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Medicinal plants for business orientation-F (2).pdf
1. MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR BUSINESS
ORIENTATION
Dr. T.Shanmugasundaram, Ph.D.
Teaching Assistant (Horticulture)
Horticultural College and Research Institute
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Coimbatore – 641 003
2. • Awareness about traditional health care system
• Over exploitation in natural habitat
• Better economic opportunities
Medicinal plants ----
3. Traditional system of medicine - 80% of population
2,50,000 higher plant species- earth- 80,000 are
medicinal
India : 45000 species 15000-20000 species have
good medicinal value
7500 – 8000 species
traditional communities
4.
5. S. No. Scientific name Common name Value added products
1. Acorus calamus Sweet flag Tablets, medicine, dried
powder
2. Aegel marmelos Bael Powder, preserved juice,
squash
3. Andrographis
paniculata
Kalmegh Capsules, tablets
4. Aloe vera Aloe Juice, gel, powder,
shampoo, soap, skin care
products
5. Asparagus
racemosus
Shatavari Powder, capsules, tablets,
tonic
Important Medicinal plants and their value added
products
6. S. No. Scientific
name
Common name Value added
products
6. Bacopa monnieri Brahmi Capsules, tablets, hair oil
7. Centella asiatica Mandukaparani Skin care products, hair
oil, memory enhancing
tablets, tonics
8. Coleus forskohlii Coleus Capsules, tablets
9. Eclipta alba Bhringaraj Shampoo, hair oil,
capsules
10. Emblica
officinalis
Amla / Aonla Salted and sweet
segments, whole powder,
preserve, pickle Juice,
concentrate
Important Medicinal plants and their value added
products
7. S. No. Scientific
name
Common name Value added products
11. Gloriosa
superba
Glory lily Tablets, capsules,
powder
12. Glycyrrhiza
glabra
Liquorice /
mulethi
Tablets, capsules,
powder
13. Ocimum
sanctum
Tulsi Soap, skin care
products, tablets,
capsules, oil
14. Solanum
nigrum
Makoi Tablets , capsule
15. Stevia
rebaudiana
Stevia Dry powder, natural
sweetener
Important Medicinal plants and their value
added products
8. S. No. Scientific name Common name Value added products
16. Cassia
angustifolia
Senna Laxative tablets,
capsules, syrup
17. Plantago ovata Isabgol Seed husk, tablets,
capsules
18. Rauvolfia
serpentina
Sarpagandha Nervous tonics, tablets,
powder
19. Withania
somnifera
Ashwagandha Herbal extract, tablets,
capsules
Important Medicinal plants and their value
added products
9. Particulars Trade
Medicinal plants traded in
the world
400 species (75-100 in
large quantities)
Value of plant based drugs US 170 BILLION
2050: US 005 trillion
(World Health
Organization)
Herbal teas, drug adjuncts US 10 billion
Nutraceuticals US80 billion
Functional foods US 57 billion
Global trade in medicinal plants and their value
added products
10. Medicinal plant products for small and medium
enterprises
Herbal powders
Herbal tea
Herbal juices, sherbaths
Herbal drinks
Hair oil
Shampoo
Herbal chocolates, sweets
Herbal extracts
11. It is possible to establish medicinal plant powders
industry as a cottage or village industry by installing
simple machinery such as grinders and packing
machines.
e.g. Powders of ashwagandha, triphala, stevia, isabgol
etc.
HERBAL POWDERS
Ashwagandha – Withania somnifera
14. Tulsi – Ocimum sanctum
Name of the
Crop
Parts
Used
Bioactive
Compound
Uses
Tulsi Whole
plants
Eugenol (1-hydroxy-
2-methoxy-4-
allylbenzene
antioxidant, anti diabetic,
antiulcer, anti cancer,
antibacterial and antifungal
17. Name of the
Crop
Parts Used Bioactive
Compound
Uses Reference
Stevia Leaves
Phenols
Pyrogallol
Antioxidant (Kim et al.,
2011)
Steviol Glycosides
Stevioside
Rebaudioside A,D,E
Dulcosides
Antidiabetic,
Anticancerous,
Antiobesity,
&
Antimicrobial
property
(Kurek et al.,
2019) and
(Gupta et al.,
2013)
Bioactive Compounds of Stevia
18. Extraction methods of active ingredients of Stevia
Crop Form Extraction
Method
Bioactive
Compound
Compound
Analysis
References
Stevia
Stevia juice
extract
Pressurized Hot
Water Extraction
Stevioside and
Rebaudioside A
HPLC (Panjaet al., 2019)
Ground
leaves
extract
Ultrasonically
assisted
extraction
Stevioside and
Rebaudioside A
HPLC (Liuet al., 2010)
Dried leaf
powder
Enzyme assisted
extraction
Stevioside HPLC
&
Nuclear
Magnetic
Resonance
Spectroscopy
(Puriet al., 2012)
Dried Leaf
Powder
Pressurized Hot
Water Extraction
Stevioside HPLC & LC
mass
spectrometry.
(Raoet al., 2012)
Crushed leaf
extract
Acidified water
extraction
Stevioside and
Rebaudioside A
& C
HPLC (Kootstraet al.,
2017)
19. Dried herbal plant parts powdered to specific mesh
size and packed in tea bags or sachets are becoming
popular world over. Eg. Senna, Gymnema
HERBAL TEAS
Senna - Cassia angustifolia Gymnema - Gymnema sylvestre
20. These are traditionally used in and are
currently aggressively marketed. Herbal drink
such as nannari, is well known.
HERBAL JUICES, SHERBATHS, HERBAL DRINKS
Nannari – Hemidesmus indicus
21. Medicinal plants in combination with other beauty enhancing products is
becoming popular world over.
Eg. Aloe products, herbal hair oils, herbal soaps etc.
HERBAL COSMETICS/ COSMECEUTICALS
Aloe vera
Bioactive principles like anthraquinone, Glucomannan, Polysaccharides are the main
reason for its medicinal, Neutraceutical and cosmetic value. It posess antimicrobial,
antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic property. Aloe accelerates healing of sunburns, and
other skin diseases. It has an excellent moisturizing effect. Therefore it is employed in
cosmetic industry to enhance the beauty.
22. Name of
the crop
Bioctive
Compound
Uses Reference
Aloe Polysaccharides
Hemicellulose
Glucomannan
Wound healing
properties,
Bactericidal,
Fungicidal and
Virucidal
(Hamman et al., 2008)
Anthraquinones Laxative, Lung
Cancer, Antioxidant
properties
(Kang et al., 2016)
Glycoproteins
Amino acids
Carbohydrates
Wound healing
properties
(Choi et al., 2001)
Lectins Antioxidant &
Antitumor
properties
(Ozsoy et al., 2012)
Physiologically active substance
23. Name of
the crop
Extract Active
constituents
Causal Organism Reference
Aloe Ethanol and
Mehanol
extract
Coumaric acid,
Cinnamic acid &
Pyrocatechol
Bacillus cereus (Yongchaiyudha
et al., 2016)
Petroleum
ether extract
Chloroform
extract
Anthraquinones,
Mannans
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella
pneumonia
(Noor et al., 2008)
Gel extract Anthraquinones,
polysaccharides
Salmonella
enterica
(Javaid et al.,
2020)
Gel extract Dihydroxy
Anthraquinones
Aspergillus sp
Pencilliumdigitatum
(Lawrence et al.,
2009)
Antimicrobial property
24. Antimicrobial property
Name of
the crop
Extract Active
constituents
Causal
Organism
Reference
Aloe Hydro alcoholic
extract
Aloin Fusarium
oxysporumf.sp
(Kedarnath et
al., 2013)
Dimethyl
Sulfoxide gel
extract
Aloin Candida
albicans
(Adziteyet al.,
2019)
Gel extract Polysaccharides Herpes Simplex
Virus type-1
(Sitara et al.,
2011)
Gel extract Polyphenols,
polysaccharides
Influenza virus (Rosca-Casian
et al., 2007)
25. This is an age old well known industry manufacturing
plant based drugs in traditional systems of medicine
such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Homeopathy etc.
PLANT DRUGS- INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
26. Kalmegh – Andrographis paniculata
Particulars
Propagation Seed
Economic part Whole herbage
Alkaloid Andrographolide
Uses Anti viral- fever
Duration 4 Months
Plant in Indian system of
medicine--
27. Gymnema - Gymnema sylvestre
Particulars
Propagation Cuttings
Economic part Leaves
Alkaloid Gymnemagenin
Uses Antidiabetic
Duration Perennial
Plant in Indian system of medicine--
30. Kidney problem
Peelai Poo- Aerva lanata Mookiratai- Boerhahavia diffusa
Plant in Indian system of medicine--
31. To boost hair growth….
White karisalai – Eclipta alba Yellow karisalai – Wedalia calendulacea
Sivappu ponnanganni – Alternanthera sessilis
Plant in Indian system of medicine--
32. Herb for Rheumatism
Mudakkathan- Cardiospermum helicacabum
Herb for infertility
Shatavari - Asparagus racemosus
Herb for fever, diabetes
Seenthikodi – Tinospora cordifolia
Plants in Indian system of
medicine--
33. Active components and biological roles in humans and animals
Seenthikodi – Tinospora cordifolia
34.
35. Technologies are available for isolation of pure phyto-chemicals
such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, coumarins
etc. from several medicinal plants and these are regularly used
by the allopathic drug industry.
EXTRACTION OF MEDICINAL CHEMICALS
37. Part used Bioactive compounds Uses Reference
Whole plant Dimethyl sulfoxide , ethyl
acetate , and ethanol
secondary metabolites
(alkaloids, flavonoids,
terpenoids, tannins, saponins,
phenolic compounds,
xanthoproteins,triterpenoids,
Antibacterial activity
Fungal strains and
inoculum
quantification
Determining
antifungal activity
Jothi
Chimahali et
al., 2019
Tuber 7,12–dimethylbenz
anthracene (DMBA)
antianxiety,
antimicrobial,
antihelmintic and
hepatoprotive
activities
against DMBA
induced breast
carcinogenic tumor
A.M. Shaikh
et al ., 2015
38. Part
used
Bioactive
compounds
Uses Reference
Leaves
Tubers
N-deacetyl
colchicine lumi -
colchicine,
3-demethyl
Ndeformyl -, N-
formyldeacetyl
Leaves-Anticoagulant and
antithrombotic activity
hydro alcoholic extract-Anti-
implantation or anti-fertility activity
methanolic extracts--Anti-oxidant and
anti-cancer activity on Hep-G2 cells
(human liver cancer cells).
Tubers-Anti-inflammatory activity,
antidote for snake bites, gout,
rheumatism, bruises, sprains, colic and
chronic ulcers,haemorrhoids, cancer,
impotence, nocturnal seminal emission,
leprosy and also for labour pains and
abortions
B.A.
Vaishnavi
et al.,
39. Part used Bioactive
compounds
Uses Reference
Whole plant
(Shoot,
flower,
tubers)
1,1 - diphenyl- 2-
picrylhydrazyl, phenols
, flavonoids
Antioxidant activity,
manage the disease as
stomach problems, ulcer,
cancer, and AIDS.
U. Jothi et al
2019
Fruit, seed,
tuber
Lumi-colchicine, N-
dimethyl Colchicine
and Alkaloids,
Carbohydrates,
Tannins, Steroids.
Cardiovascular,
Respiratory,Central
nervous system
(CNS),Skeletal and
smooth muscle,
Gastrointestinal nausea,
vomiting and diarrhea,
Hepatic, Urinary Renal,
dermatologic
manifestation.
Satej Banne et al
2008
40. Part used Bioactive compounds Uses Reference
Seeds Chelidonic acid,
Adenosine Coumaric acid
β-D-glucopyranosyl ester
Catechin glucopyranoside
Epicatechin Curculigoside
d-Isoboldine Gentiatibetine
lung cancer, breast
cancer, pancreatic
carcinoma ,
antiproliferative
effect
Acharya Balkrishna
et al 2019
whole plant Chloroform and n-butanol
Methanolic, petroleum
ether and Anthelmintic
Ethanol , Methanol,
hexane, and chloroform.
Antimicrobial and
anticancer,
Antibacterial,
antifungal,
Antioxidant,
Antihaemolytic
Antithrombotic/
anticoagulant
Kaliyaperumal
Ashokkumar 2015
41. Part used Bioactive compounds Uses Reference
Seeds,
tubers,
leaves.
ornithine,lysine,
phenylalanine, tyrosine
and tryptophan.
lumicolchicine, 3-
demethyl-N-deformyl-N-
deacetylcolchicine,
formyl deacetyl
seeds
glycoside, 3-demethyl
colchicine-3- gluco
pyranoside, b-siltosterol,
and glumic colchicines,
2-hydroxy-6-methoxy
benzoic acid
Antifungal activity,
Enzyme inhibitory
activity, Treatment
of snake bite,
Antitumor/
cytogenic activity,
Antipoxviral activity,
Anticoagulant
activity,Toxicity /
Poisoning.
Hemant Badwaik
et al 2011
42. Part used Bioactive
compounds
Uses Reference
Whole plant Methoxy-4-
vinylphenol, while β-
Amyrin trimethylsilyl
ether and alkaloid,
glycosides,
flavonoids,
terpenoids, tannin,
coumarins, steroids
and phenols
Antioxidant and
antimicrobial
properties
Nikhila GS 2016
43. Part used Extract Microorganism Reference
Leaves and
flowers
crude extract Gram positive bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
Candida albicans
Gram negative bacteria
Salmonella spp
D. Srinivasan et al
2000
Tuber Tuber wet
extract
Bacillus subtilis
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
Proteus vulgaris
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Arul Kumar
Murugesan et al
2021
44. Part used Extract Microorganism Reference
Tubers
,stems and
leaves
1.Tuber extract.
2.Acetone ,
methanol and
ethanol extract
of stem and
leaves
3. alcoholic
extract of tubers
1. gram negative bacteria,
Escherichia coli,
Anti fungal activity against
Candida albicans,
C.glabrate,Trichophyton
longifusus, Microsporum
2.Antimicrobial activity against
E. coli, S. aureus, A. niger and
A. flavus.
3. Against gram negative
bacteria than gram positive
bacteria and C. albicans
Kaliyaperumal
Ashokkumar
2015
45. Part
used
Extract Microorganism Reference
Whole
plant
disc diffusion
method.
Gram positive bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram negative bacteria
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris,
Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Shigella dysenteriae.
Ayyakannu
Arumugam et al
2015
Seed Fungal extract by
disk diffusion
method
Aspergillus species Abhishek
Budhiraja et al
2012
Tuber 1.Tuber extract
2.Aqueous and
alcoholic extracts
1 & 2-Candida albicans,
Microsporum canis and
Staphylococcus aures
Hemant
Badwaik et al
2011
46. Part used Extract Microorganism Reference
Whole plant whole plant
shoot, flower,
and tuber
extracts
Whole plant-C. albicans, C. krusei,
A. niger, R. oryzae, and Mucor sp.
Tuber extract-t Staphylococcus
aureus , Escherichia coli ,
Micrococcus luteus , Pseudomonas
aeruginosa , and Salmonella abony
Jothi chimahali
et al 2019
Tubers aqueous
extracts
Gram-positive bacteria
Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus
aureus
A. Maroyi and
L. J. G. van der
Maesen 2011
Tuber and
leaves
Methanol
extract
Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, Mucor
sp. and Rhizopus oryzae
A. Maroyi and
L. J. G. van der
Maesen 2011
49. Name of
the crop
Bioctive
Compound
Uses Reference
Perwinkle Vincristine and
vinblastine
Hodgkin disease,
lymphocytic
leukemia, and other
cancers.
Chan 2016, van Wyk
2015
Photosynthesized
gold nanoparticles
Ability to induce
caspase-mediated
apoptosis in cervical
cancer cells
(He La cells, Ke 2019
Anthelminthic
activity
Antimalarial
properties
Chan 2016,
Panneer selvam 2013,
Subarani 2013
Markers of
psoriasis
reducing the size of
wounds
Al-Shmgani 2017
Physiologically active substance
50. Senna - Cassia angustifolia
Particulars
Propagation Seed
Economic
part
Leaves & Pods
Alkaloid Sennoside
Uses Laxative
Duration 6 Months
Post harvest value addition…
53. Major seed spices like coriander, fenugreek, fennel, cumin have
antimicrobial properties against human, plant and veterinary pathogens.
Not only major spices the minor seed spices like ajwain, celery, aniseed,
caraway and dill also contain antimicrobial properties.
Black cumin is one of the minor seed spices that contains anti-viral
property which can be used in the preparation of medicines for the treatment
of viral diseases like COVID-19.
Due to all the beneficial properties present, the seed spices can be used
in suitable pharmaceutical dosage to treat infections of human, plant &
veterinary diseases.
SEED SPICES AND ITS IMPORTANCE
54. Seed spices Scientific Name Family Centre of origin
Coriander Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae Mediterranean region
Fenugreek Trigonella foenumgraecum
L. , T. carniculata
Fabaceae South East Europe
and West Asia
Cumin Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae Mediterranean region
Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae South Europe and
Mediterranean region
Aniseed Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae Eastern
Mediterranean region
Dill Anethum graveolens L. A.
sowa
Apiaceae Europe, Africa and
Asia (India)
Nigella Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae South and Southwest
Asia
Ajwain Trachyspermum ammi Apiaceae Egypt and India
Caraway Carum carvi L. Apiaceae Mediterranean
Celery Apium graveolens L. Apiaceae Mediterranean region
Major and Minor seed spices
55. Health potential uses of major seed spices
Seed
Spices
Major
phyto chemicals
Medicinal uses
Coriander Linalool, carvone,
geraniol, limonene,
borneol, camphor,
elemol
Digestive, carminative, diuretic,
tonic, stimulant, refrigerant,
aphrodisiac, analgesic, anti-
inflammatory, antioxidant, insulin-
like and anti-spergillus activity.
Fenugreek Steroidal saponins
(diosgenin),
Galactomanan, 4-HIL
Carminative, tonic, aphrodisiac,
emollient, antibacterial, used in
vomiting, fever, anorexia, colonitis,
complementary medicines for
cancer therapy, diabetes and oral
contraceptive.
Cumin Cumin aldehyd, β-
pinene, γ-terpinene
Gastrointestinal, reproductive,
nervous and immune system.
Antimicrobial, antioxidant and
chemo protective activity.
57. Seed
Spices
Major phyto
chemicals
Medicinal uses
Ajwain Ajwain Thymol, oleic
acid, linoleic acid, γ-
terpinene, p-cymene,
palmitic acid and xylene
Digestive, pungent, mild stimulant,
stomachic, carminative,
aphrodisiac, anti flatulence,
antiseptic, anti fungal,
antibacterial, anti thelminitic,
antispasmodic, germicide, anti
tussive and expectorant
Caraway Carvone (60%) and
limonene
Antispasmodic, antiseptic, anti
parasitic, lactogenic,
aromatic, carminative, digestive,
and stimulant
58. Antimicrobial properties of seed spices and their defense
mechanism
Phyto chemicals present in seed spices are Alkaloids, Flavonoids,
Phenolic compounds, Terpene, Essential oil and Saponin
Alkaloids
It is the largest group of secondary chemical constituents among the
phyto chemicals present in the plants.
It acts against microorganisms as it possess the ability to intercalate
with DNA, thereby disrupting transcription, replication & also inhibits cell
division, resulting in cell death.
Alkaloids present in seed spice fenugreek are trigonelline (0.2-0.36%),
choline (0.5%), gentianine and carpaine.
59. Flavonoids
It is an important group of polyphenols, synthesized in the cytoplasm of
the plant cell and then accumulate in vacuoles that fuse with the central
vacuole of epidermis and cortex cells.
Till date more than 4000 distinct flavonoids are identified, among
them nearly 70% of the flavonoids are present in plants.
Flavonoids interact with membrane proteins that are present in bacterial
cell walls increasing the permeability of the membrane and disrupting it
and then cause cell death.
The flavanoid compound present in the seed spice fennel is quercetin.
60. Phenolics
The color of fruits and flowers is due to the presence of poly phenols.
These are a series of pigment compounds with the quinonic structure.
Phenolic compounds sensitize the phospholipid bilayer of the microbial
cytoplasmic membrane causing increased permeability and unavailability
of vital intracellular constituents.
Tannins
This group of phyto chemicals is widely distributed in plant flora.
Mostly found in root, bark, stem and outer layers of plant tissues.
Its mode of action against the microorganism is by inactivation of cell
envelope transport proteins such as adhesins, enzyme inhibition, or
disruption of cell membranes.
The tannin compound is present in the seed spice coriander and fennel.
61. Saponins
Saponins are compounds derived from steroids or triterpenoid
glycosides, which occur in many plants and act on microbial cells by
permeabilization of the membrane.
Diosgenin is a saponin present in the seed spice of fenugreek (2 to 7%).
Such naturally obtained antimicrobial agents are less toxic and free of
side effects compared to synthetic antimicrobial agents.
62. Essential oil
Essential oils are odorous volatile liquids found in flowers, roots,
barks, leaves, seeds, fruits, and wood. Active compounds present in
essential oil containing hydroxyl group (-OH) are highly responsible for
their antimicrobial activity.
The hydroxyl groups can be easily bind to the active site of enzymes
and alter their metabolism. Coriander and ajwain the essential oil
contain linalool and thymol respectively
