The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum - Arnoldia - Harvard University

The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum 

V O L U M E 6 8 • N U M B E R 1

The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum 

VOLUM E 68 • N UM BER 1 • 2010 

Contents 

Arnoldia (ISSN 0004–2633; USPS 866–100) 

is published quarterly by the Arnold Arboretum 

of Harvard University. Periodicals postage paid 

at Boston, Massachusetts. 

Subscriptions are $20.00 per calendar year 

domestic, $25.00 foreign, payable in advance. 

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Express. Send orders, remittances, requests to 

purchase back issues, change-of-address notices, 

and all other subscription-related communications 

to Circulation Manager, Arnoldia, Arnold 

Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Boston, MA 02130- 

3500. Telephone 617.524.1718; fax 617.524.1418; 

e-mail arnoldia@arnarb.harvard.edu 

Arnold Arboretum members receive a subscription 

to Arnoldia as a membership benefit. To 

become a member or receive more information, 

please call Wendy Krauss at 617.384.5766 or 

email wendy_krauss@harvard.edu 

Postmaster: Send address changes to 

Arnoldia Circulation Manager 

The Arnold Arboretum 

125 Arborway 

Boston, MA 02130–3500 

Nancy Rose, Editor 

Andy Winther, Designer 

Editorial Committee 

Phyllis Andersen 

Peter Del Tredici 

Michael S. Dosmann 

Kanchi N. Gandhi 

2 Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum of 

Swarthmore College 

Andrew Bunting 

13 Excerpts from Wild Urban Plants of the 

Northeast: A Field Guide 


26 Conserving the Dawn Redwood: The Ex Situ 

Collection at the Dawes Arboretum 

Greg Payton 

34 Index to Arnoldia Volume 67 

44 A New Plant Introduction from the Arnold 

Arboretum: Ilex glabra ‘Peggy’s Cove’ 

John H. Alexander III 

Front cover: ‘Verbanica’, a cultivar of saucer magnolia 

(Magnolia x soulangiana), was introduced in France in 

1873. Photo by Nancy Rose. 

Inside front cover: Urban wildflower or wicked weed? 

A new field guide, Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast, 

doesn’t judge, but will aid city dwellers in identifying 

the plants around them. Photo of hedge bindweed 

(Calystegia sepium) by Peter Del Tredici. 

Inside back cover: Plant propagator John H. Alexander III 

stands behind the original plant of Ilex glabra ‘Peggy’s 

Cove’, a new inkberry cultivar. Photo by Oren McBee. 

Back cover: Dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) 

has a storied history but continues to face 

conservation challenges. This unusual multi-trunked 

specimen is from a 1948 seed accession at the Arnold 

Arboretum. Photo by Michael Dosmann. 

Copyright © 2010. The President and 

Fellows of Harvard College

Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum 

of Swarthmore College 

Andrew Bunting 

From the inception in 1929 of the Scott 

Arboretum of Swarthmore College, the 

mission has remained the same—to collect 

and display outstanding ornamental plants, 

specifically trees, shrubs, and vines. Since 

1931, one of our most prominent collections 

of plants—and one that has stood the test of 

time—has been the magnolia collection. Early 

on, new magnolia accessions were received from 

notable nurseries, organizations, and individuals 

including Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford, 

New Jersey; Andorra Nursery, Chestnut Hill, 

Scott Arboretum 

Part of the magnolia collection at the Scott Arboretum.

Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum 3 


The original type specimen of Magnolia virginiana 

var. australis ‘Henry Hicks’ still thrives at the Scott 

Arboretum (above). This cultivar bears fragrant, creamy 

white flowers and cold-hardy evergreen foliage (right). 

Pennsylvania; the Arnold Arboretum; Hicks 

Nursery, Long Island, New York; and Highland 

Park, Rochester, New York. 

At the time, John Wister, first director of 

the Scott Arboretum, was developing the 

campus based on an evolutionary or phylogenetic 

tree, so all genera in a plant family were 

planted together, and hence all species in a family 

resided together. The magnolia collection 

housed both species and cultivars alike. 

In 1931, Wister began to get regular deliveries 

of many plants, especially magnolias, from 

Henry Hicks of Hicks Nursery on Long Island, 

New York. On May 8th, 1934, Hicks brought 

Wister a gift of plants which included 61 accessions 

representing 3,143 individual plants. 

These included seven seedlings of the sweetbay 

magnolia (Magnolia viginiana), a native species 

which was then known as Magnolia glauca. Of 

these original seven, only one survived. It was 

Scott Arboretum

4 Arnoldia 68/1 

Early History of the Scott Arboretum 

In 1929, John Caspar Wister was appointed the first director of the Arthur Hoyt 

Scott Horticultural Foundation (now the Scott Arboretum). Wister graduated 

in 1909 with a degree from the School of Landscape Architecture at Harvard 

University, and supplemented this education with courses taken at the New 

Jersey Agricultural College. After graduation, Wister worked in landscape architecture 

offices in both Philadelphia and New York. 

From his youth, John Wister was an avid plant collector. As a small boy he had 

exposure to estate gardening at different Wister properties located in and around 

Germantown, Philadelphia. At age 14 he grew 40 cultivars of chrysanthemums. 

After Wister started his professional career his interest in a myriad of plant groups 

and genera began to grow. Throughout his lifetime he was an avid collector of both 

herbaceous and tree peonies. Wister admired a photograph in a garden catalog that 

showed the peony collection of Arthur Hoyt Scott (for whom the Arboretum is 

named) and Edith Wilder Scott and in 1913 he met the Scotts at their home in 

Oak Lane, Philadelphia. 

On July 10, 1917, at the age of 30, Wister enlisted as a private in World War I. 

Wister was sent to France. On his leave time during the war Wister toured 

the gardens of Europe. While in France he collected several cultivars of tree 

peonies and sent the plants back to Mr. and Mrs. Scott. Wister was honorably 

discharged in 1919. 

Arthur Hoyt Scott was a graduate of the class of 1895 from Swarthmore 

College. His father, E. Irvin Scott, founded Scott Paper Company which was 

located in Chester, just south of Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. Like Wister, Scott 

developed a passion for ornamental horticulture as a young man. In 1920 he 

became president of the Scott Paper Company, but his spare time was primarily 

occupied by his love of plants. Scott served as an officer of the American Peony 

Society and the American Iris Society. As early as 1915 Scott was sending gifts 

of plants to his alma mater, Swarthmore College. His first gift was 100 lilacs of 

many different varieties. In 1919 the Scotts moved from Philadelphia to a 100-acre 

farm in Rose Valley near Swarthmore. As Wister later wrote “Here for the 

first time he had ample room. He at once began to plant great collections of 

flowering trees and shrubs like Japanese cherries, crabapples, dogwoods, lilacs, 

mockoranges and azaleas.” 

When Arthur Hoyt Scott wanted to study peonies he had to travel to Cornell 

University and when he wanted to see lilacs he had to go to Highland Park in 

Rochester, New York. Scott dreamed of having an arboretum at Swarthmore 

College where local gardeners could go and see attractive displays of his favorite 

plants. Scott had the support of Samuel Palmer, the head of the Botany Department, 

and Swarthmore College. Palmer, in turn, contacted Robert Pyle who 

had graduated from Swarthmore in 1897 and was serving on Swarthmore’s board 

of managers. Pyle was head of the Conard-Pyle Company, one of the country’s 

largest purveyors of mail-order roses.


Archives of the Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College 

John C. Wister (second from right) at the dedication of the Scott Arboretum’s rose garden in 1958. Wister was director of the Scott 

Arboretum from 1929 to 1969. 

Arthur Hoyt Scott died in 1927, at the age of 51. Two years later Edith Wilder 

Scott and Arthur Hoyt Scott’s sister, Margaret Moon, and her husband, Owen 

Moon, approached Swarthmore’s president with the idea of starting a campus 

arboretum. They recommended that John Wister become its first director, and 

so indeed he did. 

The early 1930s were the heydays of the Scott Horticultural Foundation. With 

Wister at the helm, the plant collections grew very quickly. Huge collections of 

Paeonia, Iris, Rhododendron, Syringa, Philadelphus, Prunus, Malus, Cotoneaster, 

Chrysanthemum, Narcissus and Magnolia were being accessioned and planted. 

In 1931 the Foundation accessioned 783 plants; in 1932 there were 1162 accessions, 

and in 1933, 1110 accessions. To put this in perspective the Scott Arboretum 

currently accessions about 300 plants per year.


planted in a poorly drained section of the 

Magnolia Collection, and over the years this 

sweetbay magnolia thrived (unlike most magnolias, 

this species performs well in wet soils). 

It was observed that while most specimens of 

Magnolia viriginiana in the Swarthmore area 

are deciduous, this particular specimen was 

reliably evergreen. In 1967 this clone was officially 

registered and named Magnolia virginiana 

var. australis ‘Henry Hicks’. The original 

type specimen remains in great shape today in 

the old Magnolia Collection. 

A Stream of Magnolias 

In addition to Magnolia virginiana, several 

accessions of Oyama magnolia (Magnolia 

sieboldii, previously M. parviflora), a shrubby 

Asian magnolia noted for its white flowers with 

striking crimson stamens, were added to the 

collection from several different sources. Other 

early additions included the star magnolia 

(Magnolia stellata), anise magnolia (Magnolia 

salicifolia), umbrella magnolia (Magnolia 

tripetala), Kobus magnolia (Magnolia kobus), 

southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), 

cucumbertree magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), 

and the saucer magnolia (M. x soulangiana, syn. 

Magnolia x soulangeana). 

Magnolia x soulangiana resulted from a cross 

between Magnolia denudata and Magnolia liliiflora 

in 1820 by Étienne Soulange-Bodin, who 

was the first director of the Royal Institute of 

Horticulture near Paris. For many gardeners 

across the United States, saucer magnolia is 

the quintessential magnolia species. This large 

shrub to medium-sized tree produces masses 

of large, showy flowers that emerge before the 

foliage. The flowers, which are often fragrant, 

appear in white and shades of pink and purple. 

In the early 1930s the Scott Arboretum 

received two different batches of Magnolia x 

soulangiana cultivars. In 1933, Arthur D. Slavin 

at Highland Park in Rochester, New York, sent 

‘Alexandrina’, which has deep red-purple flowers 

and was introduced in Paris in 1831; ‘Amabilis’, 

an 1865 French introduction with white 

flowers; ‘Alba’, which is another white-flowered 

clone that was grown and named by Louis 

van Houtte of Belgium; ‘André Leroy’, which 

has dark pink to purple flowers and is a French 

The slightly nodding flowers of Magnolia sieboldii bloom in 

late spring or early summer. 

Early-spring-flowering Magnolia salicifolia has fragrant, 

6-tepaled white flowers and a pyramidal growth habit. 

Nancy Rose 

Nancy Rose




Magnolia x soulangiana ‘Alexandrina’ is noted for its dramatic redpurple 

flowers. 

A David Leach hybrid of M. acuminata x M. denudata, ‘Ivory Chalice’ 

bears large, pale yellow to cream colored flowers. 

introduction from 1892; ‘Brozzoni’, which 

bears white flowers with pink veins and 

was named in honor of Camillo Brozzoni 

in Brescia, Italy in 1873; ‘Lennei’, which 

has tepals that are magenta on the outside 

and white on the inside; ‘Norbertii’, a lateblooming 

cultivar with red-purple flowers; 

and ‘Verbanica’, which has deep pink 

flowers and was named by André Leroy in 

France in 1873. In 1936, scions of all these 

clones were sent to Verkades Nursery in 

Wayne, New Jersey. The magnolias were 

propagated there, and duplicate plants were 

then sent back to the Scott Arboretum. 

Today, many of these original cultivars 

from Highland Park are found in our collections. 

Noted magnolia expert Philippe 

de Spoelberch from Arboretum Wespelaar, 

Haacht-Wespelaar, Belgium, commented 

that the Scott Arboretum’s collection of 

Magnolia x soulangiana cultivars is important 

because they most likely represent 

clones which are true to name. De Spoelberch 

said that many of the original cultivars 

from France are much confused in the 

nursery industry and that many cultivar 

names have been mistakenly attributed to 

the wrong cultivar. 

Southern Belles and Little Girls 

In 1933, the Scott Arboretum received 

its first plant of the southern magnolia 

(Magnolia grandiflora) as a gift from Edith 

Wilder Scott. This large magnolia, native 

to the southeastern United States, is prized 

for its leathery evergreen foliage and large, 

fragrant, creamy white flowers. Several 

cultivars of this species were soon added 

to the collection; in 1939, ‘Exoniensis’ 

was received from Princeton Nursery, and 

in 1940 ‘Lanceolata’ arrived from Hillier 

and Sons in Winchester, England. Both of 

these clonal names are synonymous with 

‘Exmouth’, which is a fastigiate cultivar. It 

was not until 28 years later, in 1968, that 

any additional selections of the southern 

magnolia were added to the Arboretum’s 

collections. ‘Edith Bogue’ was a selection 

that was made in 1961 for its ability to withstand 

very cold temperatures with minimal


Nancy Rose 


Nancy Rose 

Three of the “Little Girl” magnolia hybrids, (clockwise 

from above) ‘Betty’, ‘Ann’, and ‘Judy’. This 

group of magnolias was bred at the United States 

National Arboretum and named for the wives, 

daughters, and secretaries of the breeders. 

leaf burn. Our plant came from Kingsville Nursery 

in Kingsville, Maryland. Today, there are 

several specimens of ‘Edith Bogue’ growing on 

the campus of Swarthmore College, as well as 

7 other M. grandiflora cultivars including both 

‘D. D. Blanchard’ and ‘Pocono’ which also have 

been selected for greater cold hardiness. 

In 1968 the Scott Arboretum also received 

an important collection of magnolias from the 

United States National Arboretum. Commonly 

referred to as the Eight Little Girls, these 

magnolias were the result of hybridizing work 

conducted at the USNA by research geneticist 

Dr. Francis deVos and horticulturist William 

Kosar. In 1955, deVos began breeding working 

using Magnolia liliiflora ‘Nigra’ and Magnolia 

stellata ‘Rosea’. ‘Nigra’ was used for its hardiness 

and late blooming, while ‘Rosea’ was used 

for its fragrance, prolific flowering, and mildew 

resistance. The results of this program resulted 

in the introduction of cultivars ‘Ann’, ‘Judy’, 

‘Randy’, and ‘Ricki’. In 1956, Kosar hybridized 

Magnolia stellata ‘Rosea’ and ‘Waterlily’ with 

Magnolia liliiflora ‘Nigra’ and ‘Reflorescens’, 

which resulted in the introduction of cultivars 

‘Betty’, ‘Jane’, ‘Pinkie’, and ‘Susan’. Today at



A specimen of the rare Florida native Magnolia macrophylla subsp. ashei growing at the Scott Arboretum. 

the Scott Arboretum ‘Ann’, ‘Betty’, and ‘Susan’ 

remain as beautiful mature specimens, while 

the others that we lost have been replaced with 

younger specimens. The “Little Girl” hybrids 

remain a group of magnolias that we continue 

to promote as relatively small (about 12 to 20 

feet [3.5 to 6 meters] tall) magnolias for the 

home garden. 

In addition to Magnolia virginiana and Magnolia 

grandiflora, the Scott Arboretum added 

several other magnolia species native to the 

United States. We received the umbrella magnolia 

(Magnolia tripetala) from the Hicks Nursery 

in 1932 and Magnolia fraseri came from 

Arthur D. Slavin at Highland Park Nursery in 

1933. Magnolia macrophylla, which is closely 

related to Magnolia fraseri, was acquired from 

Andorra Nursery near Philadelphia in 1939. 

The Scott Arboretum’s first plant of Magnolia 

pyramidata (which is sometimes listed as 

Magnolia fraseri subsp. pyramidata) came to us 

via the Henry Foundation for Botanical Research 

in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania in 1971. This species 

is native to the coastal plains of Alabama, 

Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South 

Carolina, and Texas, while Magnolia fraseri is 

only found in the mountains. It wasn’t until 

1991 that we added the last of the North American 

native magnolias, a single plant of Magnolia 

macrophylla subsp. ashei. Ashe’s magnolia 

is very rare in the wild and only occurs in a 

small portion of the Florida panhandle where 

it is found from Leon to Wakulla counties and 

westward to Santa Rosa county. In the Red List 

of Magnoliaceae, which documents globally 

threatened plants within the magnolia family, 

Magnolia macrophylla subsp. ashei is given 

the conservation status of “vulnerable”, which 

means it is considered to be facing a high risk 

of extinction in the wild.


Courtesy of PAT McCracken 

Nancy Rose 

‘Gold Crown’, an August Kehr hybrid, bears large, light to 

medium yellow flowers. 

Recent Additions, Future Plans 

The 1990s saw dozens of new cultivars enter 

the Scott Arboretum’s collections from many 

magnolia purveyors such as Arbor Village 

Nursery, Gossler Farms, and Fairweather 

Gardens. In 1998, through Pat McCracken 

and McCracken Nursery, we received a number 

of cultivars introduced by noted magnolia 

hybridizer Dr. August Kehr. After retiring 

from the USDA, Kehr started a robust magnolia 

breeding program in Hendersonville, North 

Carolina that resulted in many outstanding 

cultivars of magnolias. Some of the Kehr cultivars 

included in our magnolia collection are 

‘Serenade’, ‘Pink Perfection’, and a number 

of the much-desired yellow-flowered hybrids 

including ‘Gold Crown’, ‘Golden Endeavor’, 

Magnolia zenii is a critically endangered species in its native 

range in China. 

‘Hot Flash’, ‘Solar Flair’, and ‘Sunburst’. To 

create the yellow magnolias Kehr made complex 

crosses using M. acuminata, M. denudata, 

M. x brooklynensis, M. ‘Elizabeth’, M. 

‘Woodsman’ and M. ‘Gold Star’. 

From 2000 to 2010 the Scott Arboretum continued 

to add dozens of new magnolia taxa to 

our collection. Many new cultivars of Magnolia 

grandiflora and Magnolia virginiana were 

added. Several other yellow-flowered magnolias 

such as ‘Yellow Joy’, ‘Limelight’ and ‘Golden 

Rain’ were added. In addition, many species 

magnolias from a variety of sources were accessioned, 

including Magnolia x wiesneri, a hybrid 

between M. sieboldii and M. obovata; Magnolia 

zenii which is critically endangered in China 

where only one population, comprised of 18



Magnolia denudata ‘Swarthmore Sentinel’ was selected and named for its distinctly upright habit.


individual trees, exists; and Magnolia wilsonii, 

which is endangered and only exists in scattered 

populations in Sichuan, northern Yunnan, and 

Guizhou, China. Two other additions—Magnolia 

lotungensis from China and M. tamaulipana 

from northeastern Mexico —may prove to be 

borderline hardy in Swarthmore (USDA zone 6, 

average annual minimum temperature -10°F to 

0°F [-23.3°C to -17.8°C]). 

In 2009 the Arboretum introduced a new 

selection of the Yulan magnolia, Magnolia 

denudata ‘Swarthmore Sentinel’. The Arboretum 

originally received a seedling from J. C. 

Raulston at North Carolina State University, 

who had received seeds from the Beijing Botanic 

Garden. From a seedling in 1993, the tree is over 

30 feet tall today. On several occasions visiting 

magnolia experts commented on how upright 

our particular clone was. Therefore, we decided 

to name this selection ‘Swarthmore Sentinel’ 

for its fastigiate habit. 

Over the last 81 years we have accessioned 

502 magnolias at the Scott Arboretum. Today 

the collection holds 165 different taxa. The 

Scott Arboretum’s collection is recognized as 

a national magnolia collection through the 

American Public Garden Association’s North 

American Plant Collections Consortium 

(NAPCC). According to the APGA “The North 

American Plant Collections Consortium is 

a network of botanical gardens and arboreta 

working to coordinate a continent-wide 

approach to plant germplasm preservation, and 

to promote high standards of plant collections 

management.” The Scott Arboretum will be 

working with approximately 20 other institutions 

across North America, including San 

Francisco Botanical Garden, Quarryhill Botanical 

Garden, University of British Columbia 

Botanical Garden, the Bartlett Arboretum, and 

Atlanta Botanical Garden to create a consortium 

of institutions to oversee the preservation 

and conservation of Magnoliaceae germplasm. 

This group will also be part of the NAPCC 

and administered through the APGA. Once 

formed, this Magnolia Curatorial Group will 

partner with the Magnolia Society International 

to target both wild species and cultivar 

groups which need to be preserved in botanic 

gardens and arboreta. The Scott Arboretum 

Magnolia ‘Charles Coates’ is an unusual hybrid between 

M. sieboldii and M. tripetala. 

will also continue to grow its own collections. 

We currently have 72 magnolia taxa growing 

in a nursery, and once these reach specimen 

size they will be transplanted to garden sites 

throughout the arboretum. In 2015 the Scott 

Arboretum plans to host the international 

meeting of the Magnolia Society International. 

Bibliography 

Callaway, D.J. 1994. The World of Magnolias. Timber 

Press, Portland, Oregon. 

Gardiner, J. 2000. Magnolias: A Gardener’s Guide. Timber 

Press, Portland, Oregon. 

Liu, Y.H. 2004. Magnolias of China. Hong-Kong, Beijing 

Science & Technology Press. 

Treseder, N.G. 1978. Magnolias. Faber and Faber, Limited, 

London and Boston. 

Wister, J.C. Swarthmore Plant Notes 1930–1954, Volume 

1, Part 1. pp. 80–88. 

Yagoda, B. 2003. The Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore 

College—The First 75 Years. The Donning 

Company Press. 

Andrew Bunting is Curator of the Scott Arboretum of 

Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. 

Scott Arboretum

Excerpts from Wild Urban Plants of 

the Northeast: A Field Guide 


Editor’s Note: 

Ever wonder what kind of 

tree that is, the one growing 

from a crack in the asphalt 

parking lot at work? Or what that 

tangled vine engulfing the slope by 

the subway station might be? Wild 

Urban Plants of the Northeast: A 

Field Guide, written by long-time 

Arnold Arboretum researcher 

Peter Del Tredici, may have your 

answer. Del Tredici’s goal with 

this book is “to help the general 

reader identify plants growing 

spontaneously in the urban environment 

and to develop an appreciation 

of the role they play in 

making our cities more livable.” 

Many of the 222 plants featured 

in the book could be called weeds, 

and some are notoriously invasive. 

The author eschews these 

labels, however, pointing out that 

in many urban/suburban areas the 

environment has been so radically 

altered (think non-native fill soils, 

soil compaction and contamination, 

impermeable pavement, and 

pollution) that the presence of any 

plants has benefits. 

This handy guide is organized by plant families and includes both woody and herbaceous 

plants. Numerous color photographs and extensive information is provided for each 

species, including place of origin, descriptions of vegetative, flower, and fruit characteristics, 

and habitat preference. Some fascinating details emerge from the “Cultural Significance” 

subsections—for example: “During World War II, the silky seed hairs [of common 

milkweed, Asclepias syriaca] were used as a substitute for kapok to fill “Mae West” life 

vests. Between 1943 and 1945, a million such flotation devices were filled with the floss 

from some 24 million pounds (11 million kilograms) of milkweed pods.” 

Following are half a dozen plant species featured in the book. Reprinted from: Peter 

Del Tredici, Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast: A Field Guide. Copyright © 2010 by 

Cornell University. Used by permission of the publisher, Cornell University Press. 374 

pages. ISBN 978-0-8014-7458-3.

14 Arnoldia 68/1

Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast 15











Conserving the Dawn Redwood: 

The Ex Situ Collection at the Dawes Arboretum 

Greg Payton 

Since 1990, the Dawes Arboretum in Newark, 

Ohio, has undertaken a large scale 

ex situ conservation project with Metasequoia 

glyptostroboides, the dawn redwood. 

Ex situ conservation is defined as the conservation 

of genes or genotypes outside their environment 

of natural occurrence (China, in the 

case of dawn redwood). There are challenges 

and limits to ex situ conservation, but for some 

threatened or endangered plants and animals it 

is an essential component in efforts to keep the 

species from extinction. For a long-term conservation 

project to be successful and sustainable, 

a large sampling of genetic material is desirable 

to maintain the existing and potential variation 

within a particular species. Many attempts at 

rescue efforts are done on a limited basis, and 

they hold relatively small numbers of specimens 

due to insufficient space and budgetary 

limitations. Ideally, ex situ collections should 

have the capacity to grow the requisite number 

of individuals essential for preserving the base 

Nancy Rose 

Dawn redwoods develop distinctive buttressed trunks with age.

Dawn Redwood at the Dawes Arboretum 27 

Greg PAYTON 

Greg PAYTON 

A specimen with good form and foliage qualities (accession 

D1993-0249.004). 

gene reserve with a goal of capturing as large 

of a part of the genetic diversity within the 

species as possible. Some species require relatively 

few individuals to capture that genetic 

range, while others require much larger population 

sizes. Studies of the genetic variation 

within dawn redwood have been and still are 

being conducted. Early results indicate that 

there is a fairly low genetic diversity, although 

there is some differentiation within the native 

populations throughout the overall range of 

the species. 

Ex situ conservation does have its limits, and 

ideally it should complement in situ protection 

in the natural environment. Preserving a 

native, wild population is the best option, and 

this should be the primary focus of any conservation 

program. One of the particular problems 

with ex situ conservation lies in the inevitable 

environmental differences between the site of 

origin and the site of the ex situ collection. If 

Variations in foliage of trees in the Dawes plantation. All 

branchlets photographed on October 13, 2009. 

plants in the ex situ site are allowed to sexually 

reproduce, environmental conditions in 

this new setting favor the selection and survival 

of the progeny best adapted to that site. 

Progeny that survive in the ex situ location 

may have different traits than progeny which 

would have survived in the original site. While 

this may have advantages from a horticultural 

standpoint (e.g. selection of plants with greater 

cold hardiness or better drought tolerance), it 

is a disadvantage for most conservation goals. 

Preserving the genetic diversity of a species ex 

situ may be best accomplished by maintaining 

clonal populations. However, seed banking of 

species with orthodox seeds (seeds that survive 

drying or freezing) can also be important in 

securing a species for the future, and there is the 

advantage that seeds can be stored in a much 

smaller space than living plants. A combination 

of both seed banking and living plants offers the 

most opportunities for conservation research.


Meet Metasequoia glyptostroboides 

Dawn redwood (shui-shan in Chinese, meaning 

“water-fir”) is a deciduous conifer similar to bald 

cypress (Taxodium distichum). The soft, distichous 

needles of dawn redwood are arranged 

oppositely, easily distinguishing it from bald 

cypress with its alternate needle arrangement. 

When dawn redwood—once thought to be 

extinct—was discovered still growing in southcentral 

China in a mild and wet climate, it was 

not believed that it would survive in the United 

States north of Georgia. The provenance testing 

done since Metasequoia seeds arrived in the 

United States in 1948 shows that it can survive 

in USDA Hardiness Zones 5 to 8 (average 

annual minimum temperature -20 to 20°F 

[-28.8 to -6.7°C]) in areas with sufficient rainfall 

(or with supplemental watering). In its native 

Sichuan, China, the average rainfall is around 

40 inches (100 centimeters) per year but dawn 

redwood has survived in parts of the United 

States with lesser amounts of rainfall. 

The typical form is a large tree, up to 150 

feet (45 meters) tall in the wild, pyramidal in 

youth, becoming more open-crowned with 

great age. The trunks on older specimens 

become strongly buttressed. It is fast growing 

when moisture is available and can add over 

3 feet (1 meter) of growth per year. It is heliophilic 

(requiring full sun), which has limited 

its use as a commercial timber tree since it 

does not grow well in competition. 

Many millions of dawn redwoods have now 

been planted throughout China, but the condition 

of the native population has remained stagnant. 

The 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened 

Species gives dawn redwood a status of critically 

endangered, saying that the few remaining trees 

have been protected but that the habitat has not 

been, and there are poor prospects for natural 

regeneration. The valleys the tree prefers have 

been denuded of vegetation and mature trees 

are often limbed up—all the way to the top—for 

firewood. Seedling reproduction is unlikely in 

this altered environment. In the past, natural 

seeding was also hampered because the seeds 

were collected and sold by farmers for various 

uses such as timber plantations. This practice 

has become less common in recent years, since 

An example of a plant that exists 

only ex situ is Franklinia alatamaha, 

Franklin tree. It is believed to have 

been extirpated from its native range 

(Georgia, in the southeastern United 

States) by the early nineteenth century. 

Fortunately, botanists John and 

William Bartram found and later collected 

and propagated Franklin tree 

in the late eighteenth century, and 

the species still survives in cultivation 

today. It blooms from late summer into 

autumn, and flowering often overlaps 

with fall foliage color. 

other Chinese conifers have provided lumber of 

greater quality. In addition, propagation from 

cuttings has proven to be advantageous for producing 

new plants. 

Recent surveys indicate that 5,396 native 

trees (of all ages) still remain in the native range 

in China. The majority of trees (5,363) grow 

in western Hubei, while 28 grow in eastern 

Chongqing. Only 5 trees remain in Hunan. 

Nancy Rose


A Case of Depression and the 

“Single Tree” Theory 

In 1983, Dr. John Kuser, a forestry professor at 

Rutgers University, surmised that cultivated 

Metasequoia in the United States were suffering 

from inbreeding depression. He said, 

“Apparently, variation in the amount of 

genetic load carried by different trees causes 

some to be incapable of producing fertile selfpollinated 

seeds but allows others to produce 

a few viable seeds and occasional trees to self 

quite well.” He noted that Metasequoia pollen 

is wingless and “tends to clump together.” The 

best seed germination was found to occur on 

trees that had been located advantageously for 

cross-pollination. 

At the time, the popular belief was that the 

poor germination of seedlings was the result of 

trees in the United States having all originated 

from the single “type” tree in the village of 

Maudao, China. However, allozyme variation 

work done in 1995 showed that the 1947 seeds 

were not likely to have come from a single isolated 

tree. Furthermore, a copy of a previously 

unpublished paper by W. C. Cheng dated March 

25, 1948 revealed, as stated above, that Hwa had 

found more than 1000 Metasequoia and about 

100 “big ones.” Apparently seeds from many 

Map by Greg PAYTON 

Map of native dawn redwood distribution and seedlot collection sites.


trees had been collected and disseminated. Poor 

seed set seems to stem from the fact that most 

seed production outside of China is the result of 

selfing (due to isolation of specimens). 

The genetic variation of dawn redwood in 

China was believed to be much greater than 

that in the United States, and in 1990 a cooperative 

research project on Metasequoia began 

between Dr. W. J. Libby at the University of 

California, Berkeley, Professor Minghe Li at 

Huazhong Agricultural University in Hubei, 

China, and Dr. Kuser. A number of organizations 

contributed to fund the project, and it was 

at this point that the Dawes Arboretum became 

involved in provenance testing of Metasequoia. 

Professor Li collected Metasequoia seeds from 

several locations in its native range in October 

1990. In April 1991, 53 packets of seeds were 

Greg PAYTON 

Photo by Burney Huff (Dawes archives) 

A dawn redwood specimen from the original 1949 seed accession 

at the Dawes Arboretum. The photograph is from the 

early 1990s when the tree was nearly 80 feet (24 meters) tall; a 

lightning strike later took out the top of the tree. 

A bronze-foliaged specimen in the plantation (accession 

D1993-0237.005). 

received at Rutgers University from Professor 

Li, 52 from trees that still had seed cones, 

and one packet of mixed seeds. These seed lots 

were germinated, and only four of the collections 

produced no seedlings. The remaining 

48 “families” were grown on, and complete 

collections were planned for both Rutgers and 

Dawes. The remaining seedlings were distributed 

to nearly 20 cooperating institutions and 

individuals in the United States and United 

Kingdom. (The Arnold Arboretum received 

125 of these seedlings.) 

In 1993 the Dawes Arboretum received two 

shipments of the dawn redwood seedlings from 

Rutgers. A total of 344 trees were planted in the 

Dawes plantation. Because of the large size (8 

acres [3.2 hectares]) of the Dawes site we were 

able to plant the trees 25 feet (7.6 meters) apart 

so no subsequent thinning was necessary. 

Current Status of the Dawes Collection 

The Dawes plantation of seedlings from Professor 

Li and Rutgers currently consists of 320 

trees, which makes it one of the largest living 

ex situ conservation collections of documented 

wild-origin dawn redwood trees outside of 

China. Through 2009, 24 trees have been lost


from this plantation, and one seed lot family 

has been lost completely from both the Dawes 

and Rutgers plantations. In 2009, Dawes began 

contacting other institutions to see what living 

accessions they had from the original 52 seed 

lots; 29 new accessions (in the form of vegetative 

cuttings) representing trees from seed lots 

where Dawes had few representatives were 

obtained from these institutions. Since each 

of these trees was originally grown from seeds, 

every tree is genetically unique and therefore 

valuable for its individuality. These cuttings 

are currently doing well in propagation and will 

help to provide more genetic stock to add to the 

diversity of the plantation. 

The search for additional collections of this 

Li/Rutgers project is ongoing. Any other modern 

or historical collection of wild material 

would be invaluable to add to the Dawes collection. 

One of the seed lots that had no germination 

was the only lot from Hunan, collected 

from three individual dawn redwoods there, so 

we are especially interested in acquiring germplasm 

from the few trees in Hunan. 

In addition to the plantation trees, Dawes has 

a few other accessions of wild-collected Metasequoia: 

three accessions from the original 1947 

seedlings, received in 1950 from Ralph Chaney 

who presumably got his seeds from Merrill; a 

grove of 44 trees propagated by cuttings in 1960 

from the previous accession; and three individuals 

also propagated from the original accession. 

Into the Future 

In Metasequoia, female cones (macrosporangiate 

strobili) are typically produced when trees 

reach a height of 30 to 50 feet (9 to 15 meters 

). Male cones (microsporangiate strobili) are 

not produced until trees are 60 to 83 feet (18 

to 25 meters) in height. At this point, neither 

female nor male cones have been observed on 

the Dawes Arboretum plantation trees. 

As the grove continues to grow and seed 

production begins, the resultant progeny will 

represent the greatest level of genetic variation 

within dawn redwood outside of China. 

The origins of these plantation trees are from 

across the estimated 800 square kilometer (312 

sq. mi.) native range in central China where 

full cross-pollination is very unlikely. Studies 

have shown that trees in the native populations 

show a lack of spatial genetic flow, indicating 

Greg PAYTON 

Wide spacing allows ample room for trees in the dawn redwood plantation.


David Brandenburg 

The author with a witches’-broom on one of the Dawes plantation trees. 

In 2009, both the genetic and taxonomic (cultivar) collections of dawn redwoods at the 

Dawes Arboretum were granted full status as a North American Plant Collections Consortium 

(NAPCC) collection. This symbolizes the commitment of the staff and organization 

to fulfilling the duty of preserving this important collection. As a repository for North 

America, requests for propagation material are honored for research purposes. 

Of horticultural interest, there are well over two dozen cultivars of Metasequoia that 

add to the range of variation within the species. ‘Miss Grace’ and ‘Bonsai’ are dwarf selections, 

‘Jack Frost’ has a hint of variegation, and ‘Ogon’ (syn. ‘Gold Rush’) is a Japanese 

cultivar with bright yellow foliage that originated from irradiated seeds. Several cultivar 

selections could be made from the Dawes plantation trees, as there are some interesting 

habits and foliage types. Tree heights of the plantation trees are from scarcely 3 feet (1 

meter) tall to over 33 feet (10 meters), and habits range from squat and round to tall and 

narrow with many forms in between. Foliage varies from large and coarse to small and 

fine, with colors in shades of green and bronze. A witches’-broom—which may yield dwarf 

forms—has even been found on one specimen.


genetic isolation due to habitat fragmentation 

(Leng et al. 2007). As stated earlier, natural 

pollen dissemination is limited. 

Since these wide-ranging Chinese collections 

are located together in a single plantation 

at Dawes, broad genetic combinations could 

occur. The resultant mixed, open-pollinated 

seeds could prove useful for horticultural purposes 

as well as for selecting for resistance to 

any future insect or disease pressures. These 

seeds would have limited use for some conservation 

projects (since they are from mixed 

meta-populations), but there is potential for 

controlled crossing within the separate seed 

lot collections, which would give greater conservation 

value. The seeds produced here will 

be made available to seed banks, researchers, 

and growers. 

This collection holds many opportunities 

for future studies and research to be conducted 

without traveling to China. The sister 

population at Rutgers University is currently 

the subject of an amplified fragment length 

polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to assess the 

breadth of the genetic diversity of the collection. 

Since most of the genotypes at Rutgers 

are duplicates of dawn redwoods in the collection 

at Dawes, the data from the AFLP study 

will pertain to this collection as well. We hope 

that this successful ex situ collection at the 

Dawes Arboretum will aid in the conservation 

and further understanding of this ancient and 

impressive species. 

Bibliography 

Andrews, H.N. 1948. Metasequoia and the Living Fossils. 

Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin 36(5): 

79–85. 

Bartholomew, B., D.E. Boufford, and S.A. Spongberg, 1983. 

Metasequoia glyptostroboides—Its Present 

Status in Central China. Journal of the Arnold 

Arboretum 64: 105–128. 

Ecker, Eisenman, S.W. 2009. Pers. comm. Rutgers 

University, School of Environmental and 

Biological Sciences, Department of Plant 

Biology and Pathology. 

GSPC. 2002. Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. 

Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on 

Biological Diversity. 

Hendricks, D.R. 1995. Metasequoia Depression, Sex, and 

Other Useful Information. Landscape Plant 

News 6(2): 7–10. 

Hendricks, D. and P. Sondergaard. 1998. Metasequoia 

glyptostroboides—50 years out of China. 

Observations from the United States and 

Denmark. Dansk Dendrologisk Arsskrift 6: 

6–24. 

Hsueh, C.-J. 1985. Reminiscences of Collecting the Type 

Specimens of Metasequoia glyptostroboides. 

Arnoldia 45(4): 10–18. 

Hu, H.H. 1948. How Metasequoia, the “living fossil” was 

discovered in China. Journal of the New York 

Botanical Garden 49(585): 201–207. 

IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 

2009.1. Retrieved October 12, 2009, from www. 

iucnredlist.org 

Kuser, J.E., D.L.Sheely, and D.R. Hendricks. 1997. Genetic 

Variation in Two ex situ Collections of the Rare 

Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Cupressaceae). 

Silvae Genetica 46(5): 258–264. 

Kuser, J. 1983. Inbreeding Depression in Metasequoia. 

Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64: 475–481. 

Leng, Q. et.al. 2007. Database of Native Metasequoia 

glyptostroboides Trees in China Based on New 

Census Surveys and Expeditions. Bulletin of 

the Peabody Museum of Natural History 48(2): 

185–233. 

LePage, B.A., C.J. Williams, and H. Yang. 2005. The 

Geobiology and Ecology of Metasequoia. 

Springer. 

Li, M. 2009, November 1. Pers. comm. 

Li, X.-D., H.-W. Huang, and J.-Q. Li. 2003. Genetic 

diversity of the relict plant Metasequoia 

glyptostroboides. Biodiversity Science 11: 

100–108. 

Ma, J. 2003. On the unsolved mystery of Metasequioa. 

Acta Botanica Yunnanica (25)2: 155–172. 

Ma, J. 2003. The Chronology of the “Living Fossil” 

Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Taxodiaceae): A 

Review (1943–2003). Harvard Papers in Botany 

8(1): 9–18. 

Ma, J. 2002. The History of the Discovery and Initial 

Seed Dissemination of the Metasequoia 

glyptostroboides, A “Living Fossil”. Aliso 21(2): 

65–75. 

Ma, J. and G. Shao. 2003. Rediscovery of the “first 

collection” of the ‘Living Fossil’, Metasequoia 

glyptostroboides. Taxon 52(3): 585–588. 

Merrill, E.D. 1998–1999. Another Living Fossil Comes 

to the Arnold Arboretum. Arnoldia 58–59(4-1): 

17–19. 

Sand, S. 1992. The Dawn Redwood. American 

Horticulturist 71(10): 40–44. 

Wyman, D. 1968. Metasequoia After Twenty Years in 

Cultivation. Arnoldia 28(10–11): 113–122. 

Greg Payton is the Plant Records Specialist at the Dawes 

Arboretum in Newark, Ohio.

Index to Arnoldia Volume 67 

Items in boldface refer to illustrations 

A 

Abies spp., and exotic beetles 1: 33, 35 

— homolepis, lightning-damaged 4: 

22, 22 

Abscisic acid 4: 15, 18–19 

— — photosynthesis and 4: 19 

Acai juice 3: 23 

Acer spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35 

— davidii, in China 2: 22, 26 

— — bark 2: inside front cover 

— rubrum ‘Schlesingeri’ 2: 32, inside 

back cover 

— — — propagation and redistribution 

of 2: 32 

— saccharum 3: 31 

— sutchuenense, in China 2: 27 

Ackerman, Dr. William 1: 24, 28 

Acorns, features of 4: 2–5, 3–5, 10, 11 

Adenorachis 3: 21 

Aerial photography and mapping 1: 

10–19, 11–15, 17–19 

Aesculus spp., and exotic beetles 1: 

34, 35 

Afghanistan, pine from 3: 36, inside 

back cover 

Africa, pest beetles from 1: 33 

Agrilus planipennis 1: 34, 34 

Agroforestry 3: 26–27 

Aiello, Anthony S., “Seeking Cold- 

Hardy Camellias” 1: 20–30 

Ailuropoda melanoleuca, discovery 


Akebia trifoliata, in China 2: 26 

Alders, as beetle host 1: 35 

Alexander, John H., III 

— — — — photographs by 1: inside 

front/back covers; 2: 18 

Allium tricoccum 3: 30 

Alnus spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35 

Alpha-pinene 1: 32 

Alpine plants, in China 3: 2–13, 4, 6, 

10–11 

Ambrosiella fungi 1: 35 

American ginseng 3: 28–30, 29–30, 35 

Amplified fragment length polymorphism 

(AFLP) 4: 7, 9–10 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service (APHIS), and beetles 1: 

31–35 

Anoplophora glabripennis 1: 34, 34 

Anteater 2: 30 

Anthocyanins 3: 23 

Anticancer plants 3: 23, 25 

Antioxidant fruit 3: 14–25 

— — commercial potential of 3: 23–25 

Ants, leaf-cutter 2: 30 

Appalachian Mts., Tennessee 3: 20 

Apple, original 2: 20 

— fruiting genotypes 2: 20 

— quince and 1: 3 

— scab resistance 2: 10, 10, 20 

Apple-pear, Asian 4: 28 

Apomixis 3: 19, 21, 22, 24–25 

Arboriculture and plant hormones 4: 

15–19 

Arborvitae, as beetle host 1: 35 

Arisaema dilatatum, in China 2: 

27, 28 

Armenia, quince-growing in 1: 5, 5 

Arnold Arboretum, Acer rubrum 

‘Schlesingeri’ at 2: 32, inside back 

cover 

— — aerial photographs of 1: 1927, 

11; 1929, 13; 1936, 14; 1955, 13, 

18; 1967, 12; 1968, 15; 2005, front 

cover, 11, 15; 2006, 18; 2007, 12; 

2008, 17; 2009, 19; 2: 2008, 14 

— — apple selection at 2: 20 

— — autumn interest 2: 32, inside 

back cover; 4: 23 

— — beetle research at 1: 31–35, 32 

— — Bentham and Hooker sequence 

at 2: 16 

— — Bradley Rosaceous Collection 1: 

14, 44; 2: 16, 20, 20; 4: 22, 24 

— — Bussey Brook Meadow, in aerial 

photo 1: 14 

— — Bussey Hill, in aerial photos 1: 

11, 13, 14 

— — Camellia trials 1: 27 

— — cartography systems 1: 12–19 

— — Centre Street, in aerial photo 

1: 14 

— — China expeditions, 1907–1908, 

1910 3: 2–13 

— — cold-hardiness at 3: 36 

— — conifer collection 3: 36; 4: 22 

— — crabapple legacy 2: 14–21, back 

cover 

— — Crataegus at 2: 16 

— — cultivar evaluation 2: 18 

— — Dana Greenhouses, in aerial 

photos 1: 14 

— — early accessions 1: 44; 2: 16, 

19–20 

— — Faxon Pond 2: 32 

— — Forest Hills Gate 2: 16 

— — Forsythia hybrids at 2: 18 

— — Himalayan pine at 3: 36, inside 

back cover 

— — Hunnewell building, in aerial 

photos 1: 15, 15 

— — Hydrangea paniculata ‘Praecox’ 

at 1: inside covers, 44 

— — introductions 1: 44; 2: 6, 18–21 

— — Japanese and Korean plants at 1: 

27, 44; 2: 16 

— — Leventritt Shrub and Vine Garden, 

aerial photo of 1: front cover 

— — Living Collections survey 1: 

15, 17 

— — Master Plan 1: 17 

— — Meadow Road 2: 32 

— — Malus collection 2: 4, 14–21, 14, 

16–21, back cover 

— — Metasequoia glyptostroboides 

at 4: 23 

— — model 1: 18–19 

— — Nikko fir, loss of 4: 22, 22 

— — Peters Hill 2: 14, 16, 16, 18, 19, 

19, 20 

— — — — in aerial photos 1: 11–12, 14 

— — Pinus wallichiana at 3: 36, 

inside back cover 

— — plant distribution benefits 2: 20 

— — Prunus at 1: 13; 2: 18; 4: 24 

— — Pyrus 2: 16 

— — — pyrifolia at 4: inside covers, 28 

— — Rosaceae blights at 4: 22 

— — sand pear at 4: 28, inside back 

cover 

— — Visiting Committee, 1955 1: 15 

— — “Weather Station Data—2009” 

4: 20–24 

— — Weld Hill in aerial photos 1: 14, 

18, 19, 19 

— — winter temperatures 3: 36 

Arnoldia, Index to Volume 66 1: 

36–43 

— and Donald Wyman 2: 19

Index 35 

Arnot Teaching and Research Forest 

3: 32, 32 

Aronia 3: front/back covers, 14–25, 

14–18, 22, 24 

— arbutifolia 3: 14–15, 15–19, 

21–22, 24 

— — flowers 3: 15 

— — foliage 3: 15 

— — fruit 3: 14 

— fruit chemistry 3: 14, 21, 23–25 

— — crop potential 3: 19–25 

— genetics 3: 19, 21, 22, 24–25 

— habitat and range 3: 18–19, 

18–20, 21 

— hybrids 3: 21, 25 

— juice products 3: 22–25, 23 

— ‘Likernaya’ 3: 25 

— melanocarpa 3: 15–19, 16, 17, 

21–25, 22, 24 

— — foliage 3: 17, 22 

— — fruit 3: front cover, 16, 24 

— — growth habit 3: 21, 22 

— — ‘Nero’ 3: 24, 25 

— — x Sorbus aucuparia 3: 25 

— — ‘Viking’ 3: 24, 25 

— mitschurini 3: 25 

— ploidy and apomixis in 3: 19, 21, 

22, 24–25 

— prunifolia 3: 15, 18–19, 21, 22 

— — x arbutifolia 3: 21 

— — x melanocarpa 3: 21 

— — x prunifolia 3: 21 

— taxonomy 3: 21 

— — and Photinia 3: 21 

“Aronia: Native shrubs With 

Untapped Potential,” Mark Brand 3: 

14–25, 14–20, 22–24 

Ash, as beetle host 1: 34 

— borer, emerald 1: 34 

Asia, plants from 1: 20–30, 44; 2: 5, 

22–28; 3: 2–13, 36; 4: 28 

Asian long-horned beetle (ALB) 1: 34, 

34; 2: 29 

— medicine, traditional 3: 29–30 

Asiatica Nursery [PA] 1: 20–21 

Asimina triloba, fruit of 3: 28, 28, 30 

Astilbes, shade-grown 3: 33 

Atomic testing 2: 31 

Autumn color 2: 32; 4: 23, 28 

“Autumn’s Harbinger: Acer Rubrum 

‘Schlesingeri’,” Michael S. Dosmann 

2: 32, inside back cover 

Auxin pathway 4: 15–19 

— exogenous 4: 18 

B 

Bachtell, Kris, photo by 2: inside 

front cover 

Bacterial diseases 2: 10; 4: 22 

Bamboo, in panda habitat 2: 26 

Baoxing, plant exploring in 2: 22–28 

Bark beetles, in port of Boston 1: 

31–32 

Basset, Cédric,“In the Footsteps of 

Father David” 2: 22–28, 22–28 

Bayesian approach 4: 11 

Beech 3: 31 

Beeches, as beetle host 1: 35 

Beetle, ambrosia 1: 32 

— Asian long-horned (ALB) 1: 34, 34; 

2: 29 

— emerald ash borer (EAB) 1: 34, 34 

— European spruce bark 1: 35 

— red-haired pine bark 1: 33, 33 

— six-toothed bark 1: 33, 33 

Beetles, damaging 1: 31–35, 33–4 

— — emergence and phenology 1: 

32, 35 

— — fungal vectors of 1: 33, 35 

— — links to information 1: 34 

— — new surveys and trapping methods 

1: 32–35 

— — observation of 1: 34 

Bene, John 3: 27 

Bentham, George 4: 26 

Bentham and Hooker sequence 2: 16 

Berberidaceae 2: 26 

Beresowski (the botanist) 2: 28 

Berks, Robert 4: 27 

Berry crops 3: 14–25, 28, 30 

“‘Best’ Crabapples (Malus spp.)” 

2: chart 9 

Betula spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35 

“Between Earth and Sky: Our Intimate 

Connections to Trees,” Nalini 

M. Nadkarni, 

[excerpt] 2: 29–31 

Bible, quince in 1: 3 

Binomial nomenclature 4: 26 

Biodiversity 2: 22–23, 24, 28; 3: 6, 

11–13, 26, 27, 28 

Biology and taxonomy 4: 25–27 

Birch spp. 3: 36 

Birches, as beetle host 1: 34, 35 

Birds 2: 6, 10; 3: 14, 16 

“Bird’s-eye Views: Aerial Photographs 

of the Arnold Arboretum,” Sheila 

Connor 1: 10–19, 10–19 

Black, James W., aerial photography of 

1: 10, 10 

Blackberries 3: 28 

Blights and 2009 weather 4: 20, 22 

Blooming, premature 4: 24 

Blue Ridge Community College 4: 19 

Blue stain fungi 1: 33 

Boston 133 Cities Urban Area mapping 

program 1: 17 

Boston port 1: 31 

— — invasive beetles and 1: 31–32 

Botryosphaeria obtusa 2: 10 

Bourg, Ian C., Ph.D. 2: 28 

Brand, Mark, “Aronia: “Native shrubs 

With Untapped Potential” 3: 14–25 

— — photos by 3: back cover 

Bristol, Peter 1: 21 

Brooklyn Botanic Garden 2: 6 

Buckeyes, as beetle host 1: 34, 35 

Burbank, Luther, and quinces 1: 2, 4, 

7, 8 

Burma, pine from 3: 36 

Burnett, D. Graham 4: 27 

Bussey Institute 2: 17 

C 

Calanthe tricarinata, in China 2: 

25, 25 

California, quinces in 1: 2, 3 

Callicarpa japonica 1: 24 

“Camellia Belt” 1: 27 

Camellia japonica 1: 20–30, 22–23, 

25–29 

— — ‘Balustrade’ 1: 29 

— — ‘Bloomfield’ 1: 29, 29 

— — espaliered 1: 30 

— — fruit and seed 1: 23 

— — grazing and 1: 23 

— — ‘Korean Fire’ 1: 28 

— — Korean selections 1: 24–29, 27, 

28, 29 

— — ‘Longwood Centennial’ 1: 28 

— — ‘Longwood Valentine’ 1: 28 

— — ‘Meadowbrook’ 1: 29 

— — ‘Morris Mercury’ 1: 29 

— — winter performance 1: 20, 24–30 

Camellias, hardier 1: 20–30 

Campanulaceae 2: 26


Campbell, Nichole K., “Searching for 

Exotic Beetles” 1: 31–35 

Canada, ginseng cultivation in 3: 30 

Cancer, plants against 3: 23, 25 

Caprifoliaceae 2: 25 

Cardamine, in China 2: 28 

Cargo ships, and pests 1: 31–32, 31 

Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 

beetle collections 1: 32 

Carpinus caroliniana 3: 31 

— fangiana, in China 2: 26, 27 

Carya spp. 3: 30 

— x dunbarii 3: 32 

— graft unions 3: 32, 32 

— laciniosa x ovata 3: 32 

— ovata 3: 32 

— ovalis 3: 32 

Caucasus region, quinces of 1: 4, 5, 

7, 7 

Cedars, as term 2: 23 

Ceratocystis spp. 1: 33 

— polonica 1: 35 

C-glucoside vitexin flavone 3: 21 

Chaenomeles sinensis 1: 8 

Chanticleer garden 1: 27 

Chengdu Institute of Botany 2: 28 

Cherries, as beetle host 1: 35 

Cherry, flowering 4: 24 

— in secondary growth 3: 32 

Chicago area, oaks near 4: 4, 7, 10 

Chicago Botanic Garden 4: 27 

China, expedition to, 1980 2: 19 

— Imperial 3: 11 

— travel between Tibet and 3: 2–13 

— plants of 1: 30; 2: inside front 

cover, 15, 16, 19–20, 22–28, 22–23, 

25–28; 3: inside front cover, 2–13, 4, 

6, 10, 11; 4: 28 

Chinese medicine, traditional 3: 

29–30 

Chokeberry, black 3: front cover, 

15–19, 16, 17, 21–25, 22, 24 

— commercial potential of 3: 22–25 

— comparison of spp. 3: 14–18, chart 

17, 19, 21–23, back cover 

— cultural needs 3: 19, 23 

— fruits 3: front cover, 14–25, 14, 16, 

24, back cover 

— habitat and distribution 3: 18–20, 

18–20 

— ornamental qualities 3: 14–19, 

14–17, 22 

— populations 3: 21 

— propagation 3: 14, 22 

— purple 3: 18–19, 21, 22 

— red 3: 14–15, 15–19, 21, 22, 24 

— winter interest 3: front cover 

Chagga people 3: 27 

Chloroplast data, and oak hybrids 4: 3 

Classification trends 4: 25–27 

Clematis, in China 2: 28 

Climbing plants 2: 26, 27 

Climate change 4: 13 

Codonopsis tangshen, in China 2: 26 

Cold-hardiness 3: 36 

— — in camellias 1: 20–30 

Computerized records, and mapping 

1: 17, 19 

Conifers 3: 36; 4: 22 

— pests of 1: 31–35 

Connor, Jay 1: 19 

— — photographs by 1: front cover 

Connor, Sheila, “Bird’s-eye Views: 

Aerial Photographs of the Arnold 

Arboretum” 1: 10–19 

Container-growing 3: 33 

Convallariaceae 2: 25 

Corkscrew willow 3: 35 

Cornell University 3: 32; 4: 25 

Cornus controversa, in China 2: 25, 26 

— kousa, Korean 1: 30 

— sericea, in winter 3: 34 

Corydalis anthriscifolia, in China 

2: 26 

— davidii, in China 2: 26 

Cotoneaster moupinensis, in China 

2: 28 

Crandall, C.S. 2: 20 

“Crabapple Cultivars Introduced by 

Arboretum” 2: chart 21 

Crabapple cultivars 2: 2–13, 17–21 

Crabapples, at Arboretum 2: 14–21 

— bark interest 2: 19–20 

— best of 2: chart 9 

— breeding and selection 2: 5–7, 

14–21 

— choosing 6–13 

— cultivation 2: 3–7 

— description 2: 2–5 

— diseases 2: 10, 20 

— fruit 2: 3–11, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17, 

19–20, 19 

— — palatability of 2: 10 

— longevity 2: 5 

— plumleaf 2: 5–6 

— problems with 2: 2–3, 6, 7, 10, 13 

— seasonal interest 2: 5, 10, 13, 19 

— Siberian 2: 19–20 

— siting 2: 3, 5, 6–7, 10, 13 

— weeping 2: 5, 5–6, 12, 13, 13 

“Crabapples…With No Apologies,” 

Jeff Iles 2: 2–13, 2–8, chart 9, 10–13 

Crops, new 3: 14–25, 26–35 

— — medicinal 3: 23, 25, 29–30 

— — ornamental 3: 33–35 

Cypripedium tibeticum 3: 12 

Cryptomeria spp., and exotic beetles 

1: 35 

Cunninghamia lanceolata 2: 23, 23 

Cuppressaceae 2: 23 

Curtis, Ralph, 1922 photo by 2: 16 

Cydomalus 1: 4 

Cydonia oblonga 1: 2–9, 2–7, 

back cover 

— “A” clone 1: 5 

— — ‘Angers’ 1: 5 

— — botany of 1: 3–4, 8 

— “C” clone 1: 5 

— — cultivation and uses 1: 2–7 

— — germplasm resources 1: 3–7, 9 

— — ‘Champion’, 1909 illustration 1: 

back cover 

— — ‘Chartar Gyugh’ 1: 5 

— — ‘Fontenay Quince’ 1: 5 

— — ‘Harron’ 1: 6 

— — ‘Orange’, 1922 illustration 1: 4 

— — ‘Pineapple’ 1: 2, 2, 4 

— — ‘Smyrna’ 1: 4 

— — ‘Van Deman’ 1: 2 

— sinensis 1: 8, 8 

“Cydonia oblonga: The Unappreciated 

Quince,” Joseph Postman 

1: 2–9, 2–8, back cover 

Cytokinin pathways 4: 15–19 

D 

Da Pao Shan mountain 3: 12, 13 

— — — climate 3: 8, 9, 13 

Darwin, Charles 4: 16, 26 

— — The Power of Movement in 

Plants 4: 16 

Darwin, Francis 4: 16 

Dating of trees 2: 30–31 

David, Father Armand, discoveries 

revisited 2: 1, 22–28 

— biography 2: 24

Index 37 

— portrait 2: 24 

Davidia 2: 22 

— involucrata, in China 2: 24, 25, 25 

Dawn redwood 4: 23 

Da Xue Shan Mts. 3: 4, 5, 8–9, 12–13 

Daylilies, shade-grown 3: 33 

Deforestation 1: 21 

Del Tredici, Peter, “The Sand Pear— 

Pyrus pyrifolia” 4: 28 

— — — photographs by 1: inside back 

cover; 4: inside covers 

Den Boer, Arie F. 2: 2 

Dengchigow mountain 2: 28 

Deutzia glomeruliflora, in China 2: 26 

Dipelta yunnanensis, in China 2: 25 

Dirr, Michael 2: 32; 3: 21 

Diseases of pome fruits 1: 4, 6, 7, 8 

Disjunct flora 1: 44 

Disporum bodinieri, in China 2: 25 

Diversification, in black oaks 4: 4–13 

Diversity in alpine habitat 3: 6, 11–13 

Dogwood, in China 2: 25, 26 

— red-twig, as woody floral 3: 33, 34 

Dormancy, and tree hormones 4: 17 

Dosmann, Michael S., “Autumn’s 

Harbinger: Acer rubrum ‘Schlesingeri’” 


— — — “Malus at the Arnold Arboretum: 

An Ongoing Legacy” 2: 14–21 

Douglas firs, as beetle host 1: 33, 35 

Drepanostachyum, in China 2: 26 

Dulce de membrillo 1: 4–5 

E 

“Early Bloomer: Hydrangea paniculata 

‘Praecox’,” Sue A. Pfeiffer 1: 

inside front/back covers, 44 

Eastern Aerial Surveys, Inc. 1: 15 

East Malling quince rootstocks 1: 5 

Ecology, and oaks 4: 13 

— of forests 2: 29–31; 3: 26–28 

Edgar, Mr. [circa 1910] 3: 4, 6, 7 

Edible crops, new 3: 14–25, 30–33 

Education, experiential 3: 32 

Egolf, Don 2: 7 

Elms, as beetle host 1: 34 

Emerald ash borer 1: 34, 34 

Enkianthus deflexus, in China 2: 

25, 25 

Epimedium davidii, in China 2: 

26, 27 

Ericaceae 2: 24, 25 

Erwinia amylovora 1: 6; 2: 10; 4: 22 

“Essay on Naming Nature: The Clash 

Between Instinct and Science,” P.F. 

Stevens [review] 4: 25–27 

Ethanol, in beetle trap 1: 32 

Ethylene 4: 15 

Euonymus alata, restrictions on 3: 23 

— in China 2: 28 

Eurasia, quinces in 1: 4–7 

Eurasian beetles, damaging 1: 33–35 

Europe, quinces in 1: 4–5, 7 

European spruce bark beetle 1: 35 

Evolutionary relationships, and oaks 

4: 13 

— — and classification 4: 25–27 

“Excerpt From Wilson’s China: A 

Century On,” Mark Flanagan and 

Tony Kirkham 3: inside front cover, 

2–13, 3–6, 8–12 

Exotic beetles 1: 31–35 

Experiential learning 3: 32 

“Extraordinary Discoverer of Life” 

2: 24 

F 

Fabraea maculata, and quince 1: 6, 7 

Fagus and exotic beetles 1: 35 

Fairchild Aerial Surveys, Inc. 1: 10, 

11, 18 

Fairchild, Sherman Mills 1: 10 

Famiglietti, Bob, “2009 Weather at 

the Arboretum” 4: 20–24 

“Farming or Wildcrafting?” 3: 27 

Fengtong nature reserve 2: 22, 22, 

24–28, 25, 26 

Ferns, shade-grown 3: 33 

Fertilizing, and tree hormones 4: 18 

Fiala, Father John 2: 6, 14 

Field-forest ecotone 3: 28 

Fir, Nikko 4: 22 

— as beetle host 1: 33, 35 

Fire blight 1: 6, 7, 8; 2: 10 

— and oaks 4: 2 

Flanagan, Mark 3: 2, 3 

— — “An Excerpt From Wilson’s 

China: A Century On,” with Tony 

Kirkham 3: 2–13 

Forest ecology 2: 29–31; 3: 26–28 

— farming, introduction to 3: 26–35 

— — crop selection for 3: 28–30, 33, 35 

— — income potential of 3: 26, 28, 29, 

30, 33, 35 

— health checklist 3: 27 

— non-timber crops from 3: 26–35 

— private ownership of 3: 27–28 

“Forest Farming,” Ken Mudge 3: 

26–35, 26–34 

Forest Farming Practicum [Cornell] 

3: 32 

Forest Hills Station 1: 12 

Forests, North American oak 4: 2–13 

Franchet (the botanist) 2: 27 

Fraxinus, and exotic beetles 1: 34 

Fruit, nutraceutical 3: 14–25 

— spot 1: 6, 7 

— trees 1: 2–9; 4: 28 

Fuji cherry 4: 24 

Fuller, Dave 1: 19 

Fullerview Photography 1: 19 

Fumariaceae 2: 26 

Fungus 1: 33, 35; 2: 10, 20; 4: 20 

G 

“Golden Apple” of antiquity 1: 2–3 

Garden and Forest 1: 44 

Genealogical relationships 4: 25–27 

Genebank, national system 1: 6, 7, 9 

Gene flow, between oak spp. 4: 7–11 

— — interspecific 4: 9 

Genera Plantarum [Bentham and 

Hooker] 4: 26 

Genetics, in Aronia 3: 19, 21, 22, 

24–25 

— in Malus 2: 20 

— nut-tree grafts and 3: 32 

— of black oak group 4: 2–13 

Geographic distance, and oak speciation 

4: 2–13 

— information systems (GIS) 1: 10, 19 

Germplasm Resources Information 

Network (GRIN) 3: 21 

Gibberellins 4: 15 

Ginseng, American, 3: 28–30, 29, 30 

— — growing 3: 28–30, 32 

— — market for 3: 29–30 

— — medicinal uses 3: 29–30 

— — pricing 3: 30 

— — root 3: 30 

— — soil calcium and 3: 29 

Ginsenosides 3: 30 

Glaciation, and oaks 4: 13 

Gleason, Herbert Wendell 1: 13 

Globalization 2: 29


Goldenseal 3: 29, 29 

Gongga Shan Mt. (Minya Konka) 3: 4, 

5, 8–10 

Google Earth 1: 10 

GPI Models 1: 18 

GPS database, in curriculum 3: 32 

Gravitropism 4: 16 

Gray, Asa, and disjunct flora 1: 44 

Great Lakes region, oaks in 4: 2–13, 

map 6 

Griffola frondosa 3: 30 

Growth processes, and plant hormones 

4: 15–19 

— rate, measuring 2: 30–31 

Grunsfield, John 1: 16 

H 

Hardiness, of camellias 1: 20–30 

— of crabapples 2: 3 

— of hydrangea 1: 44 

— of pines 3: 36 

Hardwoods, for mushroom-growing 

3: 31 

— secondary 3: 32 

Harvard Institute for Geographical 

Exploration 1: 12, 16 

Harvard Real Estate 1: 17 

Hayrapetyan, Vagharshak, Dr. 1: 4 

Hellebore, Tibetan 2: 27–28, 28 

Hellebores, shade-grown 3: 33 

Helleborus chinensis 2: 27–28 

— thibetanus, in China 2: 27–28, 28 

Hemlocks, as beetle host 1: 35 

Hengduan Shan mountains 3: 4–13 

Hen-of-the-woods mushroom 3: 30 

Hericium spp. 3: 30, 31 

Heucheras, shade-grown 3: 33 

Hickory nuts 3: 30, 32 

— red pignut 3: 32 

— shagbark 3: 32 

— varieties and grafts 3: 32 

Hill, Rev. Ernest J. Hill 2: 4 

“Hill’s Oak: The Taxonomy and 

Dynamics of a Western Great Lakes 

Endemic,” Andrew L. Hipp 4: 2–13, 

2–6, map 6, genetic chart 7, 8–12 

Himachal Pradesh, pine from 3: 36 

Himalayan National Park 3: 36 

Himalayan pine 3: 36, inside back 

cover 

Himalayas, Eastern 3: 3, 4–13, 5, 8, 

9, 12 

— flora of 3: 2–13, 36 

Hines Nursery 1: 28 

Hipp, Andrew L. “Hill’s Oak: The 

Taxonomy and Dynamics of a Western 

Great Lakes Endemic,” 4: 2–13 

— — — photo by 4: back cover 

Hippeastrum 4: 16 

Hokkaido 1: 44 

Holboellia, in China 2: 26, 27 

Holden Arboretum 1: 21 

Honeysuckle family 2: 25 

Honeysuckles, in China 2: 28 

Honshu 1: 44 

Hood Blimp 1: 19 

Hooker, Joseph Dalton 4: 26 

Hormones, and plant care 4: 15–19 

“Hormones and Tropisms” 4: 16 

Hornbeam 2: 26; 3: 31 

Horsechestnut, as beetle host 1: 34 

Hosie, Sir Alexander 3: 11 

Hostas, forest-grown 3: 33, 33 

Howard, Heman 1: 18 

— — 1959 photo by 2: 17 

Hubble telescope camera 1: 16 

Hubei Province 2: 19; 4: 28 

Humanity and trees 2: 29–31 

Hun, Chang Yong 1: 21 

Hybrid, intergeneric 1: 3–4; 3: 25 

— interspecific 3: 21 

Hybrization, in oaks 4: 2–13 

Hydrangea, panicle 1: 44 

Hydrangea paniculata ‘Praecox’ 1: 

inside front/back covers, 44 

Hydrastis canadensis 3: 29, 29 

Hylurgus ligniperda 1: 33, 33 

IJ K 

Iles, Jeff, “Crabapples…With No 

Apologies” 2: 2–13 

Illinois, oaks in 4: 2–13 

Incarvillea delavayi 3: 13 

— in a Tibetan scene 3: 11 

“Index to Arnoldia, Volume 66” 1: 

36–43 

India, pine from 3: 36 

Indiana, spruce beetle in 1: 35 

International Council for Research in 

Agroforestry [Kenya] 3: 27 

“In the Footsteps of Father David,” 

Cédric Basset 2: 22–28, 22–28 

Iowa, Aronia in 3: 32 

Iowa State University 2: 13 

Ips sexdentatus 1: 33, 33 

— typographus 1: 35 

— — spruces killed by 1: 35 

Iran, quince germplasm in 1: 7 

Ironwood 3: 31 

Irrigation, and hormones 4: 18–19, 18 

Japan, plants from 1: 30, 44; 2: 16 

Japanese spicebush 1: 24 

Johnson, Ethan W. 1: 15 

Joyce Kilmer Park, in aerial photos 1: 

1936, 14; 1955, 18 

Juglans spp. 3: 30 

Juice crops, sustainable 3: 14–25 

June, Chang Yong 1: 21 

Junipers, alpine 3: 8 

Kabul, pine from 3: 36 

Kangding expedition 3: 2–13, 10 

Kazakhstan wild apple 2: 20 

Kelley, Susan 1: 17 

Kenya, agroforestry center 3: 27 

Kew’s Arboretum 3: 2 

— expeditions to Himalayas 3: 

2–13, 36 

Kilimanjaro, agroforestry on 3: 27 

Kirkham, Tony 3: 2, 3 

— — “An Excerpt From Wilson’s 

China: A Century On,” with Mark 

Flanagan 3: 2–13 

— — photo by 3: inside front cover 

Knox, Charles 1: 2 

Koller, Gary 2: 32 

Korean camellias 1: 20–30, 23, 25–30 

— climate 1: 20–25, 30 

— mountain ash 1: 24 

Kuan Hsien, travelling in 3: 11–12 

L 

Ladyslipper, Tibetan 3: 12 

Lampshade poppy, quest for 3: 2, 4–7 

Landscape ornamentals 1: 2–9, 20–30, 

44; 2: 2–21, 32; 3: 14–25, 36; 4: 28 

Land-use 3: 26–35 

Larches, as beetle host 1: 33, 35 

Lardizabalaceae 2: 26 

Larix spp., and exotic beetles 1: 33, 35 

Latin America, quinces in 1: 4–5 

Leaf-spot 1: 6, 7 

— frogeye 2: 10 

Leaves, soil nutrients in 3: 29 

Lentinula edodes 3: 28, 30

Index 39 

Leptographium spp. 1: 33 

Lian Lua Shan mountains [Tibet] 3: 5 

Lightning damage 4: 22 

Lilium lophophorum 3: 13 

Lindera obtusiloba, autumn foliage 

1: 24 

Lindgren funnel trap 1: 32, 33, 35 

Linnaean system and new trends 4: 

26–27 

Linnaeus, Carolus, statue of 4: 27 

Lion’s mane mushroom 3: 30, 31 

Liriodendron tulipifera 3: 31 

Lhasa, travelling to 3: 2–5 

Longwood Gardens, camellias at 1: 28 

Lonicera, in China 2: 28 

Lyon Botanical Garden 2: 28 

M 

MacDaniels, Lawrence 3: 32 

“MacDaniels Nut Grove: A Unique 

Educational Site” 3: 32, 32 

Magnolia, in China 2: 28 

— liliiflora, in China 2: 23 

Maine, chokeberry in 3: 19 

— exotic beetle in 1: 35 

Maitake mushroom 3: 30 

Malus 1: 3; 2: front/back covers, 2–21 

— ‘Adirondack’ 2: 7, 7, 9 

— ‘Aldenhamensis’ 2: 2 

— ‘Almey’ 2: 2 

— ‘Amberina’ 2: 5 

— ‘Antonovka’ rootstock 2: 18 

— apple-scab and 2: 3, 10, 10 

— Arboretum legacy of 2: 14–21, 

back cover 

— x atrosanguinea 2: 17 

— baccata 2: 5, 19–20 

— — ‘Columnaris’ 2: 21 

— — ‘Jackii’ 2: 21 

— ‘Barbara Ann’ 2: 21 

— bark interest 2: 19–20 

— ‘Blanche Ames’ 2: 17, 21 

— ‘Bob White’ 2: 10, 10, 21 

— ‘Camzam’ (Camelot®) 2: 7, 8, 9 

— ‘Cardinal’ 2: 7, 9 

— centenarian 2: 16 

— ‘Cinzam’ (Cinderella®) 2: 7, 9 

— ‘Coralcole’ (Coralburst®) 2: 7, 7 

— ‘David’ 2: 7, 8, 9 

— diseases and resistance to 2: 3, 6, 

9–10, 20 

— documentation 2: 16 

— ‘Dolgo’ 2: 10, 10 

— ‘Donald Wyman’ 2: 8, 9, 10, 11, 19, 

19, 21 

— ‘Dorothea’ 2: 2, 21, 21 

— ‘Doubloons’ 2: 13 

— dwarf 2: 7, 18 

— floribunda 2: 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 16 

— — ‘Exzellenz Thiel’ 2: 6 

— — Selection #821 2: 20 

— flowering display 2: 2, 2–4, 4, 6–8, 

9, 12–19, 13, 17, 19, 21 

— foliage 2: 3, 5, 9–10 

— fruiting 2: front/back covers, 3, 4, 

5, 5–6, 8, 9–10, 10, 11, 13, 19, 19, 20 

— — preserves from 2: 10 

— fruitless cultivars 2: 10 

— genetics and selection 2: 14–17, 20 

— halliana 2: 20 

— hardiness 2: 3 

— ‘Henrietta Crosby’ 2: 17, 21 

— ‘Henry F. Dupont’ 2: 17, 21 

— ‘Hopa’ 2: 3 

— ‘Huber’ (Royal Fountain®) 2: 13 

— hupehensis 2: 16, 17, 20 

— ‘Indian Magic’ 2: front cover, 10 

— ioensis ‘Palmeri’ 2: 21 

— ‘Jarmin’ (Marilee®) 2: 10 

— ‘Jewelcole’ (Red Jewel) 2: 8, 9, 10 

— ‘JFS-KW5’ (Royal Raindrops®) 2: 

9, 13 

— ‘Katherine’ 2: 21 

— lancifolia hybrids 2: 18 

— ‘Lanzam’ (Lancelot®) 2: 7, 9 

— ‘Liset’ 2: 2, 2, 6 

— ‘Lollizam’ (Lollipop®) 2: 7 

— longevity 2: 16 

— ‘Louisa’ 2: 9, 13, 13 

— ‘Mary Potter’ 2: 17, 17, 21 

— ‘Orange Crush’ 2: 6, 6, 9 

— pedicel variation 2: 19 

— ‘Pink Pearl’ 2: 21 

— ‘Prairie Maid’ 2: 5, 9 

— ‘Prairifire’ 2: 9, 10, 12, 13 

— ‘Prince Georges’ 2: 21 

— ‘Profusion’ 2: 2 

— prunifolia 2: 5–6 

— — ‘Pendula’ 2: 6 

— ‘Purple Prince’ 2: 7, 9 

— ‘Radiant’ 2: 3 

— ‘Red Jade’ 2: 2, 5, 5–6, 12, 13 

— ‘Red Swan’ 2: 5, 6 

— x robusta ‘Erecta’ 2: 21 

— rootstock effects 2: 20 

— sargentii 2: 6, 16 

— — ‘Rosea’ 2: 7, 17, 21 

— — ‘Select A’ (Firebird®) 2: 7 

— — ‘Tina’ 2: 7 

— ‘Satin Cloud’ 2: 5 

— Sax experimental hybrids 2: 18, 18 

— ‘Schmidtcutleaf’ (Golden Raindrops®) 

2: 7, 8, 9 

— sieversii 2: 20 

— ‘Snowdrift’ 2: 10, 11 

— ‘Spring Snow’ 2: 10 

— sylvestris hybrids 2: 18 

— transitoria, in China 2: 15 

— tschonoskii 2: 5, 16 

— unnamed #691-52-A 2: 18 

— variation of 2: 3 

— wasps and 2: 3 

— weeping forms 2: 5–6, 12–13, 13 

— winter interest 2: 11, 12, 13, 20 

— x zumi ‘Calocarpa’ 2: 21 

“Malus at the Arnold Arboretum: 

An Ongoing Legacy,” Michael S. 

Dosmann 2: 14–21, 14–21 

“Malus Mystery” 2: 18 

Maple 3: 32, 36 

— David’s 2: inside front cover, 22 

— products 3: 28, 35 

— red, cultivar ‘Schlesingeri’2: 32, 

inside back cover 

— red 3: 31 

— sugar 3: 31 

Maples, as beetle host 1: 35 

Maps from photos 1: 10, 12–15, 17–19 

March, Sylvester 1: 21 

Marino, Sergio 1: 18 

Maryland, spruce beetle in 1: 35 

Maslow, Abraham, human needs 

concept 2: 29 

Massachusetts Department of Conservation 

and Recreation 1: 34 

Massachusetts forests 3: 26 

Massachusetts Public Works 1: 18 

Maximowicz (the botanist) 2: 28 

Mayr, Ernst 4: 25, 26 

Meconopsis x beamishii 3: 7 

— x finlayorum 3: 7 

— horridula 3: 13


— integrifolia ssp. integrifolia, in 

China 3: inside front cover, 2, 4–7, 4 

— — x grandis 3: 7 

— — x quintuplinervia 3: 7 

— pseudointegrifolia 3: 7 

Medicinal crops 3: 29–30 

Mediterranean beetles, damaging 

1: 33 

Mesopotamia, quince in 1: 3 

Mespilus 1: 4; 3: 21 

Metasequoia glyptostroboides, fall 

color 4: 23 

Mexico, oaks native to 4: 3 

Meyer, Paul 1: 21, 22, 23, 24 

Michigan, EAB in 1: 34 

Microbiota decussata cutting 4: 18 

Midwest, Aronia in 3: 23 

Miller, George 4: 26 

Min Shan mountains 2: 1 

Missouri Botanical Garden 4: 27 

Morchella spp. 3: 30 

Morels 3: 27, 30 

Morphology, oak speciation and 4: 

2–13 

— scientific classification and 4: 

25–27 

Morris Arboretum, camellia selection 

at 1: 20–30, 25–30 

— — — Korean expeditions of 

[1979–1991] 1: 20–24, 20–23 

Morton Arboretum, oak research at 

4: 4–14 

— — herbarium specimens 4: 3–5, 9 

Mountain ash, Korean 1: 24 

— habitats 2: 22–28 

— — Afganistan 3: 36 

— — Burma 3: 36 

— — Maine 3: 19 

— — Tennessee 3: 20 

— — Sichuan/Tibet 3: 2–13, 3, 5, 8, 

9, 12 

Mt. Emei 2: 26 

Mt. Wachusett 3: 26 

Mudge, Ken, “Forest Farming” 3: 

26–35 

Murray, Joseph, “Tree Hormones and 

Why They Matter” 4: 15–19 

Museum of Science 1: 16 

Mushroom cultivation 3: 28, 30–33, 

31, 33 

— income from 3: 30 

— nutrient process 3: 31 

— spawn 3: 31, 33 

— wild-collected 3: 27 

Mutagen breeding 3: 24 

N 

Nadkarni, Nalini M., Dr. 2: 29 

— — — “Between Earth and Sky: Our 

Intimate Connections to Trees” 

[excerpt] 2: 29–31 

Nakai (Japanese botanist) 4: 28 

Naming Nature: The Clash Between 

Instinct and Science [Yoon, 

reviewed] 4: 25–27 

National Arboretum 2: 7 

National Plant Germplasm System 

(NPGS) 1: 6, 7, 9 

Native Americans and plants 3: 27, 29 

Nebraska, Aronia in 3: 23 

Nematode, pinewood 2: 29 

New England, hydrangeas in 1: 44 

Newton, Amanda A., 1909 illustration 

by 1: back cover 

New York forests 3: 27–28 

Nightshade family, blights 4: 20 

Nikko fir 4: 22 

Nineteenth-century aerial photography 

1: 10, 10 

— — garden trends 1: 44 

Nomenclature, binomial 4: 26 

— of Aronia 3: 21 

Non-native pests 1: 31–35 

North America, flora of 1: 44; 3: 

14–25 

— — forest-farming in 3: 27 

— — oaks of 4: 2–13, map 6 

— — pests from 2: 29 

North Carolina, chokeberry in 3: 18 

Northeast Aerial Photos 1: 15 

Northeast, versatile shrub for 3: 14–25 

— — reforestation trends in 3: 26, 28 

Nuclear data, and black oaks 4: 3 

Nursery trade 2: 14, 32 

Nut groves 3: 30, 32 

Nutraceutical fruit crop 3: 14–25 

O 

Oak 3: 31, 32, 36 

— black 4: 5–6, 10–13, 10–11, 

back cover 

— — hybrids 4: 7 

— — petioles 4: 11 

— genome 4: 7–11 

— Hill’s, disturbance and 4: 13 

— — interbreeding and taxonomy 

4: 1–13, 2–5, map 6, genetic chart 7, 

9–10 

— northern pin 4: 2–13 

— pin 4: 5 

— red 4: front cover 

— scarlet 4: 3–10, 4, 6, map 6, genetic 

chart 7, 8–9, 12 

— white 4: 12 

Oaks, as beetle host 1: 35 

— black group 4: 2–13, map 6, genetic 

chart 7 

— white group 4: 2–3 

Ohio Valley, camellias in 1: 27 

Olmsted style 1: 6, 12 

Ophiostoma spp. 1: 33 

Orchids, wild 2: 25 

Oregon, Aronia in 3: 23 

— exotic beetle in 1: 35 

— USDA genebank in 1: 7, 9 

Ornamentals, forest-grown 3: 33–35, 

33, 34 

— woody 1: 2–9, 20–30, 44; 2: 2–21, 

32; 3: 14–25, 36; 4: 28 

Osmanthus forest, in China 2: 24 

Oyster mushroom 3: 30, 31 

P 

Panax quinquefolius, as crop 3: 

28–30, 29, 30 

Panda, giant 2: 22, 23, 24, 28 

Pao-chung, Kao, Prof. 2: 28 

Paris fargesii, in China 2: 25 

Parks, Clifford, Dr. 1: 24, 28 

Pawpaw fruit 3: 28, 28, 30 

Pear 1: 3, 4, 5 

— ‘Beurre Hardy’ 1: 5 

— ‘Bradford’ Callery 4: 28 

— ‘Comice’ 1: 5 

— Japanese 1: 4 

— ‘Old Home’ 1: 5 

— quince hybrid 1: 4, 4 

— quinces and 1: 3–7 

— sand, at Arboretum 4: inside 

covers, 28 

— — fruit of 4: 28 

— — vigor of 4: 28 

— tribe 1: 3

Index 41 

Pectin 1: 2; 3: 23 

Perennials, pot-in-pot 3: 33, 33 

— shade-grown 3: 33 

Permaculture 3: 32 

Pests 1: 31–35 

Pfeiffer, Sue A., “Early Bloomer: 

Hydrangea paniculata ‘Praecox’” 

1: inside front/back covers, 44 

Pheneticists, and trends 4: 26 

Philadelphia, camellias for 1: 20, 

24–30 

Photinia 3: 21 

— floribunda 3: 21 

— melanocarpa 3: 21 

— pyrifolia 3: 21 

Photography, aerial 1: 10–19 

Photosynthesis and plant hormones 

4: 18–19 

Phototropism 4: 16, 16 

Phytophthora infestans 4: 20 

Picea spp., and beetle damage 1: 

33, 35 

— forest in Slovakia 1: 35 

Pine bark beetle, red-haired 1: 33, 33 

— cones for crafts 3: 27, 33 

Pine, Eastern white 3: 36 

— Himalayan 3: 36, inside back cover 

— lanceolate 2: 22, 23 

— Monterey, with bark damage 1: 33 

Pines, as beetle host 1: 33, 35 

— cold hardiness of 3: 36 

Pinewood nematode, in Europe 2: 29 

Pinus spp., and exotic beetles 1: 33, 35 

— excelsea 3: 36 

— griffithii 3: 36 

— nepalensis 3: 36 

— radiata, with beetle damage 1: 33 

— strobus 3: 36 

— thunbergii 1: 24 

— wallichiana 3: 36, inside back 

cover 

— — synonyms for 3: 36 

Plant exploring 1: 20–30; 2: 22–28; 3: 

2–13 

— hormones, and arboriculture 4: 

15–19 

Plant Protection and Quarantine 

(PPQ) program 1: 31–35 

Pleione limprichtii, in China 2: 25 

Pleurotis spp. 3: 30, 31 

Ploidy, in Aronia 3: 19–22 

Plums 2: 28 

Polly Hill Arboretum 1: 27 

Pome fruits 1: 2–7 

Poppies, lampshade 3: inside front 

cover, 2, 4–7, 4 

Postman, Joseph, “Cydonia oblonga: 

The Unappreciated Quince” 1: 2–9 

Powdery mildew 1: 6 

Powerline undergrowth 3: 18 

Practicum in Forest Farming (Cornell 

course) 3: 32 

Primula secundiflora 3: 6 

Pruning, and hormones 4: 15–19, 

17, 19 

Prunus spp., in China 2: 28 

— incisa f. serrata 4: 24 

Pseudocydonia sinensis, in North 

America 1: 8, 8 

— — flowers and bark 1: 8 

Pseudotsuga spp., and exotic beetles 

1: 33, 35 

Psychology, and trees 2: 29, 30 

Pujigou 2: 22, 24–25 

Purdue-Rutgers-Illinois Apple Breeding 

program 2: 20 

Pyreae 1: 3 

Pyronia 1: 4, 4 

— veitchii 1: 4 

Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’ 4: 28 

— pyrifolia 1: 4; 3: 21; 4: inside 

covers, 28 

— serotina 4: 28 

— sinensis 4: 28 

Q 

Quarryhill Botanic Garden 3: 36 

Quercus spp., 3: 31 

— — exotic beetles and 1: 35 

— — genetic studies of 4: 5–13 

— coccinea 4: 1, 3–10, 4, map 6, 

genetic chart 7, 8–9, 12 

— — acorns 4: 4 

— ellipsoidalis, related spp. and 4: 

1–13, 2–5, map 6, genetic chart 7, 

9–10 

— — acorns 4: 3, 5, 10 

— imbricaria 4: 3 

— Lobatae Section 4: 3 

— x palaeolithicola 4: 7 

— palustris 4: 3 

— phellos 4: 3 

— pumila 4: 3 

— rubra 4: front cover, 3 

— shumardii 4: 3 

— velutina 4: 3–13, 5–6, genetic chart 

7, 10–11, back cover 

— — acorns 4: 5, 10–11 

Quince 1: 2–9, 2–8, back cover 

— “A” rootstock clone 1: 5 

— ‘Angers’ 1: 5 

— “C” rootstock clone 1: 5 

— ‘Champion’, 1909 illustration 1: 

back cover 

— ‘Chartar Gyugh’ 1: 5 

— Chinese 1: 8, 8 

— cold-hardiness 1: 6, 7, 8 

— culinary uses 1: 2, 4–5 

— cultivars 1: 2–7 

— diseases or problems 1: 4, 6–7, 8 

— flowers and foliage 1: 3 

‘Fontenay’ 1: 5 

— fruit 1: 2, 2, 4–7, 4–7. back cover 

— genetics 1: 4, 5, 6–7, 9 

— ‘Harron’ 1: 6 

— history of 1: 2–6 

— hybrids 1: 4 

— in Kakheti [Eurasia] 1: 7 

— landscape qualities 1: 2, 5–6, 8 

— ‘Orange’, 1922 illustration 1: 4 

— pear hybrid 1: 4 

— pears and 1: 3–7 

— pectin content 1: 2 

— ‘Pineapple’ 1: 2, 2, 4 

— propagation and grafting 1: 2–7 

— Provence 1: 5 

— pruning 1: 6 

— rootstocks 1: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 

— Shilda variety 1: 7 

— ‘Smyrna’ 1: 4 

— ‘Van Deman’ 1: 2 

R 

Radiation, and plant breeding 3: 24 

Radioactive “bookmark” of 1954, and 

tree-dating 2: 31 

Rainforest, dating trees in 2: 30–31 

— experience 2: 30 

Ramps 3: 30 

Ranunculaceae 2: 27 

Raspberry, black 3: 28


Red osier dogwood 3: 34 

— haired pine bark beetle 1: 33, 33 

Reed, Dr. George M. 2: 6 

Reeve, Bob, archival photograph by 

1: 16 

Reforestation trends 3: 28 

Rehder, Alfred, 1: 44; 4: 28 

— Malus and 2: 16–17 

Resistance breakdown, in crabapples 

2: 10 

Rheum alexandre 3: 6 

Rhododendron, in Sichuan 2: 22, 22 

— capitatum 3: 13 

— prezwalskii, in Tibet 3: 10 

Rhododendrons, alpine 3: 8, 10, 13 

Rock, Joseph F., and Gongga Shan 3: 4 

— — 1926 photo by 2: 15 

Root development, and hormones 4: 

15–19, 18 

— disease fungi 1: 33 

Rosaceae 1: 3–4, 6; 2: 16; 3: 14, 19 

Rose, Nancy, “A Soft Touch: Pinus 

wallichiana” 3: 36, inside back 

cover 

— — photos by: 2: front/inside back 

covers; 3: front/inside back covers; 

4: front cover 

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 3: 2, 36 

Rubus spp. 3: 28 

Russia, Aronia breeding in 3: 22, 23, 

24, 25 

Rust diseases 1: 6 

Rutgers, apple breeding at 2: 20 

S 

Sakhalin Island 1: 44 

“Sand Pear—Pyrus pyrifolia,” Peter 

Del Tredici 4: inside covers, 28 

Sapindaceae 2: 26 

Sargent, Charles S. 2: 14, 16, 17, 

19, 32 

— — — Japanese plants and 1: 44 

— — — photography and 3: 10–11 

— — — Wilson, E.H. and 3: 2, 10–11 

Sasaki Associates 1: 17 

Sax, Karl 3: 36 

— — Malus research and 2: 17–19 

Schlesinger, Barthold 2: 32 

Science in the Pleasure Ground 

exhibit 1: 18–19 

Scientific Center for Viticulture 

[Armenia] 1: 5 

Scientific classification 4: 25–27 

— limits 4: 27 

Scott Arboretum 1: 27 

“Searching for Exotic Beetles,” 

Nichole K. Campbell 1: 31–35, 

31–35 

Seasonal changes, and trees 2: 30; 4: 

15–17, 19 

Seed collection 1: 20, 23–24 

“Seeking Cold-Hardy Camellias,” 

Anthony S. Aiello 1: 20–30, 20–30 

Shaw, Peter Ashton 1: 15 

Shawnee National Forest 4: 8, 12 

Shiitake cultivation 3: 28, 30–33, 

31, 33 

Shipping industry 1: 31–32; 2: 29 

Shrubs, centenarian or notable specimens 


— native 3: 14–25 

Sichuan/Tibet 2: 22–28; 3: 2–13, 3, 5, 

8, 9, 12 

Sino-American Botanical Expedition 

[1980] 2: 19 

Sinofranchetia chinensis 2: 26 

Six-toothed bark beetle 1: 33, 33 

Slovakia, bark beetle in 1: 35 

Sochong Island 1: 22, 23 

“Soft Touch: Pinus wallichiana,” 

Nancy Rose 3: 36, inside back cover 

Soil 3: 29 

— and oaks 4: 13 

Solanaceae, blights of 4: 20 

Sorbus 1: 4; 2: 28; 3: 21 

— alnifolia 1: 24 

— aucuparia and Aronia cross 3: 25 

South Korea, deforestation in 1: 21 

— — expeditions to 1: 20–24, [1984] 

map 21, 20–23, 30 

— — hardy plants from 1: 20–30 

— — landscape 1: 21–23 

Späth Nursery [Berlin] 2: 6, 32 

Species, biological concept 4: 2, 25 

— differentiation in black oaks 4: 

2–13 

Spicebush, Japanese 1: 24 

Spiraeoideae 1: 3 

Spruce bark beetle 1: 35 

Spruces, as beetle host 1: 33, 35 

Stevens, P.F., “An Essay on Naming 

Nature: The Clash Between 

Instinct and Science” [review] 

4: 25–27 

Stewartia pseudocamellia, branching 

4: 15 

Storm damage 4: 22 

— — plant hormones and 4: 19 

Street trees, beetle damage to 1: 34 

Strontium, radioactive 2: 31 

Styrax japonica 1: 24 

Sunlight, and plant hormones 4: 16 

Sustainable crops 3: 23, 26–35 

Swissair Photos + Surveys 1: 15 

Sympatry, among oaks 4: 3 

Systematist debates 4: 25–27 

T 

Tachien-lu 3: 2, 8, 11 

Taean Peninsula 1: 21 

Taechong Island 1: 20–23 

Tagong temple 3: 12, 13 

Talltree Arboretum 4: 9 

Tang li tzu 4: 28 

“Taxonomic Teasers in Aronia” 3: 21 

Taxonomy, of Aronia 3: 21 

— — black oaks 4: 2–13 

— — Malus 2: 14, 16–17, 20 

— trends in 4: 25–27 

Three-ips lure, in beetle trap 1: 32 

Thuja spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35 

Tibetan Empire 3: 2–3 

Tibetan Frontier, circa 1910 3: 2–13, 8 

Tibetan region, exploration in 2: 

22–28; 3: 2–13 

— peoples 3: 2–3, 4, 11 

Time concepts, and trees 2: 29, 30–31 

Tinley Creek Forest Preserve 4: 10 

Topping damage 4: 19, 19 

Toucans 4: 25 

Tournachon, Gaspard-Félix (Nadar) 

1: 10 

Trabut, Louis 1: 4 

Trapping beetles, chemistry of 1: 32 

Tree care, and hormones 4: 15–19 

— consumption 2: 29 

— dating 2: 30–31 

— longevity 4: 15

Index 43 

“Tree Hormones and Why They Matter,” 

Joseph Murray 4: 15–19, 15–19 

Trees, benefits of 2: 29–30; 4: 15 

— centenarian or notable specimens 

2: 16, 19, 32, inside back cover; 3: 

36, inside back cover; 4: 22, 22, 23, 

28, inside back cover 

— damage to 4: 18, 18, 19, 22, 24 

— human needs met by 2: 29–31 

— radioisotopes and dating of 2: 31 

— seasons and 2: 30; 4: 15–17, 19 

— time and 2: 20, 29, 30–31 

— urban 4: 15–19 

Trilliums, shade-grown 3: 33 

Tropical forests 2: 30–31; 3: 27 

Truffles, difficulty of 3: 30 

Tsuga spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35 

Tuber spp. 3: 30 

Tulip poplar 3: 31 

Turkey, quinces in: 1: 4, 6, 7 

Turkmenistan, fruit trees in 1: 4, 7 

Tyler Arboretum 1: 27 

UVW 

“Umwelt” concept 4: 26–27 

Urban mapping 1: 17 

— tree care 4: 15–19 

United States Department of Agriculture 

(USDA) 1: 2 

— — — — APHIS and beetles 

1: 31–35 

— — — — artwork, circa 1900 

1: back cover 

— — — — GRIN 3: 21 

— — — — hardiness zone five 3: 36 

— — — — links 1: 34; 3: 21 

— — — — NPGS 1: 6, 7, 9 

— — — — PPQ program 1: 31–35 

— — — — Plants Database 3: 21 

— — — — Trans-Caucasus expeditions, 

recent 1: 4, 7 

US economy and tree consumption 

2: 29 

US Geological Surveys (USGS) 1: 17 

US National Agricultural Library, 

1909 illustration from 1: back cover 

US National Arboretum 1: 8, 21 

— — — — winters at 1: 24 

University of Bristol, Long Ashton 

[Eng.] 3: 21 

University of Connecticut, Aronia 

research at 3: 14–25 

University of Illinois, apple breeding 

at 2: 20 

University of North Carolina, Chapel 

Hill 1: 24 

University of Pennsylvania arboretum 

1: 30 

University of Wisconsin, juice crop 

research 3: 23 

Vaccinium corymbosum 3: 23 

Vavilov Institutes [Soviet] 1: 7 

Veitch Nurseries, E. H. Wilson and 3: 

2, 10 

Venturia inaequalis 2: 10 

V f 

gene, and apple scab 2: 20 

Viburnum bitchuense 1: 24 

— brevitubum, in China 2: 26, 27 

— chingii 2: 26 

Viburnums 2: 26 

Wachusett, view from 3: 26 

Walnut 3: 30, 32 

— varieties and grafts 3: 32 

War, deforestation from 1: 21 

Warming trends 4: 24 

Washburn, Bradford 1: 16 

— — aerial photography of 1: 12–17, 

13, 14 

Wasp, yellow-jacket 2: 3 

Watersprouts 4: 19 

Watson, James 4: 26 

“Weather at the Arboretum—2009,” 

Bob Famiglietti 4: 20–24, chart 21, 

22–24 

Weather damage at Arboretum 4: 22 

Weather Station Data, 2009 4: 21 

Wildcrafting 3: 27, 33 

Willow, corkscrew 3: 35 

Willows, as beetle host 1: 34 

Willowwood Arboretum 1: 27 

Wilson, Ernest Henry, hydrangea and 

1: 44 

— — — lampshade poppy and 3: 2, 

4–7 

— — — Malus finds 2: 16 

— — — sand pear and 4: 28 

— — — Tibetan discoveries revisited 

3: 2–13 

Wilson’s China: A Century On [Flanagan 

and Kirkham, excerpt] 3: 2–13 

Windsor Great Park 3: 2 

Wisconsin, ginseng cultivation in 

3: 30 

Wood beetles 1: 31–35 

— digestion by mushrooms 3: 31 

— industry 2: 29 

— — pests and 1: 31–35 

— packing as pest vector 1: 31–32, 34; 

2; 29 

Woody florals 3: 33–35 

— ornamentals 1: 2–9, 20–30, 44; 2: 

2–21, 32; 3: 14–25, 33, 35, 36; 4: 28 

Worcester, MA, ALB in 1: 34 

World Agroforestry Center [Kenya] 

3: 27 

World War II, deforestation from 1: 21 

— — — nursery trade and 2: 14, 32; 

3: 33–35 

Wright, Wilbur 1: 10 

Wyman, Donald, aerial photography 


— — crabapple namesake 2: 8, 9, 11, 

19, 19, 21 

— — — legacy 2: 19 

— — quince opinion 1: 5–6 

— — ‘Schlesingeri’ red maple and 

2: 32 

XYZ 

Xizang Autonomous Region 3: 3 

Xyleborus spp. 1: 35 

— seriatus 1: 35 

Xylotrechus spp. 1: 35 

— hircus 1: 35 

Ya-jia Pass region 3: 3–10, 3, 6, 8, 9 

Yangtze River, Wilson in 3: 11 

Yellow Sea islands 1: 20–21, 21–23 

Yichang, Wilson in 3: 11 

Yinger, Barry 1: 20, 21, 22, 28 

Yoon, Carol Kaesuk, at Cornell 4: 25 

— — — Naming Nature: The Clash 

Between Instinct and Science 

[reviewed] 4: 25–27 

Yushania, in China 2: 26 

Zacharias, Elizabeth H., Ph.D. 2: 28 

Zeiss camera on Hubble 1: 16 

Zhong, Xiao 3: 13 

Zhedou Pass 3: 4–5, 12 

Compiled by Rosalie Davis

A New Plant Introduction from the 

Arnold Arboretum: Ilex glabra ‘Peggy’s Cove’ 

John H. Alexander III 

In October 1988, I was in Nova Scotia for 

a speaking engagement with the Atlantic 

Rhododendron and Horticultural Society. 

Several members were kind enough to show me 

the sights, including local natural areas. One 

day we were on a seaside barren, northwest of 

the fishing village of Peggy’s Cove, looking out 

at the Atlantic Ocean. Crouched between us 

and the ocean, on a treeless shore that appeared 

to be more rock than soil, were numerous 

inkberries, Ilex glabra. I have a special interest 

in this species and had previously collected 

inkberry cuttings from the New Jersey pine 

barrens and from compact plants I spotted 

while driving along Massachusetts roadways. 

The plants at Peggy’s Cove were dwarfed and 

misshapen by the harsh seaside environment, 

growing here near the northern extreme of the 

species’ range. 

I knew that a plant’s response to its environment 

does not necessarily change its genetic 

makeup, so cuttings from these dwarfed plants 

might grow into large, robust shrubs when 

planted in a favorable garden setting. But then 

again—they might not. My hope was that, after 

countless generations growing by the shore, 

their compact habit was now genetic. As plant 

propagator’s like to say, “The best time to take 

a cutting is when it’s offered,” so I collected 

cuttings from plant after plant until my hosts 

seemed to grow weary from watching me. 

Thirty-eight of these cuttings—collected 

from perhaps 12 different plants—were stuck 

in the Arboretum’s propagation house. At least 

19 of the cuttings rooted, and all were given the 

accession number 929-88. Within this group I 

found what I had hoped to find: a more compact 

and smaller-leafed form of Ilex glabra. 

Named ‘Peggy’s Cove’ in honor of its site of 

origin, this cultivar is not only compact, but it 

also grows well. It has a mounded habit with 

branches right to the ground. The latter trait is 

notable since a complaint sometimes heard about 

the Ilex glabra cultivars ‘Densa’ and ‘Compacta’ 

is that they frequently lose their lower branches. 

Other surviving plants of this collection either 

didn’t grow well or weren’t significantly different 

from cultivars already available. 

At the Arboretum, the original plant of ‘Peggy’s 

Cove’ (now accession number 500-2007-A) 

is growing in the Leventritt Shrub and Vine 

Garden, near specimens of ‘Compacta’ for easy 

comparison. This 22-year-old plant is now 48 

inches (122 centimeters) tall and 60 inches (152 

centimeters) wide with a rounded habit. Perhaps 

it isn’t the best example because we have 

pruned it by harvesting many cuttings from it. 

Four lightly pruned 8-year-old plants near the 

Dana Greenhouses (accession number 3-2002) 

are 22 to 36 inches (56 to 91 centimeters) tall 

and 30 to 45 inches (76 to 114 centimeters) 

wide. ‘Peggy’s Cove’ is a female, producing the 

typical small black fruits of this species (if pollinated 

by a nearby male Ilex glabra). The leaves 

of ‘Peggy’s Cove’ are dark green and smaller 

than the average inkberry leaf. 

‘Peggy’s Cove’ inkberry grows best in full sun 

and tolerates light shade, but may stretch a bit 

and become less compact if in too much shade. 

Like many hollies, it prefers acidic soils that are 

evenly moist. Winter damage to leaves of this 

evergreen has been slight at the Arboretum. 

‘Peggy’s Cove’ is probably no hardier than what 

is typical for the species: USDA zone 5 (average 

annual minimum temperature -20 to -10°F 

[-28.8 to -23.4°C]). It is currently in the early 

stages of commercial production. 

Acknowledgments 

Many thanks to John Weagle, Stanley Dodds, Walter 

Ostrom, and the late Captain Richard M. Steele. It was 

these folks who were instrumental in getting me to Nova 

Scotia and to that barren coast where I found Ilex glabra 

‘Peggy’s Cove’. 

A registration description of this cultivar was published 

in the Holly Society Journal, 2008, 26(2): 10–11. 

John H. Alexander III is Plant Propagator at the Arnold 

Arboretum.

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