb? 

g) How can you compile a package? 

h) Write attributes of applet tag. 

i) Define Stack. 

j) Define Completed Graph. 

Section – B 

Answer ALL Questions 5 * 16 = 80 

2. a) Explain the merits and demerits of Object Oriented 

Programming. 

b) How is java associated with World Wide Web. 

(or) 

c) Explain about the Structure of Java Program. 

d) What are different data types in Java. 

3. a) Discuss Type Conversion in Expressions. 

b) Explain Control Structures in Java. 

(or) 

c) What is the difference between Overloading and Overriding? 

d) Explain Visibility Access in Java.

4. a) Write steps to create and access a package ? 

b) Explain difference between vectors and arrays. 

(or) 

c) How multiple inheritance achieved in Java? 

d) What are wrapper classes? 

5. a) Write a Life Cycle of a thread with a neat diagram ? 

b) Write syntax for handling exceptions in Java ? 

(or) 

c) How can you create an executable Applet? 

d) How can you give priorities to Threads ? 

6. a) Define linked list. What are the advantages of linked 

lists. 

b) Explain about preorder traversal of a tree with example. 

(or) 

c) Explain priority queue. 

d) Explain Quick Sort with example. 

* * * * *

B.Sc II Year Electronics Syllabus 

PAPER–II Analog Circuits and Communications (120 hours) 

UNIT I (30 hours) 

Power Supplies: Rectifiers– Halfwave, fullwave and bridge rectifiers Efficiency Ripple factor 

Regulation – Harmonic components in rectified output – Types of filters Choke input (inductor) 

filter Shunt capacitor filter L section and p section filters – Block diagram of regulated power 

supply Series and shunt regulated power supplies – Three terminal regulators (78XX and 

79XX) LM317 and LM337 – Principle and working of switch mode power supply (SMPS). 

UNITII (30 hours) 

RC Coupled Amplifier: Analysis and frequency response of single stage RC coupled CE 

amplifier. 

Feedback: Positive and negative feedback Effect of feedback on gain, band width, noise, input 

and output impedances –Positive feed back – Criteria for oscillations. 

Operational Amplifiers: Differential amplifier Block diagram of OpAmp Ideal characteristics 

of OpAmp OpAmp parameters Input resistance Output resistance Common mode rejection 

ratio (CMMR) Slew rate Offset voltages – Input bias current Basic OpAmp circuits 

Inverting OpAmp Virtual ground Noninverting OpAmp Frequency response of OpAmp. 

Interpretation of OpAmp data sheets. 

UNITIII (30 hours) 

Applications of OpAmps: Summing amplifier subtractor Voltage follower Integrator 

Differentiator Comparator Logarithmic amplifier Sine wave [Wein Bridge] and square wave 

[Astable] generators Triangular wave generator Monostable multivibrator Solving simple 

second order differential equation. Basic OpAmp series regulator and shunt regulator. 

UNITIV (30 hours) 

Communications: Need for modulationTypes of modulation Amplitude, Frequency and Phase 

modulation. 

Amplitude modulationside bands modulation index square law diode modulator 

Demodulation diode detector. 

Frequency modulation working of simple frequency modulator Ratio detection of FM waves 

Advantages of frequency modulation. 

AM and FM radio receivers [block diagram approach].

(NOTE: Solving related problems in all the Units) 


1. Electronic Devices and CircuitsMillman and Halkias Tata Mc Graw Hill (TMH) 

2. Microelectronics J. Millman and A. Grabel TMH 

3. Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits Ramakant A. Gayakwad Prentice Hall 

of India (PHI). 

4. Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits K. Lalkishore Pearson Education 

5. Analog Electronics L.K. Maheswari and M.M.S. Anand PHI 

6. Applied Electronics R.S.Sedha S Chand &Co 

7. Principles of Electronics V.K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta S Chand &Co 

8. A first Course in Electronics – A.A.Khan & K.K. Dey PHI 

9. Electronic Communication Systems George Kennedy & Bernard Davis TMH. 

10. Electronic Communication D. Roddy & J. Coolen PHI 

11. Principles of Electronic Communication Systems –Louis E. Frenzel TMH 

bbb

B.Sc II Year Electronics 

PRACTICALS PAPERII (90 hours 30 Sessions) 

Analog Circuits and Communications Lab 

1. D.C Power supply and filters. 

2. Three terminal regulators – 7805, 7905, 317, 337. 

3. Single stage RC – coupled amplifier – frequency response. 

4. OPAmp (IC 741) as 

a) Inverting amplifier. 

b) Non inverting amplifier. 

c) Comparator. 

5. OPAmp (IC 741) as 

a) Integrator. 

b) Differentiator. 

6. OPAmp as Wien bridge oscillator. 

7. Astable multivibrator – Determination of frequency (using IC741 OpAmp). 

8. Monostable multivibrator–Determination of pulse width (using IC 741Op Amp). 

9. Voltage regulator using IC 7805and IC7905. 

10. AM modulator and Demodulator. 

11. FM modulator. 

12. Simulation experiments using appropriate electronic circuit simulation software. 

a) RC coupled amplifier. 

b) Wien bridge oscillator. 

c) Astable multivibrator. 

d) Amplitude Modulation. 

e) Frequency Modulation. 

Note: Student has to perform the following experiments 

(1) Any 7 experiments among the experiment numbers1to10. 

(2) Experiment Number 12 (a,b,c,d and e) is compulsory 

STUDENTS ARE ENCOURAGED TO DO A SMALL PROJECT WORK DURING SECOND YEAR 

~~~

Second Year MATHEMATICS Syllabus 

MODEL CURRICULUM B.A/B.Sc 

Mathematics: Paper II 

Abstract Algebra & Real Analysis 


UNIT I: 

(30 hours) 

GROUPS : 

Binary operations Definitions and properties, GroupsDefinition and elementary properties, Finite 

groups and group composition tables, Subgroups and cyclic subgroups. PermutationsFunctions and 

permutations ,groups of permutations, cycles and cyclic notation, even and odd permutations, The 

alternating groups. Cyclic groups Elementary properties ,The classification of cyclic groups , sub 

groups of finite cyclic groups. Isomorphism Definition and elementary properties, Cayley’s theorem, 

Groups of cosets, Applications, Normal subgroups Factor groups , Criteria for the existence of a coset 

group, Inner automorphisms and normal subgroups, factor groups and simple groups, Homomorphism 

Definition and elementary properties, The fundamental theorem of homomorphisms, applications. 

UNIT II: 

(30 hours) 

RINGS: 

Definition and basic properties, Fields, Integral domains, divisors of zero and Cancellation laws, 

Integral domains, The characteristic of a ring, some non – commutative rings, Examples, Matrices over 

a field, The real quaternions ,Homomorphism of Rings Definition and elementary properties, Maximal 

and Prime ideals, Prime fields. Rings of Polynomials – Polynomials in an indeterminate form, The 

evaluation of homomorphism. 

Prescribed text book: 

Scope and treatment as in The first course in Abstract Algebra by John B Fraleigh , Narosa Publishing 

house , chapter 1 to 7,11 to 13,23,24.1 to 24.3 , 25.1,25.4 and chapter 29 to 31. 


1.Topics in Algebra , I.N.Herstein,Wiley Eastern. 

2.Contemporary Abstract algebra by Joseph A Gallian , Narosa Publishing House 

UNIT – III: 

(35 hours) 

REAL NUMBERS: 

The Completeness Properties of R, Applications of the Supremum Property. 

(No question is to be set from this portion) 

Sequences and Series Sequences and their limits, limit theorems, Monotonic Sequences, Subsequences 

and the BolzanoWeirstrass theorem,The Cauchy’s Criterion

,Properly divergent sequences, Introduction to series, Absolute convergence, test for absolute 

convergence, test for nonabsolute convergence. 

Continuous Functionscontinuous functions, combinations of continuous functions, continuous 

functions on intervals, Uniform continuity. 

UNIT – IV : 

(25 hours) 

DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION: 

The derivative, The mean value theorems, L’Hospital Rule, Taylor’s Theorem. 

Riemann integration Riemann integral , Riemann integrable functions, Fundamental theorem. 

Prescribed text Book: 

Scope as in “Introduction to Real analysis”, by Robert G. Bartle and Donald R. Sherbert , John 

Wiley ,3 rd edition. Chapter 3, (3.1 to 3.7), Chapter 5 (5.1 to 5.4), Chapter 6 (6.1 to 6.4), Chapter 7 (7.1 

to 7.3), Chapter 9 (9.1,9.2 and 9.3). 


1. A course of Mathematical Analysis, Shanthi Narayan and P.K.Mittal, S.Chand & Company 

2. Mathematical analysis by S.C.Malik and Savita Arora, Wiley Eastern Ltd.

Second Year MICROBIOLOGY Syllabus 

Paper II: MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS 

UNIT – I Nutrition, Growth and Enzymes 30 Hrs 

Microbial nutrition nutritional requirements and uptake of nutrients by cells. Nutritional groups of 

microorganisms autotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs, methylotrophs. 

Growth media synthetic, nonsynthetic, selective, enrichment and differential media. Microbial 

growth different phases of growth in batch cultures. 

Factors influencing microbial growth. 

Synchronous, continuous, biphasic growth. 

Methods for measuring microbial growth – Direct microscopy, viable count estimates, turbiodometry, 

biomass. 

Enzymes properties and classification, enzyme unit. 

Biocatalysis induced fit, and lock and key model, coenzymes, cofactors, 

catalytic activity of enzymes. 

Inhibition of enzyme activity competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive 

factors affecting 

and allosteric. 

UNIT – II Intermediary Metabolism 30 Hrs 

Aerobic respiration Glycolysis, HMP pathway, ED pathway, TCA cycle, electron transport, 

oxidative and substratelevel phosphorylation. Anaplerotic reactions. βOxidation of fatty acids. 

Glyoxylate cycle. Anaerobic respiration (nitrate, sulphate respiration). 

Fermentation Common microbial fermentations with special reference to 

fermentations. 

Photosynthetic apparatus in prokaryotes. Outlines of oxygenic and 

in bacteria. 

alcohol and lactic acid 

anoxygenic photosynthesis 

UNIT – III Microbial Genetics 30 Hrs 

Fundamentals of genetics Mendelian laws, alleles, crossing over, and 

as genetic materials. 

Structure of DNA – Watson and Crick model. 

Extrachromosomal genetic elements – Plasmids and transposons. 

Replication of DNA – Semiconservative mechanism. 

Outlines of DNA damage and repair mechanisms. 

Mutations – spontaneous and induced, base pair changes, frame shifts, 

tandem duplications, insertions. 

Various physical and chemical mutagens. 

linkage. DNA and RNA 

deletions, inversions,

Brief account on horizontal gene transfer among bacteria – transformation, transduction and 

conjugation. 

UNIT – IV Gene Expression and Recombinant DNA Technology 30 Hrs 

Concept of gene – Muton, recon and cistron. One geneone enzyme, 

one geneone 

polypeptide, one geneone product hypotheses. 

Types of RNA and their functions. 

Outlines of RNA biosynthesis in prokaryotes. 

Genetic code. Structure of ribosomes and a brief account of protein synthesis. 

Types of genes – structural, constitutive, regulatory. 

Operon concept. Regulation of gene expression in bacteria – lac operon. 

Basic principles of genetic engineering restriction endonucleases, 

DNA polymerases and 

ligases, vectors. 

Outlines of gene cloning methods. 

Genomic and cDNA libraries. 

General account on application of genetic engineering in industry, agriculture and medicine. 

TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS: 

Gottschalk, G. (1986). Bacterial Metabolism, SpringerVerlag, NewYork. 

Caldwell, D.R. (1995). Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, W.C. Brown Publications, Iowa, USA. 

Moat, A.G. and Foster, J.W. (1995). Microbial Physiology, JohnWiley, New York. 

White, D. (1995). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes, Oxford University Press, New 

York. 

Reddy, S.R. and Reddy, S.M. (2004). Microbial Physiology, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India. 

Reddy, S.M. and Reddy, S.R. (2005). A Text Book of Microbiology VolII. Microbial Metabolism 

and Molecular Biology. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 

Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2 nd Edition, CBS 

Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. 

Elliot, W.H. and Elliot, D.C. (2001). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2 nd Edition, Oxford 

University Press, U.S.A. 

Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K. (2004). Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and 

Ecology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 

Freifelder, D. (1997). Essentials of Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 

Crueger, W. and Crueger, A. (2000). Biotechnology: A Text Book of Industrial Microbiology, 

PrenticeHall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Glick, B.P. and Pasternack, J. (1998). Molecular Biotechnology, ASM Press, Washington D.C., USA. 

Freifelder, D. (1990). Microbial Genetics. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 

Strickberger, M.W. (1967). Genetics. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. 

Sinnot E.W., L.C. Dunn and T. Dobzhansky. (1958). Principles of Genetics. 5 th Edition. McGraw Hill, New 

York. 

Glazer, A.N. and Nikaido, H. (1995). Microbial Biotechnology – Fundamentals of Applied 

Microbiology, W.H. Freeman and company, New York. 

Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. (1994) Principles of Gene Manipulation, Blackwell Science 

Publication, New York. 

Smith, J.E. (1996). Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press. 

Snyder, L. and Champness, W. (1997). Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. ASM press, Washington, 

D.C., USA. 

Maloy, S.R., Cronan, J.E. and Freifelder, D. (1994). Microbial Genetics, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 

London. 

Lewin, B. (2000). Genes VIII. Oxford University Press, England 

Turner, P.C., Mclennan, A.G., Bates, A.D. and White, M.R.H. (1998). Instant Notes in Molecular 

Biology, Viva Books Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi. 

Twynan, R.M. (2003). Advanced Molecular Biology. Viva books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 

Kannan, N. (2003). Hand Book of Laboratory Culture Medias, Reagents, Stains and Buffers. 

Panima Publishing Co., New Delhi. 

Nicholl, D.S.T. (2004). An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. 2 nd Edition. Cambridge University 

Press, London. 

Ram Reddy, S., Venkateshwarlu, K. and Krishna Reddy, V. (2007) A text Book of Molecular 

Biotechnology. Himalaya Publishers, Hyderabad.

Second Year MICROBIOLOGY 

LAB – II: MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS 

90 Hrs 

1. Preparation of media for culturing autotrophic and heterotrophic 

microorganisms Algal medium, mineral salts medium, nutrient 

agar medium, McConkey agar, and blood agar. 

2. Enrichment culturing and isolation of phototrophs and chemoautotrophs. 

3. Setting and observation of Winogradsky column. 

4. Determination of viable count of bacteria. 

5. Turbidometric measurement of bacterial growth. 

6. Bacterial growth curve. 

7. Factors affecting bacterial growth – pH, temperature, salts. 

8. Qualitative analysis of sugars and amino acids. 

9. Colorimetric estimation DNA by diphenylamine method. 

10. Colorimetric estimation of proteins by Biuret/Lowry method 

11. Paper chromatographic separation of sugars and amino acids 

12. Starch hydrolysis, catalase test and sugar fermentation test. 

13. Qualitative tests for sugars and amino acids. 

14. Qualitative test and estimation of glucose. 

15. Verification of Beer’s law. 

16. Problems related to DNA and RNA characteristics, Transcription 

and Translation. 

REFERENCE BOOKS FOR LAB: 

Wilson, K. and Walker, J. (1994). Practical Biochemistry. 4 th Edition, Cambridge University Press, 

England. 

Sawhney, S.K. and Singh, R. (2000). Introductory Practical Biochemistry, Narosa Publishing House, 

New Delhi. 

Dubey, R.C. and Maheswari, D.K. (2002). Practical Microbiology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 

Plummer, D.T. (1988). An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. 3rd Edition, Tata Mc GrawHill, 

New Delhi. 

Reddy, S.M. and Reddy, S.R. (1998). Microbiology – Practical Manual, 3 rd Edition, Sri Padmavathi 

Publications, Hyderabad. 

Jaya Babu (2006). Practical Manual on Microbial Metabolisms and General Microbiology. 

Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 

Sashidhara Rao, B. and Deshpande, V. (2007). Experimental Biochemistry: A student Companion. 

I.K. International Pvt. Ltd.

Second Year PHYSICS Syllabus 

Paper – II: Thermodynamics and Optics 


Unit – I 

Part A: Thermodynamics 

1. Kinetic theory of gases: (6) 

Introduction – Deduction of Maxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds, 

Experimental verification Toothed Wheel Experiment, Transport Phenomena – 

Viscosity of gases – thermal conductivity – diffusion of gases. 

2. Thermodynamics: (12) 

Introduction – Reversible and irreversible processes – Carnot’s engine and its 

efficiency – Carnot’s theorem – Second law of thermodynamics, Kelvin’s and 

Claussius statements – Thermodynamic scale of temperature – Entropy, physical 

significance – Change in entropy in reversible and irreversible processes – 

Entropy and disorder – Entropy of universe – Temperature Entropy (TS) diagram 

– Change of entropy of a perfect gaschange of entropy when ice changes 

into steam. 

3. Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations: (10) 

Unit – II 

Thermodynamic potentials – Derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations – 

ClausiusClayperon’s equation – Derivation for ratio of specific heats – Derivation 

for difference of two specific heats for perfect gas. Joule Kelvin effect – 

expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and Vanderwaal’s gas. 

4. Low temperature Physics: (12) 

Introduction – Joule Kelvin effect – liquefaction of gas using porous plug 

experiment. Joule expansion – Distinction between adiabatic and Joule 

Thomson expansion – Expression for Joule Thomson cooling – Liquefaction of 

helium, Kapitza’s method – Adiabatic demagnetization – Production of low 

temperatures – Principle of refrigeration, vapour compression type. Working of 

refrigerator and Air conditioning machines. Effects of Chloro and Fluro Carbons 

on Ozone layer; applications of substances at low temperature. 

5. Quantum theory of radiation: (12) 

Black bodyFerry’s black body – distribution of energy in the spectrum of Black 

body – Wein’s displacement law, Wein’s law, RayleighJean’s law – Quantum

theory of radiation Planck’s law – deduction of Wein’s law, RayleighJeans law, 

from Planck’s law Measurement of radiation – Types of pyrometers – 

Disappearing filament optical pyrometer – experimental determination – 

Angstrom pyroheliometer determination of solar constant, effective 

temperature of sun. 

6. Statistical Mechanics: (10) 

Introduction to statistical mechanics, concept of ensembles, Phase space, 

MaxwellBoltzmann’s distribution law, Molecular energies in an ideal gas, Bose 

Einstein Distribution law, FermiDirac Distribution law, comparison of three 

distribution laws, Black Body Radiation, RayleighJean’s formula, Planck’s 

radiation law, Weins Displacement, Stefan’s Boltzmann’s law from Plancks 

formula. Application of FermiDirac statistics to white dwarfs and Neutron stars. 

PART – B 

Unit III 

OPTICS 

7 The Matrix methods in paraxial optics: (8) 

Introduction, the matrix method, effect of translation, effect of refraction, 

imaging by a spherical refracting surface. Imaging by a coaxial optical system. 

Unit planes. Nodal planes. A system of two thin lenses. 

8 Aberrations: (6) 

Introduction – Monochromatic aberrations, spherical aberration, methods of 

minimizing spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and curvature of field, 

distortion. Chromatic aberration – the achromatic doublet – Removal of 

chromatic aberration of a separated doublet. 

9 Interference: (15) 

Principle of superposition – coherence – temporal coherence and spatial 

coherence – conditions for Interference of light 

Interference by division of wave front: Fresnel’s biprism – determination of wave 

length of light. Determination of thickness of a transparent material using Biprism 

– change of phase on reflection – Lloyd’s mirror experiment. 

Interference by division of amplitude: Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a 

thin film due to reflected and transmitted light (Cosine law) – Colours of thin films 

– Non reflecting films – interference by a plane parallel film illuminated by a 

point source – Interference by a film with two nonparallel reflecting surfaces 

(Wedge shaped film) – Determination of diameter of wireNewton’s rings in 

reflected light with and without contact between lens and glass plate, Newton’s

Unit IV: 

rings in transmitted light (Haidinger Fringes) – Determination of wave length of 

monochromatic light – Michelson Interferometer – types of fringes – 

Determination of wavelength of monochromatic light, Difference in wavelength 

of sodium D 1,D 2 lines and thickness of a thin transparent plate. 

10 Diffraction: (10) 

Introduction – Distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction 

Fraunhoffer diffraction: Diffraction due to single slit and circular aperture – Limit 

of resolution – Fraunhoffer diffraction due to double slit – Fraunhoffer diffraction 

pattern with N slits (diffraction grating) 

Resolving Power of grating – Determination of wave length of light in normal and 

oblique incidence methods using diffraction grating. 

Fresnel diffraction: 

Fresnel’s half period zones – area of the half period zones –zone plate – 

Comparison of zone plate with convex lens – Phase reversal zone plate – 

diffraction at a straight edge – difference between interference and diffraction. 

11 Polarization (10) 

Polarized light : Methods of Polarization, Polarizatioin by reflection, refraction, 

Double refraction, selective absorption , scattering of light – Brewsters law – 

Malus law – Nicol prism polarizer and analyzer – Refraction of plane wave 

incident on negative and positive crystals (Huygen’s explanation) – Quarter 

wave plate, Half wave plate – Babinet’s compensator – Optical activity, analysis 

of light by Laurent’s half shade polarimeter. 

12 Laser, Fiber Optics and Holography: (9) 

Lasers: Introduction – Spontaneous emission – Stimulated emission – Population 

inversion . Laser principle – Einstein coefficients – Types of Lasers – HeNe laser – 

Ruby laser – Applications of lasers. 

Fiber Optics : Introduction – Optical fibers – Types of optical fibers – Step and 

graded index fibers – Rays and modes in an optical fiber – Fiber material – 

Principles of fiber communication (qualitative treatment only) and advantages 

of fiber communication. 

Holography: Basic Principle of Holography – Gabor hologram and its limitations, 

Holography applications.

NOTE: 

Problems should be solved at the end of every chapter of all units. 

Textbooks 

1. Optics by Ajoy Ghatak. The McGrawHill companies. 

2. Optics by Subramaniyam and Brijlal. S. Chand & Co. 

3. Fundamentals of Physics. Halliday/Resnick/Walker.C. Wiley India Edition 2007. 

4. Optics and Spectroscopy. R. Murugeshan and Kiruthiga Siva Prasath. S. Chand & 

Co. 

5. Second Year Physics – Telugu Academy. 

6. Modern Physics by R. Murugeshan and Kiruthiga Siva Prasath (for statistical 

Mechanics) S. Chand & Co. 

Reference Books 

1. Modern Physics by G. Aruldhas and P. Rajagopal, Eastern Economy Education. 

2. Berkeley Physics Course. Volume5. Statistical Physics by F. Reif. The McGrawHill 

Companies. 

3. An Introduction to Thermal Physics by Daniel V. Schroeder.Pearson Education Low 

Price Edition. 

4. Thermodynamics by R.C. Srivastava, Subit K. Saha & Abhay K. Jain Eastern 

Economy Edition. 

5. Modern Engineering Physics by A.S. Vasudeva. S.Chand & Co. Publications. 

6. Feyman’s Lectures on Physics Vol. 1,2,3 & 4. Narosa Publications. 

7. Fundamentals of Optics by Jenkins A. Francis and White E. Harvey, McGraw Hill Inc.

SECOND YEAR PHYSICS PRACTICALS 


(At least 12 Practicals are to be performed out of 16) 

1. Coefficient of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee’s method. 

2. Measurement of Stefan’s constant. 

3. Specific heat of a liquid by applying Newton’s law of cooling correction. 

4. Heating efficiency of electrical kettle with varying voltages. 

5. Thickness of a wirewedge method. 

6. Determination of wavelength of light –Biprism. 

7. Determination of Radius of curvature of a given convex lens Newton’s rings. 

8. Resolving power of grating. 

9. Study of optical rotationpolarimeter. 

10. Dispersive power of a prism 

11.Determination of wavelength of light using diffraction grating minimum deviation 

method. 

12.Wavelength of light using diffraction grating – normal incidence method. 

13.Resolving power of a telescope. 

14.Refractive index of a liquid and glass (Boys Method). 

15. Pulfrich refractometer – determination of refractive index of liquid. 

16.Wavelength of Laser light using diffraction grating.

B .A/B.Sc. I I Year: Statistics Syllabus 

(With Mathematics Combination) 

(Examination at the end of II Year) 

Paper II: Statistical Methods and Inference 

Max Marks. 100 

120 Hrs (4 hrs per week) 

1. Bivariate data, scattered diagram Correlation coefficient and it’s properties. Computation of 

correlation coefficient for grouped data. Correlation ratio, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient 

and it’s properties. Simple linear regression properties of regression coefficients, correlation verses 

regression. Principles of least squares, fitting of quadratic and power curves. Concepts of partial and 

multiple correlation coefficients (only for three variables). 20 L , 1Q. 

2. Analysis of categorical data, independence and association and partial association of attributes, 

various measures of association (Yule’s)& coefficient of colligation for two way data and coefficient 

of continagency (pearsonss’s &Tcheprow’s) 

10L, 1Q 

3. Concept of population, parameter, random sample, statistic, sampling distribution and standard 

error. Standard error of sample mean (s) and sample proporations (s). Exact sampling distributions: 

Statements and properties of X^2,t, &F distributions and their inter relationships. 

10L, 1Q 

4. Point estimation of a parameter. Concept of bias and mean square error of an estimate. Criteria of 

good estimatorconsistency, unbiasedness, efficiency and sufficiency with examples. Statement of 

Neyman’s Factorisation theorem, derivations of sufficient statistics in case of Binomial, Poisson, 

Noramal and Exponential (one parameter only) distributions. Estimation by the method of moments, 

Maximum likelihood (ML), statements of asymptotic properties of MLE. Concept of interval 

estimation. Confidence Intervals of parameters of normal population. 20L, 1Q 

5. Concepts of statistical hypothesis, null and alternative, hypothesis, critical region, two Types of 

errors, level of significance and power of a test. One and two tailed tests, Neyman pearson”s 

fundamental lemma for Randomised tests. Examples in case of Binomial, poisson, Exponential and 

Normal distributions and their powers. Use of central limit theorem in testing large sample tests and 

confidence intervals for mean(s), proportion(s), standard deviation(s) and correlation coefficient(s). 

30L, 2Q 

6. Test of significance based on X^2, t, F. X^2test for goodness of fit and test for independence of 

attributes. Definition of order statistics. 

10L, 1Q 

7. NonParametric tests their advantages and disadvantages, comparison with parametric tests. 

Measurement scale: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. One sample runs test, sign test and 

Wilcoxonsigned rank tests (single and paired samples). Two independent sample tests: Median 

test, Wilcoxon –MannWhitney U test, Wald Wolfowitz’s runs test. 

20L, 1Q

Note: Paper setter is requested to follow the questions allocated while setting the paper without 

fail. 

List of Reference Books: 

1. Fundamentals of mathematical statistics By sc gupta and vk kapoor. 

2. Outlines of statistics vII By Goon Gupta and Das Gupta 

3. Introduction to Mathematical statistics by HOGG and CRAIG 

4. Non_Parametric statistics for Behavioral science by Siegal and Sidney. Mc Graw Hill 

Publication. 

5. Paramiteya mariyu aparamitiya prilshalu – by Telugu Academy. S 

6. Statistics for Managers using Micro soft Excel. 4 th edition Pearson Publication 

7. Probability and statistical inference 7 th edition Pearson Publication 

8. Statistics made simple on your PG by prof. Skvs sarma 

9. Introduction ot mathematical statistics by Hoel P.G 

10. New mathematical statistics by Sanjay Arora and Bansilal. 

11. Probability and Statistical Inference by Hogg, Tanis. Rao.

B.A/B.Sc. II Year: Statistics Syllabus 

(With Mathematics Combination) 

(Examination at the end of II Year) 

Paper –II: List of Practicals 

90hrs ( 3hrs/week) 

1.Generation of random samples from Uniform (0,1), Uniform (a,b) and exponential distributions. 

2.Generation of random samples from Normal and Poisson distributions. 

3.Simulation of random samples from Uniform (0,1), Uniform (a,b),Exponential, Normal and 

Poisson distributions using MS Excel. 

4.Fitting of straight line and parabola by the method of least squares. 

5. Fitting of straight line and parabola by the method of least squares using MS Excel. 

6.Fitting of power curves of the type y= a x b , y=a b x and y=a e bx by the method of least squares. 

7. Fitting of power curves of the type y= a x b , y=a b x and y=a e bx by the method of least squares 

using MS Excel. 

8.Computation of Yule’s coefficient of association. 

9.Computation of Pearson’s, Tcherprows coefficient of contingency. 

10.Computation of correlation coefficient and regression lines for ungrouped data. 

11.Computation of correlation coefficient, forming regression lines for ungrouped data. 

12. Computation of correlation coefficient, forming regression lines for grouped data. 

13. Computation of correlation coefficient, forming regression lines using MS Excel. 

14.Computation of multiple and partial correlation coefficients. 

15. Computation of multiple and partial correlation coefficients using MS Excel. 

16.Computation of correlation ratio 

17.Large sample tests for mean(s), proportion(s), Standard deviation(s) and correlation coefficient. 

18.Small sample tests for single mean and difference of means and correlation coefficient. 

19.Paired ttest. 

20.Small sample tests for mean(s), paired ttest and correlation coefficient using MS Excel. 

21.Small sample test for single and difference of variances. 

22.Small sample test for single and difference of variances using MS Excel. 

23. c2 – test for goodness of fit and independence of attributes. 

24. c2 – test for goodness of fit and independence of attributes using MS Excel. 

25.Nonparametric tests for single and related samples (sign test and Wilcoxon signed rank test) and one 

sample runs test. 

26. Nonparametric tests for two independent samples (Median test,Wilcoxon Mann Whitney U test, 

Wald Wolfowitz’s runs test) 

Note: Training shall be on establishing formulae in Excel cells and deriving the results. The excel 

output shall be exported to MSWord for writing inferences.

Second Year ZOOLOGY Syllabus 

THEORY PAPER – II 

BIOLOGY OF CHORDATES, EMBRYOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND 

1.0. Protochordata to Amphibia 

UNIT I 

1.1. Protochordates: Salient features of Urochordata and Cephalochordata 

Structure and lifehistory of Herdmania, Significance of retrogressive 

Metamorphosis. 

6 hours 

1.2. General characters of Chordates 1 hour 

1.3. General characters of Cyclostomes 1 hour 

1.4. General characters of fishes, classification up to subclass level with 

examples 

2 hours 

1.4.1. Type study Scoliodon : External Characters, Digetive system, respiratory system, Heart, 

excretory system, Brain 

9 hours 

1.4.2. Migration in fishes and types of scales 

1.5. General characters and classification of Amphibia up to order level. 1 hour 

1.5.1. Type study Rana : External characters, digestive system, respiratory system, Heart, 

excretory system, Brain and reproductive 

system. 

120 hrs 

(4 hrs/ week) 

9 hours 

1.5.2. Parental care in amphibians 1 hour 

UNIT II 

2.0. Reptilia to Mammalia 

2.1. General characters and classification of Reptilia up to order level. 3 hours 

2.1.1. Type study – Calotes : External characters, digestive system, respiratory 

system, Heart, urinogenital system and Brain. 

9 hours 

2.2. General characters and classification of Aves up to super order level with examples. 3 hours 

2.2.1. Type study Pigeon (Columbia livia) : Feathers, respiratory 

system, Heart and excretory system. 

6 hours

2.2.2. Migration in birds 2 hours 

2.2.3. Flight adaptation in birds 2 hours 

2.3. General characters and classification of Mammalia Sub Class level 

with examples. 

3 hours 

2.3.1. Dentition in Mammals. 2 hours 

UNIT III 

3.0. Embryology 

3.1. Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis and Fertilization. 3 hours 

3.2. Types of eggs 3 hours 

3.3. Types of cleavages 4 hours 

3.4. Foetal membranes and their significance 3 hours 

3.5. Placenta : types and functions 4 hours 

3.6. Regeneration with reference to Turbellarians and Lizards 4 hours 

UNIT IV 

4.0. Ecology 

4.1. Biogeochemical cycles or nutrient cycles Nitrogen Carbon; and phosphorus. 

6 hours 

4.2. Definition of Community Habitat and ecological niche 12 hours 

4.2.1. Community interactions : Brief account on Competition, predation, 

mutualism,commensalism and parasitism. 

4.3. Population ecology : Density and dispersions of animal populations 12 hours 

4.3.1. Growth of human population and its control 

4.3.2. Future of human population

Second Year ZOOLOGY 

PRACTICAL PAPER – II 

90 hrs 

(3 hrs/ week) 

CHORDATA, EMBRYOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 

Observation of the following slides / specimens / models: 

1. Protochordata : Herdmania, Amphioxus, Amphioxus T.S through pharynx. 

2. Cyclostomata : Petromyzon and Myxine. 

3. Pisces : Pristis, Torpedo, Channa, Pleuronectes, Hippocoampus , Exocoetus, Echeneis, Labeo, 

Catla, Clarius, Anguilla. Scales of fishes. 

4. Amphibia : Ichthyophis, Amblystoma, Siren, Axolotl larva, Rana, Hyla, Alytes. 

5. Reptilia: Draco, Chamaeleon, Uromastix, Russels viper, Naja, Krait, Enhydrina, Testudo, 

Trionyx, Crocodile. 

6. Aves : Picus, Psittacula, Eudynamis, Bubo, Alcedo. 

7. Mammalia: Ornithorhynchus, Tachyglossus, Hedgehog, pteropus,Funambulus, Manis. 

DISSECTIONS: 

1. V, VII, IX and X cranial nerves of Scoliodon or locally available fish. 

2. Arterial system of Scoliodon or Calotes. 

OSTEOLOGY: 

1. Appendicular skeletons of Varanus, Pigeon and Rabbit. 

EMBRYOLOGY: 

1. Observations of following slides / models 

1.1. T.S. of testis and ovary (Rat / Rabbit / Human) 

2. Different stages of cleavage (2cell, 4 cell and 8 cell), Morula. 

3. Blastula and gastrula of frog. 

ECOLOGY: 

1. Determination of P H in a given sample of Water. 

2. Estimation of dissolved oxygen in the given samples of Water. 

3. Estimation of salinity (chloride) of water in the given samples. 

4. Estimation of alkalinity water as Carbonates , bicarbonates in the given samples

REFERENCE BOOKS 

1. ‘Chordate Zoology’ E.L.Jordan and P.S. Verma. S. Chand Publications. 

2. ‘Cell biology, Genetics, Evolution and Ecology’ . by P.S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal., S.Chand 

Publishers. 

3. ‘Chordata – I’ by Mohan P.Arora., Himalaya Publishing House Pvt.Ltd. 

4. ‘Text book of Zoology – Vertebrates’., by Parker and Haswell. 

5. ‘Text book of Chordates’ Kavita Juneja and H.S.Bhamrah. 

6. ‘A text book of Embryology’ N. Arumugam. 

7. ‘Chordate Embryology’ by P.S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal., S. Chand and Company. 

8. ‘Developmental Biology Scott. F. Gilbert. 

9. ‘Developmental Genetics – G.S. Miglani. 

10. ‘Embryology’ – Mohan P.Arora. 

11. ‘Elements of Ecology’ – Odum. 

12. ‘ Environmental Biology’ by H.R.Singh., S.Chand Publications. 

13. ‘Ecology’ M.P.Arora 

14. ‘Environmental Biology’ – P.D.Sharma. 

15. ‘Environmental Ecology’ – P.R.Trivedi and Gurdeep Raj. 

16. ‘Ecology – Principles and Applications’ – J.L Chapman and M.J.Reiss. 

17. ‘Biology’ by Campbell & Reece. 

18. ‘Biology: The Science of Life’ by R.A. Wallace, G.P. Sanders & R.J. Ferl.

B.Sc. - Acharya Nagarjuna University

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