Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula - Naturetrek

Flowers of Italy's Gargano 

Peninsula 

Naturetrek Tour Report 20 - 27 April 2008 

From the hotel, Monte Sant'Angelo 

Naturetrek Cheriton Mill Cheriton Alresford Hampshire SO24 0NG England 

T: +44 (0)1962 733051 F: +44 (0)1962 736426 

E: info@naturetrek.co.uk W: www.naturetrek.co.uk 

Iris pseudopumila 

Legousia speculum-veneris Shepherd’s hut 

Report compiled by Jessica Turner and Richard Turnell 

Images by Jessica Turner

Tour Report Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula 

Tour Leaders: Jessica Turner 

Richard Turnell 

Participants: Judith Clark 

Mary Homfray 

Colin Hughes 

Michael McKeon 

Hilary McKeon 

Murray McLaggan 

Jennifer McLaggan 

Chas Shaw 

Judy Shaw 

Ernst Sondheimer 

John Taylor 

Betty Taylor 

John Vaughan 

Chris Ward 

Day 1 Sunday 20th April 

Weather: warm and sunny 

Richard met most of the group at Gatwick, catching the 7.45 flight to Naples, where we met up with Michael 

and Hilary, and Jessica. We collected the minibuses, and were soon on the road, heading east across Italy, noting 

the groves of Walnuts (Juglans regia) and Hazels (Corylus avellana), which gave way to arable and pasture. Some 

group members noted their first of many orchids, with large spikes of Lady Orchid (Orchis purpurea) on the 

verges. Leaving the autostrada, our route took us past some muddy pools where Black-winged Stilts, Little Egrets 

and Spoonbills made a good start to the bird list. Passing Manfredonia, we climbed slowly up to Monte St 

Angelo, high on the Gargano massif, and arrived in good time to settle into our hotel before dinner. 

Day 2 Monday 21st April 

Weather: Grey at first, becoming bright. Windy 

After a leisurely breakfast, we left shortly after 9am to begin our first full day botanising the meadows along the 

road from the hotel. Our first stop was all of 300m away, where we were impressed by the array of orchids, 

especially the yellow Ophrys, both O. lutea and, in greater quantity, O. sicula, told by its brown V on the margin. 

We also started to find the dark Ophryses: the Gargano Ophrys (O. garganica), the endemic Promontory Ophrys 

(O. promontoria), the dark Ophrys (O. incubacea), and the delightful Bertolonii’s Ophrys (O. bertolonii) with its ‘skislope’ 

lip, and the endemic, closely-related O. bertoloniiformis, and our introduction to the various hybrid forms. 

© Naturetrek November 08 1

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula Tour Report 

A stunning specimen of the Apulian Ophrys (O. apulica), with its bright pink sepals and petals, and large 

patterned brown lip, was also found. The diversity of the other plants equally caught our attention, especially the 

Pink Hawksbeard (Crepis rubra), the blue Dyer’s Alkanet (Alkanna lehmannii), yellow Horseshoe Vetch (Hippocrepis 

glauca) and the silver-leaved Sideritis syriaca. 

Dragging ourselves away from this meadow, we proceeded a little further down the road, stopping by a track to a 

radio mast. Here we found a magnificent specimen of the Giant Orchid (Himantoglossum robertianum): an unusual 

sight, as it is a very early flowerer, and spikes of Lady Orchid (Orchis purpurea) coming into bloom. Pink Butterfly 

Orchid (Orchis papilionacea), Green-winged Orchids (Orchis morio), Man Orchid (Orchis anthropophorum), and Naked 

Man Orchid (Orchis italica) were in profusion, together with spikes of Milky Orchid (O. lactea), Four-spotted 

orchid (Orchis quadripunctata) and more Ophrys specimens. As we wandered through this bounty, Burnt tip Orchid 

(Orchis ustulata) and the dainty yellow iris, Iris pseudopumila, were also found, with three species of rock rose, 

Common, Hoary and White (Helianthemum nummularium, H. oelandicum ssp canum, and H. apenninum). 

After our picnic lunch of local hams and cheeses, we continued our slow progress along the road. A climb over a 

fence gave us the opportunity to admire pure white O. quadripunctata and an unusual hybrid between Man and 

Naked Man orchids. Driving through fields of Asphodel (Asphodelus aestivus) we came to the monastery of St. 

Madre di Dio at Pulsano. Here on the rocks, we found the endemic Pale Goldendrop (Onosma lucana), together 

with the Ploughshare Tongue Orchid (Serapias vomeracea), the white Allium subhirsutum, and the tiny blue iris 

Barbary Nut (Gynandriris sisyrinchium). Some of the group visited the abbey church, built into the cliff, with its fine 

carvings and large plant of White Henbane (Hyoscyamus albus) near the door. 

Dinner this evening included gargantuan pizzas. 

Day 3 Tuesday 22nd April 

Weather: Early rain, becoming bright. Windy 

Bright sun but thick black clouds greeted the morning, resulting in a stunning rainbow over the hills. However, 

the rain was short-lived and today we set out to explore the wooded interior of Gargano: the Bosco Quarto. Our 

first stop was at some rocky meadows by a road junction, where we reacquainted ourselves with some species 

from Monday, including some fine Iris pumila and Ophrys species, but also found new ones, including the 

Spectacled Ophrys, Ophrys biscutella, the tiny Bumblebee Orchid, Ophrys bombyliflora, and the Black Vetch, Vicia 

melanops. 

Moving on from here, we entered the wooded area, dominated by Downy Oak, Quercus pubescens, and drove along 

forest tracks, admiring the blue and white Anemone apennina, and yellow Heart-leaved Leopardsbane (Doronicum 

columnae). Stopping to explore further we could find only dead spikes of the Bird’s nest Orchid (Neottia nidus-avis) 

from last year, but did find fine examples of Lungwort (Pulmonaria sp. probably P. saccharata), Coralroot 

Bittercress (Cardamine bulbifera) with its black bulbils in the leaf axils, and its smaller relative, Ivy-leaved 

Bittercress (Cardamine plumieri), and Bird-in-a-Bush (Corydalis solida). 

Our picnic site was by some lovely old Eastern Hornbeams (Carpinus orientalis), where we were serenaded by 

Garden Warblers and Blackcaps. 

2 © Naturetrek November 08


Setting off after lunch we stopped to admire cream Roman Orchids (Dactylorhiza romana) and the charming pansy 

Viola heterophylla ssp graeca, which occurs in Gargano, Albania and Greece. At the wood edge we found Green 

Hairstreak and Southern Festoon butterflies, before crossing a field onto a track, where we were serenaded by a 

nightingale, as ever heard rather than seen. We paused to enjoy a rocky hillside covered with Iris lutescens mainly 

in purple, but also cream, before returning to the buses. En route home we stopped to look at a bank covered 

with the Poet’s Narcissus (Narcissus poeticus). 

Day 4 Wednesday 23rd April 

Weather: mainly sunny but windy 

Today our destination was the Sacred Mountain, Monte Sacro. Following the twisty road out of Monte St 

Angelo, we descended to Mattinata, before starting the ascent to Monte Sacro, where we met with Giovanni, the 

author of the local orchid book. We set out up the rocky path, soon finding new species including the Denseflowered 

Orchid (Orchis intacta, was Neotinia maculata) and the Toothed Orchid (Orchis tridentata), and fine 

specimens of Apulian Orchid (Ophrys apulica). Continuing up the path, through light woodland of Holm Oak, 

Quercus ilex, we encountered another new species, the yellow Sparse-flowered Orchid (Orchis pauciflora), together 

with stands of Four-spotted Orchid (Orchis quadripunctata). We also saw the delicate blue Anchusa cretica, and the 

unusual flowered Aristolochia rotunda with its pipe-shaped flowers. We eventually reached a little shrine with 

benches, for a well-deserved rest. 

Some of the group continued to the top of the mountain, to the ruined monastery, finding on the way up some 

early specimens of Sword-leaved Helleborine, Cephalanthera longifolia. On the walls of the monastery we found the 

leaves of the endemic bellflower Campanula garganica, and the tiny Spring Rockcress, Arabis verna. Descending to 

the buses, we enjoyed a late picnic, before returning to Monte St Angelo, where group members had the 

opportunity to explore the ancient town with its castle and medieval church. 

Day 5 Thursday 24th April 

Weather: Mainly bright, showers around midday 

Today we decided on a new venture, descending to the plains beyond Manfredonia. Our first stop was a field full 

of Gladiolus italica, with verge flowers including the golden Crown Daisies (Glebionis (Chrysanthemum) coronarium), 

poppies (Papaver rhoeas) and the blue large-flowered storksbill Erodium ciconium. We proceeded to the Salines di 

Margherita, where we focussed more on the birds, seeing among other species, Spoonbill, Little Egret, Avocet, 

Black-winged stilt, Curlew Sandpiper and wonderful flocks of flamingos. Among the plants were Squirting 

Cucumber (Ecballium elaterium), and several saltmarsh plants we could not get close enough to identify. On the 

sea side of the road was a magnificent bank of yellow Hottentot Fig (Carpobrotis edulis). 

Lunch was taken in the grounds of an environmental centre, where we were able to explore arable field margins 

with more Gladiolus italicus, Bellardia (Bellardia trixago) and Large Venus’ Looking Glass (Legousia speculum-veneris) 

while Marsh and Montagu’s Harriers flew past. 

In the afternoon we returned to the uplands of Gargano, enjoying en route the fine specimens of Giant Fennel, 

Ferula communis. 



We were searching for Paeony which sadly was not in flower, but found another new orchid, the Elderflowered 

Orchid, Dactylorhiza sambucina, along with more Roman Orchids, Dactylorhiza romana. We also found a fine 

specimen of the Wild Service Tree, Sorbus torminalis. 

Day 6 Friday 25th April 

Weather: bright, some sun, but a very strong wind 

Today it was time to pack and move on to our second hotel at Peschici. It was Liberation Day and everyone was 

out to enjoy the holiday. In the morning, we walked part of the Pilgrim’s Path, down from Monte St Angelo, 

enjoying the shelter of the hillside. The rocks along the way were covered in patches of Aubretia (Aubretia 

columnae) and the contrasting Rockcresses: Arabis caucasia, with its large white flowers, probably naturalized, and 

Spring Rockcress, Arabis verna. 

There were plenty of orchids along the path, including specimens of Ophrys garganica, Ophrys incubacea, Ophrys 

promontorii, and many hybrids. We were intrigued by some multi-petalled, ball shaped flowers of the buttercup 

Ranunculus millefoliatus, as well as the usual single flowers, but the star of the walk was a fine specimen of the green 

and black Widow Iris, Hermodactylus tuberosus. It is unusual to find it still in flower, and we had seen many 

seedpods. 

Richard had taken one of the buses down to meet the group, and soon we had both vehicles, and were on our 

way north. Our route took us through the Foresta Umbra, which is predominantly Beech, with some ancient 

Yews. We stopped in the middle of the forest for our picnic, finding eventually a reasonably quiet picnic site, and 

the familiar Ransoms (Allium ursinum) and Snowdrop leaves (Galanthus regina-olgae) were found, while birds 

included Song Thrush, Blackcap and Firecrest. 

After a leisurely break, we journeyed onwards to Peschici, and were soon settled into our hotel, with time to 

explore the beach or the town, in the afternoon sunshine. 

Day 7 Saturday 26th April 

Weather: Early cloud and rain, then bright and quite sunny, but with a strong wind 

For our last day in the field, we headed westwards from Peschici along the coast and inland along the shores of 

Lago di Varano. It was disappointing for bird life, but a stop in a neglected olive grove gave fine examples of 

such plants as Rosy Garlic (Allium rosea), Urospermum dalechampii, and more Pink Hawksbeard (Crepis rubra). A stop 

along the road gave the opportunity to see Pyramidal Orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis). 

We then headed for the hills, to the ‘Bosco di Spinipulci’, up an extremely steep and pot-holed track, where we 

stopped for further exploration and, later, lunch. Here, among the rocky boulders, we found a treasure trove of 

new species including the Fragrant Orchid (Orchis fragrans), closely related to the Bug Orchid (Orchis coriophora), 

the Small-flowered Serapias (Serapias parviflora), and the beautiful and dramatic Heart-flowered Serapias (Serapias 

cordigera). There were more Ophrys specimens, mainly hybrids, but including a ‘fairly pure’ endemic Ophrys 

parvimaculata. The crimson spotted form of Small-flowered Catchfly (Silene gallica var quinquevulnera) was also 

found. 



The thorny scrub was mainly Mediterranean Buckthorn (Rhamnus alaternus) and Christ’s Thorn (Paliurus spina- 

christi), while we noted the small red-foliaged trees, which were found to be Turpentine Trees (Pistacia terebinthus). 

Serenaded by Golden Orioles, some of the group explored the woodland, finding Provence orchid (Orchis 

provincialis) and Spring Cyclamen (Cyclamen repandum). 

After a rather windswept lunch we retraced our steps, and a short drive took us to a dolina: a collapsed 

underground cavern, the largest in Italy. Sadly we were unable to walk into it, but along the track we found 

various interesting plants including a fine patch of the Wild Pea, Pisum sativum, and Hairy Lupin, Lupinus 

micranthus. Returning to the buses (some were picked up along the way) we made our way back to Peschici, for 

our final evening. 

Day 8 Sunday 27th April 

Weather: bright and sunny 

A very early start saw us winding our way up to the main road, with the sun rising over the sea. We headed west 

back towards Naples, passing a white stork in a field by the motorway. 

Jessica said goodbye to the group in Naples airport, and the rest returned to Gatwick, after a week full of 

flowers. 

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Species Lists 

Plants 

Scientific Name Common name Location 

PTERIDOPHYTES (Ferns) 

Aspleniaceae 

Asplenium trichomanes Maidenhair Spleenwort Castle walls, Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ceterach officinarum Rustyback Rocks and walls in pastures 

Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart’s-tongue Fern Foresta Umbra 

Dennstaedtiaceae 

Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Pastures 

Dryopteridaceae 

Polystichum setiferum Soft-shield Fern Foresta Umbra 

PINOPSIDA (Gymnosperms - Conifers) 

Cupressaceae Juniper Family 

Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress Widespread 

Juniperus oxycedrus Prickly Juniper Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Pinaceae Pine Family 

Pinus halapensis Aleppo Pine Widespread 

Pinus pinaster Maritime Pine En route 

Pinus pinea Stone or Umbrella Pine En route 

Taxaceae Yew Family 

Taxus baccata Yew Foresta Umbra 

MAGNOLIOPSIDA (Angiosperms - Flowering Plants) 

Magnoliidae (Dicotyledons) 

Aceraceae Maple Family 

Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Bosco Quarto 

Acer obtusatum Monte Sant' Angelo 

Acer opalus Italian Maple Bosco Quarto 

Aizoaceae Dew-plant Family 

Carpobrotus acinaciformis Hottentot Fig Salines 

Anacardiaceae Sumach Family 

Pistacia lentiscus Mastic Tree Monte Sacro 

Pistacia terebinthus Turpentine Tree Bosci di Spinipulchi 




Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Carrot Family 

Daucus carota Wild Carrot Rocky pastures, Monte Sant' Angelo 

Eryngium campestre Field Eryngo Rocky pastures, Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ferrula communis Giant Fennel Widespread, roadsides 

Laserpitium latifolium Broad-leaved Sermountain Bosco Quarto roadside 

Orlaya grandiflora Orlaya Pulsano Monastery 

Sanicula europaea Sanicle Bosco Quarto 

Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd’s Needle Rocky pastures, Monte Sant' Angelo 

Smyrnium perfoliatum Perfoliate Alexanders Monte Sacro 

Smyrmium rotundifolium Monte Sacro 

Thapsia garganica Thapsia Rocky pastures, Monte Sant' Angelo 

Tordylium apulum Tordylium Pulsano Monastery 

Apocynaceae Periwinkle Family 

Nerium oleander Oleander Roadsides en route 

Vinca major Periwinkle Dolina 

Aquifoliaceae Holly Family 

Ilex aquifolium Holly Foresta Umbra 

Aralaceae Ivy Family 

Hedera helix Ivy Bosco Quarto 

Aristolochiaceae Birthwort Family 

Aristolochia rotunda A Birthwort Monte Sacro 

Asclepiadaceae Milkweed Family 

Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Swallow-wort Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Asteraceae (Compositae) Daisy Family 

Andryala integrifolia Andryala Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Bellis perennis Daisy Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Bellis sylvestris Southern Daisy Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Calendula arvensis Field Marigold Pulsano Monastery 

Carduus chrysacanthus Apennine Thistle Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Cirsium eriophorum (Leaves only) Woolly Thistle Bosco Quarto 

Crepis rubra Pink Hawksbeard Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Crupina crupinastrum Crupina Monte Sacro road 

Dittrichia viscosa Woody Fleabane Monte Sacro road 

Doronicum columnae Heart-leaved Leopardsbane Bosco Quarto 

Doronicum plantagenum A Leopardsbane Bosco Quarto pasture 

Evax pygmaea Pulsano Monastery 




Galactites tomentosa Galacitites Pulsano Monastery 

Glebionis (Chrysanthemum) coronarium Crown Daisy Roadside near Salines 

Glebionis (Chrysanthemum segetum) Corn Marigold Roadside near Salines 

Helichrysum stoechas A Curry Plant Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Hyoseris radiata Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Inula verbascifolia Castle walls Monte Sant' Angelo 

Rhagadolius edulis Dolina 

Scorzonera lacinata Cut-leaved Viper’s-grass Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Scorzonera villosa Hairy Viper’s Grass Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Silybum marianum Milk Thistle Pulsano Monastery 

Taraxacum agg. A Dandelion Bosco Quarto 

Tragopogon sinuatus Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Urospermum dalechampii Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Betulaceae Birch Family 

Corylus avellana Hazel En route 

Carpinus orientalis Eastern Hornbeam Bosco Quarto 

Ostrya carpinifolia Hop Hornbeam Roadside Monte Sant' Angelo 

Boraginaceae Forget-me-not Family 

Alkanna lehmanii Dyer’s Alkanet Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Anchusa cretica Monte Sacro 

Borago officinalis Borage En route 

Echium vulgare Vipers Bugloss Roadside near Manfredonia 

Lithodora (Buglossoides) purpurocaerulea Purple Gromwell Road towards S Marco, day 5 

Myosotis arvensis Field Forget-me-not Road towards S Marco, day 5 

Myosotis sp. A Forget-me-not Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Onosma lucana (endemic) a Goldendrop Pulsano Monastery 

Pulmonaria officinalis Common Lungwort Bosco Quarto 

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Cabbage Family 

Aethionema saxatile Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard Bosco Quarto 

Alyssum montanum Mountain Alyssum Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Alyssum saxatile Yellow Alyssum Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Arabis caucasica Garden Rockcress Monte Sant'Angelo and Pilgrims Path 

Arabis hirsuta Hairy Rockcress Monte Sacro 

Arabis verna Spring Rockcress Monte Sant'Angelo, Pilgrims Path 

Arabis turrita Tower Mustard Dolina 

Aubretia columnae An Aubretia Monte Sant' Angelo and Pilgrims Path 

Biscutella didyma Biscutella Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s Purse Pulsano Monastery 




Cardamine bulbifera Coralroot Bosco Quarto 

Cardamine plumieri Ivy-leaved Bittercress Bosco Quarto 

Isatis tinctoria Woad En route 

Lepidium (Cardaria) draba Hoary Cress Pulsano Monastery 

Lepidium latifolium Dittander Pulsano Monastery 

Sinapis arvensis Charlock Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard Roadside near Manfredonia 

Cactaceae Cactus Family 

Opuntia ficus-indica Prickly Pear En route 

Campanulaceae Bellflower Family 

Campanula garganica (endemic) a Bellflower Leaves onle Monte Sacro Monastery 

Legousia speculum-veneris Large Venus’s Looking Glass Field margin, Salines 

Legousia hybrida Venus's Looking Glass Road verge Monte Sant' Angelo 

Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family 

Lonicera etrusca Etruscan Honeysuckle Wood nr S Marco in Lamis 

Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle Bosco Quarto 

Sambucus nigra Elder En route 

Caryophyllaceae Pink Family 

Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Kohlrauschia velutina Kohlrauschia Pulsano Monastery 

Minuartia sp. A Sandwort Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Silene colorata Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Silene conica Sand Catchfly Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Silene galica var. quinquevulnera Bosco di Spinapulci 

Silene italica Italian Catchfly Pilgrims Path, Monte Sant' Angelo 

Silene latifolia White Campion Monte Sacro 

Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion Pulsano Monastery 

Stellaria media Common Chickweed Bosco Quarto 

Stellaria nemorum Wood Stitchwort Bosco Quarto 

Celastraceae Spindle Family 

Euonymus europaeus Spindle Dolina 

Cistaceae Rock-rose Family 

Cistus creticus Pink Cistus Roadside en route Monte Sacro 

Cistus monspeliensis Narrow-leaved Cistus Roadside en route Monte Sacro 

Cistus salvifolius Sage-leaved Cistus Roadside en route Monte Sacro 

Helianthemum apenninum White Rockrose Rocky pastures Monte Sant'Angelo 

Helianthemum oelandicum (canum) Hoary Rockrose Rocky pastures Monte Sant'Angelo 




Helianthemum nummularium Rockrose Rocky pastures Monte Sant'Angelo 

Convolvulaceae Bindweed Family 

Calystegia sp. A Bindweed Peschici 

Convolvulus althaeoides Mallow-leaved Bindweed Pulsano Monastery 

Cuscuta epithymum Common Dodder Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family 

Sedum rubens Reddish Stonecrop En route 

Umbilicus rupestris Wall Pennywort Dolina 

Cucurbitaceae Cucumber family 

Ecballium elaterium Squirting Cucumber Salines 

Dipsacaceae Teasel Family 

Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel Road verge Monte Sant'Angelo 

Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family 

Euphorbia amygdaloides Wood Spurge Bosco Quarto 

Euphorbia cyparisseus Cypress Spurge Nr Peschici 

Euphorbia characias Mediterranean Spurge Monte Sacro 

Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Euphorbia myrsinites Broad-leaved Glaucous Spurge Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Euphorbia segetalis Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Euphorbia spinosa Pulsano 

Mercurialis perennis Dog’s Mercury Bosco Quarto 

Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Pea Family 

Anthyllis vulneraria ssp praepropera Kidney Vetch (pink) Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Astragalus hamosus A Milk Vetch Iris meadow Bosco Quarto 

Calycotome infesta Spiny Broom En route Monte Sacro 

Cercis siliquastrum Judas Tree Pulsano 

Coronilla emerus False Senna En route Monte Sacro 

Coronilla scorpioides Annual Scorpion Vetch Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Cytisus decumbens ssp. elatior Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Dorycnium hirsutum Dorycnium Pulsano 

Hedysarum coronarium Italian Sainfoin En route 

Hippocrepis glauca A Horseshoe Vetch Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Lathyrus aphaca Yellow Vetchling Bosco Quarto 

Lathyrus cicera A Vetchling Road verge Monte Sant' Angelo 

Lathyrus setifolius Red Grass Vetchling Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Lotus corniculatus Bird's-foot Trefoil Monte Sacro 

Lupinus micranthus Hairy Lupin Dolina 




Medicago arabica Spotted Medick Bosco Quarto 

Medicago orbiculare Large Disk Medick Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Medicago polymorpha Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Onnobrychis aquidentata Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Onobrychis caput-galli Cockscomb Sainfoin Pulsano 

Onobrychis crista-galli Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Onobrychis saxatilis Rock Sainfoin Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Pisum sativum ssp. elatior Cultivated Pea Dolina 

Psoralea bituminosa Pitch Trefoil Salines 

Robinia pseudacacia False Acacia En route 

Securigera (Coronilla) varia Crown Vetch Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Spartium junceum Spanish Broom En route 

Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil Pulsano 

Trifolium incarnatum Crimson Clover Road verges 

Trifolium repens White Clover Pulsano 

Trifolium resupinatum Reversed Clover Roadside stop nr S Giovanni Rotondo 

Trifolium stellatum Star Clover Very common 

Trifolium subterraneum Burrowing clover Iris meadow Bosco Quarto 

Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Trefoil Pulsano 

Vicia bithynica Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch Nr Peschici 

Vicia hirsuta Hairy Tare Bosco Quarto 

Vicia lutea Yellow Vetch Bosco Quarto 

Vicia melanops Pilgrims Path Monte Sant' Angelo 

Vicia narbonensis Roadside nr S Marco in Lamis 

Vicia peregrina Broad pod vetch Road verges Monte Sant' Angelo 

Vicia sativa Common Vetch Bosco Quarto 

Vicia villosa Fodder Vetch Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Fagaceae Beech Family 

Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut 

Quercus coccifera Spanish Oak Monte Sacro 

Quercus cerris Turkey Oak Bosco Quarto 

Quercus ilex Holm Oak Monte Sacro 

Quercus pubescens Downy Oak Monte Sacro 

Fagus sylvatica Beech Foresta Umbra 

Fumariaceae Fumitory Family 

Corydalis solida Bird-in-a-bush Bosco Quarto 

Fumaria capreolata Tall Ramping Fumitory Monte Sacro 

Fumaria muralis Common Ramping Fumitory Monte Sacro 

Fumaria officinalis Common Fumitory Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 




Gentianaceae Gentian Family 

Blackstonia perfoliata Yellow-wort 

Geraniaceae Crane’s-bill Family 

Erodium ciconium A Stork's-bill Roadside verge nr Manfredonia 

Erodium cicutarium Common Stork’s-bill Common 

Erodium malacoides Mallow-leaved Stork’s-bill Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Geranium columbinum Long-stalked Crane's-bill Monte Sacro 

Geranium lucidum Shining Crane’s-bill Common 

Geranium molle Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill Common 

Geranium purpureum Little Robin Pilgrims Path Monte Sant' Angelo 

Geranium robertianum Herb Robert Walls Monte Sant' Angelo 

Geranium rotundifolium Round-leaved Crane's-bill Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Geranium sanguineum Bloody Crane’s-bill Bosco Quarto first stop 

Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 

Deadnettle Family 

Ajuga chamaepitys Ground Pine Pulsano 

Ajuga genevensis Blue Bugle Bosco Quarto 

Clinopodium acinos Basil-thyme Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Lamium bifidum Bosco Quarto 

Lamium garganicum Large Red Deadnettle Bosco Quarto 

Lamium maculatum Spotted Deadnettle Bosco Quarto 

Marrubium vulgare White Horehound Bosco Quarto 

Origanum vulgare Oregano Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Prasium majus Prasium Monte Sacro 

Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary 

Roadsides east of Monte Sant' 

Angelo 

Salvia argentea Silver Sage Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Salvia verbenaca Wild Clary Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Satureja hortensis Savory Monte Sacro 

Sideritis cretica Sideritis Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Stachys cretica Mediterranean Woundwort Dolina 

Thymus capitatus A Thyme Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Linaceae Flax Family 

Linum bienne Pale Flax Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Linum narbonense Beautiful Flax Bosco Quarto 

Linum perenne Perennial Flax Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Malvaceae Mallow Family 

Lavatera arborea Tree Mallow Nr Peschici 

Malva neglecta Dwarf Mallow Bosco Quarto 

Malva sylvestris Common Mallow Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 




Moraceae Mulberry Family 

Ficus carica Fig En route 

Oleaceae Olive Family 

Fraxinus ornus Flowering Ash Bosco di Spinapulci 

Ligustrum vulgare Privet Bosco Quarto 

Olea europaea Olive Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Orobanchaceae Broomrape Family 

Orobanche minor Common Broomrape Monte Sacro 

Orobanche ramosa Branched Broomrape Bosco di Spinapulci 

Paeoniaceae Paeony Family 

Paeonia mascula A Paeony 

Papaveraceae Poppy Family 

Papaver apulum Pulsano 

Roadside nr S Marco in Lamis (lvs 

only) 

Papaver rhoeas Common Poppy Meadow nr Manfredonia 

Plantaginaceae Plantain Family 

Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain Monte Sant' Angelo 

Plantago maritima Sea Plantain Bosco Quarto 

Polygalaceae Milkwort Family 

Polygala nicaeensis Nice Milkwort Roadside nr S Marco in Lamis 

Primulaceae Primrose Family 

Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Cyclamen hederifolium Ivy-leaved Sowbread Bosco Quarto (lvs) 

Cyclamen repandum Spring Cyclamen Bosco di Spinapulci 

Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family 

Anemone apennina Blue Anemone Bosco Quarto 

Anemone hortensis Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Clematis sp. a Clematis Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Nigella damascina Love-in-a-mist 

Roadside stop nr Sanicandro 

Garganico 

Ranunculus acris Meadow Buttercup Bosco Quarto 

Ranunculus aquatilis Common Water-crowfoot Bosco Quarto 

Ranunculus arvensis Corn Buttercup Bosco Quarto 

Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous Buttercup Bosco Quarto 

Ranunculus ficaria Lesser Celandine Pilgrim's Path Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ranunculus millefoliatus Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 




Ranunculus peltatus Pond Water-crowfoot Bosco Quarto 

Ranunculus sceleratus Celery-leaved Buttercup Bosco Quarto 

Ranunculus velutinus Roadside stop nr S Marco in Lamis 

Resedaceae Mignonette Family 

Reseda alba White Mignonette Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Reseda lutea Wild Mignonette Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Reseda phyteuma Corn Mignonette Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Family 

Palliurus spina-christi Christ’s Thorn Bosco di Spinapulci 

Rhamnus alaternus Mediterranean Buckthorn Bosco di Spinapulci 

Rosaceae Rose Family 

Aremonia agrimonoides (Yellow Geum/Strawberry like plant) Bosco Quarto 

Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Rocky pastures 

Cydonia oblonga Quince Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort Roadside stop nr S Marco in Lamis 

Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry Bosco Quarto 

Geum urbanum Wood Avens Bosco Quarto 

Malus sylvestris Crab Apple Bosco Quarto open ground 

Potentilla hirta Hairy Cinquefoil Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Poterium verrucosum Mediterranean Salad Burnet Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Prunus dulcis Almond Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Prunus spinosa Blackthorn Bosco Quarto 

Pyrus amygdaliformis Almond-leaved Pear Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Rosa sp. A Rose Bosco Quarto 

Rubus sanctus Bramble Bosco Quarto 

Sorbus aucuparia Rowan Roadside Monte Sant' Angelo 

Sorbus torminalis Wild Service Tree Roadside stop nr S Marco in Lamis 

Rubiaceae Bedstraw Family 

Asperula arvensis Blue Woodruff Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Cruciata laevipes Crosswort Roadside stop nr S Marco in Lamis 

Galium aparine Cleavers Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Galium odoratum Woodruff Foresta Umbra 

Galium verum Lady’s Bedstraw Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Rubia peregrina Wild Madder Monte Sacro 

Sheradia arvensis Field Madder Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Rutaceae Rue Family 

Ruta chalepensis Fringed Rue Pulsano 




Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Family 

Saxifraga bulbifera Bulbous Saxifrage Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Saxifraga granulata Meadow Saxifrage Bosco Quarto 

Saxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved Saxifrage Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Scrophulariaceae Figwort Family 

Antirrhinum siculum Sicilian Snapdragon Peschici 

Bellardia trixago Bellardia Roadside stop nr Manfredonia 

Cymbalaria muralis Ivy-leaved Toadflax Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Euphrasia agg. An Eyebright Bosco Quarto open ground 

Linaria pelisseriana Jersey Toadflax Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Parentucella latifolia Southern Red Bartsia Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Scrophularia canina Dog (French) Figwort Bosco Quarto 

Scrophularia peregrina Italian (Nettle-leaved) Figwort Bosco di Spinapulci 

Verbascum thapsus Aaron’s Rod En route 

Verbascum undulatum Peschici 

Veronica cymbalaria Cymbalaria-leaved Speedwell Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Veronica hederifolia Ivy-leaved Speedwell Bosco Quarto 

Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell Bosco Quarto 

Solanaceae Nightshade Family 

Hyoscyamus alba White Henbane Pulsano 

Thymelaeaceae Daphne Family 

Daphne laureola Spurge Laurel Bosco Quarto 

Ulmaceae Elm Family 

Ulmus sp. An Elm Monte Sant' Angelo 

Urticaceae Nettle Family 

Parientaria judaica Pellitory of the Wall Pulsano 

Urtica dioica Nettle Monte Sant' Angelo 

Valerianaceae Valerian Family 

Centranthus ruber Red Valerian En route 

Valeriana tuberosa Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Valerianella sp. A Cornsalad Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Violaceae Violet Family 

Viola arvensis Field Pansy Bosco Quarto 

Viola heterophylla ssp. greca Bosco Quarto 

Viola riviniana Common Dog Violet Bosco Quarto 




Vitaceaea Grape-vine Family 

Vitis vinifera Grape En route 

MONOCOTYLEDONS 

Liliidae (Monocotyledons) 

Araceae Arum Family 

Arum italicum Large Cuckoo Pint Bosco di Spinapulci 

Arum maculatum Cuckoo Pint Monte Sacro 

Cyperaceae Sedge Family 

Luzula campestris Field Wood-rush Monte Sacro 

Luzula forsteri Southern Wood-rush Bosco Quarto 

Dioscoreaceae Black Bryony Family 

Tamus communis Black Bryony Bosco Quarto 

Iridaceae Iris Family 

Crocus sp. A Crocus Monte Sacro 

Gladiolus italicus Field Gladiolus Field nr Manfredonia 

Gynandriris sisyrinchium Barbary Nut Iris Pulsano 

Hermodactylus tuberosus Widow or Snake’s-head Iris Pilgrims' Path, Monte Sant' Angelo 

Iris lutescens Bosco Quarto open ground 

Iris pseudopumilla Rocky pastures Monre Sant' Angelo 

Liliaceae Lily Family 

Allium pendulinum Bosco di Spinapulci 

Allium roseum Rose Garlic Old Olive Grove, Lago di Varano 

Allium subhirsutum Pulsano 

Allium ursinum Ramsons Foresta Umbra 

Asparagus sp. An Asparagus Bosco di Spinapulci 

Asphodeline lutea Yellow Asphodel Pulsano 

Asphodelus aestivus Common Asphodel Pulsano 

Asphodelus fistulosus Hollow-leaved Asphodel Salines 

Galanthus reginae-olgae (leaves) Autumn Snowdrop Foresta Umbra 

Muscari comosum Tassel Hyacinth Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Muscari neglecta Dark Grape Hyacinth Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Narcissus poeticus Pheasant’s-eye Daffodil Bosco Quarto 

Ornithogalum montanum A Star of Bethlehem Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ornithogalum umbellatum Common Star of Bethlehem Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Polygonatum multiflorum Solomon’s Seal Bosco Quarto 

Ruscus aculeatus Butcher’s Broom Bosco Quarto 




Smilax aspera Common Smilax Bosco Quarto 

Urginea maritima (leaves) Sea Squill Bosco di Spinapulci 

Orchidaceae Orchid Family 

Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyramidal Orchid 

Roadside stop nr Sannicandro 

Garganico 

Cephalanthera longifolia Sword-leaved Helleborine Monte Sacro 

Dactylorhiza fuchsii (leaves) Common Spotted-orchid Roadside stop nr S Marco in Lamis 

Dactylorhiza romana Roman Orchid Bosco Quarto 

Dactylorhiza sambucina Elderflower Orchid Roadside stop nr S Marco in Lamis 

Gymnodenia conopsea Fragrant Orchid Bosco di Spinapulci 

Himantoglossum robertianum 

(Barlia robertiana) 

Giant Orchid Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Neottia nidus-avis Bird’s Nest Orchid Bosco Quarto (old stems only) 

Ophrys apulica (endemic) Apulian Ophrys Monte Sacro 

Ophrys bertoloniformis (endemic) Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ophrys bertolonii Bertoloni’s Ophrys Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ophrys biscutella Spectacled Ophrys Bosco Quarto pasture 

Ophrys bombyliflora Bumblebee Ophrys Bosco Quarto pasture 

Ophrys fuciflora Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo ? 

Ophrys fusca Dull Ophrys Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ophrys passionis var.garganica 

(O. garganic - endemic) 

Gargano Ophrys Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ophrys incubacea Dark Ophrys Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ophrys lutea Yellow Ophrys Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ophrys promontorii (endemic) Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ophrys sicula Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ophrys tenthredinifera Sawfly Ophrys Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Orchis anthropophorum Man Orchid Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Orchis fragrans Bug Orchid Bosco di Spinapulci 

Orchis intacta (Neotinea maculata) Dense-flowered Orchid Monte Sacro 

Orchis italica Naked Man Orchid Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Orchis lactea Milky Orchid Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Orchis morio Green-winged Orchid Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Orchis picta (O. morio var. picta) Bosco Quarto pasture 

Orchis papilionacea Pink Butterfly Orchid Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Orchis pauciflora Sparse Flowered Orchid Monte Sacro 

Orchis provincialis Provence Orchid Bosco di Spinapulci 

Orchis purpurea Lady Orchid Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Orchis quadripunctata Four-spotted Orchid Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Orchis tridentata Toothed Orchid Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Orchis ustulata Burnt Tip Orchid Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Serapias cordigera Heart-flowered Tongue Orchid Bosco di Spinapulci 

Serapias lingua Tongue Orchid Monte Sacro 




Serapias parviflora Small-flowered Tongue Orchid Bosco di Spinapulci 

Serapias vomeraceae Plough-share Tongue Orchid Pulsano 

Hybrids (a selection) 

Ophrys incubacea x Ophrys garganica Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Ophrys incubacea x Ophrys bertolonii Bosco Quarto pasture 

Orchis anthropophorum x Orchis italica Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Orchis morio x Orchis papilionacea Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Poacaea Grass Family 

Aegilops geniculata Monte Sacro 

Anisantha sterilis Barren Brome 

Arundo donax Giant Reed Salines 

Avena sp. A Wild Oat Monte Sacro 

Briza maxima Large Quaking Grass Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Briza media Quaking grass Dolina 

Catapodium rigidum Fern Grass Monte Sacro 

Festuca vivipera Viviparous Fescue Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Hordeum sp. A Barley Dolina 

Lagurus ovatus Hare’s-foot Grass Rocky pastures Monte Sant' Angelo 

Melica uniflora Wood Melick Bosco Quarto 

Phragmites australis Common Reed Salines 

Stipa sp. A Feather Grass Roadside nr Monte Sant' Angelo 



Birds (H = heard only) 

Common name Scientific name 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 

1 Great Crested Grebe Pociceps cristatus X X 

2 Shearwater sp X 

© Naturetrek November 08 19 

April 

3 Little Egret Egretta garzetta X X 

4 White stork Ciconia ciconia X 

5 Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia X X 

6 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber X 

7 Shelduck Tadorna tadorna X 

8 Garganey Anas querquedula X 

9 Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus X 

10 Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus XL 

11 Buzzard Buteo buteo X X X 

12 Kestrel Falco tinnunculus X X X X 

13 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus X 

14 Moorhen Gallinula chloropus X 

15 Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta X X 

16 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus X X 

17 Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus X 

18 Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola X 

19 Turnstone Arenaria interpres X 

20 Dunlin Calidris alpina X 

21 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea X 

22 Redshank Tringa totanus X 

23 Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus X 

24 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus X 

25 Slender-billed Gull Larus genei X 

26 Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans X X X 

27 Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis X 

28 Wood Pigeon Columba palumbus X X X X X 

29 Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto X 

30 Cuckoo Cuculus canorus H H H X H H 

31 Common Swift Apus apus X X X X X X X X 

32 Hoopoe Upupa epops X X H H H 

33 Green Woodpecker Picus viridis X X H H 

34 Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major X 

35 Woodlark Lullula arborea X 

36 Crested Lark Galerida cristata X X X X X X X 

37 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica X X X X X X X X 

38 House Martin Delichon urbica X X X X X X 

39 White Wagtail Motacilla alba X X X 

40 Wren Troglodytes troglodytes X H 

41 Robin Erithacus rubecula X X 

42 Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos H H H 

43 Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe X X 

44 Stonechat Saxicola torquata X X X X X 

45 Blackbird Turdus merula X X X 

46 Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla X X X H



47 Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca X 

48 Whitethroat Sylvia communis X X X X 

49 Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans X X X X 

50 Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita X 

51 Firecrest Regulus ignicapillus X X 

52 Great Tit Parus major H X X H H 

53 Nuthatch Sitta europaea X 

54 Magpie Pica pica X X X X X X X X 

55 Jay Garrulus glandarius X X X X 

56 Jackdaw Corvus monedula X X X X X 

57 Hooded Crow Corvus corone X X X X X X 

58 Starling Sturnus vulgaris X X 

59 Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus H 

60 Italian Sparrow Passer x italicus X X X X X X X X 

61 Chaffinch Fringilla coelobs X X X 

62 Linnet Carduelis cannabina X X X 

63 Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis X X X X 

64 Serin Serinus serinus X X X X X X X X 

65 Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus X X X X X 

66 Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra X X X X X 

Butterflies 


20 © Naturetrek November 08 

April 

April 

1 Swallowtail Papilio machaon X 

2 Southern Festoon Zerynthia polyxena X 

3 Large White Pieris brassicae X 

4 Small White Artogeia rapae X 

5 Green-veined White Artogeia napi X X X 

6 Eastern Bath White Pontia edusa X 

7 Eastern Dappled White Euchloe ausonia X 

8 Orange Tip Anthocharis cardamines X X X X 

9 Clouded Yellow Colias croceus X X 

10 Brimstone Gonepteryz rhamni X 

11 Wood White Leptidea sinapis X 

12 Green Hairstreak Callophrys rubi X X 

13 Little Blue Cupido minimus X X X 

14 Green-underside Blue Glaucopsyche alexis X 

15 Baton Blue Pseudophilotes baton X 

16 Brown Argus Aricia agestis X 

17 Common Blue Polyommatus icarus X 

18 Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta X X X X 

19 Painted Lady Vanessa cardui X X X 

20 Small Heath Coehonympha pamphilus X X X X 

21 Speckled Wood Pararge aegeria 

22 Wall Brown Lasiommata megera X


Other Insects 

Field Cricket Gryllus campestris Heard 

Day-flying Burnet moth Syntomis phegea Bosco di Spinapulci 

cf. Transparent Burnet Zygaena purpuralis Bosco di Spinapulci 

cf Brown-tail Moth Caterpillars Euproctis chrysorrhoea 

Abundant colonies, rocky pastures, 

Monte Sant'Angelo 

Dung Beetle Scarabaeus sp. Rocky pastures, Monte Sant'Angelo 

Bibliography 

Aeschimann, D. et al. (2004) Flora Alpina - Vols 1-3 Haupt. 

Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (2004) Wild Flowers of the Mediterranean A & C Black 

Chinery, M. (1993). Field Guide to the Insects of Britain and Northern Europe. 3rd Ed. Harper Collins. 

Chinery, M. (2007). Domino Guide to Insects of Britain and Western Europe. A & C Black. 

Delforge, P. (2006) Orchids of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. A & C Black 

Del Fuoco, C. (2003) Orchidee del Gargano Parco Naz del Gargano 

Fitter, R., Fitter, A & Farrer, A. (1984). Guide to the Grasses, Sedges, Rushes and Ferns of 

Britain and Northern Europe. Collins 

Lafranchis, T. (2004) Butterflies of Europe - New Field Guide and Key. Diatheo 

MacDonald, D. & Barrett, P. (1993). Field Guide to Mammals of Britain and Europe. Harper 

Collins. 

Mullarney, K., Svensson, L., Zetterstrom, D. & Grant, P.J. (1999). Bird Guide. Collins. 

Pignatti, S. (2003). Flora D’Italia – Vol. Primo, Secondo & Terzo. Edagricole, Bologna. 

Polunin, O (1969) Flowers of Europe OUP. 

Rossini, A. & Quitadamo, G. (2003) Orchidee Spontanee nel Parco Nazionale del Gargano Claudio Grenzi 

Tutin, T.G.et.al (1964). Flora Europaea – Various Vols. Cambridge University Press

Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula - Naturetrek

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