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Breeding of potato
- 1. Breeding of Potato By Dr. Bineeta Devi Assistant Professor Genetics & Plant Breeding
- 2. Name of Crop : POTATO Botanical name: Solanum tuberosum Family: Solanaceae Chromosome number: 2n=4x=48 (Tetraploid) Introduction: Potato was introduced in India from Europe in early 17th century
- 3. Origin: Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species proved a single origin for potatoes in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia (from a species in the Solanumbrevicaule complex), where they were domesticated 7,000–10,000 years ago.
- 4. Botany of Potato Growth habit-The potato is an annual herbaceous, dicotyledonous plant. It is a vegetative propagated crop, But still propagated through true potato seed is common for breeding purpose commercial exploitation of TPS.
- 5. Root - The root system of potato plant is adventitious, arising from the base of a sprout. Each sprout has its own independent root system. The root zone spreads to 20-25 cm of the top layer of the soil. The lateral root system may spread up to 90 cm in rich soil.
- 6. Stems- The stem of potato plant is branching type and the branches arise laterally along the whole length of stem. Stolons- Potato stolons are lateral stems, which grow horizontally below the ground from the buds of the underground stem. The stolon length is an important varietal character. Long stolons are not desirable and are common in wild species.
- 7. Tuber-The potato tuber is a modified stem and is a part of underground stem called stolon. On exposure of sunlight a tuber normally turns green. The tuber skin also contains small lenticels to facilitate gaseous exchange during respiration. Sprouts-The sprouts emerge from the buds in a tuber. Sprouts have three distinct parts: the base, the mid-parts and the tip. Sprouts are usually pigmented at the base.
- 8. Leaves- Potato leave is normally compound. It is pinnate with several pairs of leaflets arising in succession, along the midrib (rachis). Leaflet may be attached directly on the rachis or by means of small stalks known as petiolule. Flower-The potato flower are borne usually on long inflorescence. The flower stalk, tip, merges into calyx. Potato flower are bisexual and possess all the four essential part of flower i.e. calyx, corolla, androecium (stamens) and gynoecia (pistil).
- 10. Fruit-After fertilization ovary develops into a fruit commonly known as berry. Berry has two chambers and contains 50-200 seeds depending upon the variety. Seed-Seeds extracted from the berry are sexual seed also known as botanical seed or true potato seed. Seeds are flat –oval and small (1000-1500 seeds/gram) surrounded by a seed coat, which protects the embryo and endosperm. On germination the radical gives rise to remedial roots and plumule to the above ground plant parts
- 11. Economic importance : • Potato is 4th major food of the world after rice, wheat and maize. • India‘s rank 5th in area and production of potato. • It is important crop for higher population areas of Asia because it produce more dry matter food. • Potato contains 2% high value protein. • It contains 17mg/100g Vitamin-C and 568mg/100g potassium. • Potato contains 22% carbohydrate. • Solanin 5mg/100g. potato is unfit for consumption if solanin is grater then 20mg/100g • It is grown all states except Kerala
- 12. Cytology: •Potato has basic chromosome number 12. Form diploid to hexaploid species are available. About 75% species are diploid while about 15% species are tetraploids. •Triploids and pentaploids are highly sterile and maintained by vegetative propagation. •S.stenotomum , S.phureja & S.ajanhuioi are cultivated diploids of which former too are sexually fertile while later one is less fertile and yet bred true. •S.chaucha & S.Juzepezukii are cultivated triploid, more or less sterile. The cultivated tetraploid species S.tuberosum spp tuberosum &S.tuberosum spp andigena are fertile. • S.curtilobum is pentaploid. •Regular meiosis has been observed in diploid, allotetraploid & allohexaploids. •Nearly all the diploid species are self-incompatible while all the tetraploids & hexaploids are self-compatible.
- 13. Breeding Objective for Potato Crop : •High tuber yield •Earliness •Photoperiod insensitivity •Responsiveness to fertilizer •Better keeping quality (resistance/tolerance against shrinkage,rottage etc) •Better quality tubers •Resistance to i. Late blight ii. Early blight iii. Charcoal rot iv. Common scab v. Bacterial wilt vi. Viral diseases vii. Nematodes and Aphids viii. Resistance/tolerance to heat, drought, frost, soil salinity.
- 14. Breeding methods in potato : 1. Introduction 2. Clonal Selection 3. Hybridization 4. Mutation Breeding
- 15. Breeding methods BREEDING METHODS VARIETIES Introduction Upto date (from north Ireland)- Most popular variety. Clonal selection Kufri red, Kufri safed Hybridization Kufri Sinduri (Kufri Red × Kufri Kundan) Kufri Chandramukhi (Seedling 4485 × Kufri Kuber) Kufri Sheetman (Phulwa × CraigsDefience) Kufri Badshah (Kufri Jyoti × Kufri Alankar) Kufri Jyoti (3069d(4) × 2814a(1) KufriBahar (KufriRed × Gineke) Mutation Mariline 2 Konkei No. 45 Desital Sarme Jagakids Purple White Baron and Nahita