The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum - Arnoldia - Harvard University
The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum - Arnoldia - Harvard University
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<strong>The</strong> <strong>Magazine</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
V O L U M E 6 8 • N U M B E R 1
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Magazine</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
VOLUM E 68 • N UM BER 1 • 2010<br />
Contents<br />
<strong>Arnold</strong>ia (ISSN 0004–2633; USPS 866–100)<br />
is published quarterly by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Harvard</strong> <strong>University</strong>. Periodicals postage paid<br />
at Boston, Massachusetts.<br />
Subscriptions are $20.00 per calendar year<br />
domestic, $25.00 foreign, payable in advance.<br />
Remittances may be made in U.S. dollars, by<br />
check drawn on a U.S. bank; by international<br />
money order; or by Visa, Mastercard, or American<br />
Express. Send orders, remittances, requests to<br />
purchase back issues, change-<strong>of</strong>-address notices,<br />
and all o<strong>the</strong>r subscription-related communications<br />
to Circulation Manager, <strong>Arnold</strong>ia, <strong>Arnold</strong><br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong>, 125 Arborway, Boston, MA 02130-<br />
3500. Telephone 617.524.1718; fax 617.524.1418;<br />
e-mail arnoldia@arnarb.harvard.edu<br />
<strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong> members receive a subscription<br />
to <strong>Arnold</strong>ia as a membership benefit. To<br />
become a member or receive more information,<br />
please call Wendy Krauss at 617.384.5766 or<br />
email wendy_krauss@harvard.edu<br />
Postmaster: Send address changes to<br />
<strong>Arnold</strong>ia Circulation Manager<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
125 Arborway<br />
Boston, MA 02130–3500<br />
Nancy Rose, Editor<br />
Andy Win<strong>the</strong>r, Designer<br />
Editorial Committee<br />
Phyllis Andersen<br />
Peter Del Tredici<br />
Michael S. Dosmann<br />
Kanchi N. Gandhi<br />
2 Magnolias at <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Swarthmore College<br />
Andrew Bunting<br />
13 Excerpts from Wild Urban Plants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Nor<strong>the</strong>ast: A Field Guide<br />
Peter Del Tredici<br />
26 Conserving <strong>the</strong> Dawn Redwood: <strong>The</strong> Ex Situ<br />
Collection at <strong>the</strong> Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
Greg Payton<br />
34 Index to <strong>Arnold</strong>ia Volume 67<br />
44 A New Plant Introduction from <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong><br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong>: Ilex glabra ‘Peggy’s Cove’<br />
John H. Alexander III<br />
Front cover: ‘Verbanica’, a cultivar <strong>of</strong> saucer magnolia<br />
(Magnolia x soulangiana), was introduced in France in<br />
1873. Photo by Nancy Rose.<br />
Inside front cover: Urban wildflower or wicked weed?<br />
A new field guide, Wild Urban Plants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast,<br />
doesn’t judge, but will aid city dwellers in identifying<br />
<strong>the</strong> plants around <strong>the</strong>m. Photo <strong>of</strong> hedge bindweed<br />
(Calystegia sepium) by Peter Del Tredici.<br />
Inside back cover: Plant propagator John H. Alexander III<br />
stands behind <strong>the</strong> original plant <strong>of</strong> Ilex glabra ‘Peggy’s<br />
Cove’, a new inkberry cultivar. Photo by Oren McBee.<br />
Back cover: Dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides)<br />
has a storied history but continues to face<br />
conservation challenges. This unusual multi-trunked<br />
specimen is from a 1948 seed accession at <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong><br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong>. Photo by Michael Dosmann.<br />
Copyright © 2010. <strong>The</strong> President and<br />
Fellows <strong>of</strong> <strong>Harvard</strong> College
Magnolias at <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Swarthmore College<br />
Andrew Bunting<br />
From <strong>the</strong> inception in 1929 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Scott<br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong> <strong>of</strong> Swarthmore College, <strong>the</strong><br />
mission has remained <strong>the</strong> same—to collect<br />
and display outstanding ornamental plants,<br />
specifically trees, shrubs, and vines. Since<br />
1931, one <strong>of</strong> our most prominent collections<br />
<strong>of</strong> plants—and one that has stood <strong>the</strong> test <strong>of</strong><br />
time—has been <strong>the</strong> magnolia collection. Early<br />
on, new magnolia accessions were received from<br />
notable nurseries, organizations, and individuals<br />
including Bobbink and Atkins, Ru<strong>the</strong>rford,<br />
New Jersey; Andorra Nursery, Chestnut Hill,<br />
Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> magnolia collection at <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>.
Magnolias at <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> 3<br />
Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong> original type specimen <strong>of</strong> Magnolia virginiana<br />
var. australis ‘Henry Hicks’ still thrives at <strong>the</strong> Scott<br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong> (above). This cultivar bears fragrant, creamy<br />
white flowers and cold-hardy evergreen foliage (right).<br />
Pennsylvania; <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>; Hicks<br />
Nursery, Long Island, New York; and Highland<br />
Park, Rochester, New York.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> time, John Wister, first director <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>, was developing <strong>the</strong><br />
campus based on an evolutionary or phylogenetic<br />
tree, so all genera in a plant family were<br />
planted toge<strong>the</strong>r, and hence all species in a family<br />
resided toge<strong>the</strong>r. <strong>The</strong> magnolia collection<br />
housed both species and cultivars alike.<br />
In 1931, Wister began to get regular deliveries<br />
<strong>of</strong> many plants, especially magnolias, from<br />
Henry Hicks <strong>of</strong> Hicks Nursery on Long Island,<br />
New York. On May 8th, 1934, Hicks brought<br />
Wister a gift <strong>of</strong> plants which included 61 accessions<br />
representing 3,143 individual plants.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se included seven seedlings <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sweetbay<br />
magnolia (Magnolia viginiana), a native species<br />
which was <strong>the</strong>n known as Magnolia glauca. Of<br />
<strong>the</strong>se original seven, only one survived. It was<br />
Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>
4 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
Early History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
In 1929, John Caspar Wister was appointed <strong>the</strong> first director <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Arthur Hoyt<br />
Scott Horticultural Foundation (now <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>). Wister graduated<br />
in 1909 with a degree from <strong>the</strong> School <strong>of</strong> Landscape Architecture at <strong>Harvard</strong><br />
<strong>University</strong>, and supplemented this education with courses taken at <strong>the</strong> New<br />
Jersey Agricultural College. After graduation, Wister worked in landscape architecture<br />
<strong>of</strong>fices in both Philadelphia and New York.<br />
From his youth, John Wister was an avid plant collector. As a small boy he had<br />
exposure to estate gardening at different Wister properties located in and around<br />
Germantown, Philadelphia. At age 14 he grew 40 cultivars <strong>of</strong> chrysan<strong>the</strong>mums.<br />
After Wister started his pr<strong>of</strong>essional career his interest in a myriad <strong>of</strong> plant groups<br />
and genera began to grow. Throughout his lifetime he was an avid collector <strong>of</strong> both<br />
herbaceous and tree peonies. Wister admired a photograph in a garden catalog that<br />
showed <strong>the</strong> peony collection <strong>of</strong> Arthur Hoyt Scott (for whom <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong> is<br />
named) and Edith Wilder Scott and in 1913 he met <strong>the</strong> Scotts at <strong>the</strong>ir home in<br />
Oak Lane, Philadelphia.<br />
On July 10, 1917, at <strong>the</strong> age <strong>of</strong> 30, Wister enlisted as a private in World War I.<br />
Wister was sent to France. On his leave time during <strong>the</strong> war Wister toured<br />
<strong>the</strong> gardens <strong>of</strong> Europe. While in France he collected several cultivars <strong>of</strong> tree<br />
peonies and sent <strong>the</strong> plants back to Mr. and Mrs. Scott. Wister was honorably<br />
discharged in 1919.<br />
Arthur Hoyt Scott was a graduate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> class <strong>of</strong> 1895 from Swarthmore<br />
College. His fa<strong>the</strong>r, E. Irvin Scott, founded Scott Paper Company which was<br />
located in Chester, just south <strong>of</strong> Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. Like Wister, Scott<br />
developed a passion for ornamental horticulture as a young man. In 1920 he<br />
became president <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Scott Paper Company, but his spare time was primarily<br />
occupied by his love <strong>of</strong> plants. Scott served as an <strong>of</strong>ficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American Peony<br />
Society and <strong>the</strong> American Iris Society. As early as 1915 Scott was sending gifts<br />
<strong>of</strong> plants to his alma mater, Swarthmore College. His first gift was 100 lilacs <strong>of</strong><br />
many different varieties. In 1919 <strong>the</strong> Scotts moved from Philadelphia to a 100-acre<br />
farm in Rose Valley near Swarthmore. As Wister later wrote “Here for <strong>the</strong><br />
first time he had ample room. He at once began to plant great collections <strong>of</strong><br />
flowering trees and shrubs like Japanese cherries, crabapples, dogwoods, lilacs,<br />
mockoranges and azaleas.”<br />
When Arthur Hoyt Scott wanted to study peonies he had to travel to Cornell<br />
<strong>University</strong> and when he wanted to see lilacs he had to go to Highland Park in<br />
Rochester, New York. Scott dreamed <strong>of</strong> having an arboretum at Swarthmore<br />
College where local gardeners could go and see attractive displays <strong>of</strong> his favorite<br />
plants. Scott had <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> Samuel Palmer, <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Botany Department,<br />
and Swarthmore College. Palmer, in turn, contacted Robert Pyle who<br />
had graduated from Swarthmore in 1897 and was serving on Swarthmore’s board<br />
<strong>of</strong> managers. Pyle was head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Conard-Pyle Company, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country’s<br />
largest purveyors <strong>of</strong> mail-order roses.
Magnolias at <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> 5<br />
Archives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> <strong>of</strong> Swarthmore College<br />
John C. Wister (second from right) at <strong>the</strong> dedication <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>’s rose garden in 1958. Wister was director <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Scott<br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong> from 1929 to 1969.<br />
Arthur Hoyt Scott died in 1927, at <strong>the</strong> age <strong>of</strong> 51. Two years later Edith Wilder<br />
Scott and Arthur Hoyt Scott’s sister, Margaret Moon, and her husband, Owen<br />
Moon, approached Swarthmore’s president with <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> starting a campus<br />
arboretum. <strong>The</strong>y recommended that John Wister become its first director, and<br />
so indeed he did.<br />
<strong>The</strong> early 1930s were <strong>the</strong> heydays <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Scott Horticultural Foundation. With<br />
Wister at <strong>the</strong> helm, <strong>the</strong> plant collections grew very quickly. Huge collections <strong>of</strong><br />
Paeonia, Iris, Rhododendron, Syringa, Philadelphus, Prunus, Malus, Cotoneaster,<br />
Chrysan<strong>the</strong>mum, Narcissus and Magnolia were being accessioned and planted.<br />
In 1931 <strong>the</strong> Foundation accessioned 783 plants; in 1932 <strong>the</strong>re were 1162 accessions,<br />
and in 1933, 1110 accessions. To put this in perspective <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
currently accessions about 300 plants per year.
6 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
planted in a poorly drained section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Magnolia Collection, and over <strong>the</strong> years this<br />
sweetbay magnolia thrived (unlike most magnolias,<br />
this species performs well in wet soils).<br />
It was observed that while most specimens <strong>of</strong><br />
Magnolia viriginiana in <strong>the</strong> Swarthmore area<br />
are deciduous, this particular specimen was<br />
reliably evergreen. In 1967 this clone was <strong>of</strong>ficially<br />
registered and named Magnolia virginiana<br />
var. australis ‘Henry Hicks’. <strong>The</strong> original<br />
type specimen remains in great shape today in<br />
<strong>the</strong> old Magnolia Collection.<br />
A Stream <strong>of</strong> Magnolias<br />
In addition to Magnolia virginiana, several<br />
accessions <strong>of</strong> Oyama magnolia (Magnolia<br />
sieboldii, previously M. parviflora), a shrubby<br />
Asian magnolia noted for its white flowers with<br />
striking crimson stamens, were added to <strong>the</strong><br />
collection from several different sources. O<strong>the</strong>r<br />
early additions included <strong>the</strong> star magnolia<br />
(Magnolia stellata), anise magnolia (Magnolia<br />
salicifolia), umbrella magnolia (Magnolia<br />
tripetala), Kobus magnolia (Magnolia kobus),<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora),<br />
cucumbertree magnolia (Magnolia acuminata),<br />
and <strong>the</strong> saucer magnolia (M. x soulangiana, syn.<br />
Magnolia x soulangeana).<br />
Magnolia x soulangiana resulted from a cross<br />
between Magnolia denudata and Magnolia liliiflora<br />
in 1820 by Étienne Soulange-Bodin, who<br />
was <strong>the</strong> first director <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Horticulture near Paris. For many gardeners<br />
across <strong>the</strong> United States, saucer magnolia is<br />
<strong>the</strong> quintessential magnolia species. This large<br />
shrub to medium-sized tree produces masses<br />
<strong>of</strong> large, showy flowers that emerge before <strong>the</strong><br />
foliage. <strong>The</strong> flowers, which are <strong>of</strong>ten fragrant,<br />
appear in white and shades <strong>of</strong> pink and purple.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> early 1930s <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
received two different batches <strong>of</strong> Magnolia x<br />
soulangiana cultivars. In 1933, Arthur D. Slavin<br />
at Highland Park in Rochester, New York, sent<br />
‘Alexandrina’, which has deep red-purple flowers<br />
and was introduced in Paris in 1831; ‘Amabilis’,<br />
an 1865 French introduction with white<br />
flowers; ‘Alba’, which is ano<strong>the</strong>r white-flowered<br />
clone that was grown and named by Louis<br />
van Houtte <strong>of</strong> Belgium; ‘André Leroy’, which<br />
has dark pink to purple flowers and is a French<br />
<strong>The</strong> slightly nodding flowers <strong>of</strong> Magnolia sieboldii bloom in<br />
late spring or early summer.<br />
Early-spring-flowering Magnolia salicifolia has fragrant,<br />
6-tepaled white flowers and a pyramidal growth habit.<br />
Nancy Rose<br />
Nancy Rose
Magnolias at <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> 7<br />
Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
Magnolia x soulangiana ‘Alexandrina’ is noted for its dramatic redpurple<br />
flowers.<br />
A David Leach hybrid <strong>of</strong> M. acuminata x M. denudata, ‘Ivory Chalice’<br />
bears large, pale yellow to cream colored flowers.<br />
introduction from 1892; ‘Brozzoni’, which<br />
bears white flowers with pink veins and<br />
was named in honor <strong>of</strong> Camillo Brozzoni<br />
in Brescia, Italy in 1873; ‘Lennei’, which<br />
has tepals that are magenta on <strong>the</strong> outside<br />
and white on <strong>the</strong> inside; ‘Norbertii’, a lateblooming<br />
cultivar with red-purple flowers;<br />
and ‘Verbanica’, which has deep pink<br />
flowers and was named by André Leroy in<br />
France in 1873. In 1936, scions <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong>se<br />
clones were sent to Verkades Nursery in<br />
Wayne, New Jersey. <strong>The</strong> magnolias were<br />
propagated <strong>the</strong>re, and duplicate plants were<br />
<strong>the</strong>n sent back to <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>.<br />
Today, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se original cultivars<br />
from Highland Park are found in our collections.<br />
Noted magnolia expert Philippe<br />
de Spoelberch from <strong>Arboretum</strong> Wespelaar,<br />
Haacht-Wespelaar, Belgium, commented<br />
that <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>’s collection <strong>of</strong><br />
Magnolia x soulangiana cultivars is important<br />
because <strong>the</strong>y most likely represent<br />
clones which are true to name. De Spoelberch<br />
said that many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> original cultivars<br />
from France are much confused in <strong>the</strong><br />
nursery industry and that many cultivar<br />
names have been mistakenly attributed to<br />
<strong>the</strong> wrong cultivar.<br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Belles and Little Girls<br />
In 1933, <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> received<br />
its first plant <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn magnolia<br />
(Magnolia grandiflora) as a gift from Edith<br />
Wilder Scott. This large magnolia, native<br />
to <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern United States, is prized<br />
for its lea<strong>the</strong>ry evergreen foliage and large,<br />
fragrant, creamy white flowers. Several<br />
cultivars <strong>of</strong> this species were soon added<br />
to <strong>the</strong> collection; in 1939, ‘Exoniensis’<br />
was received from Princeton Nursery, and<br />
in 1940 ‘Lanceolata’ arrived from Hillier<br />
and Sons in Winchester, England. Both <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se clonal names are synonymous with<br />
‘Exmouth’, which is a fastigiate cultivar. It<br />
was not until 28 years later, in 1968, that<br />
any additional selections <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
magnolia were added to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>’s<br />
collections. ‘Edith Bogue’ was a selection<br />
that was made in 1961 for its ability to withstand<br />
very cold temperatures with minimal
8 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
Nancy Rose<br />
Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
Nancy Rose<br />
Three <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Little Girl” magnolia hybrids, (clockwise<br />
from above) ‘Betty’, ‘Ann’, and ‘Judy’. This<br />
group <strong>of</strong> magnolias was bred at <strong>the</strong> United States<br />
National <strong>Arboretum</strong> and named for <strong>the</strong> wives,<br />
daughters, and secretaries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> breeders.<br />
leaf burn. Our plant came from Kingsville Nursery<br />
in Kingsville, Maryland. Today, <strong>the</strong>re are<br />
several specimens <strong>of</strong> ‘Edith Bogue’ growing on<br />
<strong>the</strong> campus <strong>of</strong> Swarthmore College, as well as<br />
7 o<strong>the</strong>r M. grandiflora cultivars including both<br />
‘D. D. Blanchard’ and ‘Pocono’ which also have<br />
been selected for greater cold hardiness.<br />
In 1968 <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> also received<br />
an important collection <strong>of</strong> magnolias from <strong>the</strong><br />
United States National <strong>Arboretum</strong>. Commonly<br />
referred to as <strong>the</strong> Eight Little Girls, <strong>the</strong>se<br />
magnolias were <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> hybridizing work<br />
conducted at <strong>the</strong> USNA by research geneticist<br />
Dr. Francis deVos and horticulturist William<br />
Kosar. In 1955, deVos began breeding working<br />
using Magnolia liliiflora ‘Nigra’ and Magnolia<br />
stellata ‘Rosea’. ‘Nigra’ was used for its hardiness<br />
and late blooming, while ‘Rosea’ was used<br />
for its fragrance, prolific flowering, and mildew<br />
resistance. <strong>The</strong> results <strong>of</strong> this program resulted<br />
in <strong>the</strong> introduction <strong>of</strong> cultivars ‘Ann’, ‘Judy’,<br />
‘Randy’, and ‘Ricki’. In 1956, Kosar hybridized<br />
Magnolia stellata ‘Rosea’ and ‘Waterlily’ with<br />
Magnolia liliiflora ‘Nigra’ and ‘Reflorescens’,<br />
which resulted in <strong>the</strong> introduction <strong>of</strong> cultivars<br />
‘Betty’, ‘Jane’, ‘Pinkie’, and ‘Susan’. Today at
Magnolias at <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> 9<br />
Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
A specimen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rare Florida native Magnolia macrophylla subsp. ashei growing at <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>.<br />
<strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> ‘Ann’, ‘Betty’, and ‘Susan’<br />
remain as beautiful mature specimens, while<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs that we lost have been replaced with<br />
younger specimens. <strong>The</strong> “Little Girl” hybrids<br />
remain a group <strong>of</strong> magnolias that we continue<br />
to promote as relatively small (about 12 to 20<br />
feet [3.5 to 6 meters] tall) magnolias for <strong>the</strong><br />
home garden.<br />
In addition to Magnolia virginiana and Magnolia<br />
grandiflora, <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> added<br />
several o<strong>the</strong>r magnolia species native to <strong>the</strong><br />
United States. We received <strong>the</strong> umbrella magnolia<br />
(Magnolia tripetala) from <strong>the</strong> Hicks Nursery<br />
in 1932 and Magnolia fraseri came from<br />
Arthur D. Slavin at Highland Park Nursery in<br />
1933. Magnolia macrophylla, which is closely<br />
related to Magnolia fraseri, was acquired from<br />
Andorra Nursery near Philadelphia in 1939.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>’s first plant <strong>of</strong> Magnolia<br />
pyramidata (which is sometimes listed as<br />
Magnolia fraseri subsp. pyramidata) came to us<br />
via <strong>the</strong> Henry Foundation for Botanical Research<br />
in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania in 1971. This species<br />
is native to <strong>the</strong> coastal plains <strong>of</strong> Alabama,<br />
Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South<br />
Carolina, and Texas, while Magnolia fraseri is<br />
only found in <strong>the</strong> mountains. It wasn’t until<br />
1991 that we added <strong>the</strong> last <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North American<br />
native magnolias, a single plant <strong>of</strong> Magnolia<br />
macrophylla subsp. ashei. Ashe’s magnolia<br />
is very rare in <strong>the</strong> wild and only occurs in a<br />
small portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Florida panhandle where<br />
it is found from Leon to Wakulla counties and<br />
westward to Santa Rosa county. In <strong>the</strong> Red List<br />
<strong>of</strong> Magnoliaceae, which documents globally<br />
threatened plants within <strong>the</strong> magnolia family,<br />
Magnolia macrophylla subsp. ashei is given<br />
<strong>the</strong> conservation status <strong>of</strong> “vulnerable”, which<br />
means it is considered to be facing a high risk<br />
<strong>of</strong> extinction in <strong>the</strong> wild.
10 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
Courtesy <strong>of</strong> PAT McCracken<br />
Nancy Rose<br />
‘Gold Crown’, an August Kehr hybrid, bears large, light to<br />
medium yellow flowers.<br />
Recent Additions, Future Plans<br />
<strong>The</strong> 1990s saw dozens <strong>of</strong> new cultivars enter<br />
<strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>’s collections from many<br />
magnolia purveyors such as Arbor Village<br />
Nursery, Gossler Farms, and Fairwea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Gardens. In 1998, through Pat McCracken<br />
and McCracken Nursery, we received a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> cultivars introduced by noted magnolia<br />
hybridizer Dr. August Kehr. After retiring<br />
from <strong>the</strong> USDA, Kehr started a robust magnolia<br />
breeding program in Hendersonville, North<br />
Carolina that resulted in many outstanding<br />
cultivars <strong>of</strong> magnolias. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Kehr cultivars<br />
included in our magnolia collection are<br />
‘Serenade’, ‘Pink Perfection’, and a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> much-desired yellow-flowered hybrids<br />
including ‘Gold Crown’, ‘Golden Endeavor’,<br />
Magnolia zenii is a critically endangered species in its native<br />
range in China.<br />
‘Hot Flash’, ‘Solar Flair’, and ‘Sunburst’. To<br />
create <strong>the</strong> yellow magnolias Kehr made complex<br />
crosses using M. acuminata, M. denudata,<br />
M. x brooklynensis, M. ‘Elizabeth’, M.<br />
‘Woodsman’ and M. ‘Gold Star’.<br />
From 2000 to 2010 <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> continued<br />
to add dozens <strong>of</strong> new magnolia taxa to<br />
our collection. Many new cultivars <strong>of</strong> Magnolia<br />
grandiflora and Magnolia virginiana were<br />
added. Several o<strong>the</strong>r yellow-flowered magnolias<br />
such as ‘Yellow Joy’, ‘Limelight’ and ‘Golden<br />
Rain’ were added. In addition, many species<br />
magnolias from a variety <strong>of</strong> sources were accessioned,<br />
including Magnolia x wiesneri, a hybrid<br />
between M. sieboldii and M. obovata; Magnolia<br />
zenii which is critically endangered in China<br />
where only one population, comprised <strong>of</strong> 18
Magnolias at <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> 11<br />
Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
Magnolia denudata ‘Swarthmore Sentinel’ was selected and named for its distinctly upright habit.
12 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
individual trees, exists; and Magnolia wilsonii,<br />
which is endangered and only exists in scattered<br />
populations in Sichuan, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Yunnan, and<br />
Guizhou, China. Two o<strong>the</strong>r additions—Magnolia<br />
lotungensis from China and M. tamaulipana<br />
from nor<strong>the</strong>astern Mexico —may prove to be<br />
borderline hardy in Swarthmore (USDA zone 6,<br />
average annual minimum temperature -10°F to<br />
0°F [-23.3°C to -17.8°C]).<br />
In 2009 <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong> introduced a new<br />
selection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yulan magnolia, Magnolia<br />
denudata ‘Swarthmore Sentinel’. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
originally received a seedling from J. C.<br />
Raulston at North Carolina State <strong>University</strong>,<br />
who had received seeds from <strong>the</strong> Beijing Botanic<br />
Garden. From a seedling in 1993, <strong>the</strong> tree is over<br />
30 feet tall today. On several occasions visiting<br />
magnolia experts commented on how upright<br />
our particular clone was. <strong>The</strong>refore, we decided<br />
to name this selection ‘Swarthmore Sentinel’<br />
for its fastigiate habit.<br />
Over <strong>the</strong> last 81 years we have accessioned<br />
502 magnolias at <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>. Today<br />
<strong>the</strong> collection holds 165 different taxa. <strong>The</strong><br />
Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>’s collection is recognized as<br />
a national magnolia collection through <strong>the</strong><br />
American Public Garden Association’s North<br />
American Plant Collections Consortium<br />
(NAPCC). According to <strong>the</strong> APGA “<strong>The</strong> North<br />
American Plant Collections Consortium is<br />
a network <strong>of</strong> botanical gardens and arboreta<br />
working to coordinate a continent-wide<br />
approach to plant germplasm preservation, and<br />
to promote high standards <strong>of</strong> plant collections<br />
management.” <strong>The</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> will be<br />
working with approximately 20 o<strong>the</strong>r institutions<br />
across North America, including San<br />
Francisco Botanical Garden, Quarryhill Botanical<br />
Garden, <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> British Columbia<br />
Botanical Garden, <strong>the</strong> Bartlett <strong>Arboretum</strong>, and<br />
Atlanta Botanical Garden to create a consortium<br />
<strong>of</strong> institutions to oversee <strong>the</strong> preservation<br />
and conservation <strong>of</strong> Magnoliaceae germplasm.<br />
This group will also be part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> NAPCC<br />
and administered through <strong>the</strong> APGA. Once<br />
formed, this Magnolia Curatorial Group will<br />
partner with <strong>the</strong> Magnolia Society International<br />
to target both wild species and cultivar<br />
groups which need to be preserved in botanic<br />
gardens and arboreta. <strong>The</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
Magnolia ‘Charles Coates’ is an unusual hybrid between<br />
M. sieboldii and M. tripetala.<br />
will also continue to grow its own collections.<br />
We currently have 72 magnolia taxa growing<br />
in a nursery, and once <strong>the</strong>se reach specimen<br />
size <strong>the</strong>y will be transplanted to garden sites<br />
throughout <strong>the</strong> arboretum. In 2015 <strong>the</strong> Scott<br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong> plans to host <strong>the</strong> international<br />
meeting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Magnolia Society International.<br />
Bibliography<br />
Callaway, D.J. 1994. <strong>The</strong> World <strong>of</strong> Magnolias. Timber<br />
Press, Portland, Oregon.<br />
Gardiner, J. 2000. Magnolias: A Gardener’s Guide. Timber<br />
Press, Portland, Oregon.<br />
Liu, Y.H. 2004. Magnolias <strong>of</strong> China. Hong-Kong, Beijing<br />
Science & Technology Press.<br />
Treseder, N.G. 1978. Magnolias. Faber and Faber, Limited,<br />
London and Boston.<br />
Wister, J.C. Swarthmore Plant Notes 1930–1954, Volume<br />
1, Part 1. pp. 80–88.<br />
Yagoda, B. 2003. <strong>The</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> <strong>of</strong> Swarthmore<br />
College—<strong>The</strong> First 75 Years. <strong>The</strong> Donning<br />
Company Press.<br />
Andrew Bunting is Curator <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.<br />
Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong>
Excerpts from Wild Urban Plants <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast: A Field Guide<br />
Peter Del Tredici<br />
Editor’s Note:<br />
Ever wonder what kind <strong>of</strong><br />
tree that is, <strong>the</strong> one growing<br />
from a crack in <strong>the</strong> asphalt<br />
parking lot at work? Or what that<br />
tangled vine engulfing <strong>the</strong> slope by<br />
<strong>the</strong> subway station might be? Wild<br />
Urban Plants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast: A<br />
Field Guide, written by long-time<br />
<strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong> researcher<br />
Peter Del Tredici, may have your<br />
answer. Del Tredici’s goal with<br />
this book is “to help <strong>the</strong> general<br />
reader identify plants growing<br />
spontaneously in <strong>the</strong> urban environment<br />
and to develop an appreciation<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> role <strong>the</strong>y play in<br />
making our cities more livable.”<br />
Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 222 plants featured<br />
in <strong>the</strong> book could be called weeds,<br />
and some are notoriously invasive.<br />
<strong>The</strong> author eschews <strong>the</strong>se<br />
labels, however, pointing out that<br />
in many urban/suburban areas <strong>the</strong><br />
environment has been so radically<br />
altered (think non-native fill soils,<br />
soil compaction and contamination,<br />
impermeable pavement, and<br />
pollution) that <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> any<br />
plants has benefits.<br />
This handy guide is organized by plant families and includes both woody and herbaceous<br />
plants. Numerous color photographs and extensive information is provided for each<br />
species, including place <strong>of</strong> origin, descriptions <strong>of</strong> vegetative, flower, and fruit characteristics,<br />
and habitat preference. Some fascinating details emerge from <strong>the</strong> “Cultural Significance”<br />
subsections—for example: “During World War II, <strong>the</strong> silky seed hairs [<strong>of</strong> common<br />
milkweed, Asclepias syriaca] were used as a substitute for kapok to fill “Mae West” life<br />
vests. Between 1943 and 1945, a million such flotation devices were filled with <strong>the</strong> floss<br />
from some 24 million pounds (11 million kilograms) <strong>of</strong> milkweed pods.”<br />
Following are half a dozen plant species featured in <strong>the</strong> book. Reprinted from: Peter<br />
Del Tredici, Wild Urban Plants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast: A Field Guide. Copyright © 2010 by<br />
Cornell <strong>University</strong>. Used by permission <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> publisher, Cornell <strong>University</strong> Press. 374<br />
pages. ISBN 978-0-8014-7458-3.
14 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1
Wild Urban Plants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast 15
16 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1
Wild Urban Plants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast 17
18 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1
Wild Urban Plants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast 19
20 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1
Wild Urban Plants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast 21
22 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1
Wild Urban Plants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast 23
24 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1
Wild Urban Plants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>ast 25
Conserving <strong>the</strong> Dawn Redwood:<br />
<strong>The</strong> Ex Situ Collection at <strong>the</strong> Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong><br />
Greg Payton<br />
Since 1990, <strong>the</strong> Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong> in Newark,<br />
Ohio, has undertaken a large scale<br />
ex situ conservation project with Metasequoia<br />
glyptostroboides, <strong>the</strong> dawn redwood.<br />
Ex situ conservation is defined as <strong>the</strong> conservation<br />
<strong>of</strong> genes or genotypes outside <strong>the</strong>ir environment<br />
<strong>of</strong> natural occurrence (China, in <strong>the</strong><br />
case <strong>of</strong> dawn redwood). <strong>The</strong>re are challenges<br />
and limits to ex situ conservation, but for some<br />
threatened or endangered plants and animals it<br />
is an essential component in efforts to keep <strong>the</strong><br />
species from extinction. For a long-term conservation<br />
project to be successful and sustainable,<br />
a large sampling <strong>of</strong> genetic material is desirable<br />
to maintain <strong>the</strong> existing and potential variation<br />
within a particular species. Many attempts at<br />
rescue efforts are done on a limited basis, and<br />
<strong>the</strong>y hold relatively small numbers <strong>of</strong> specimens<br />
due to insufficient space and budgetary<br />
limitations. Ideally, ex situ collections should<br />
have <strong>the</strong> capacity to grow <strong>the</strong> requisite number<br />
<strong>of</strong> individuals essential for preserving <strong>the</strong> base<br />
Nancy Rose<br />
Dawn redwoods develop distinctive buttressed trunks with age.
Dawn Redwood at <strong>the</strong> Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong> 27<br />
Greg PAYTON<br />
Greg PAYTON<br />
A specimen with good form and foliage qualities (accession<br />
D1993-0249.004).<br />
gene reserve with a goal <strong>of</strong> capturing as large<br />
<strong>of</strong> a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genetic diversity within <strong>the</strong><br />
species as possible. Some species require relatively<br />
few individuals to capture that genetic<br />
range, while o<strong>the</strong>rs require much larger population<br />
sizes. Studies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genetic variation<br />
within dawn redwood have been and still are<br />
being conducted. Early results indicate that<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is a fairly low genetic diversity, although<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is some differentiation within <strong>the</strong> native<br />
populations throughout <strong>the</strong> overall range <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> species.<br />
Ex situ conservation does have its limits, and<br />
ideally it should complement in situ protection<br />
in <strong>the</strong> natural environment. Preserving a<br />
native, wild population is <strong>the</strong> best option, and<br />
this should be <strong>the</strong> primary focus <strong>of</strong> any conservation<br />
program. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> particular problems<br />
with ex situ conservation lies in <strong>the</strong> inevitable<br />
environmental differences between <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong><br />
origin and <strong>the</strong> site <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ex situ collection. If<br />
Variations in foliage <strong>of</strong> trees in <strong>the</strong> Dawes plantation. All<br />
branchlets photographed on October 13, 2009.<br />
plants in <strong>the</strong> ex situ site are allowed to sexually<br />
reproduce, environmental conditions in<br />
this new setting favor <strong>the</strong> selection and survival<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> progeny best adapted to that site.<br />
Progeny that survive in <strong>the</strong> ex situ location<br />
may have different traits than progeny which<br />
would have survived in <strong>the</strong> original site. While<br />
this may have advantages from a horticultural<br />
standpoint (e.g. selection <strong>of</strong> plants with greater<br />
cold hardiness or better drought tolerance), it<br />
is a disadvantage for most conservation goals.<br />
Preserving <strong>the</strong> genetic diversity <strong>of</strong> a species ex<br />
situ may be best accomplished by maintaining<br />
clonal populations. However, seed banking <strong>of</strong><br />
species with orthodox seeds (seeds that survive<br />
drying or freezing) can also be important in<br />
securing a species for <strong>the</strong> future, and <strong>the</strong>re is <strong>the</strong><br />
advantage that seeds can be stored in a much<br />
smaller space than living plants. A combination<br />
<strong>of</strong> both seed banking and living plants <strong>of</strong>fers <strong>the</strong><br />
most opportunities for conservation research.
28 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
Meet Metasequoia glyptostroboides<br />
Dawn redwood (shui-shan in Chinese, meaning<br />
“water-fir”) is a deciduous conifer similar to bald<br />
cypress (Taxodium distichum). <strong>The</strong> s<strong>of</strong>t, distichous<br />
needles <strong>of</strong> dawn redwood are arranged<br />
oppositely, easily distinguishing it from bald<br />
cypress with its alternate needle arrangement.<br />
When dawn redwood—once thought to be<br />
extinct—was discovered still growing in southcentral<br />
China in a mild and wet climate, it was<br />
not believed that it would survive in <strong>the</strong> United<br />
States north <strong>of</strong> Georgia. <strong>The</strong> provenance testing<br />
done since Metasequoia seeds arrived in <strong>the</strong><br />
United States in 1948 shows that it can survive<br />
in USDA Hardiness Zones 5 to 8 (average<br />
annual minimum temperature -20 to 20°F<br />
[-28.8 to -6.7°C]) in areas with sufficient rainfall<br />
(or with supplemental watering). In its native<br />
Sichuan, China, <strong>the</strong> average rainfall is around<br />
40 inches (100 centimeters) per year but dawn<br />
redwood has survived in parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United<br />
States with lesser amounts <strong>of</strong> rainfall.<br />
<strong>The</strong> typical form is a large tree, up to 150<br />
feet (45 meters) tall in <strong>the</strong> wild, pyramidal in<br />
youth, becoming more open-crowned with<br />
great age. <strong>The</strong> trunks on older specimens<br />
become strongly buttressed. It is fast growing<br />
when moisture is available and can add over<br />
3 feet (1 meter) <strong>of</strong> growth per year. It is heliophilic<br />
(requiring full sun), which has limited<br />
its use as a commercial timber tree since it<br />
does not grow well in competition.<br />
Many millions <strong>of</strong> dawn redwoods have now<br />
been planted throughout China, but <strong>the</strong> condition<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> native population has remained stagnant.<br />
<strong>The</strong> 2009 IUCN Red List <strong>of</strong> Threatened<br />
Species gives dawn redwood a status <strong>of</strong> critically<br />
endangered, saying that <strong>the</strong> few remaining trees<br />
have been protected but that <strong>the</strong> habitat has not<br />
been, and <strong>the</strong>re are poor prospects for natural<br />
regeneration. <strong>The</strong> valleys <strong>the</strong> tree prefers have<br />
been denuded <strong>of</strong> vegetation and mature trees<br />
are <strong>of</strong>ten limbed up—all <strong>the</strong> way to <strong>the</strong> top—for<br />
firewood. Seedling reproduction is unlikely in<br />
this altered environment. In <strong>the</strong> past, natural<br />
seeding was also hampered because <strong>the</strong> seeds<br />
were collected and sold by farmers for various<br />
uses such as timber plantations. This practice<br />
has become less common in recent years, since<br />
An example <strong>of</strong> a plant that exists<br />
only ex situ is Franklinia alatamaha,<br />
Franklin tree. It is believed to have<br />
been extirpated from its native range<br />
(Georgia, in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern United<br />
States) by <strong>the</strong> early nineteenth century.<br />
Fortunately, botanists John and<br />
William Bartram found and later collected<br />
and propagated Franklin tree<br />
in <strong>the</strong> late eighteenth century, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> species still survives in cultivation<br />
today. It blooms from late summer into<br />
autumn, and flowering <strong>of</strong>ten overlaps<br />
with fall foliage color.<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r Chinese conifers have provided lumber <strong>of</strong><br />
greater quality. In addition, propagation from<br />
cuttings has proven to be advantageous for producing<br />
new plants.<br />
Recent surveys indicate that 5,396 native<br />
trees (<strong>of</strong> all ages) still remain in <strong>the</strong> native range<br />
in China. <strong>The</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> trees (5,363) grow<br />
in western Hubei, while 28 grow in eastern<br />
Chongqing. Only 5 trees remain in Hunan.<br />
Nancy Rose
Dawn Redwood at <strong>the</strong> Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong> 29<br />
A Case <strong>of</strong> Depression and <strong>the</strong><br />
“Single Tree” <strong>The</strong>ory<br />
In 1983, Dr. John Kuser, a forestry pr<strong>of</strong>essor at<br />
Rutgers <strong>University</strong>, surmised that cultivated<br />
Metasequoia in <strong>the</strong> United States were suffering<br />
from inbreeding depression. He said,<br />
“Apparently, variation in <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong><br />
genetic load carried by different trees causes<br />
some to be incapable <strong>of</strong> producing fertile selfpollinated<br />
seeds but allows o<strong>the</strong>rs to produce<br />
a few viable seeds and occasional trees to self<br />
quite well.” He noted that Metasequoia pollen<br />
is wingless and “tends to clump toge<strong>the</strong>r.” <strong>The</strong><br />
best seed germination was found to occur on<br />
trees that had been located advantageously for<br />
cross-pollination.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> time, <strong>the</strong> popular belief was that <strong>the</strong><br />
poor germination <strong>of</strong> seedlings was <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong><br />
trees in <strong>the</strong> United States having all originated<br />
from <strong>the</strong> single “type” tree in <strong>the</strong> village <strong>of</strong><br />
Maudao, China. However, allozyme variation<br />
work done in 1995 showed that <strong>the</strong> 1947 seeds<br />
were not likely to have come from a single isolated<br />
tree. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, a copy <strong>of</strong> a previously<br />
unpublished paper by W. C. Cheng dated March<br />
25, 1948 revealed, as stated above, that Hwa had<br />
found more than 1000 Metasequoia and about<br />
100 “big ones.” Apparently seeds from many<br />
Map by Greg PAYTON<br />
Map <strong>of</strong> native dawn redwood distribution and seedlot collection sites.
30 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
trees had been collected and disseminated. Poor<br />
seed set seems to stem from <strong>the</strong> fact that most<br />
seed production outside <strong>of</strong> China is <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong><br />
selfing (due to isolation <strong>of</strong> specimens).<br />
<strong>The</strong> genetic variation <strong>of</strong> dawn redwood in<br />
China was believed to be much greater than<br />
that in <strong>the</strong> United States, and in 1990 a cooperative<br />
research project on Metasequoia began<br />
between Dr. W. J. Libby at <strong>the</strong> <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
California, Berkeley, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Minghe Li at<br />
Huazhong Agricultural <strong>University</strong> in Hubei,<br />
China, and Dr. Kuser. A number <strong>of</strong> organizations<br />
contributed to fund <strong>the</strong> project, and it was<br />
at this point that <strong>the</strong> Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong> became<br />
involved in provenance testing <strong>of</strong> Metasequoia.<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Li collected Metasequoia seeds from<br />
several locations in its native range in October<br />
1990. In April 1991, 53 packets <strong>of</strong> seeds were<br />
Greg PAYTON<br />
Photo by Burney Huff (Dawes archives)<br />
A dawn redwood specimen from <strong>the</strong> original 1949 seed accession<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong>. <strong>The</strong> photograph is from <strong>the</strong><br />
early 1990s when <strong>the</strong> tree was nearly 80 feet (24 meters) tall; a<br />
lightning strike later took out <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tree.<br />
A bronze-foliaged specimen in <strong>the</strong> plantation (accession<br />
D1993-0237.005).<br />
received at Rutgers <strong>University</strong> from Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Li, 52 from trees that still had seed cones,<br />
and one packet <strong>of</strong> mixed seeds. <strong>The</strong>se seed lots<br />
were germinated, and only four <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> collections<br />
produced no seedlings. <strong>The</strong> remaining<br />
48 “families” were grown on, and complete<br />
collections were planned for both Rutgers and<br />
Dawes. <strong>The</strong> remaining seedlings were distributed<br />
to nearly 20 cooperating institutions and<br />
individuals in <strong>the</strong> United States and United<br />
Kingdom. (<strong>The</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong> received<br />
125 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se seedlings.)<br />
In 1993 <strong>the</strong> Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong> received two<br />
shipments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dawn redwood seedlings from<br />
Rutgers. A total <strong>of</strong> 344 trees were planted in <strong>the</strong><br />
Dawes plantation. Because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large size (8<br />
acres [3.2 hectares]) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dawes site we were<br />
able to plant <strong>the</strong> trees 25 feet (7.6 meters) apart<br />
so no subsequent thinning was necessary.<br />
Current Status <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dawes Collection<br />
<strong>The</strong> Dawes plantation <strong>of</strong> seedlings from Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Li and Rutgers currently consists <strong>of</strong> 320<br />
trees, which makes it one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> largest living<br />
ex situ conservation collections <strong>of</strong> documented<br />
wild-origin dawn redwood trees outside <strong>of</strong><br />
China. Through 2009, 24 trees have been lost
Dawn Redwood at <strong>the</strong> Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong> 31<br />
from this plantation, and one seed lot family<br />
has been lost completely from both <strong>the</strong> Dawes<br />
and Rutgers plantations. In 2009, Dawes began<br />
contacting o<strong>the</strong>r institutions to see what living<br />
accessions <strong>the</strong>y had from <strong>the</strong> original 52 seed<br />
lots; 29 new accessions (in <strong>the</strong> form <strong>of</strong> vegetative<br />
cuttings) representing trees from seed lots<br />
where Dawes had few representatives were<br />
obtained from <strong>the</strong>se institutions. Since each<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se trees was originally grown from seeds,<br />
every tree is genetically unique and <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
valuable for its individuality. <strong>The</strong>se cuttings<br />
are currently doing well in propagation and will<br />
help to provide more genetic stock to add to <strong>the</strong><br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plantation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> search for additional collections <strong>of</strong> this<br />
Li/Rutgers project is ongoing. Any o<strong>the</strong>r modern<br />
or historical collection <strong>of</strong> wild material<br />
would be invaluable to add to <strong>the</strong> Dawes collection.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> seed lots that had no germination<br />
was <strong>the</strong> only lot from Hunan, collected<br />
from three individual dawn redwoods <strong>the</strong>re, so<br />
we are especially interested in acquiring germplasm<br />
from <strong>the</strong> few trees in Hunan.<br />
In addition to <strong>the</strong> plantation trees, Dawes has<br />
a few o<strong>the</strong>r accessions <strong>of</strong> wild-collected Metasequoia:<br />
three accessions from <strong>the</strong> original 1947<br />
seedlings, received in 1950 from Ralph Chaney<br />
who presumably got his seeds from Merrill; a<br />
grove <strong>of</strong> 44 trees propagated by cuttings in 1960<br />
from <strong>the</strong> previous accession; and three individuals<br />
also propagated from <strong>the</strong> original accession.<br />
Into <strong>the</strong> Future<br />
In Metasequoia, female cones (macrosporangiate<br />
strobili) are typically produced when trees<br />
reach a height <strong>of</strong> 30 to 50 feet (9 to 15 meters<br />
). Male cones (microsporangiate strobili) are<br />
not produced until trees are 60 to 83 feet (18<br />
to 25 meters) in height. At this point, nei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
female nor male cones have been observed on<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong> plantation trees.<br />
As <strong>the</strong> grove continues to grow and seed<br />
production begins, <strong>the</strong> resultant progeny will<br />
represent <strong>the</strong> greatest level <strong>of</strong> genetic variation<br />
within dawn redwood outside <strong>of</strong> China.<br />
<strong>The</strong> origins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se plantation trees are from<br />
across <strong>the</strong> estimated 800 square kilometer (312<br />
sq. mi.) native range in central China where<br />
full cross-pollination is very unlikely. Studies<br />
have shown that trees in <strong>the</strong> native populations<br />
show a lack <strong>of</strong> spatial genetic flow, indicating<br />
Greg PAYTON<br />
Wide spacing allows ample room for trees in <strong>the</strong> dawn redwood plantation.
32 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
David Brandenburg<br />
<strong>The</strong> author with a witches’-broom on one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dawes plantation trees.<br />
In 2009, both <strong>the</strong> genetic and taxonomic (cultivar) collections <strong>of</strong> dawn redwoods at <strong>the</strong><br />
Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong> were granted full status as a North American Plant Collections Consortium<br />
(NAPCC) collection. This symbolizes <strong>the</strong> commitment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> staff and organization<br />
to fulfilling <strong>the</strong> duty <strong>of</strong> preserving this important collection. As a repository for North<br />
America, requests for propagation material are honored for research purposes.<br />
Of horticultural interest, <strong>the</strong>re are well over two dozen cultivars <strong>of</strong> Metasequoia that<br />
add to <strong>the</strong> range <strong>of</strong> variation within <strong>the</strong> species. ‘Miss Grace’ and ‘Bonsai’ are dwarf selections,<br />
‘Jack Frost’ has a hint <strong>of</strong> variegation, and ‘Ogon’ (syn. ‘Gold Rush’) is a Japanese<br />
cultivar with bright yellow foliage that originated from irradiated seeds. Several cultivar<br />
selections could be made from <strong>the</strong> Dawes plantation trees, as <strong>the</strong>re are some interesting<br />
habits and foliage types. Tree heights <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plantation trees are from scarcely 3 feet (1<br />
meter) tall to over 33 feet (10 meters), and habits range from squat and round to tall and<br />
narrow with many forms in between. Foliage varies from large and coarse to small and<br />
fine, with colors in shades <strong>of</strong> green and bronze. A witches’-broom—which may yield dwarf<br />
forms—has even been found on one specimen.
Dawn Redwood at <strong>the</strong> Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong> 33<br />
genetic isolation due to habitat fragmentation<br />
(Leng et al. 2007). As stated earlier, natural<br />
pollen dissemination is limited.<br />
Since <strong>the</strong>se wide-ranging Chinese collections<br />
are located toge<strong>the</strong>r in a single plantation<br />
at Dawes, broad genetic combinations could<br />
occur. <strong>The</strong> resultant mixed, open-pollinated<br />
seeds could prove useful for horticultural purposes<br />
as well as for selecting for resistance to<br />
any future insect or disease pressures. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
seeds would have limited use for some conservation<br />
projects (since <strong>the</strong>y are from mixed<br />
meta-populations), but <strong>the</strong>re is potential for<br />
controlled crossing within <strong>the</strong> separate seed<br />
lot collections, which would give greater conservation<br />
value. <strong>The</strong> seeds produced here will<br />
be made available to seed banks, researchers,<br />
and growers.<br />
This collection holds many opportunities<br />
for future studies and research to be conducted<br />
without traveling to China. <strong>The</strong> sister<br />
population at Rutgers <strong>University</strong> is currently<br />
<strong>the</strong> subject <strong>of</strong> an amplified fragment length<br />
polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to assess <strong>the</strong><br />
breadth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genetic diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> collection.<br />
Since most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genotypes at Rutgers<br />
are duplicates <strong>of</strong> dawn redwoods in <strong>the</strong> collection<br />
at Dawes, <strong>the</strong> data from <strong>the</strong> AFLP study<br />
will pertain to this collection as well. We hope<br />
that this successful ex situ collection at <strong>the</strong><br />
Dawes <strong>Arboretum</strong> will aid in <strong>the</strong> conservation<br />
and fur<strong>the</strong>r understanding <strong>of</strong> this ancient and<br />
impressive species.<br />
Bibliography<br />
Andrews, H.N. 1948. Metasequoia and <strong>the</strong> Living Fossils.<br />
Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin 36(5):<br />
79–85.<br />
Bartholomew, B., D.E. Boufford, and S.A. Spongberg, 1983.<br />
Metasequoia glyptostroboides—Its Present<br />
Status in Central China. Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong><br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong> 64: 105–128.<br />
Ecker, Eisenman, S.W. 2009. Pers. comm. Rutgers<br />
<strong>University</strong>, School <strong>of</strong> Environmental and<br />
Biological Sciences, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant<br />
Biology and Pathology.<br />
GSPC. 2002. Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.<br />
Montreal: Secretariat <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Convention on<br />
Biological Diversity.<br />
Hendricks, D.R. 1995. Metasequoia Depression, Sex, and<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r Useful Information. Landscape Plant<br />
News 6(2): 7–10.<br />
Hendricks, D. and P. Sondergaard. 1998. Metasequoia<br />
glyptostroboides—50 years out <strong>of</strong> China.<br />
Observations from <strong>the</strong> United States and<br />
Denmark. Dansk Dendrologisk Arsskrift 6:<br />
6–24.<br />
Hsueh, C.-J. 1985. Reminiscences <strong>of</strong> Collecting <strong>the</strong> Type<br />
Specimens <strong>of</strong> Metasequoia glyptostroboides.<br />
<strong>Arnold</strong>ia 45(4): 10–18.<br />
Hu, H.H. 1948. How Metasequoia, <strong>the</strong> “living fossil” was<br />
discovered in China. Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> New York<br />
Botanical Garden 49(585): 201–207.<br />
IUCN. IUCN Red List <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version<br />
2009.1. Retrieved October 12, 2009, from www.<br />
iucnredlist.org<br />
Kuser, J.E., D.L.Sheely, and D.R. Hendricks. 1997. Genetic<br />
Variation in Two ex situ Collections <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rare<br />
Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Cupressaceae).<br />
Silvae Genetica 46(5): 258–264.<br />
Kuser, J. 1983. Inbreeding Depression in Metasequoia.<br />
Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong> 64: 475–481.<br />
Leng, Q. et.al. 2007. Database <strong>of</strong> Native Metasequoia<br />
glyptostroboides Trees in China Based on New<br />
Census Surveys and Expeditions. Bulletin <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Peabody Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History 48(2):<br />
185–233.<br />
LePage, B.A., C.J. Williams, and H. Yang. 2005. <strong>The</strong><br />
Geobiology and Ecology <strong>of</strong> Metasequoia.<br />
Springer.<br />
Li, M. 2009, November 1. Pers. comm.<br />
Li, X.-D., H.-W. Huang, and J.-Q. Li. 2003. Genetic<br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relict plant Metasequoia<br />
glyptostroboides. Biodiversity Science 11:<br />
100–108.<br />
Ma, J. 2003. On <strong>the</strong> unsolved mystery <strong>of</strong> Metasequioa.<br />
Acta Botanica Yunnanica (25)2: 155–172.<br />
Ma, J. 2003. <strong>The</strong> Chronology <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Living Fossil”<br />
Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Taxodiaceae): A<br />
Review (1943–2003). <strong>Harvard</strong> Papers in Botany<br />
8(1): 9–18.<br />
Ma, J. 2002. <strong>The</strong> History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Discovery and Initial<br />
Seed Dissemination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Metasequoia<br />
glyptostroboides, A “Living Fossil”. Aliso 21(2):<br />
65–75.<br />
Ma, J. and G. Shao. 2003. Rediscovery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “first<br />
collection” <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ‘Living Fossil’, Metasequoia<br />
glyptostroboides. Taxon 52(3): 585–588.<br />
Merrill, E.D. 1998–1999. Ano<strong>the</strong>r Living Fossil Comes<br />
to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>. <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 58–59(4-1):<br />
17–19.<br />
Sand, S. 1992. <strong>The</strong> Dawn Redwood. American<br />
Horticulturist 71(10): 40–44.<br />
Wyman, D. 1968. Metasequoia After Twenty Years in<br />
Cultivation. <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 28(10–11): 113–122.<br />
Greg Payton is <strong>the</strong> Plant Records Specialist at <strong>the</strong> Dawes<br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong> in Newark, Ohio.
Index to <strong>Arnold</strong>ia Volume 67<br />
Items in boldface refer to illustrations<br />
A<br />
Abies spp., and exotic beetles 1: 33, 35<br />
— homolepis, lightning-damaged 4:<br />
22, 22<br />
Abscisic acid 4: 15, 18–19<br />
— — photosyn<strong>the</strong>sis and 4: 19<br />
Acai juice 3: 23<br />
Acer spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35<br />
— davidii, in China 2: 22, 26<br />
— — bark 2: inside front cover<br />
— rubrum ‘Schlesingeri’ 2: 32, inside<br />
back cover<br />
— — — propagation and redistribution<br />
<strong>of</strong> 2: 32<br />
— saccharum 3: 31<br />
— sutchuenense, in China 2: 27<br />
Ackerman, Dr. William 1: 24, 28<br />
Acorns, features <strong>of</strong> 4: 2–5, 3–5, 10, 11<br />
Adenorachis 3: 21<br />
Aerial photography and mapping 1:<br />
10–19, 11–15, 17–19<br />
Aesculus spp., and exotic beetles 1:<br />
34, 35<br />
Afghanistan, pine from 3: 36, inside<br />
back cover<br />
Africa, pest beetles from 1: 33<br />
Agrilus planipennis 1: 34, 34<br />
Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry 3: 26–27<br />
Aiello, Anthony S., “Seeking Cold-<br />
Hardy Camellias” 1: 20–30<br />
Ailuropoda melanoleuca, discovery<br />
<strong>of</strong> 2: 23<br />
Akebia trifoliata, in China 2: 26<br />
Alders, as beetle host 1: 35<br />
Alexander, John H., III<br />
— — — — photographs by 1: inside<br />
front/back covers; 2: 18<br />
Allium tricoccum 3: 30<br />
Alnus spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35<br />
Alpha-pinene 1: 32<br />
Alpine plants, in China 3: 2–13, 4, 6,<br />
10–11<br />
Ambrosiella fungi 1: 35<br />
American ginseng 3: 28–30, 29–30, 35<br />
Amplified fragment length polymorphism<br />
(AFLP) 4: 7, 9–10<br />
Animal and Plant Health Inspection<br />
Service (APHIS), and beetles 1:<br />
31–35<br />
Anoplophora glabripennis 1: 34, 34<br />
Anteater 2: 30<br />
Anthocyanins 3: 23<br />
Anticancer plants 3: 23, 25<br />
Antioxidant fruit 3: 14–25<br />
— — commercial potential <strong>of</strong> 3: 23–25<br />
Ants, leaf-cutter 2: 30<br />
Appalachian Mts., Tennessee 3: 20<br />
Apple, original 2: 20<br />
— fruiting genotypes 2: 20<br />
— quince and 1: 3<br />
— scab resistance 2: 10, 10, 20<br />
Apple-pear, Asian 4: 28<br />
Apomixis 3: 19, 21, 22, 24–25<br />
Arboriculture and plant hormones 4:<br />
15–19<br />
Arborvitae, as beetle host 1: 35<br />
Arisaema dilatatum, in China 2:<br />
27, 28<br />
Armenia, quince-growing in 1: 5, 5<br />
<strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>, Acer rubrum<br />
‘Schlesingeri’ at 2: 32, inside back<br />
cover<br />
— — aerial photographs <strong>of</strong> 1: 1927,<br />
11; 1929, 13; 1936, 14; 1955, 13,<br />
18; 1967, 12; 1968, 15; 2005, front<br />
cover, 11, 15; 2006, 18; 2007, 12;<br />
2008, 17; 2009, 19; 2: 2008, 14<br />
— — apple selection at 2: 20<br />
— — autumn interest 2: 32, inside<br />
back cover; 4: 23<br />
— — beetle research at 1: 31–35, 32<br />
— — Bentham and Hooker sequence<br />
at 2: 16<br />
— — Bradley Rosaceous Collection 1:<br />
14, 44; 2: 16, 20, 20; 4: 22, 24<br />
— — Bussey Brook Meadow, in aerial<br />
photo 1: 14<br />
— — Bussey Hill, in aerial photos 1:<br />
11, 13, 14<br />
— — Camellia trials 1: 27<br />
— — cartography systems 1: 12–19<br />
— — Centre Street, in aerial photo<br />
1: 14<br />
— — China expeditions, 1907–1908,<br />
1910 3: 2–13<br />
— — cold-hardiness at 3: 36<br />
— — conifer collection 3: 36; 4: 22<br />
— — crabapple legacy 2: 14–21, back<br />
cover<br />
— — Crataegus at 2: 16<br />
— — cultivar evaluation 2: 18<br />
— — Dana Greenhouses, in aerial<br />
photos 1: 14<br />
— — early accessions 1: 44; 2: 16,<br />
19–20<br />
— — Faxon Pond 2: 32<br />
— — Forest Hills Gate 2: 16<br />
— — Forsythia hybrids at 2: 18<br />
— — Himalayan pine at 3: 36, inside<br />
back cover<br />
— — Hunnewell building, in aerial<br />
photos 1: 15, 15<br />
— — Hydrangea paniculata ‘Praecox’<br />
at 1: inside covers, 44<br />
— — introductions 1: 44; 2: 6, 18–21<br />
— — Japanese and Korean plants at 1:<br />
27, 44; 2: 16<br />
— — Leventritt Shrub and Vine Garden,<br />
aerial photo <strong>of</strong> 1: front cover<br />
— — Living Collections survey 1:<br />
15, 17<br />
— — Master Plan 1: 17<br />
— — Meadow Road 2: 32<br />
— — Malus collection 2: 4, 14–21, 14,<br />
16–21, back cover<br />
— — Metasequoia glyptostroboides<br />
at 4: 23<br />
— — model 1: 18–19<br />
— — Nikko fir, loss <strong>of</strong> 4: 22, 22<br />
— — Peters Hill 2: 14, 16, 16, 18, 19,<br />
19, 20<br />
— — — — in aerial photos 1: 11–12, 14<br />
— — Pinus wallichiana at 3: 36,<br />
inside back cover<br />
— — plant distribution benefits 2: 20<br />
— — Prunus at 1: 13; 2: 18; 4: 24<br />
— — Pyrus 2: 16<br />
— — — pyrifolia at 4: inside covers, 28<br />
— — Rosaceae blights at 4: 22<br />
— — sand pear at 4: 28, inside back<br />
cover<br />
— — Visiting Committee, 1955 1: 15<br />
— — “Wea<strong>the</strong>r Station Data—2009”<br />
4: 20–24<br />
— — Weld Hill in aerial photos 1: 14,<br />
18, 19, 19<br />
— — winter temperatures 3: 36<br />
<strong>Arnold</strong>ia, Index to Volume 66 1:<br />
36–43<br />
— and Donald Wyman 2: 19
Index 35<br />
Arnot Teaching and Research Forest<br />
3: 32, 32<br />
Aronia 3: front/back covers, 14–25,<br />
14–18, 22, 24<br />
— arbutifolia 3: 14–15, 15–19,<br />
21–22, 24<br />
— — flowers 3: 15<br />
— — foliage 3: 15<br />
— — fruit 3: 14<br />
— fruit chemistry 3: 14, 21, 23–25<br />
— — crop potential 3: 19–25<br />
— genetics 3: 19, 21, 22, 24–25<br />
— habitat and range 3: 18–19,<br />
18–20, 21<br />
— hybrids 3: 21, 25<br />
— juice products 3: 22–25, 23<br />
— ‘Likernaya’ 3: 25<br />
— melanocarpa 3: 15–19, 16, 17,<br />
21–25, 22, 24<br />
— — foliage 3: 17, 22<br />
— — fruit 3: front cover, 16, 24<br />
— — growth habit 3: 21, 22<br />
— — ‘Nero’ 3: 24, 25<br />
— — x Sorbus aucuparia 3: 25<br />
— — ‘Viking’ 3: 24, 25<br />
— mitschurini 3: 25<br />
— ploidy and apomixis in 3: 19, 21,<br />
22, 24–25<br />
— prunifolia 3: 15, 18–19, 21, 22<br />
— — x arbutifolia 3: 21<br />
— — x melanocarpa 3: 21<br />
— — x prunifolia 3: 21<br />
— taxonomy 3: 21<br />
— — and Photinia 3: 21<br />
“Aronia: Native shrubs With<br />
Untapped Potential,” Mark Brand 3:<br />
14–25, 14–20, 22–24<br />
Ash, as beetle host 1: 34<br />
— borer, emerald 1: 34<br />
Asia, plants from 1: 20–30, 44; 2: 5,<br />
22–28; 3: 2–13, 36; 4: 28<br />
Asian long-horned beetle (ALB) 1: 34,<br />
34; 2: 29<br />
— medicine, traditional 3: 29–30<br />
Asiatica Nursery [PA] 1: 20–21<br />
Asimina triloba, fruit <strong>of</strong> 3: 28, 28, 30<br />
Astilbes, shade-grown 3: 33<br />
Atomic testing 2: 31<br />
Autumn color 2: 32; 4: 23, 28<br />
“Autumn’s Harbinger: Acer Rubrum<br />
‘Schlesingeri’,” Michael S. Dosmann<br />
2: 32, inside back cover<br />
Auxin pathway 4: 15–19<br />
— exogenous 4: 18<br />
B<br />
Bachtell, Kris, photo by 2: inside<br />
front cover<br />
Bacterial diseases 2: 10; 4: 22<br />
Bamboo, in panda habitat 2: 26<br />
Baoxing, plant exploring in 2: 22–28<br />
Bark beetles, in port <strong>of</strong> Boston 1:<br />
31–32<br />
Basset, Cédric,“In <strong>the</strong> Footsteps <strong>of</strong><br />
Fa<strong>the</strong>r David” 2: 22–28, 22–28<br />
Bayesian approach 4: 11<br />
Beech 3: 31<br />
Beeches, as beetle host 1: 35<br />
Beetle, ambrosia 1: 32<br />
— Asian long-horned (ALB) 1: 34, 34;<br />
2: 29<br />
— emerald ash borer (EAB) 1: 34, 34<br />
— European spruce bark 1: 35<br />
— red-haired pine bark 1: 33, 33<br />
— six-too<strong>the</strong>d bark 1: 33, 33<br />
Beetles, damaging 1: 31–35, 33–4<br />
— — emergence and phenology 1:<br />
32, 35<br />
— — fungal vectors <strong>of</strong> 1: 33, 35<br />
— — links to information 1: 34<br />
— — new surveys and trapping methods<br />
1: 32–35<br />
— — observation <strong>of</strong> 1: 34<br />
Bene, John 3: 27<br />
Bentham, George 4: 26<br />
Bentham and Hooker sequence 2: 16<br />
Berberidaceae 2: 26<br />
Beresowski (<strong>the</strong> botanist) 2: 28<br />
Berks, Robert 4: 27<br />
Berry crops 3: 14–25, 28, 30<br />
“‘Best’ Crabapples (Malus spp.)”<br />
2: chart 9<br />
Betula spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35<br />
“Between Earth and Sky: Our Intimate<br />
Connections to Trees,” Nalini<br />
M. Nadkarni,<br />
[excerpt] 2: 29–31<br />
Bible, quince in 1: 3<br />
Binomial nomenclature 4: 26<br />
Biodiversity 2: 22–23, 24, 28; 3: 6,<br />
11–13, 26, 27, 28<br />
Biology and taxonomy 4: 25–27<br />
Birch spp. 3: 36<br />
Birches, as beetle host 1: 34, 35<br />
Birds 2: 6, 10; 3: 14, 16<br />
“Bird’s-eye Views: Aerial Photographs<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>,” Sheila<br />
Connor 1: 10–19, 10–19<br />
Black, James W., aerial photography <strong>of</strong><br />
1: 10, 10<br />
Blackberries 3: 28<br />
Blights and 2009 wea<strong>the</strong>r 4: 20, 22<br />
Blooming, premature 4: 24<br />
Blue Ridge Community College 4: 19<br />
Blue stain fungi 1: 33<br />
Boston 133 Cities Urban Area mapping<br />
program 1: 17<br />
Boston port 1: 31<br />
— — invasive beetles and 1: 31–32<br />
Botryosphaeria obtusa 2: 10<br />
Bourg, Ian C., Ph.D. 2: 28<br />
Brand, Mark, “Aronia: “Native shrubs<br />
With Untapped Potential” 3: 14–25<br />
— — photos by 3: back cover<br />
Bristol, Peter 1: 21<br />
Brooklyn Botanic Garden 2: 6<br />
Buckeyes, as beetle host 1: 34, 35<br />
Burbank, Lu<strong>the</strong>r, and quinces 1: 2, 4,<br />
7, 8<br />
Burma, pine from 3: 36<br />
Burnett, D. Graham 4: 27<br />
Bussey Institute 2: 17<br />
C<br />
Calan<strong>the</strong> tricarinata, in China 2:<br />
25, 25<br />
California, quinces in 1: 2, 3<br />
Callicarpa japonica 1: 24<br />
“Camellia Belt” 1: 27<br />
Camellia japonica 1: 20–30, 22–23,<br />
25–29<br />
— — ‘Balustrade’ 1: 29<br />
— — ‘Bloomfield’ 1: 29, 29<br />
— — espaliered 1: 30<br />
— — fruit and seed 1: 23<br />
— — grazing and 1: 23<br />
— — ‘Korean Fire’ 1: 28<br />
— — Korean selections 1: 24–29, 27,<br />
28, 29<br />
— — ‘Longwood Centennial’ 1: 28<br />
— — ‘Longwood Valentine’ 1: 28<br />
— — ‘Meadowbrook’ 1: 29<br />
— — ‘Morris Mercury’ 1: 29<br />
— — winter performance 1: 20, 24–30<br />
Camellias, hardier 1: 20–30<br />
Campanulaceae 2: 26
36 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
Campbell, Nichole K., “Searching for<br />
Exotic Beetles” 1: 31–35<br />
Canada, ginseng cultivation in 3: 30<br />
Cancer, plants against 3: 23, 25<br />
Caprifoliaceae 2: 25<br />
Cardamine, in China 2: 28<br />
Cargo ships, and pests 1: 31–32, 31<br />
Carnegie Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History,<br />
beetle collections 1: 32<br />
Carpinus caroliniana 3: 31<br />
— fangiana, in China 2: 26, 27<br />
Carya spp. 3: 30<br />
— x dunbarii 3: 32<br />
— graft unions 3: 32, 32<br />
— laciniosa x ovata 3: 32<br />
— ovata 3: 32<br />
— ovalis 3: 32<br />
Caucasus region, quinces <strong>of</strong> 1: 4, 5,<br />
7, 7<br />
Cedars, as term 2: 23<br />
Ceratocystis spp. 1: 33<br />
— polonica 1: 35<br />
C-glucoside vitexin flavone 3: 21<br />
Chaenomeles sinensis 1: 8<br />
Chanticleer garden 1: 27<br />
Chengdu Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany 2: 28<br />
Cherries, as beetle host 1: 35<br />
Cherry, flowering 4: 24<br />
— in secondary growth 3: 32<br />
Chicago area, oaks near 4: 4, 7, 10<br />
Chicago Botanic Garden 4: 27<br />
China, expedition to, 1980 2: 19<br />
— Imperial 3: 11<br />
— travel between Tibet and 3: 2–13<br />
— plants <strong>of</strong> 1: 30; 2: inside front<br />
cover, 15, 16, 19–20, 22–28, 22–23,<br />
25–28; 3: inside front cover, 2–13, 4,<br />
6, 10, 11; 4: 28<br />
Chinese medicine, traditional 3:<br />
29–30<br />
Chokeberry, black 3: front cover,<br />
15–19, 16, 17, 21–25, 22, 24<br />
— commercial potential <strong>of</strong> 3: 22–25<br />
— comparison <strong>of</strong> spp. 3: 14–18, chart<br />
17, 19, 21–23, back cover<br />
— cultural needs 3: 19, 23<br />
— fruits 3: front cover, 14–25, 14, 16,<br />
24, back cover<br />
— habitat and distribution 3: 18–20,<br />
18–20<br />
— ornamental qualities 3: 14–19,<br />
14–17, 22<br />
— populations 3: 21<br />
— propagation 3: 14, 22<br />
— purple 3: 18–19, 21, 22<br />
— red 3: 14–15, 15–19, 21, 22, 24<br />
— winter interest 3: front cover<br />
Chagga people 3: 27<br />
Chloroplast data, and oak hybrids 4: 3<br />
Classification trends 4: 25–27<br />
Clematis, in China 2: 28<br />
Climbing plants 2: 26, 27<br />
Climate change 4: 13<br />
Codonopsis tangshen, in China 2: 26<br />
Cold-hardiness 3: 36<br />
— — in camellias 1: 20–30<br />
Computerized records, and mapping<br />
1: 17, 19<br />
Conifers 3: 36; 4: 22<br />
— pests <strong>of</strong> 1: 31–35<br />
Connor, Jay 1: 19<br />
— — photographs by 1: front cover<br />
Connor, Sheila, “Bird’s-eye Views:<br />
Aerial Photographs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong><br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong>” 1: 10–19<br />
Container-growing 3: 33<br />
Convallariaceae 2: 25<br />
Corkscrew willow 3: 35<br />
Cornell <strong>University</strong> 3: 32; 4: 25<br />
Cornus controversa, in China 2: 25, 26<br />
— kousa, Korean 1: 30<br />
— sericea, in winter 3: 34<br />
Corydalis anthriscifolia, in China<br />
2: 26<br />
— davidii, in China 2: 26<br />
Cotoneaster moupinensis, in China<br />
2: 28<br />
Crandall, C.S. 2: 20<br />
“Crabapple Cultivars Introduced by<br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong>” 2: chart 21<br />
Crabapple cultivars 2: 2–13, 17–21<br />
Crabapples, at <strong>Arboretum</strong> 2: 14–21<br />
— bark interest 2: 19–20<br />
— best <strong>of</strong> 2: chart 9<br />
— breeding and selection 2: 5–7,<br />
14–21<br />
— choosing 6–13<br />
— cultivation 2: 3–7<br />
— description 2: 2–5<br />
— diseases 2: 10, 20<br />
— fruit 2: 3–11, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17,<br />
19–20, 19<br />
— — palatability <strong>of</strong> 2: 10<br />
— longevity 2: 5<br />
— plumleaf 2: 5–6<br />
— problems with 2: 2–3, 6, 7, 10, 13<br />
— seasonal interest 2: 5, 10, 13, 19<br />
— Siberian 2: 19–20<br />
— siting 2: 3, 5, 6–7, 10, 13<br />
— weeping 2: 5, 5–6, 12, 13, 13<br />
“Crabapples…With No Apologies,”<br />
Jeff Iles 2: 2–13, 2–8, chart 9, 10–13<br />
Crops, new 3: 14–25, 26–35<br />
— — medicinal 3: 23, 25, 29–30<br />
— — ornamental 3: 33–35<br />
Cypripedium tibeticum 3: 12<br />
Cryptomeria spp., and exotic beetles<br />
1: 35<br />
Cunninghamia lanceolata 2: 23, 23<br />
Cuppressaceae 2: 23<br />
Curtis, Ralph, 1922 photo by 2: 16<br />
Cydomalus 1: 4<br />
Cydonia oblonga 1: 2–9, 2–7,<br />
back cover<br />
— “A” clone 1: 5<br />
— — ‘Angers’ 1: 5<br />
— — botany <strong>of</strong> 1: 3–4, 8<br />
— “C” clone 1: 5<br />
— — cultivation and uses 1: 2–7<br />
— — germplasm resources 1: 3–7, 9<br />
— — ‘Champion’, 1909 illustration 1:<br />
back cover<br />
— — ‘Chartar Gyugh’ 1: 5<br />
— — ‘Fontenay Quince’ 1: 5<br />
— — ‘Harron’ 1: 6<br />
— — ‘Orange’, 1922 illustration 1: 4<br />
— — ‘Pineapple’ 1: 2, 2, 4<br />
— — ‘Smyrna’ 1: 4<br />
— — ‘Van Deman’ 1: 2<br />
— sinensis 1: 8, 8<br />
“Cydonia oblonga: <strong>The</strong> Unappreciated<br />
Quince,” Joseph Postman<br />
1: 2–9, 2–8, back cover<br />
Cytokinin pathways 4: 15–19<br />
D<br />
Da Pao Shan mountain 3: 12, 13<br />
— — — climate 3: 8, 9, 13<br />
Darwin, Charles 4: 16, 26<br />
— — <strong>The</strong> Power <strong>of</strong> Movement in<br />
Plants 4: 16<br />
Darwin, Francis 4: 16<br />
Dating <strong>of</strong> trees 2: 30–31<br />
David, Fa<strong>the</strong>r Armand, discoveries<br />
revisited 2: 1, 22–28<br />
— biography 2: 24
Index 37<br />
— portrait 2: 24<br />
Davidia 2: 22<br />
— involucrata, in China 2: 24, 25, 25<br />
Dawn redwood 4: 23<br />
Da Xue Shan Mts. 3: 4, 5, 8–9, 12–13<br />
Daylilies, shade-grown 3: 33<br />
Deforestation 1: 21<br />
Del Tredici, Peter, “<strong>The</strong> Sand Pear—<br />
Pyrus pyrifolia” 4: 28<br />
— — — photographs by 1: inside back<br />
cover; 4: inside covers<br />
Den Boer, Arie F. 2: 2<br />
Dengchigow mountain 2: 28<br />
Deutzia glomeruliflora, in China 2: 26<br />
Dipelta yunnanensis, in China 2: 25<br />
Dirr, Michael 2: 32; 3: 21<br />
Diseases <strong>of</strong> pome fruits 1: 4, 6, 7, 8<br />
Disjunct flora 1: 44<br />
Disporum bodinieri, in China 2: 25<br />
Diversification, in black oaks 4: 4–13<br />
Diversity in alpine habitat 3: 6, 11–13<br />
Dogwood, in China 2: 25, 26<br />
— red-twig, as woody floral 3: 33, 34<br />
Dormancy, and tree hormones 4: 17<br />
Dosmann, Michael S., “Autumn’s<br />
Harbinger: Acer rubrum ‘Schlesingeri’”<br />
2: 32, inside back cover<br />
— — — “Malus at <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>:<br />
An Ongoing Legacy” 2: 14–21<br />
Douglas firs, as beetle host 1: 33, 35<br />
Drepanostachyum, in China 2: 26<br />
Dulce de membrillo 1: 4–5<br />
E<br />
“Early Bloomer: Hydrangea paniculata<br />
‘Praecox’,” Sue A. Pfeiffer 1:<br />
inside front/back covers, 44<br />
Eastern Aerial Surveys, Inc. 1: 15<br />
East Malling quince rootstocks 1: 5<br />
Ecology, and oaks 4: 13<br />
— <strong>of</strong> forests 2: 29–31; 3: 26–28<br />
Edgar, Mr. [circa 1910] 3: 4, 6, 7<br />
Edible crops, new 3: 14–25, 30–33<br />
Education, experiential 3: 32<br />
Egolf, Don 2: 7<br />
Elms, as beetle host 1: 34<br />
Emerald ash borer 1: 34, 34<br />
Enkianthus deflexus, in China 2:<br />
25, 25<br />
Epimedium davidii, in China 2:<br />
26, 27<br />
Ericaceae 2: 24, 25<br />
Erwinia amylovora 1: 6; 2: 10; 4: 22<br />
“Essay on Naming Nature: <strong>The</strong> Clash<br />
Between Instinct and Science,” P.F.<br />
Stevens [review] 4: 25–27<br />
Ethanol, in beetle trap 1: 32<br />
Ethylene 4: 15<br />
Euonymus alata, restrictions on 3: 23<br />
— in China 2: 28<br />
Eurasia, quinces in 1: 4–7<br />
Eurasian beetles, damaging 1: 33–35<br />
Europe, quinces in 1: 4–5, 7<br />
European spruce bark beetle 1: 35<br />
Evolutionary relationships, and oaks<br />
4: 13<br />
— — and classification 4: 25–27<br />
“Excerpt From Wilson’s China: A<br />
Century On,” Mark Flanagan and<br />
Tony Kirkham 3: inside front cover,<br />
2–13, 3–6, 8–12<br />
Exotic beetles 1: 31–35<br />
Experiential learning 3: 32<br />
“Extraordinary Discoverer <strong>of</strong> Life”<br />
2: 24<br />
F<br />
Fabraea maculata, and quince 1: 6, 7<br />
Fagus and exotic beetles 1: 35<br />
Fairchild Aerial Surveys, Inc. 1: 10,<br />
11, 18<br />
Fairchild, Sherman Mills 1: 10<br />
Famiglietti, Bob, “2009 Wea<strong>the</strong>r at<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>” 4: 20–24<br />
“Farming or Wildcrafting?” 3: 27<br />
Fengtong nature reserve 2: 22, 22,<br />
24–28, 25, 26<br />
Ferns, shade-grown 3: 33<br />
Fertilizing, and tree hormones 4: 18<br />
Fiala, Fa<strong>the</strong>r John 2: 6, 14<br />
Field-forest ecotone 3: 28<br />
Fir, Nikko 4: 22<br />
— as beetle host 1: 33, 35<br />
Fire blight 1: 6, 7, 8; 2: 10<br />
— and oaks 4: 2<br />
Flanagan, Mark 3: 2, 3<br />
— — “An Excerpt From Wilson’s<br />
China: A Century On,” with Tony<br />
Kirkham 3: 2–13<br />
Forest ecology 2: 29–31; 3: 26–28<br />
— farming, introduction to 3: 26–35<br />
— — crop selection for 3: 28–30, 33, 35<br />
— — income potential <strong>of</strong> 3: 26, 28, 29,<br />
30, 33, 35<br />
— health checklist 3: 27<br />
— non-timber crops from 3: 26–35<br />
— private ownership <strong>of</strong> 3: 27–28<br />
“Forest Farming,” Ken Mudge 3:<br />
26–35, 26–34<br />
Forest Farming Practicum [Cornell]<br />
3: 32<br />
Forest Hills Station 1: 12<br />
Forests, North American oak 4: 2–13<br />
Franchet (<strong>the</strong> botanist) 2: 27<br />
Fraxinus, and exotic beetles 1: 34<br />
Fruit, nutraceutical 3: 14–25<br />
— spot 1: 6, 7<br />
— trees 1: 2–9; 4: 28<br />
Fuji cherry 4: 24<br />
Fuller, Dave 1: 19<br />
Fullerview Photography 1: 19<br />
Fumariaceae 2: 26<br />
Fungus 1: 33, 35; 2: 10, 20; 4: 20<br />
G<br />
“Golden Apple” <strong>of</strong> antiquity 1: 2–3<br />
Garden and Forest 1: 44<br />
Genealogical relationships 4: 25–27<br />
Genebank, national system 1: 6, 7, 9<br />
Gene flow, between oak spp. 4: 7–11<br />
— — interspecific 4: 9<br />
Genera Plantarum [Bentham and<br />
Hooker] 4: 26<br />
Genetics, in Aronia 3: 19, 21, 22,<br />
24–25<br />
— in Malus 2: 20<br />
— nut-tree grafts and 3: 32<br />
— <strong>of</strong> black oak group 4: 2–13<br />
Geographic distance, and oak speciation<br />
4: 2–13<br />
— information systems (GIS) 1: 10, 19<br />
Germplasm Resources Information<br />
Network (GRIN) 3: 21<br />
Gibberellins 4: 15<br />
Ginseng, American, 3: 28–30, 29, 30<br />
— — growing 3: 28–30, 32<br />
— — market for 3: 29–30<br />
— — medicinal uses 3: 29–30<br />
— — pricing 3: 30<br />
— — root 3: 30<br />
— — soil calcium and 3: 29<br />
Ginsenosides 3: 30<br />
Glaciation, and oaks 4: 13<br />
Gleason, Herbert Wendell 1: 13<br />
Globalization 2: 29
38 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
Goldenseal 3: 29, 29<br />
Gongga Shan Mt. (Minya Konka) 3: 4,<br />
5, 8–10<br />
Google Earth 1: 10<br />
GPI Models 1: 18<br />
GPS database, in curriculum 3: 32<br />
Gravitropism 4: 16<br />
Gray, Asa, and disjunct flora 1: 44<br />
Great Lakes region, oaks in 4: 2–13,<br />
map 6<br />
Griffola frondosa 3: 30<br />
Growth processes, and plant hormones<br />
4: 15–19<br />
— rate, measuring 2: 30–31<br />
Grunsfield, John 1: 16<br />
H<br />
Hardiness, <strong>of</strong> camellias 1: 20–30<br />
— <strong>of</strong> crabapples 2: 3<br />
— <strong>of</strong> hydrangea 1: 44<br />
— <strong>of</strong> pines 3: 36<br />
Hardwoods, for mushroom-growing<br />
3: 31<br />
— secondary 3: 32<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong> Institute for Geographical<br />
Exploration 1: 12, 16<br />
<strong>Harvard</strong> Real Estate 1: 17<br />
Hayrapetyan, Vagharshak, Dr. 1: 4<br />
Hellebore, Tibetan 2: 27–28, 28<br />
Hellebores, shade-grown 3: 33<br />
Helleborus chinensis 2: 27–28<br />
— thibetanus, in China 2: 27–28, 28<br />
Hemlocks, as beetle host 1: 35<br />
Hengduan Shan mountains 3: 4–13<br />
Hen-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-woods mushroom 3: 30<br />
Hericium spp. 3: 30, 31<br />
Heucheras, shade-grown 3: 33<br />
Hickory nuts 3: 30, 32<br />
— red pignut 3: 32<br />
— shagbark 3: 32<br />
— varieties and grafts 3: 32<br />
Hill, Rev. Ernest J. Hill 2: 4<br />
“Hill’s Oak: <strong>The</strong> Taxonomy and<br />
Dynamics <strong>of</strong> a Western Great Lakes<br />
Endemic,” Andrew L. Hipp 4: 2–13,<br />
2–6, map 6, genetic chart 7, 8–12<br />
Himachal Pradesh, pine from 3: 36<br />
Himalayan National Park 3: 36<br />
Himalayan pine 3: 36, inside back<br />
cover<br />
Himalayas, Eastern 3: 3, 4–13, 5, 8,<br />
9, 12<br />
— flora <strong>of</strong> 3: 2–13, 36<br />
Hines Nursery 1: 28<br />
Hipp, Andrew L. “Hill’s Oak: <strong>The</strong><br />
Taxonomy and Dynamics <strong>of</strong> a Western<br />
Great Lakes Endemic,” 4: 2–13<br />
— — — photo by 4: back cover<br />
Hippeastrum 4: 16<br />
Hokkaido 1: 44<br />
Holboellia, in China 2: 26, 27<br />
Holden <strong>Arboretum</strong> 1: 21<br />
Honeysuckle family 2: 25<br />
Honeysuckles, in China 2: 28<br />
Honshu 1: 44<br />
Hood Blimp 1: 19<br />
Hooker, Joseph Dalton 4: 26<br />
Hormones, and plant care 4: 15–19<br />
“Hormones and Tropisms” 4: 16<br />
Hornbeam 2: 26; 3: 31<br />
Horsechestnut, as beetle host 1: 34<br />
Hosie, Sir Alexander 3: 11<br />
Hostas, forest-grown 3: 33, 33<br />
Howard, Heman 1: 18<br />
— — 1959 photo by 2: 17<br />
Hubble telescope camera 1: 16<br />
Hubei Province 2: 19; 4: 28<br />
Humanity and trees 2: 29–31<br />
Hun, Chang Yong 1: 21<br />
Hybrid, intergeneric 1: 3–4; 3: 25<br />
— interspecific 3: 21<br />
Hybrization, in oaks 4: 2–13<br />
Hydrangea, panicle 1: 44<br />
Hydrangea paniculata ‘Praecox’ 1:<br />
inside front/back covers, 44<br />
Hydrastis canadensis 3: 29, 29<br />
Hylurgus ligniperda 1: 33, 33<br />
IJ K<br />
Iles, Jeff, “Crabapples…With No<br />
Apologies” 2: 2–13<br />
Illinois, oaks in 4: 2–13<br />
Incarvillea delavayi 3: 13<br />
— in a Tibetan scene 3: 11<br />
“Index to <strong>Arnold</strong>ia, Volume 66” 1:<br />
36–43<br />
India, pine from 3: 36<br />
Indiana, spruce beetle in 1: 35<br />
International Council for Research in<br />
Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry [Kenya] 3: 27<br />
“In <strong>the</strong> Footsteps <strong>of</strong> Fa<strong>the</strong>r David,”<br />
Cédric Basset 2: 22–28, 22–28<br />
Iowa, Aronia in 3: 32<br />
Iowa State <strong>University</strong> 2: 13<br />
Ips sexdentatus 1: 33, 33<br />
— typographus 1: 35<br />
— — spruces killed by 1: 35<br />
Iran, quince germplasm in 1: 7<br />
Ironwood 3: 31<br />
Irrigation, and hormones 4: 18–19, 18<br />
Japan, plants from 1: 30, 44; 2: 16<br />
Japanese spicebush 1: 24<br />
Johnson, Ethan W. 1: 15<br />
Joyce Kilmer Park, in aerial photos 1:<br />
1936, 14; 1955, 18<br />
Juglans spp. 3: 30<br />
Juice crops, sustainable 3: 14–25<br />
June, Chang Yong 1: 21<br />
Junipers, alpine 3: 8<br />
Kabul, pine from 3: 36<br />
Kangding expedition 3: 2–13, 10<br />
Kazakhstan wild apple 2: 20<br />
Kelley, Susan 1: 17<br />
Kenya, agr<strong>of</strong>orestry center 3: 27<br />
Kew’s <strong>Arboretum</strong> 3: 2<br />
— expeditions to Himalayas 3:<br />
2–13, 36<br />
Kilimanjaro, agr<strong>of</strong>orestry on 3: 27<br />
Kirkham, Tony 3: 2, 3<br />
— — “An Excerpt From Wilson’s<br />
China: A Century On,” with Mark<br />
Flanagan 3: 2–13<br />
— — photo by 3: inside front cover<br />
Knox, Charles 1: 2<br />
Koller, Gary 2: 32<br />
Korean camellias 1: 20–30, 23, 25–30<br />
— climate 1: 20–25, 30<br />
— mountain ash 1: 24<br />
Kuan Hsien, travelling in 3: 11–12<br />
L<br />
Ladyslipper, Tibetan 3: 12<br />
Lampshade poppy, quest for 3: 2, 4–7<br />
Landscape ornamentals 1: 2–9, 20–30,<br />
44; 2: 2–21, 32; 3: 14–25, 36; 4: 28<br />
Land-use 3: 26–35<br />
Larches, as beetle host 1: 33, 35<br />
Lardizabalaceae 2: 26<br />
Larix spp., and exotic beetles 1: 33, 35<br />
Latin America, quinces in 1: 4–5<br />
Leaf-spot 1: 6, 7<br />
— frogeye 2: 10<br />
Leaves, soil nutrients in 3: 29<br />
Lentinula edodes 3: 28, 30
Index 39<br />
Leptographium spp. 1: 33<br />
Lian Lua Shan mountains [Tibet] 3: 5<br />
Lightning damage 4: 22<br />
Lilium lophophorum 3: 13<br />
Lindera obtusiloba, autumn foliage<br />
1: 24<br />
Lindgren funnel trap 1: 32, 33, 35<br />
Linnaean system and new trends 4:<br />
26–27<br />
Linnaeus, Carolus, statue <strong>of</strong> 4: 27<br />
Lion’s mane mushroom 3: 30, 31<br />
Liriodendron tulipifera 3: 31<br />
Lhasa, travelling to 3: 2–5<br />
Longwood Gardens, camellias at 1: 28<br />
Lonicera, in China 2: 28<br />
Lyon Botanical Garden 2: 28<br />
M<br />
MacDaniels, Lawrence 3: 32<br />
“MacDaniels Nut Grove: A Unique<br />
Educational Site” 3: 32, 32<br />
Magnolia, in China 2: 28<br />
— liliiflora, in China 2: 23<br />
Maine, chokeberry in 3: 19<br />
— exotic beetle in 1: 35<br />
Maitake mushroom 3: 30<br />
Malus 1: 3; 2: front/back covers, 2–21<br />
— ‘Adirondack’ 2: 7, 7, 9<br />
— ‘Aldenhamensis’ 2: 2<br />
— ‘Almey’ 2: 2<br />
— ‘Amberina’ 2: 5<br />
— ‘Antonovka’ rootstock 2: 18<br />
— apple-scab and 2: 3, 10, 10<br />
— <strong>Arboretum</strong> legacy <strong>of</strong> 2: 14–21,<br />
back cover<br />
— x atrosanguinea 2: 17<br />
— baccata 2: 5, 19–20<br />
— — ‘Columnaris’ 2: 21<br />
— — ‘Jackii’ 2: 21<br />
— ‘Barbara Ann’ 2: 21<br />
— bark interest 2: 19–20<br />
— ‘Blanche Ames’ 2: 17, 21<br />
— ‘Bob White’ 2: 10, 10, 21<br />
— ‘Camzam’ (Camelot®) 2: 7, 8, 9<br />
— ‘Cardinal’ 2: 7, 9<br />
— centenarian 2: 16<br />
— ‘Cinzam’ (Cinderella®) 2: 7, 9<br />
— ‘Coralcole’ (Coralburst®) 2: 7, 7<br />
— ‘David’ 2: 7, 8, 9<br />
— diseases and resistance to 2: 3, 6,<br />
9–10, 20<br />
— documentation 2: 16<br />
— ‘Dolgo’ 2: 10, 10<br />
— ‘Donald Wyman’ 2: 8, 9, 10, 11, 19,<br />
19, 21<br />
— ‘Doro<strong>the</strong>a’ 2: 2, 21, 21<br />
— ‘Doubloons’ 2: 13<br />
— dwarf 2: 7, 18<br />
— floribunda 2: 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 16<br />
— — ‘Exzellenz Thiel’ 2: 6<br />
— — Selection #821 2: 20<br />
— flowering display 2: 2, 2–4, 4, 6–8,<br />
9, 12–19, 13, 17, 19, 21<br />
— foliage 2: 3, 5, 9–10<br />
— fruiting 2: front/back covers, 3, 4,<br />
5, 5–6, 8, 9–10, 10, 11, 13, 19, 19, 20<br />
— — preserves from 2: 10<br />
— fruitless cultivars 2: 10<br />
— genetics and selection 2: 14–17, 20<br />
— halliana 2: 20<br />
— hardiness 2: 3<br />
— ‘Henrietta Crosby’ 2: 17, 21<br />
— ‘Henry F. Dupont’ 2: 17, 21<br />
— ‘Hopa’ 2: 3<br />
— ‘Huber’ (Royal Fountain®) 2: 13<br />
— hupehensis 2: 16, 17, 20<br />
— ‘Indian Magic’ 2: front cover, 10<br />
— ioensis ‘Palmeri’ 2: 21<br />
— ‘Jarmin’ (Marilee®) 2: 10<br />
— ‘Jewelcole’ (Red Jewel) 2: 8, 9, 10<br />
— ‘JFS-KW5’ (Royal Raindrops®) 2:<br />
9, 13<br />
— ‘Ka<strong>the</strong>rine’ 2: 21<br />
— lancifolia hybrids 2: 18<br />
— ‘Lanzam’ (Lancelot®) 2: 7, 9<br />
— ‘Liset’ 2: 2, 2, 6<br />
— ‘Lollizam’ (Lollipop®) 2: 7<br />
— longevity 2: 16<br />
— ‘Louisa’ 2: 9, 13, 13<br />
— ‘Mary Potter’ 2: 17, 17, 21<br />
— ‘Orange Crush’ 2: 6, 6, 9<br />
— pedicel variation 2: 19<br />
— ‘Pink Pearl’ 2: 21<br />
— ‘Prairie Maid’ 2: 5, 9<br />
— ‘Prairifire’ 2: 9, 10, 12, 13<br />
— ‘Prince Georges’ 2: 21<br />
— ‘Pr<strong>of</strong>usion’ 2: 2<br />
— prunifolia 2: 5–6<br />
— — ‘Pendula’ 2: 6<br />
— ‘Purple Prince’ 2: 7, 9<br />
— ‘Radiant’ 2: 3<br />
— ‘Red Jade’ 2: 2, 5, 5–6, 12, 13<br />
— ‘Red Swan’ 2: 5, 6<br />
— x robusta ‘Erecta’ 2: 21<br />
— rootstock effects 2: 20<br />
— sargentii 2: 6, 16<br />
— — ‘Rosea’ 2: 7, 17, 21<br />
— — ‘Select A’ (Firebird®) 2: 7<br />
— — ‘Tina’ 2: 7<br />
— ‘Satin Cloud’ 2: 5<br />
— Sax experimental hybrids 2: 18, 18<br />
— ‘Schmidtcutleaf’ (Golden Raindrops®)<br />
2: 7, 8, 9<br />
— sieversii 2: 20<br />
— ‘Snowdrift’ 2: 10, 11<br />
— ‘Spring Snow’ 2: 10<br />
— sylvestris hybrids 2: 18<br />
— transitoria, in China 2: 15<br />
— tschonoskii 2: 5, 16<br />
— unnamed #691-52-A 2: 18<br />
— variation <strong>of</strong> 2: 3<br />
— wasps and 2: 3<br />
— weeping forms 2: 5–6, 12–13, 13<br />
— winter interest 2: 11, 12, 13, 20<br />
— x zumi ‘Calocarpa’ 2: 21<br />
“Malus at <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>:<br />
An Ongoing Legacy,” Michael S.<br />
Dosmann 2: 14–21, 14–21<br />
“Malus Mystery” 2: 18<br />
Maple 3: 32, 36<br />
— David’s 2: inside front cover, 22<br />
— products 3: 28, 35<br />
— red, cultivar ‘Schlesingeri’2: 32,<br />
inside back cover<br />
— red 3: 31<br />
— sugar 3: 31<br />
Maples, as beetle host 1: 35<br />
Maps from photos 1: 10, 12–15, 17–19<br />
March, Sylvester 1: 21<br />
Marino, Sergio 1: 18<br />
Maryland, spruce beetle in 1: 35<br />
Maslow, Abraham, human needs<br />
concept 2: 29<br />
Massachusetts Department <strong>of</strong> Conservation<br />
and Recreation 1: 34<br />
Massachusetts forests 3: 26<br />
Massachusetts Public Works 1: 18<br />
Maximowicz (<strong>the</strong> botanist) 2: 28<br />
Mayr, Ernst 4: 25, 26<br />
Meconopsis x beamishii 3: 7<br />
— x finlayorum 3: 7<br />
— horridula 3: 13
40 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
— integrifolia ssp. integrifolia, in<br />
China 3: inside front cover, 2, 4–7, 4<br />
— — x grandis 3: 7<br />
— — x quintuplinervia 3: 7<br />
— pseudointegrifolia 3: 7<br />
Medicinal crops 3: 29–30<br />
Mediterranean beetles, damaging<br />
1: 33<br />
Mesopotamia, quince in 1: 3<br />
Mespilus 1: 4; 3: 21<br />
Metasequoia glyptostroboides, fall<br />
color 4: 23<br />
Mexico, oaks native to 4: 3<br />
Meyer, Paul 1: 21, 22, 23, 24<br />
Michigan, EAB in 1: 34<br />
Microbiota decussata cutting 4: 18<br />
Midwest, Aronia in 3: 23<br />
Miller, George 4: 26<br />
Min Shan mountains 2: 1<br />
Missouri Botanical Garden 4: 27<br />
Morchella spp. 3: 30<br />
Morels 3: 27, 30<br />
Morphology, oak speciation and 4:<br />
2–13<br />
— scientific classification and 4:<br />
25–27<br />
Morris <strong>Arboretum</strong>, camellia selection<br />
at 1: 20–30, 25–30<br />
— — — Korean expeditions <strong>of</strong><br />
[1979–1991] 1: 20–24, 20–23<br />
Morton <strong>Arboretum</strong>, oak research at<br />
4: 4–14<br />
— — herbarium specimens 4: 3–5, 9<br />
Mountain ash, Korean 1: 24<br />
— habitats 2: 22–28<br />
— — Afganistan 3: 36<br />
— — Burma 3: 36<br />
— — Maine 3: 19<br />
— — Tennessee 3: 20<br />
— — Sichuan/Tibet 3: 2–13, 3, 5, 8,<br />
9, 12<br />
Mt. Emei 2: 26<br />
Mt. Wachusett 3: 26<br />
Mudge, Ken, “Forest Farming” 3:<br />
26–35<br />
Murray, Joseph, “Tree Hormones and<br />
Why <strong>The</strong>y Matter” 4: 15–19<br />
Museum <strong>of</strong> Science 1: 16<br />
Mushroom cultivation 3: 28, 30–33,<br />
31, 33<br />
— income from 3: 30<br />
— nutrient process 3: 31<br />
— spawn 3: 31, 33<br />
— wild-collected 3: 27<br />
Mutagen breeding 3: 24<br />
N<br />
Nadkarni, Nalini M., Dr. 2: 29<br />
— — — “Between Earth and Sky: Our<br />
Intimate Connections to Trees”<br />
[excerpt] 2: 29–31<br />
Nakai (Japanese botanist) 4: 28<br />
Naming Nature: <strong>The</strong> Clash Between<br />
Instinct and Science [Yoon,<br />
reviewed] 4: 25–27<br />
National <strong>Arboretum</strong> 2: 7<br />
National Plant Germplasm System<br />
(NPGS) 1: 6, 7, 9<br />
Native Americans and plants 3: 27, 29<br />
Nebraska, Aronia in 3: 23<br />
Nematode, pinewood 2: 29<br />
New England, hydrangeas in 1: 44<br />
Newton, Amanda A., 1909 illustration<br />
by 1: back cover<br />
New York forests 3: 27–28<br />
Nightshade family, blights 4: 20<br />
Nikko fir 4: 22<br />
Nineteenth-century aerial photography<br />
1: 10, 10<br />
— — garden trends 1: 44<br />
Nomenclature, binomial 4: 26<br />
— <strong>of</strong> Aronia 3: 21<br />
Non-native pests 1: 31–35<br />
North America, flora <strong>of</strong> 1: 44; 3:<br />
14–25<br />
— — forest-farming in 3: 27<br />
— — oaks <strong>of</strong> 4: 2–13, map 6<br />
— — pests from 2: 29<br />
North Carolina, chokeberry in 3: 18<br />
Nor<strong>the</strong>ast Aerial Photos 1: 15<br />
Nor<strong>the</strong>ast, versatile shrub for 3: 14–25<br />
— — reforestation trends in 3: 26, 28<br />
Nuclear data, and black oaks 4: 3<br />
Nursery trade 2: 14, 32<br />
Nut groves 3: 30, 32<br />
Nutraceutical fruit crop 3: 14–25<br />
O<br />
Oak 3: 31, 32, 36<br />
— black 4: 5–6, 10–13, 10–11,<br />
back cover<br />
— — hybrids 4: 7<br />
— — petioles 4: 11<br />
— genome 4: 7–11<br />
— Hill’s, disturbance and 4: 13<br />
— — interbreeding and taxonomy<br />
4: 1–13, 2–5, map 6, genetic chart 7,<br />
9–10<br />
— nor<strong>the</strong>rn pin 4: 2–13<br />
— pin 4: 5<br />
— red 4: front cover<br />
— scarlet 4: 3–10, 4, 6, map 6, genetic<br />
chart 7, 8–9, 12<br />
— white 4: 12<br />
Oaks, as beetle host 1: 35<br />
— black group 4: 2–13, map 6, genetic<br />
chart 7<br />
— white group 4: 2–3<br />
Ohio Valley, camellias in 1: 27<br />
Olmsted style 1: 6, 12<br />
Ophiostoma spp. 1: 33<br />
Orchids, wild 2: 25<br />
Oregon, Aronia in 3: 23<br />
— exotic beetle in 1: 35<br />
— USDA genebank in 1: 7, 9<br />
Ornamentals, forest-grown 3: 33–35,<br />
33, 34<br />
— woody 1: 2–9, 20–30, 44; 2: 2–21,<br />
32; 3: 14–25, 36; 4: 28<br />
Osmanthus forest, in China 2: 24<br />
Oyster mushroom 3: 30, 31<br />
P<br />
Panax quinquefolius, as crop 3:<br />
28–30, 29, 30<br />
Panda, giant 2: 22, 23, 24, 28<br />
Pao-chung, Kao, Pr<strong>of</strong>. 2: 28<br />
Paris fargesii, in China 2: 25<br />
Parks, Clifford, Dr. 1: 24, 28<br />
Pawpaw fruit 3: 28, 28, 30<br />
Pear 1: 3, 4, 5<br />
— ‘Beurre Hardy’ 1: 5<br />
— ‘Bradford’ Callery 4: 28<br />
— ‘Comice’ 1: 5<br />
— Japanese 1: 4<br />
— ‘Old Home’ 1: 5<br />
— quince hybrid 1: 4, 4<br />
— quinces and 1: 3–7<br />
— sand, at <strong>Arboretum</strong> 4: inside<br />
covers, 28<br />
— — fruit <strong>of</strong> 4: 28<br />
— — vigor <strong>of</strong> 4: 28<br />
— tribe 1: 3
Index 41<br />
Pectin 1: 2; 3: 23<br />
Perennials, pot-in-pot 3: 33, 33<br />
— shade-grown 3: 33<br />
Permaculture 3: 32<br />
Pests 1: 31–35<br />
Pfeiffer, Sue A., “Early Bloomer:<br />
Hydrangea paniculata ‘Praecox’”<br />
1: inside front/back covers, 44<br />
Pheneticists, and trends 4: 26<br />
Philadelphia, camellias for 1: 20,<br />
24–30<br />
Photinia 3: 21<br />
— floribunda 3: 21<br />
— melanocarpa 3: 21<br />
— pyrifolia 3: 21<br />
Photography, aerial 1: 10–19<br />
Photosyn<strong>the</strong>sis and plant hormones<br />
4: 18–19<br />
Phototropism 4: 16, 16<br />
Phytophthora infestans 4: 20<br />
Picea spp., and beetle damage 1:<br />
33, 35<br />
— forest in Slovakia 1: 35<br />
Pine bark beetle, red-haired 1: 33, 33<br />
— cones for crafts 3: 27, 33<br />
Pine, Eastern white 3: 36<br />
— Himalayan 3: 36, inside back cover<br />
— lanceolate 2: 22, 23<br />
— Monterey, with bark damage 1: 33<br />
Pines, as beetle host 1: 33, 35<br />
— cold hardiness <strong>of</strong> 3: 36<br />
Pinewood nematode, in Europe 2: 29<br />
Pinus spp., and exotic beetles 1: 33, 35<br />
— excelsea 3: 36<br />
— griffithii 3: 36<br />
— nepalensis 3: 36<br />
— radiata, with beetle damage 1: 33<br />
— strobus 3: 36<br />
— thunbergii 1: 24<br />
— wallichiana 3: 36, inside back<br />
cover<br />
— — synonyms for 3: 36<br />
Plant exploring 1: 20–30; 2: 22–28; 3:<br />
2–13<br />
— hormones, and arboriculture 4:<br />
15–19<br />
Plant Protection and Quarantine<br />
(PPQ) program 1: 31–35<br />
Pleione limprichtii, in China 2: 25<br />
Pleurotis spp. 3: 30, 31<br />
Ploidy, in Aronia 3: 19–22<br />
Plums 2: 28<br />
Polly Hill <strong>Arboretum</strong> 1: 27<br />
Pome fruits 1: 2–7<br />
Poppies, lampshade 3: inside front<br />
cover, 2, 4–7, 4<br />
Postman, Joseph, “Cydonia oblonga:<br />
<strong>The</strong> Unappreciated Quince” 1: 2–9<br />
Powdery mildew 1: 6<br />
Powerline undergrowth 3: 18<br />
Practicum in Forest Farming (Cornell<br />
course) 3: 32<br />
Primula secundiflora 3: 6<br />
Pruning, and hormones 4: 15–19,<br />
17, 19<br />
Prunus spp., in China 2: 28<br />
— incisa f. serrata 4: 24<br />
Pseudocydonia sinensis, in North<br />
America 1: 8, 8<br />
— — flowers and bark 1: 8<br />
Pseudotsuga spp., and exotic beetles<br />
1: 33, 35<br />
Psychology, and trees 2: 29, 30<br />
Pujigou 2: 22, 24–25<br />
Purdue-Rutgers-Illinois Apple Breeding<br />
program 2: 20<br />
Pyreae 1: 3<br />
Pyronia 1: 4, 4<br />
— veitchii 1: 4<br />
Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’ 4: 28<br />
— pyrifolia 1: 4; 3: 21; 4: inside<br />
covers, 28<br />
— serotina 4: 28<br />
— sinensis 4: 28<br />
Q<br />
Quarryhill Botanic Garden 3: 36<br />
Quercus spp., 3: 31<br />
— — exotic beetles and 1: 35<br />
— — genetic studies <strong>of</strong> 4: 5–13<br />
— coccinea 4: 1, 3–10, 4, map 6,<br />
genetic chart 7, 8–9, 12<br />
— — acorns 4: 4<br />
— ellipsoidalis, related spp. and 4:<br />
1–13, 2–5, map 6, genetic chart 7,<br />
9–10<br />
— — acorns 4: 3, 5, 10<br />
— imbricaria 4: 3<br />
— Lobatae Section 4: 3<br />
— x palaeolithicola 4: 7<br />
— palustris 4: 3<br />
— phellos 4: 3<br />
— pumila 4: 3<br />
— rubra 4: front cover, 3<br />
— shumardii 4: 3<br />
— velutina 4: 3–13, 5–6, genetic chart<br />
7, 10–11, back cover<br />
— — acorns 4: 5, 10–11<br />
Quince 1: 2–9, 2–8, back cover<br />
— “A” rootstock clone 1: 5<br />
— ‘Angers’ 1: 5<br />
— “C” rootstock clone 1: 5<br />
— ‘Champion’, 1909 illustration 1:<br />
back cover<br />
— ‘Chartar Gyugh’ 1: 5<br />
— Chinese 1: 8, 8<br />
— cold-hardiness 1: 6, 7, 8<br />
— culinary uses 1: 2, 4–5<br />
— cultivars 1: 2–7<br />
— diseases or problems 1: 4, 6–7, 8<br />
— flowers and foliage 1: 3<br />
‘Fontenay’ 1: 5<br />
— fruit 1: 2, 2, 4–7, 4–7. back cover<br />
— genetics 1: 4, 5, 6–7, 9<br />
— ‘Harron’ 1: 6<br />
— history <strong>of</strong> 1: 2–6<br />
— hybrids 1: 4<br />
— in Kakheti [Eurasia] 1: 7<br />
— landscape qualities 1: 2, 5–6, 8<br />
— ‘Orange’, 1922 illustration 1: 4<br />
— pear hybrid 1: 4<br />
— pears and 1: 3–7<br />
— pectin content 1: 2<br />
— ‘Pineapple’ 1: 2, 2, 4<br />
— propagation and grafting 1: 2–7<br />
— Provence 1: 5<br />
— pruning 1: 6<br />
— rootstocks 1: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7<br />
— Shilda variety 1: 7<br />
— ‘Smyrna’ 1: 4<br />
— ‘Van Deman’ 1: 2<br />
R<br />
Radiation, and plant breeding 3: 24<br />
Radioactive “bookmark” <strong>of</strong> 1954, and<br />
tree-dating 2: 31<br />
Rainforest, dating trees in 2: 30–31<br />
— experience 2: 30<br />
Ramps 3: 30<br />
Ranunculaceae 2: 27<br />
Raspberry, black 3: 28
42 <strong>Arnold</strong>ia 68/1<br />
Red osier dogwood 3: 34<br />
— haired pine bark beetle 1: 33, 33<br />
Reed, Dr. George M. 2: 6<br />
Reeve, Bob, archival photograph by<br />
1: 16<br />
Reforestation trends 3: 28<br />
Rehder, Alfred, 1: 44; 4: 28<br />
— Malus and 2: 16–17<br />
Resistance breakdown, in crabapples<br />
2: 10<br />
Rheum alexandre 3: 6<br />
Rhododendron, in Sichuan 2: 22, 22<br />
— capitatum 3: 13<br />
— prezwalskii, in Tibet 3: 10<br />
Rhododendrons, alpine 3: 8, 10, 13<br />
Rock, Joseph F., and Gongga Shan 3: 4<br />
— — 1926 photo by 2: 15<br />
Root development, and hormones 4:<br />
15–19, 18<br />
— disease fungi 1: 33<br />
Rosaceae 1: 3–4, 6; 2: 16; 3: 14, 19<br />
Rose, Nancy, “A S<strong>of</strong>t Touch: Pinus<br />
wallichiana” 3: 36, inside back<br />
cover<br />
— — photos by: 2: front/inside back<br />
covers; 3: front/inside back covers;<br />
4: front cover<br />
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 3: 2, 36<br />
Rubus spp. 3: 28<br />
Russia, Aronia breeding in 3: 22, 23,<br />
24, 25<br />
Rust diseases 1: 6<br />
Rutgers, apple breeding at 2: 20<br />
S<br />
Sakhalin Island 1: 44<br />
“Sand Pear—Pyrus pyrifolia,” Peter<br />
Del Tredici 4: inside covers, 28<br />
Sapindaceae 2: 26<br />
Sargent, Charles S. 2: 14, 16, 17,<br />
19, 32<br />
— — — Japanese plants and 1: 44<br />
— — — photography and 3: 10–11<br />
— — — Wilson, E.H. and 3: 2, 10–11<br />
Sasaki Associates 1: 17<br />
Sax, Karl 3: 36<br />
— — Malus research and 2: 17–19<br />
Schlesinger, Barthold 2: 32<br />
Science in <strong>the</strong> Pleasure Ground<br />
exhibit 1: 18–19<br />
Scientific Center for Viticulture<br />
[Armenia] 1: 5<br />
Scientific classification 4: 25–27<br />
— limits 4: 27<br />
Scott <strong>Arboretum</strong> 1: 27<br />
“Searching for Exotic Beetles,”<br />
Nichole K. Campbell 1: 31–35,<br />
31–35<br />
Seasonal changes, and trees 2: 30; 4:<br />
15–17, 19<br />
Seed collection 1: 20, 23–24<br />
“Seeking Cold-Hardy Camellias,”<br />
Anthony S. Aiello 1: 20–30, 20–30<br />
Shaw, Peter Ashton 1: 15<br />
Shawnee National Forest 4: 8, 12<br />
Shiitake cultivation 3: 28, 30–33,<br />
31, 33<br />
Shipping industry 1: 31–32; 2: 29<br />
Shrubs, centenarian or notable specimens<br />
1: 44, inside back cover<br />
— native 3: 14–25<br />
Sichuan/Tibet 2: 22–28; 3: 2–13, 3, 5,<br />
8, 9, 12<br />
Sino-American Botanical Expedition<br />
[1980] 2: 19<br />
Sin<strong>of</strong>ranchetia chinensis 2: 26<br />
Six-too<strong>the</strong>d bark beetle 1: 33, 33<br />
Slovakia, bark beetle in 1: 35<br />
Sochong Island 1: 22, 23<br />
“S<strong>of</strong>t Touch: Pinus wallichiana,”<br />
Nancy Rose 3: 36, inside back cover<br />
Soil 3: 29<br />
— and oaks 4: 13<br />
Solanaceae, blights <strong>of</strong> 4: 20<br />
Sorbus 1: 4; 2: 28; 3: 21<br />
— alnifolia 1: 24<br />
— aucuparia and Aronia cross 3: 25<br />
South Korea, deforestation in 1: 21<br />
— — expeditions to 1: 20–24, [1984]<br />
map 21, 20–23, 30<br />
— — hardy plants from 1: 20–30<br />
— — landscape 1: 21–23<br />
Späth Nursery [Berlin] 2: 6, 32<br />
Species, biological concept 4: 2, 25<br />
— differentiation in black oaks 4:<br />
2–13<br />
Spicebush, Japanese 1: 24<br />
Spiraeoideae 1: 3<br />
Spruce bark beetle 1: 35<br />
Spruces, as beetle host 1: 33, 35<br />
Stevens, P.F., “An Essay on Naming<br />
Nature: <strong>The</strong> Clash Between<br />
Instinct and Science” [review]<br />
4: 25–27<br />
Stewartia pseudocamellia, branching<br />
4: 15<br />
Storm damage 4: 22<br />
— — plant hormones and 4: 19<br />
Street trees, beetle damage to 1: 34<br />
Strontium, radioactive 2: 31<br />
Styrax japonica 1: 24<br />
Sunlight, and plant hormones 4: 16<br />
Sustainable crops 3: 23, 26–35<br />
Swissair Photos + Surveys 1: 15<br />
Sympatry, among oaks 4: 3<br />
Systematist debates 4: 25–27<br />
T<br />
Tachien-lu 3: 2, 8, 11<br />
Taean Peninsula 1: 21<br />
Taechong Island 1: 20–23<br />
Tagong temple 3: 12, 13<br />
Talltree <strong>Arboretum</strong> 4: 9<br />
Tang li tzu 4: 28<br />
“Taxonomic Teasers in Aronia” 3: 21<br />
Taxonomy, <strong>of</strong> Aronia 3: 21<br />
— — black oaks 4: 2–13<br />
— — Malus 2: 14, 16–17, 20<br />
— trends in 4: 25–27<br />
Three-ips lure, in beetle trap 1: 32<br />
Thuja spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35<br />
Tibetan Empire 3: 2–3<br />
Tibetan Frontier, circa 1910 3: 2–13, 8<br />
Tibetan region, exploration in 2:<br />
22–28; 3: 2–13<br />
— peoples 3: 2–3, 4, 11<br />
Time concepts, and trees 2: 29, 30–31<br />
Tinley Creek Forest Preserve 4: 10<br />
Topping damage 4: 19, 19<br />
Toucans 4: 25<br />
Tournachon, Gaspard-Félix (Nadar)<br />
1: 10<br />
Trabut, Louis 1: 4<br />
Trapping beetles, chemistry <strong>of</strong> 1: 32<br />
Tree care, and hormones 4: 15–19<br />
— consumption 2: 29<br />
— dating 2: 30–31<br />
— longevity 4: 15
Index 43<br />
“Tree Hormones and Why <strong>The</strong>y Matter,”<br />
Joseph Murray 4: 15–19, 15–19<br />
Trees, benefits <strong>of</strong> 2: 29–30; 4: 15<br />
— centenarian or notable specimens<br />
2: 16, 19, 32, inside back cover; 3:<br />
36, inside back cover; 4: 22, 22, 23,<br />
28, inside back cover<br />
— damage to 4: 18, 18, 19, 22, 24<br />
— human needs met by 2: 29–31<br />
— radioisotopes and dating <strong>of</strong> 2: 31<br />
— seasons and 2: 30; 4: 15–17, 19<br />
— time and 2: 20, 29, 30–31<br />
— urban 4: 15–19<br />
Trilliums, shade-grown 3: 33<br />
Tropical forests 2: 30–31; 3: 27<br />
Truffles, difficulty <strong>of</strong> 3: 30<br />
Tsuga spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35<br />
Tuber spp. 3: 30<br />
Tulip poplar 3: 31<br />
Turkey, quinces in: 1: 4, 6, 7<br />
Turkmenistan, fruit trees in 1: 4, 7<br />
Tyler <strong>Arboretum</strong> 1: 27<br />
UVW<br />
“Umwelt” concept 4: 26–27<br />
Urban mapping 1: 17<br />
— tree care 4: 15–19<br />
United States Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture<br />
(USDA) 1: 2<br />
— — — — APHIS and beetles<br />
1: 31–35<br />
— — — — artwork, circa 1900<br />
1: back cover<br />
— — — — GRIN 3: 21<br />
— — — — hardiness zone five 3: 36<br />
— — — — links 1: 34; 3: 21<br />
— — — — NPGS 1: 6, 7, 9<br />
— — — — PPQ program 1: 31–35<br />
— — — — Plants Database 3: 21<br />
— — — — Trans-Caucasus expeditions,<br />
recent 1: 4, 7<br />
US economy and tree consumption<br />
2: 29<br />
US Geological Surveys (USGS) 1: 17<br />
US National Agricultural Library,<br />
1909 illustration from 1: back cover<br />
US National <strong>Arboretum</strong> 1: 8, 21<br />
— — — — winters at 1: 24<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Bristol, Long Ashton<br />
[Eng.] 3: 21<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Connecticut, Aronia<br />
research at 3: 14–25<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Illinois, apple breeding<br />
at 2: 20<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> North Carolina, Chapel<br />
Hill 1: 24<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Pennsylvania arboretum<br />
1: 30<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin, juice crop<br />
research 3: 23<br />
Vaccinium corymbosum 3: 23<br />
Vavilov Institutes [Soviet] 1: 7<br />
Veitch Nurseries, E. H. Wilson and 3:<br />
2, 10<br />
Venturia inaequalis 2: 10<br />
V f<br />
gene, and apple scab 2: 20<br />
Viburnum bitchuense 1: 24<br />
— brevitubum, in China 2: 26, 27<br />
— chingii 2: 26<br />
Viburnums 2: 26<br />
Wachusett, view from 3: 26<br />
Walnut 3: 30, 32<br />
— varieties and grafts 3: 32<br />
War, deforestation from 1: 21<br />
Warming trends 4: 24<br />
Washburn, Bradford 1: 16<br />
— — aerial photography <strong>of</strong> 1: 12–17,<br />
13, 14<br />
Wasp, yellow-jacket 2: 3<br />
Watersprouts 4: 19<br />
Watson, James 4: 26<br />
“Wea<strong>the</strong>r at <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>—2009,”<br />
Bob Famiglietti 4: 20–24, chart 21,<br />
22–24<br />
Wea<strong>the</strong>r damage at <strong>Arboretum</strong> 4: 22<br />
Wea<strong>the</strong>r Station Data, 2009 4: 21<br />
Wildcrafting 3: 27, 33<br />
Willow, corkscrew 3: 35<br />
Willows, as beetle host 1: 34<br />
Willowwood <strong>Arboretum</strong> 1: 27<br />
Wilson, Ernest Henry, hydrangea and<br />
1: 44<br />
— — — lampshade poppy and 3: 2,<br />
4–7<br />
— — — Malus finds 2: 16<br />
— — — sand pear and 4: 28<br />
— — — Tibetan discoveries revisited<br />
3: 2–13<br />
Wilson’s China: A Century On [Flanagan<br />
and Kirkham, excerpt] 3: 2–13<br />
Windsor Great Park 3: 2<br />
Wisconsin, ginseng cultivation in<br />
3: 30<br />
Wood beetles 1: 31–35<br />
— digestion by mushrooms 3: 31<br />
— industry 2: 29<br />
— — pests and 1: 31–35<br />
— packing as pest vector 1: 31–32, 34;<br />
2; 29<br />
Woody florals 3: 33–35<br />
— ornamentals 1: 2–9, 20–30, 44; 2:<br />
2–21, 32; 3: 14–25, 33, 35, 36; 4: 28<br />
Worcester, MA, ALB in 1: 34<br />
World Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry Center [Kenya]<br />
3: 27<br />
World War II, deforestation from 1: 21<br />
— — — nursery trade and 2: 14, 32;<br />
3: 33–35<br />
Wright, Wilbur 1: 10<br />
Wyman, Donald, aerial photography<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1: 18<br />
— — crabapple namesake 2: 8, 9, 11,<br />
19, 19, 21<br />
— — — legacy 2: 19<br />
— — quince opinion 1: 5–6<br />
— — ‘Schlesingeri’ red maple and<br />
2: 32<br />
XYZ<br />
Xizang Autonomous Region 3: 3<br />
Xyleborus spp. 1: 35<br />
— seriatus 1: 35<br />
Xylotrechus spp. 1: 35<br />
— hircus 1: 35<br />
Ya-jia Pass region 3: 3–10, 3, 6, 8, 9<br />
Yangtze River, Wilson in 3: 11<br />
Yellow Sea islands 1: 20–21, 21–23<br />
Yichang, Wilson in 3: 11<br />
Yinger, Barry 1: 20, 21, 22, 28<br />
Yoon, Carol Kaesuk, at Cornell 4: 25<br />
— — — Naming Nature: <strong>The</strong> Clash<br />
Between Instinct and Science<br />
[reviewed] 4: 25–27<br />
Yushania, in China 2: 26<br />
Zacharias, Elizabeth H., Ph.D. 2: 28<br />
Zeiss camera on Hubble 1: 16<br />
Zhong, Xiao 3: 13<br />
Zhedou Pass 3: 4–5, 12<br />
Compiled by Rosalie Davis
A New Plant Introduction from <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Arnold</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>: Ilex glabra ‘Peggy’s Cove’<br />
John H. Alexander III<br />
In October 1988, I was in Nova Scotia for<br />
a speaking engagement with <strong>the</strong> Atlantic<br />
Rhododendron and Horticultural Society.<br />
Several members were kind enough to show me<br />
<strong>the</strong> sights, including local natural areas. One<br />
day we were on a seaside barren, northwest <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> fishing village <strong>of</strong> Peggy’s Cove, looking out<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Atlantic Ocean. Crouched between us<br />
and <strong>the</strong> ocean, on a treeless shore that appeared<br />
to be more rock than soil, were numerous<br />
inkberries, Ilex glabra. I have a special interest<br />
in this species and had previously collected<br />
inkberry cuttings from <strong>the</strong> New Jersey pine<br />
barrens and from compact plants I spotted<br />
while driving along Massachusetts roadways.<br />
<strong>The</strong> plants at Peggy’s Cove were dwarfed and<br />
misshapen by <strong>the</strong> harsh seaside environment,<br />
growing here near <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn extreme <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
species’ range.<br />
I knew that a plant’s response to its environment<br />
does not necessarily change its genetic<br />
makeup, so cuttings from <strong>the</strong>se dwarfed plants<br />
might grow into large, robust shrubs when<br />
planted in a favorable garden setting. But <strong>the</strong>n<br />
again—<strong>the</strong>y might not. My hope was that, after<br />
countless generations growing by <strong>the</strong> shore,<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir compact habit was now genetic. As plant<br />
propagator’s like to say, “<strong>The</strong> best time to take<br />
a cutting is when it’s <strong>of</strong>fered,” so I collected<br />
cuttings from plant after plant until my hosts<br />
seemed to grow weary from watching me.<br />
Thirty-eight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se cuttings—collected<br />
from perhaps 12 different plants—were stuck<br />
in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>’s propagation house. At least<br />
19 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cuttings rooted, and all were given <strong>the</strong><br />
accession number 929-88. Within this group I<br />
found what I had hoped to find: a more compact<br />
and smaller-leafed form <strong>of</strong> Ilex glabra.<br />
Named ‘Peggy’s Cove’ in honor <strong>of</strong> its site <strong>of</strong><br />
origin, this cultivar is not only compact, but it<br />
also grows well. It has a mounded habit with<br />
branches right to <strong>the</strong> ground. <strong>The</strong> latter trait is<br />
notable since a complaint sometimes heard about<br />
<strong>the</strong> Ilex glabra cultivars ‘Densa’ and ‘Compacta’<br />
is that <strong>the</strong>y frequently lose <strong>the</strong>ir lower branches.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r surviving plants <strong>of</strong> this collection ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
didn’t grow well or weren’t significantly different<br />
from cultivars already available.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>, <strong>the</strong> original plant <strong>of</strong> ‘Peggy’s<br />
Cove’ (now accession number 500-2007-A)<br />
is growing in <strong>the</strong> Leventritt Shrub and Vine<br />
Garden, near specimens <strong>of</strong> ‘Compacta’ for easy<br />
comparison. This 22-year-old plant is now 48<br />
inches (122 centimeters) tall and 60 inches (152<br />
centimeters) wide with a rounded habit. Perhaps<br />
it isn’t <strong>the</strong> best example because we have<br />
pruned it by harvesting many cuttings from it.<br />
Four lightly pruned 8-year-old plants near <strong>the</strong><br />
Dana Greenhouses (accession number 3-2002)<br />
are 22 to 36 inches (56 to 91 centimeters) tall<br />
and 30 to 45 inches (76 to 114 centimeters)<br />
wide. ‘Peggy’s Cove’ is a female, producing <strong>the</strong><br />
typical small black fruits <strong>of</strong> this species (if pollinated<br />
by a nearby male Ilex glabra). <strong>The</strong> leaves<br />
<strong>of</strong> ‘Peggy’s Cove’ are dark green and smaller<br />
than <strong>the</strong> average inkberry leaf.<br />
‘Peggy’s Cove’ inkberry grows best in full sun<br />
and tolerates light shade, but may stretch a bit<br />
and become less compact if in too much shade.<br />
Like many hollies, it prefers acidic soils that are<br />
evenly moist. Winter damage to leaves <strong>of</strong> this<br />
evergreen has been slight at <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arboretum</strong>.<br />
‘Peggy’s Cove’ is probably no hardier than what<br />
is typical for <strong>the</strong> species: USDA zone 5 (average<br />
annual minimum temperature -20 to -10°F<br />
[-28.8 to -23.4°C]). It is currently in <strong>the</strong> early<br />
stages <strong>of</strong> commercial production.<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
Many thanks to John Weagle, Stanley Dodds, Walter<br />
Ostrom, and <strong>the</strong> late Captain Richard M. Steele. It was<br />
<strong>the</strong>se folks who were instrumental in getting me to Nova<br />
Scotia and to that barren coast where I found Ilex glabra<br />
‘Peggy’s Cove’.<br />
A registration description <strong>of</strong> this cultivar was published<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Holly Society Journal, 2008, 26(2): 10–11.<br />
John H. Alexander III is Plant Propagator at <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arnold</strong><br />
<strong>Arboretum</strong>.