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Mutation breeding in horticultural crops.
- 1. PBG 201 ASSIGNMEN T TOPIC – ACHIEVEMENTS THROUGH MUTATION BREEDING IN DIFFERENT HORTICULTURAL CROPS SUBMITTED TO : Dr. Indu Rialch Dr. Simarjit Kaur SUBMITTED BY : Jagjit Singh L-2019-H-20-BIV B.Sc. {hons.} Horticulture {3rd sem.}
- 2. WHAT IS MUTATION AND MUTATION BREEDING : • Mutation is a sudden heritable change in a characteristics of an organism. When mutation is induced for crop improvement , the entire operation of the induction and isolation etc. is termed as mutation breeding.
- 3. Agents that induce mutations are known as mutagens. Physical mutagens – Ionizing radiation - • Particulate radiation – eg. Alpha rays , beta rays , thermal neutrons. • Non particulate radiations – X-rays , gamma rays. Non ionizing radiation – uv radiation. Chemical mutagens – Alkylating agents –eg. Sulphur mustard , nitrogen mustard, diazoalkanes , nitroso compounds. Acridine dyes – acriflavine , proflavine , acridine orange , ethidium bromide. Base analogues – 5- bromouracil , 5-chlorouracil.
- 4. History of mutation breeding : Mutation as a mechanism of creating variability was first identified by Hugo de Vries in 1901 in evening primrose, Oenothera lamarkiana, and he considered it as heritable change by mechanisms distinct from recombination and segregation. Hugo, who is credited with the discovery of mutation, described these events as suddenly arising changes in organisms, which were inherited and produced relatively large effects on the phenotype. He coined the term ‘mutation’ and presented an integrated concept concerning the occurrence of sudden, shock-like changes of existing traits, which lead to the origin of new species and variation. In his experiments with evening primrose, Hugo observed many aberrant types, which he called ‘mutants’. Hugo suggested that the new types of radiations like X-rays and gamma rays, might be greatly useful to induce mutations artificially. This was first realised by H J Muller in 1927 through X-rays experiments with the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, for producing genetic changes
- 5. WHAT IS HORTICULTURE? • Horticulture is the science and art of the development, sustainable production, marketing, and use of high-value, intensively cultivated food and ornamental plants. Horticultural crops are diverse; they include annual and perennial species, delicious fruits and vegetables, and decorative indoor and landscape plants. • Horticulture is mainly divided into three different areas POMOLOGY {CULTIVATION OF FRUITS} OLERICULTURE { CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLE} FLORICULTURE { CULTIVATION OF ORNAMENTAL FLOWERS}.
- 6. ACHIEVENTS THROUGH MUTATION BREEDING IN FRUIT CROPS:
- 7. CROP ORIGINAL VARIETY MUTANT CULTIVAR NATURE OF MUTATION AND TRAITS Mango Rosade de lea, Davis haven Rosica, haden Bud sports, precocious regular bearer , and large fruit size Banana Highgate , Motta poovan Gross Michel , Poovan Sports , semi dwarf Grapefruit Foster Hudson Bud sports , deep red flesh Pear Clap’s favorite Starkrimson Bud sports , spotting of coloured pigment Navel orange Bahia washington Baianinha Navelina Winter red Limb sports Mandarin Owari pongan Clausellina pongan 86-1 Bud sport Table no. 1.1 – Identified spontaneous mutants in fruit crops
- 8. Species Cultivar released year mutagen Trait improved Apple Golden haidegg Lysgolden Courtavel Senbatsu-fuji-2-kei 1986 1970 1972 1985 Gamma rays Gamma rays Gamma rays Gamma rays Large fruit size Rust resistance Shortness Fruit color Peach Mangnif 135 Plodiv 6 1986 1981 Gamma rays Gamma rays Fruit size Yield Banana Navarin Klue hom thong KU1 1993 1985 Gamma rays Gamma rays Earliness Bunch size Orange / mandarin Valencia 2 INTA Eureka 22 INTA 1987 1987 X-rays X-rays Fruit set , quality Fruit set , quality
- 9. Papaya Pusa nanha 1986 Gamma rays Dwarfness Pear Kotobuki shinsui 1968 Gamma rays Disease resistance Apricot Early blenheim 1979 ThN Earliness Grape Fekreti 1986 Gamma rays Earliness Almond Supernova 1987 Gamma rays Fruit size Plum Spurdento-ferco 1988 Gamma rays Earliness Sour cherry Plodorodnaya michurina Plodorodnaya orlovskoi 1977 1979 X rays Gamma rays Fruit set Dwarfness Sweet cherry Burlat C1 Ferrovia spur Compact stella 35 B11 1983 1992 1974 Gamma rays X rays X rays Compact growth Dwarfness Compact growth Table 1.2 – Achievements through mutation breeding
- 10. ACHIEVENTS THROUGH MUTATION BREEDING IN vegetable CROPS:
- 11. CROP VARIETY MUTANT TYPE Okra EMS-8 EMS- treated mutant of pusa sawani French bean Pusa parvati X rays mutant of wax pod Tomato S-12 MARUTHAN {co-3} PKM-1 PUSA LAL MEERUTI Xrays mutant of Sioux Mutant of CO1 Mutant of annagi Gamma ray mutant of meeruti Chilli MDU-1 Gamma ray mutant of K-1 Hyacinth bean Co-10 Gamma ray mutant of Co-6 Bitter gourd MDU-1 Gamma ray mutant of MC-103 Palak Jobner green Spontaneous mutant from local cv. Pea L-166 {hans} - Table 2.1 – Mutant varieties in Vegetables
- 12. Crop Pathogen Mutagen Solanum tuberosum Phytophthora infestans, Alternaria solani, Pseudomonas solanacearum, Leaf roll virus, Erwinia phytophthora Gamma rays , x rays Spontaneous Gamma rays EMS , NMU Xrays Lycopersicon esculentum Phytophthora infestans , Fusarium oxysporum , Virus and nematodes Gamma rays Gamma rays Chemical mutagens Ipomea batatas Cold tolerance Gamma rays Table 2.2 – Mutants for resistance traits
- 13. Crops Mutagens Solanum tuberosum Irradiation Ipomea batatas Spontaneous Lycopersicon esculentum Gamma rays DES Chemical mutagen Capsicum annum Chemical mutagen Phaseolus vulgaris Gamma rays X rays Irradiation/chemical mutagens Spontaneous Vicia faba Irradiation / chemical mutagen Table 2.3- Mutants with increased yield
- 14. Achievements through mutation breeding in different flower crops:
- 15. Rose – bud sport is a natural mechanism by which a plant of an existing variety puts forth a shoot in genetic changes has occurred. One most important bud sport is the climbing habit in hybrid tea type roses. More than 30 induced mutant rose variety has been commercialized Some of the Indian bred mutants are – abhisarika , angar , madosh , pusa Christiana , strioed Christian dior , sukumari , tangerine contempo , yellow contempo , sharda and mrinalini stripe.
- 16. Jasmine – • A mutant with longer corolla tube was obtained but it was susceptible to mite . 0.1 % EMS for 72 hrs proved lethal while seed treatment with gamma rays beyond 10KR proved lethal. • Gamma rays induce mutant from cv. CO.1 the buds white with pink tinge , bold and long corolla tube flower yield 116q/ha
- 17. Hibiscus: • Das in 1971 recorded induction of mutation through semi acute exposure of potted plants of hibiscus by gamma rays from co60 source was founded successful. • Two stable mutants from cultivar “Alipore beauty” one with deep red flower as compared to the light red carmine colour and another semi double form with deep red colour. • Purnima released in 1979 developed by irradiation with chronic gamma rays resulted in variegated smaller leaves.
- 18. Bougainvillea : Large number of cultivar in this flower have arisen by bud sports or natural mutations. Main cultivars developed are Arjuna , Jaya , Lady Hudson of ceylone , Variegata and Silver top. A mutant from Rosseville’s Delight was released as “Pallavi” , while the mutant from “Los Banos Beauty” was also released as “Los Banos Variegata”.
- 19. Tuberose : • Abnormalities like trifurcated spikes three flowers at one place instead of two were recorded in bulb treated in 1.5kR gamma rays . • The single flowered cultivar “Rajat Rekha” colour of silvery white streak along the middle of the leaf blade and double flowered cultivar “Suwarn Rekha” contains golden yellow streaks along the margin of the leaf blade were released in 1974 at NBRI , lucknow by gamma irradiation .
- 20. Dahlia : • Cultivars like juantita , candy keene , salmon keene , pink frank harnsey , white alvas , white rusty , pink jupitor , pink Shirley , alliance , pink symbol have been evolved through natural mutation.
- 21. Chrysanthemum : • About 210 mutant cultivars have been developed so far in chrysanthemum. • A series of mutants were derived from the officially registered cultivar ‘reagan’ in 1991. • 20 mutants eg. Reagan white , Reagan Sunny , Reagan Dark Splendid , Reagan Salmon , and Reagan Orange appeared in the cultivar list in 1994 and represented 35-40% of the total dutch market in 1992 and 1993.
- 22. BIBLIOGRAPHY : • https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328601280_Mutation_techniq ue_and_its_applications_in_the_breeding_of_ornamental_plants • https://www.biotecharticles.com/Agriculture-Article/Mutation-Breeding- and-its-Application-in-Vegetable-Crop-Improvement-3938.html • https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315657475_Targeted_mutation _breeding_of_horticultural_plants • https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332859088_MUTATION_ASSIST ED_BREEDING_FOR_FRUIT_CROP_IMPROVEMENT