A comparative study of paper produced from zea mays - Philippine ...

1985 

#1 

A comparative study of paper produced from zea mays 

(corn) peelings, Manihot esculenta (Cassava) peelings, 

and Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) leaves 

Katherine Ann Abesamis, Carol Bustamante, Ma Victoria Magallanes, 

Catherine Sison, Ma Cristina Subang 

ABSTRACT 

The study was conducted to find newer and better sources of pulp 

papermaking. Corn (zea mays) peelings, cassava (manihot esculenta) 

peelings and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) leaves were used as 

sources. The soda process of pulp making was used. 

Cassava peelings yielded negative results. On the other hand, corn 

peelings produced paper of 196 g/m 2 (basis weight) which show bursting 

strength of 1.85 kg/cm 2 , tearing strength of 70.19 g, tensile strength of 5.2 

kg/15mm, folding resistance (folds double) of 7 and density of 0.64 g/cc; 

while sugarcane leaves produced paper of 269.6 g/m 2 , (weight basis) which 

show bursting strength of 3.3 kg/cm 2 , tearing strength of 56.63 g. tensile 

strength of 6.8 kg/15mm, folding resistance of 1 and density of 0.62 g/cc. 

These statistics show that the two aforementioned sources yield paper 

of good quality. The paper produced is comparable to that produced from 

rice straw, an accepted pulp source. Sugarcane leaves and corn peelings are 

predicted to be possible sources of pulp for producing mimeographing paper 

and / or newsprint. 

#2 

Organic fertilizer from the leaves of imperata cylindrical 

(kogon), oryza sativa (palay) and Saccharum spontaneum 

(talahib) 

Maria Fe Acevedo, Jane Cases, Cherry Joy Concha, Maria Loida B De lumen, 

Noel Orosa 

ABSTRACT 

To compare the efficiency of the organic fertilizer from rice straw, 

cogon, talahib, horse manure, and wood ash with commercial fertilizer an 

experiment was conducted. Four samples were made, the composition of 

which were as follows: Sample 1 – 21% rice straw, 10% cogon, 10% 

talahib, 58% horse manure, .2% wood ash; Sample 2 – 10% rice straw, 

21% cogon, 10% talahib; Sample 3 – 10% rice straw, 10% cogon, 21% 

talahib; Sample 4 – 10% rice straw, 10% cogon, 10% talahib. After the 

production of the organic fertilizer, the four samples were subjected for 

chemical analysis to determine the quantitative percentage values of the

different nutritive components of the samples. Sample 1 had the following 

composition: .36% Nitrogen, .28% Phosphorus, .38% Potassium, 8.65% 

moisture. For sample 2, the following values were obtained: .33% Nitrogen, 

.16% Phosphorus, .39% Potassium, 6.56% moisture. For sample 3, had the 

following composition : .30% Nitrogen, .24% Phosphorous, .46% Potassium 

and 5.85% moisture. Sample 4 was as follows: .40% Nitrogen, .52% 

Phosphorous, .44% Potassium and 6.30% moisture. 

The group chose tomato as the experimental plant because of its 

availability, its relatively short maturation period, and most important, its 

need for nutrients such as Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, otherwise 

known by their atomic symbols N-P-K. 

#3 

The phytochemical screening and microbiological assay of 

“Philodendron laceron” (toothed Philodendron) 

Joel M Addawe, Marie Patricoa G Casiño, Dorinda S Doroja, Theodore D 

Erguiza, Sharon C Lopez 

ABSTRACT 

This research project is aimed at determining the phytochemical 

properties of the leaves of Philodendron leacerum. The phytochemical 

screening which was done on the ethanolic extract of the plant’s leaves 

showed that alkaloids, quarternary and / or amine oxide bases and 

polyphenolic compounds were present. 

Using paper-disc diffusion method, the ethanolic extracts were tested 

for their inhibitory effects against S cerevisiae, Eschrichia coli, Mycobacterium, 

Fusarium monoliforme, and Rhizopus arrhizus. The extracts showed no 

substantial inhibitory activities against these microorganisms. 

#5 

Nutritive content of Mangifera indica (mangga) leaves 

Ma Emilita Marcia Aguilar, Jennifer Emilie Gache, Frederick Ulpiano Pontillas, 

Anna Lourdes San Luis 

ABSTRACT 

Mango leaves are known to be used by barrio folk in dishes such as 

kilawin, sinigang and pinangat. This study has determined the basic nutritive 

constituents of mango leaves using proximate analysis. The mature leaves 

were found to contain nutrient in the following amounts: crude fat, 5.32%; 

crude fiber, 7.866%; moisture, 58.1265%; ash 6.465%; carbohydrates, 

22.2%; protein, only a trace. On the other hand, the young leaves were 

found to contain nutrients in the following percentages: crude fat, 2.125%; 

crude fiber, 4.43%; moisture, 78.5385%; ash, .17%; carbohydrates, 

14.7365%; protein, just a trace, too. The relatively high carbohydrate, fiber 

and fat content of the leaves make them a feasible feed supplement for

animals or as roughage. However, the very low protein content of the leaves 

makes the leaves an impractical food source for humans. 

#6 

Phytochemical screening and microbiological assay of 

Averrhoa bilimbi (kamias) roots 

Armando Agulan Jr, Lester Ecarma, Francisco Ignalaga, francis Yabut 

ABSTRACT 

The research project aimed to determine the phytochemicals present in 

the roots of Averrhoa bilimbi (kamias) and the anti-microbial properties of its 

ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, hexane and water extracts as tested against the 

fungus, A fumigatus, and bacteria which were E coli, M Luteus S aureus and B 

subtilis. 

Results showed that kamias roots contain all the phytochemicals 

except anthraquinones and flavonoids. All the extracts showed zones of 

inhibition in the five microorganisms. 

#7 

Proetien enrichment of banana (musa sapientum var. 

lakatan) juice using mungbeans (phaseolus aureus) 

Vincent Agunod, Chrysogonus Fernandez, Nestor Magkawas Jr, Angelo Palo, 

Rhett Emmanuel Serfino 

ABSTRACT 

This study involves the production of a protein enriched fruit beverage 

using the juices of the banana (musa sapientum var. lakatan) and the protein 

extracts of mungbeans (phaseolus aureus). 

The project has five major stages. There are : protein extraction, 

acidification of protein extract, juice extraction, combination/adjustment, and 

evaluation of the finished product. 

The protein content was analyzed using the Kjeldahl method. Three 

trials were conducted on both the pure protein extract and the finished 

product. The protein content of the pure protein extract was measured to be 

3.1%, while the protein content of the finished product was found to be at 

3.0%. 

To test the commercial appeal of the drink, the finished product was 

compared to a commercial drink and subjected to Sensory Evaluation tests. 

The results of these tests were tabulated and analyzed statistically using the 

chi-square and the Friedmann’s Test. The results of the latter show that with 

regards to General Acceptability and taste, the null hypothesis which states 

that there is no significant difference between the two drinks should be 

accepted. However, texture, odor and color of the banana juice has yet to 

undergo improvements.

The results of the Chiu-Square show that although more people would 

rather purchase the commercial drink, the difference is statistically 

insignificant. 

#8 

The chemical analysis of the nutritive content of terminalia 

catappa fruitpericarp and nut 

Edilberto Alcanzare, Sheryll Baranda, Wilfredo Manuela, Cesar Guinto, John 

Ysrael Baluyut 

ABSTRACT 

The study involved a proximate analysis of the fruit’s nutritive content. 

The values obtained were then compared with common food sources. 

The edibled portion of the talisai fruit frut are 57% and 5% for its 

pericarp and nuts respectively. The fruit’s pericarp is composed of 90.35% 

moisture, 0.20% crude fiber, 0.06% ash, 1.05% protein, 4.31% fat and 

4.03% carbohydrate. For the nut, its composition is as follows: 34.100% 

moisture, 2.38% crude fiber, 3.34% ash, 2.11% protein, 35.30 fat and 

22.77% carbohydrate. 

The nut has a higher nutritive value compared to the pericarp and is 

therefore a better food source. 

#9 

Feasibility of carica papaya trunk and leaves as a source of 

paper pulp 

Jesus Almendral, Dionisio Diokno III, Albert Palima, Edwin Rodriguez, Virgil 

Saldajeno 

ABSTRACT 

Soda pulps obtained from the leaves and trunk of Carica papaya 

(papaya) were subjected to a quantitative chemical analysis. Results were 

then compared with standards to determine whether such pulps are suitable 

for papermaking. 

Results are as follows: leaves: 7.26% ash, 21.65% pentosan, 58.82% 

alpha-cellulose, 18.63% solubility in 1% NaOH; Trunk: 35.8% ash, 25.83% 

pentosan, 68.72% alpha-cellulose, 24.4% solubility in 1% NaOH. Standards 

are: less than .15% ash, 2-20% pentosan, more than 85% alpha-cellulose, 

less than 15% solubility in 1% NaOH. 

The pulps from the leaves and trunks of carica papaya are not good 

paper pulps due to the high ash and pentosan content, low- cellulose content, 

and high solubility in 1% NaOH.

#10 

The feasibility of langka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds 

as a source of flour 

Vincent Aluquin, Elmer Astillero, Hernando Ombao, Jarvis Punsalan, Victor 

Sicam 

ABSTRACT 

Langka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) thrives in almost every part of the 

country. The fruit contains abundant seeds which are edible. It is known 

that langka seeds are rich in carbohydrates and its components are similar to 

wheat in similar percentages. 

The study were boiled and peeled of its outer coverings. It was then 

sundried, and ground using the Wiley mill. Langka seed flour together with 

wheat flour in different percentages was then cooked using tortillo chips as 

recipe. 

The sensory Evaluation test results showed that langka seed flour is 

feasible enough to substitute wheat flour in terms of production cost and 

general acceptability especially in the 20:80 langka-wheat flour ratio. 

11 

Leaf protein concentrates from tridax procumbens (wild 

daisy) as meat protein substitute 

Aileen A Apolinario, Ma Celia L Arguelles, Rupert Erwin G Exconde, Norberto R 

Marquez, Rheniland F Mendoza 

ABSTRACT 

The leaves of Tridax procumbens (wild daisy) were utilized as sources 

of protein concentrates. The leaf protein concentrates from the 

aforementioned plant was prepared on a laboratory scale using the heat 

coagulation method of extraction. The coagulum was dried and incorporated 

into hamburgers at different levels of substitution (25% and 50%). Both 

preparations were found to be minimally acceptable with the 25% 

substitution being more acceptable than the 50% substitution. 

Tridax procumbens leaf protein concentrates not viable as a meat 

protein substitute.

#12 

Proximate analysis of pleurotus ostreatus (Abalone 

mushroom) 

John Thomas A Aquino, Salvador T Bernardo Jr, Romig J Celis, Eric Manuel N 

Pareja, Warren David A Sarmiento 

ABSTRACT 

This experiment was designed in order to determine the actual 

nutritive value of the Pleurotus ostreatus more commonly referred to as the 

abalone mushroom. 

Our experiment required four separate samples of the Abalone 

mushroom – one air-dried and three oven-dried samples. These samples 

were made to undergo specific tests and preparations for the determination 

of the following: To ash, to moisture, to rude fiber, % protein, % fat. The 

Abalone mushroom was found to cantain89.5% moisture, 2.91% protein, 

0.49% ash, 0.16 crude fat, 1.17% crude fiber and 5.72% carbohydrates. It is 

preferable to store the mushrooms in their dry form. The experiment also 

sought to determine in what form the Abalone mushroom could best be 

appreciated. Two of the suggested forms were: as a meat extender; and as 

bouillon cubes for soup. Unfortunately, however, due to our slow pace and 

lack of time, not all possible forms were explored. 

#13 

A study on the capability of Bacillus polymyxa and 

azespirillum lipoferum I protecting tomato plants from 

wilt disease 

Anna Melissa Aspiras, Delia Bobadilla, Gladys Cherisse Completo, Annete 

Domingo, Ma Alexandra Pura 

ABSTRACT 

Pseudomonas solanacearum is a serious disease causing agent of 

solanaceous plants such as tomato, pepper, tobacco, and Irish potato. The 

beneficial bacteria, Bacillus polymyxa and Azespirillium lipoferum, are both 

nitrogen fixers. These bacteria were used to demonstrate the idea that by 

pre-emptive colonization, the beneficial bacteria can prevent the entry of 

harmful bacteria into some plants. Therefore, it is a mechanism of discrete 

preventions. 

In the treatment with the bacteria B polymyxa and P solanacearum, 

0%, 8.7%, and 40% were the casualties or the percentage of its mortality 

rate in the three trials. In the treatments with the bacteria A lipoferum and P 

solanacearum, 0%, 1.4%, and 10% were the casualties, also, in the three 

trials. While, in the treatment with P solanacearum alone, 6.7% 35%, and 

70% of the original populations died because of the wilt disease.

With regards to the heights of the plants, a common behavior or trend 

sites that plants with the harmful bacteria alone had the shortest average 

heights while the heights of the other plants treated with B polymyxa or A 

lipoferum. However, the t-test and x2 – test done showed insignificant 

results, which means that there are no significant differences among the four 

treatments in terms of mortality rates and heights of the plants. 

#14 

Charcoal oven 

Rolito Asuncion, Josef Bringas, Rodolfo Ibanez, Noel Tiangco, Emilio Vergara 

III 

ABSTRACT 

The researchers aim to construct a charcoal oven with the same 

capabilities as that of a commercial oven. Materials used were galvanized 

iron sheets, rivets, grille, aluminum sheet, wire mesh and rice hull ask (as an 

insulator). Tests were conducted to determine the performance of the oven. 

The maximum temperature obtained was 290 C. The results obtained for 

cooking a pizza pie was seven (7) minutes. Roasting half a chicken took one 

(1) hour. 

The results proved to be very promising. Further research might 

produce a more effective oven. 

#15 

Utilization of leaf protein concentrates from Cucurbita 

maxima and peperomia pellicida for human consumption. 

Alvin Atenido, Christopher Baylon, Jacinto Gabriel. Gregorio Galve, 

Rosemarivic Villen 

ABSTRACT 

The utilization of cucurbita maxima (kalabasa) and peperomia pellucida 

(ulasiman bato) leaves as sources of protein concentrates was investigated 

and studied upon. Leaf protein concentrates (LPC) of the two plants 

mentioned were prepared on a laboratory scale and were extracted with the 

use of the heat coagulation method. The protein concentrations of the LPCs 

were determined with the use of the Kjedahl process and were found to be 

31.98% and 26.65% for C maxima and P pellucida respectively. The LPCs 

were found to contain essential amino acids. The LPCs of both leaves were 

incorporated into rice cake (biko) to enrich it. Sensory evaluation tests were 

done on the rice cake. Fortifications up to 4.8% of both LPCs were found to 

be acceptable with the C maxima LPC fortified “biko” being highly acceptable.

#16 

The protein content and the potential antagonistic 

property of alphitobius laevegatus (black fungus bettle) 

Melflor Atienza, Levi Fernadez, Corazon de Ungria, Lemuel De Velez, Monica 

Xavier 

ABSTRACT 

The objective of the study are to find the protein content and to 

determine the antagonistic property of alphitobius laevegatus (black fungus 

beetle). The Kjeldahl method for quantitative protein analysis showed that 

the beetle contains 14% protein. This is comparable to the protein found in 

locust (13.7), squid (14%), and pork liver (19.7%). 

To test the antagonistic (dilating) property of A laevegatus, an isolated 

tissue experiment using the tracheal muscle of the cat was performed. 

Acetylcholine was used as the contracting agent and atropine and epinephrine 

as the control antagonists (dilators). When the beetle extract was added, no 

visible antagonistic effect was observed. 

#17 

Feasibility study of using pineapple (Ananas comosus 

Merr.) peelings as pulp for papermaking 

Roelito A Begnotea, Ariel M Borja, Glenn Y Guevarra, Jansen S Lorena 

ABSTRACT 

The peelings was subjected to drying (preferably oven drying). The 

initial weight of the samples was 1 kg. And was reduced to 600 grams after 

oven drying. The samples were cooked in caustic soda or sodium hydroxide 

following the soda process of pulping. The pulp was bleached using the C-E- 

H process. The sheets were formed by molding the pulp in silkscreen. 

The outcome of the experiment is a yellowish paper with a bursting 

strength of 6.47; tearing strength of 16.89; breathing length of 3720.72; 

double folds of 1.0; tensile strength of 8.5. The density was calculated to be 

0.82 and the weight to be 3.70. 

The paper was confirm to be an ideal material for use as Bristol and 

paperboard.

#18 

Feasibility of salvinia molesta as feed supplement for 

gallus gallus (chicken) 

Gary A Bogarin, Denver M Gomez, Emmelyne C Lita, Judy G Lopez, Amaya B 

Mata 

ABSTRACT 

This experiment tested the efficiency of Salvinia molesta as feed 

supplement on 22 chicks. There were four groups fed with different ratios of 

salvinia molesta mixed with the commercial feed, broiler mash. Varying 

treatments of salvinia molesta were given --- 10 % Salvinia molesta, 20% 

Salvinia molesta, 30% Salvinia molesta and 100% broiler mash served as the 

control. Results of the research indicated that among the experimental 

groups, the chicks fed with 20% Salvinia molesta had the greatest gain in 

weight. They were significantly heavier and required the least amount of 

feed. In addition, the chicks fed with 20% Salvinia molesta mixed with 80% 

commercial broiler had the greatest performance efficiency. Thus, the 29% 

Salvinia molesta is the optimum concentration needed to produce an efficient 

feed for chicken. 

#19 

Protein from leucaena leucocephala (ipil-ipil) leaves as a 

component of a sensitizer 

Ma Brenda E Carbonilla, Ma Teresa A Cuison, Jojo-Anne A Guzman, Rosanna 

M Roy, Elizabeth S Sanchez 

ABSTRACT 

Protein from young ipil-ipil leaves was extracted and isolated through 

the heat coagulation method, and incorporated with ammonium dichromate 

and ammonium hydroxide to produce a sensitizer used in a lithographic work 

called platemaking. A sensitizer is a colloidal solution of protein an 

ammonium dichromate which, when dried down on any surface, becomes 

sensitive to light. Ipil-ipil sensitizers were prepared to test the suitability of 

ipil-ipil protein as component of a sensitizer. Five ipil-ipil sensitizers of 

different ammonium dichromate-leaf protein concentrate ratios were tested in 

platemaking, along with a commercial sensitizer. Results showed that ipil-ipil 

sensitizers of 1:4 and 1:5 ratios were of the same efficiency as the 

commercial sensitizer. The final results attested the suitability of ipil-ipil 

protein as a component of sensitizers used in platemaking, and as a suitable 

substitute for casein or albumin, the proteins commonly used in sensitizers.

#21 

A comparative study on the efficiency of carabo dung and 

ipil-ipil leaves as substitute for charcoal 

Sheryl Catura, Lorna de Leon, Dolores Dimapilis 

ABSTRACT 

This study tested the efficiency of two materials as charcoal 

substitutes. Ipil-ipil leaves and carabao dung were decayed on separate pits 

for 45 days. Then mixed into proportions of : 100% dung, 100% ipil-ipil 

leaves and 50% dung plus 50 % ipil-ipil leaves for molding in briquettes. The 

briquettes were allowed to dry for 1 day. Efficiency was tested by heating 

150 ml of water. 

Temperature of the water was taken at 2 min, intervals, and the 

maximum temperature of water was recorded when the charcoal substitute 

was used up. Each treatment received 6 trials, using 3 briquettes per trial. 

Ordinary charcoal was subjected to the same test, and the results were used 

as a basis of comparison. The results of the test and by using the Analysis of 

variance (ANOVA) test showed that dung-ipil mixture was the most efficient 

charcoal substitute. 

#22 

The Production of glue and paper from scrap hides 

Neriza Y Chin, Evelyn Angelita P Curioso, Rowena B Gobenciong, Maria Alyn 

Ines J Newman, Margaret S Yenko 

ABSTRACT 

The research work aimed to determine the possibility of producing glue 

and paper from scrap hides. 

For the production of glue, alum was added to the extract produced 

from the boiling of scrap hides. As for the production of paper, the pulp was 

not subjected to quantitative test. It was immediately processed into paper 

by hand papermaking. 

The glue produced developed into a heterogeneous mixture of a 

crystalline substance and the liquid which did not exhibit sufficient adhesive 

properties on wood or paper. On the other hand, the paper produced 

exhibited a tearing strength (58.0g) within the range of Philippine standards 

for wrapping paper but was substandard in terms of thickness (35.71 mills) 

and weight (419.0 kg/15mm). It did not pass any of the standards for writing 

paper.

#23 

Rice cakes incorporated with leaf protein in concentrates 

from moringa oleifera 

Ronilda A Covar, Ma Lourdes L Dario, Ramonia M Gerona, Romeo G Lasam Jr, 

Miriam Ruth B Marzan 

ABSTRACT 

Moringa oleifera, which is more commonly known as malunggay, was 

utilized as a possible source of leaf protein concentrates. Leaf protein 

concentrates of this plant were prepared in the laboratory using the beat of 

the LPC extracted using the salt-coagulation method was found to be 17.85% 

while that of the heat-coagulated LPC was 25.0%. This indicates the 

advantage of the heat-coagulation in LPC extraction over the other method. 

The LPC’s were also found to contain aromatic, sulfur-containing and indolegroup 

containing amino-acids which are some of the essential amino acids. 

The LPC was incorporated into rice cakes, a protein-deficient food 

preparation. From the sensory evaluation test done on the rice cakes, it was 

found that fortification up to about 3% was equally acceptable as the sample. 

This means that LPC’s can be utilized as a protein-supplement for protein 

deficient food preparations like puto. 

#27 

Proximate analysis of caesalpina pulcherrima (caballero) 

Michael Gaston, Nathaniel Bacareza, Andrew Eric Garingalao, Eliseo Segui, 

Remus Villanueva 

ABSTRACT 

The legume Caesalpina pulcherrima commonly known as caballero, 

was analyzed to determine its potential as a source of high-protein feedstuff 

for implementation in the poultry and livestock industry. Proximate analysis 

was used to determine the quantitative percentage values of the different 

nutritive components of the leaves of the plant. Caesalpina pulcherrima had 

the following composition: 63.50% moisture, 18.96% carbohydrates. Based 

on known composition of feeds already being used, Caesalpina pulcherrima 

may used as a feed supplement for poultry and livestock.

#28 

The device to harness th mechanical energy released 

during the deceleration of an automobile 

Giselle G Gervacio, Elma S Dizon, Yvonne R Pineda, Emmeline G Cadabes, 

Geneva M Selirio 

ABSTRACT 

The study deals with the construction of a fuel economizer which 

works by reutilizing the harnesses mechanical energy released during the 

deceleration of an automobile. The principal parts of the device are: an 

alternator which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, a DC source 

which stores the generated energy, and a DC motor which reconverts the 

electrical energy into mechanical energy. Consequently, the device helps the 

engine propel the vehicle, thereby lessening the engine’s load. 

Efficiency tests conducted to compare the fuel economy of the car with 

the device and the car without the device, showed that no significant amount 

of fuel is saved under the simulated traffic condition, whereas 14% fuel 

saving was observed under the cruising speed condition. This result was 

obtained despite the utilization of roughly only 1% available energy. The 

feasibility of mechanical energy re-utilization is thus demonstrated, and a step 

towards maximizing energy utilization has been taken. With further 

improvements, it is recommended that the device be integrated as part of 

vehicles, especially of buses. 

#29 

The utilization of the magnus effect in improving windfall 

performance 

Benjamin Granada, Apollo Sangalang, Reyman Selirio, Richard dela Torre, 

Ricardo Zarate Jr 

ABSTRACT 

The magnus effect was applied to the conventional two-bladed rotor 

and resulted in a Savonius version of the present barrel version which uses 

the Magnus Effect. This resulted in a windmill of the horizontal gender with 

two pairs of open semi-circles freely rotating and a main gear at the center 

to help convert the spinning into power. The two pairs of split-barrels were 

constructed out of scrap GI sheets and connected to a main aluminum shaft 

by two bearings that made the Savonius rotors rotate in any direction. A 

turntable and wind vane kept the windmill (Hrunting I) facing the wind. 

The project gave a negative result due to mechanical and 

constructional problems due to the cumbersome weight of each rotor, in 

instability of only one bearing supporting the windmill and problems of friction 

encountered with the bearings.

#31 

Utilization of recycled plastics 

Gina Narcisa M Gumiran, Haydee S Marbas, Lea Resureccion A Ringor, Zosimo 

P Villa Jr, Rommel T Cervantes 

ABSTRACT 

Plastic cups were dissolved using gasoline as solvent to produce 

additives for harder plastics using 1:0, 1:2, 1:3 ratios upon addition of egg 

shells. It was determined by the National Science and Technology Authority’s 

National Standard Testing Center (NSTC) that the 1:0 ratio yielded the best 

tensile = strength with a value of 2.4 Megapascal (MPa), followed by 1:1 and 

1:2 with values 1.8 and 1.7 respectively. 1:3 ratio had the lowest tensile 

strength, 1.6 Megapascal (MPa). All proportions were subjected to n95 

degrees centigrade and melted at that temperature. 

Percentage of the degree of water absorption are as follows: 0.64, 2.9, 

5.18, and 7.48 for 1:0, 1:1, 1:2AND 1;3 respectively. 

Findings obtained from the National Standard testing Center confirmed 

that the 1:0 ratio is the best proportion to be utilized as additives to other 

harder plastic products. 

#33 

A further study on the lignin degradation in sugar cane 

bagasse by some species of Philippine wood rotting fungi 

Eduardo Lacson Jr, Gaylord Mendoza, Joel Sanqui, Fernando Vimar Vitug 

ABSTRACT 

The Basidiomycetes ( F. lividus. P versicolor, P ostreatus, P 

Sanguineus) were cultured in malt extract agar media. After two weeks of 

incubation, the fungi were introduced into the substrate in the form of agar 

plugs. 

After incubation of 15, 30 and 45 days, periodically checking for sings 

of growth and contamination, the substrates were analyzed using TAPPI 

standards for determination of moisture free wood (T-12 os- 75, 1975, 2 nd 

revision) and the chlorination method of determination of lignin content in 

the sample (202 TM-1953). 

The results showed that all four species of Philippine wood rotting 

fungi were positive for capabilities of lignin degradation. For the given 

conditions of pH, temperature, substrate and culture media, the fastest 

degrader in 15 days is Fomes lividus and the fungal species which degraded 

the most lignin in 30 and 45 days in Pleurotus ostreatus. 

Patterns of degradation have been manifested but more conclusive 

data should be further through further research which may eventually lead to 

the full exploitation of this technique to reap the benefits.

#35 

Food products from winged beans (Psophocarpus 

tetragonolobus) 

Arleen Gay T Marasigan, mary lilibeth V Ortiz, Gladys Faith S Ricafrente, Maria 

Criselda T Semaña, Raphelle Maila P Tilanduca 

ABSTRACT 

Mature winged bean seeds were prepared, dehulled, and pureed. The 

milk was then extracted and set aside for the production of bean curd. 

Meanwhile, varying amounts of the presscaje residue were incorporated into 

varying amounts of commercially sold ground beef. The five different burgers 

were evaluated by a panel of twenty seven (27) randomly selected students 

from the Philippine Science High School for taste, color, odor, texture, and 

general acceptability. The remaining presscake residue was tested for 

moisture content, crude fat, content, ash content, and moisture content. 

The milk was coagulated, then placed in the freezer for a week. 

Results from the sensory evaluation tests reveal that the most 

accepted of the five treatments is the one which contained 100% ground 

beef, followed by that which contained 75% ground beef and 25% winged 

bean meat. The analytical tests yielded the following results: moisture 

content, 72.85%; fat content, 4.85%; ash content, 3.68% and protein 

content, 25.56%. 

The milk unfortunately was not sufficiently firm to b made into bean 

curd. 

The winged bean is proven to contain a higher protein content than 

the commercial ground beef. In some other nutrients, it is also higher than 

the ground beef in content. 

The winged bean is also economically advantageous as the burger with 

25% winged bean meat and 75% ground beef, compared to the 100% 

ground beef burger is cheaper by one peso and sixty centavos. 

In terms of market potential, however, it is not very strong as sensory 

evaluation tests prove that the burgers with high concentrations of winged 

beans meat are not very appealing to the senses as compared to the ground 

beef burgers. 

The winged bean has the potential to be aw low-cost substitute for the 

traditional protein sources as it contain a high percent of protein and other 

nutrients. Granted a lot of improvements in quality, I also may be a 

substitute for commercial food products such as burgers that may be low in 

nutritive content.

#36 

The phytochemcial screening and micobiological assay of 

saccharum spontaneum (talahib) roots 

Roelito E Mendoza, Josse C Almonte, Gizbert M Hermoso, Rommel C Cortes 

ABSTRACT 

Phytochemical screening was done on the ethanol extract of 

saccharum spontaneum (talahib) roots to detect the presence of the following 

phytochemicals: alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, c aerdenolides and 

bufadienolides. The screening of saponins, tannins and flavonoids yielded 

positive results. On the other hand, the screening for alkaloids, cardenolides 

and bufadienolides showed negative results. The extract can therefore heave 

some medicinal properties due to the presence of some important 

phytochemicals. Such biological activities such as antifungal, antiviral and 

anti-inflammatory can probably be exhibited also by the talahib roots. 

Microbiological assay of the extract was done using the following 

microorganisms: Escherichia coli (g-), staphycaccus aureus (g+), aerobacter 

aerogenes (g-) and Bacillus cerous (g+). The assay yielded negative results 

for all bacteria. This can be due to the low concentration of the extract and / 

or the concentration of the phytochemicals necessary for inhibition. 

#37 

A proximate analysis of the shells of diadema (sea urchin) 

Joseph del Mundo, Gilbert Ebora, Roland Delagon, Rudyard Somera 

ABSTRACT 

A proximate analysis of Diadema (sea urchins) was done. This resulted 

in the obtaining of values of the protein, crude fat, ash, moisture and 

carbohydrate content of the shells. Sea urchins collected from Anilao, 

Batangas were cleaned, dried and then put in a Wiley mill. The samples were 

then analyzed for their contents. 

The percentage of protein was 8.1% and the percentage of ash was 

90.60% (dry basis) and 86.98% (wet basis). Moisture content was 3.04% 

and carbohydrate content 1.74%. And the percentage of crude fat was 

0.4%.

#38 

Utilization of cyanide-containing fruit seed extracts as 

potential pesticides 

Jennifer N Ong, Raul Romea, Bejamin Velasco, Jose Mnauel Atienza, Cynthia 

Verzosa 

ABSTRACT 

The presence of cyanide in various fruit seed extracts was qualitatively 

determined using picrate paper strips. Phosphorus and sulfate were detected 

using lead acetate and silver nitrate paper strips. 

The cyanide ions were separated from the other ions present in the 

seeds through distillation. The distillate was subsequently titrated with silver 

nitrate to quantify the cyanide in the various fruit seed extracts. The results 

of the analysis are as follows: apple 2% santol, 0.66%; papaya, 1.39; and 

mango, 0.98%. 

Mice fed with various amounts of cyanide from the four samples 

exhibited a hundred percent fatality rate (100%). This was accompanied by 

symptoms characteristics of cyanide-poisoning-dilated pupils, respiratory 

arrest, convulsions, unconsciousness, and involuntary defecation. However, 

differences in the time (in seconds) it took for death to occur were observed. 

These variations on the effectivity time followed a general trend: the greater 

the concentration of cyanide, the faster death occurs. 

Analysis of various showed that there were significant differences on 

the time of effectivity of the samples used. The order of effectivity in 

increasing proportion is as follows: mango, papaya, santol, and apple seeds. 

Histopathological tests done on the mice using the similar picrate paper strips 

indicated the cyanide as the main cause of death of the mice. It was then 

concluded that cyanide can be utilized as an effective pesticide. 

#39 

Utilization of tridax procumbens as feed protein 

supplement for chicks 

Roderick M Planta, Ferdinand B Bajo, Jason Mar S Hernando, Edward G Frias, 

Brandy M Taguiang 

ABSTRACT 

Week – old white leghorn chicks were fed with commercial broiler 

mash mixed with dried tridax procumbens (wild daisy0 at levels of 20%, 30%, 

40%, 50% for 48 days. Pure commercial broiler mash was used as the 

control. Results of this study indicated that among the experimental groups 

the chicks fed with the 20% diet had the highest gain in weight and were 

significantly heavier and required less amount of feed. However the 

difference in weight gains between the chicks fed with the 20% wild daisy 

diet and the control were not statistically significant which means that the 

20% tridax diet is as good as the control. It therefore saves on the cost of

feed. It was found that the optimum level of 20% Tridax diet is needed to 

make an efficient triad-mixed feed. 

#40 

The feasibility of Derris Elliptica (tubli) and 

Aristolochiaceae leptopus (cadena de amor) as an 

insecticide 

Marcos A Rabang, Felipe C Pagdilao, Frnacis T Santilla, Gregor D Suelto 

ABSTRACT 

Synthetic insecticides now in use are not only harmful to the insects to 

which they are sprayed but also to man. Synthetic chemicals which are used 

in the manufacture of pesticides, pose a grave threat to man when it pollutes 

the water he drinks, the air he breathes and the food he eats. These 

chemicals are also expensive and so cheap source of natural insecticides must 

be tapped. In view of these problems regarding insecticides, this hiaceae 

leptopus and Derris elliptica as insecticides was undertaken. 

Di-ethyl ether was used to obtain the leaf extracts of both plant 

species. The mortality observed after testing the flies on the extracts were 

tabulated. From these, the LC50 values were calculated. LC 50 is the lethal 

concentration of the insecticide at which 50% of the test population will die. 

The smaller the LC50 value the more effective the insecticide since it requires 

only a low concentration of the extract to be able to kill an insect. The LC 50 

values obtained were 15, 858 ppm for A leptopus and 5,496 ppm for D 

elliptica. D elliptica extracts. The test population used in the study is 

Drosophila melanogaster. 

#41 

A comparative study on the potential of Musa sp. (banana) 

Imperata (cogon) and Oriza sativa (rice ) leaves as 

sources of biogas 

Beatriz delos Reyes, Jane Betty Goh, Mary Carmelyn Nono, Ma Regina 

Sarmiento 

ABSTRACT 

To determine the relative biogas producing capabilities of cogon, rice 

and banana leaves, a n experiment was conducted. A water-to-raw material 

ratio of 1:0.75 was used with starter volume percentage kept constant at 

33%. Two replicates were prepared for each substrate. Fermentation lasted 

thirty days. 

Raw data showed that rice was he best source of gas with production 

reaching 1,250 ml on the twenty-eight day. Cogon and banana produced 

1,150 and 450 ml of gas respectively. Statistical analysis using ANOVA-test,

however, proved that there were no significant differences between the 

amounts of gas produced by the experimental groups. 

#42 

Horse manure as a substitute for wood charcoal 

Dante del Rosario, Andrew Fañega, Farley Aguila, Raymond Santiago, Carlos 

Espiritu 

ABSTRACT 

The study aimed at the technical feasibility of producing charcoal from 

horse manure using locally available binder-corn starch. Briquettes with 

cornstarch mixture binder had higher crushing strength compared to 

briquettes can then be made into charcoal by simply drying the materials to 

constant weight. The amount of heat emitted per volume results indicated 

that the production of charcoal briquettes from horse manure is feasible using 

cornstarch. But the heating capacity of pure manure is greater than the 

heating capacity of the manure with cornstarch as binder. The product can 

only be used as a source of energy for incubators. 

#43 

Improving the quality of cheese made from mixed mold 

rennet extracts 

Lani Rose San Mateo, Joey Roque Boiser, Afzelia Thersa Busa, Abelardo Perez 

Jr, Lynn Redoble 

ABSTRACT 

Mold extracts from Aspergillus niger (strain 3704) cultured in potato 

dextrose agar (PDA) and Czapek-dox agar (CDA); and Rhizopus oryzae (strain 

3356) cultured in rice bran (RB) and copra meal (CM) were combined in five 

different ratios, producing 16 combinations of mixed mold rennet extract. 

These 16 combinations were reduced to two best combinations for 

cheesemaking based on milk clotting activity (MCA) milk clotting time (MCT) 

and percentage yield, namely: 5.0 Cm : 5.0 CDA and 5.0 CM : 5.0 PDA. 

Cost analysis showed that the experimental samples at P14.64/100 g 

and 13.74/100 g (treatments with and without lactic acid, respectively were 

more expensive than the control at 8.00/100g. However, with the use of 

carabao’s milk, costs may be substantially reduced. 

Addition of lactic acid from Streptococcus sp. showed no effects on 

shelf life and did not significantly affect the percentage yield. Furthermore, 

there was no recognizable trend in terms of crude protein and fat content, but 

the general acceptability of cheese made from mixed mold rennet extracts 

was improved. 

The Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test showed that the most acceptable 

proportion for cheesemaking is 5.0 CM: 5.0 CDA with lactic acid. Its crude fat 

content (9.42%) ranked highest among the experimental samples and only

two percentage points lower than the fat content of DTRI-made cheese. It 

crude protein content is 15.18% compared to the DTRI-made cheese having 

18.80% crude protein. 

#44 

A comparative study of the lipid content of leaves from 

selected species of the malvaceae family 

Claudine Tanbuatco, Jeanne Bernardino, Eric Domingo, Cielo Echevarria, 

Rommel Galsim 

ABSTRACT 

Lipids extracted from Urena lobata, (dalupang); hibiscus rosasinensis, 

(gumamela); Abelmoschus esculentus, (okra); and abelmoschus moscatus, 

(kastuli) were subject to a comparative analysis in terms of lipid percentage 

yield were: okra, 13.7%; kastuli, 12.3%; dalupang, 10.5% gumamela, 

19.3%. The values obtained for iodine number were : okra, 105.08; 

dalupang 95.02; gumamela, 95.91; kastuli, 117.40. Results of the t-test on 

the percentage yield of lipid showed that there was a significant difference 

between the percentage yields of gumamela and dalupang, in favor of 

gumamela; kastuli and gumamela, in favor of gumamela. No significant 

difference in terms of lipid percentage yield was found between okra and 

dalupang, okra and gumamela, okra and kastuli, dalupang and kastuli. 

Gumamela was found to have highest lipid percentage yield. Results of the ttest 

of the iodine values obtained showed that there was a significant 

difference between iodine numbers of okra and dalupang, in favor of 

dalupang; kastuli and dalupang, in favor of dalupang; okra and gumamela, in 

favor of gumamela; kastuli and gumamela, in favor of gumamela. No 

significant difference in terms of iodine number was observed between okra 

and kastuli; dalupang and gumamela. Based on the range of iodine values of 

common lipids with known uses, dalupang and gumamela may used as salad 

oil, vegetable shortening, soap, and in the manufacture of margarine; okra 

maybe used as shortening, margarine, salad oil, cooking oil, and in fatty acid 

production; kastuli may used as salad oil. However, confirmatory tests as to 

the actual use and efficiency of these lipids must first be conducted. 

#45 

Utilization of oyster shells in block making 

Lloyd Tronco, Emmanuel Magboo, Ramil Andaya, Archemedes Quirante 

ABSTRACT 

Briefly discussed is how oyster shells were utilized in block making as 

to improve certain properties of the block, specifically the compressive 

strength and water absorption. The results of the analysis made on the 

blocks showed that the block containing 20% oyster shells yielded the highest 

mark in the test for compressive strength with a rating of 213.84 kg/cm 2 .

The same block obtained the lowest value for the water absorption test 

wherein it rendered a rating of 15.18% water absorbed. 

#46 

A comparative study of Saccharum spontaneum (talahib) 

and Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) as feed supplements 

for tilapia nilotica (Nile tilapia) 

Virgilio Velasco Jr, Christopher Barcelon, Betrand Hans Cagayan, Ernesto 

Serote Jr, Marcus Ynalvez 

ABSTRACT 

Fingerlings of tilapia nilotica were fed for 8 weeks with 3 different 

treatments, namely: 100% commercial feed (as control). Commercial feed 

supplemented with 20% Saccharum spontaneum (talahib) and 20% 

supplementation using Salvania molesta (kariba weed). The weight gain and 

feed conversion efficiency values for talahib were significantly higher than 

those of the control. The results for kariba weed were not significantly 

different from the control. 

It was inferred that both of the supplements may be used effectively, 

and that “talahib” was the best treatment among the three groups. 

#47 

High protein potato snack (fortified with mungbeans) 

Rodney Armena, Nestor Fadriquela, Felipe III del Rosario, Ramil 

Sevilla 

ABSTRACT 

A method was developed for preparing potato snack fortified with 

mung bean flour to increase it protein content using the concentrations up to 

70% mung beans. Concentrations of more than 50 mung beans were found 

to be not acceptable. Sensory Evaluation Test (SET) results showed that the 

snack with 20% mung beans was rated best. Friedman’s two-way analysis by 

rank was used to analyze SET results and the experimental product was rated 

best. Protein content of commercialized product and that of experimental 

(50%) with mung bean were compared and showed that 115% increase in 

protein content of the commercialized product..

A comparative study of paper produced from zea mays - Philippine ...

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