$19.95 / £14.

99 GARDENING

TIMBER PRESS POCKET GUIDE TO

Few plants add focal points in the garden as effectively as bulbs do. With
their efficient underground food-storage capacity, bulbous species,
whether true bulb, corm, rhizome, or tuber, occupy very little space in the
garden and demand minimal care, yet produce dazzling annual displays.
But how does a gardener choose intelligently from the thousands of avail-
able selections? The Timber Press Pocket Guide to Bulbs provides an acces-
sible and comprehensive reference to more than 700 species, cultivars, and
hybrids. Illustrated with 300 photographs, it includes basic information on TIMBER PRESS
cultivation, maintenance, and pests and diseases as well as lists of bulbs for POCKET GUIDE TO
specific landscape uses. The convenient format makes this pocket guide an

Bulbs
ideal reference for taking to the nursery or garden center.

JOHN E. BRYAN, F.I. Hort., the first American to be

Bulbs
elected a Fellow of the Institute of Horticulture in
London, is a horticultural consultant, lecturer, and
television personality. He also publishes a monthly
gardening newsletter and leads annual garden
J O H N E . B RYA N
tours to Europe and South Africa. John has writ-
ten and edited several books on bulbs, including
BARBARA BOYD

the encyclopedic Bulbs (2002). He gardens in the

JOHN E. BRYAN
Bay Area of California.

For details on other Timber Press books or to receive

our catalog, please visit our Web site, www.timberpress.com.
In the United States and Canada you may also reach us at
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ISBN 0-88192-725-2 ISBN 0-88192-725-2

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TIMBER PRE SS POCKET GUIDES TIMBER PRE SS POCKET GUIDES

 TIMBER PRESS
POCKET GUIDE TO

Bulbs
 TIMBER PRESS
POCKET GUIDE TO

Bulbs
JOHN E. BRYAN, F.I. HORT.

TIMBER PRESS
Photos by author unless otherwise indicated.

Frontispiece: Leucojum aestivum, also known as summer snowflake (Jack Hobbs)

Copyright © 2005 by John E. Bryan

All rights reserved

Published in 2005 by

Timber Press, Inc.

The Haseltine Building
133 S.W. Second Avenue, Suite 450
Portland, Oregon 97204-3527, U.S.A.

www.timberpress.com

Printed through Colorcraft Ltd., Hong Kong

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bryan, John E., 1931-

Timber Press pocket guide to bulbs / John E. Bryan, F.I. Hort.
p. cm. — (Timber Press pocket guides)
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-88192-725-2 (flexibind)
1. Bulbs. I. Hort, F. I. II. Title. III. Series.
SB425.B753 2005
635.9'4--dc22
2004028006

A catalog record for this book is also available from the British Library.
Acknowledgments About This Book
Thanks again to all those people and places men- The entries in this pocket guide are arranged in
tioned in Bulbs (2002), on which this pocket alphabetical order by scientific name. The alpha-
guide is based. Special thanks to the individuals betical list includes information on well-known
and organizations who provided photographs for plant genera with bulbs, corms, tubers, or rhi-
this guide, specifically the Alpine Garden Society zomes except for orchids, gingers, waterlilies and
(United Kingdom), Maurice Boussard, Sally Fer- other aquatic plants, peonies, and hostas. If a
guson, Harry B. Hay, Jack Hobbs, Klehm’s Song genus or species name appears to be missing
Sparrow Perennial Farm, Chris Lovell, Eddie from this alphabetical listing, it may be because
McRae, the International Flower Bulb Center the name has been changed by taxonomists. To
(Netherlands), the late Robert Ornduff, the Helen find the current name, look up the “missing”
Crocker Russell Library, W. George Schmid, Kata- name in the Index. Cultivar names are enclosed
rina Stenman, Arne Strid, and David M. Ward. I by single quotation marks. Zone numbers refer
also thank my editor, Linda J. Willms, and all the to the lowest USDA cold-hardiness zone in which
Timber Press staff who made this book possible. the bulbs will survive.

5
 CONTENTS

Preface 9
Introduction 11
Bulbs for Specific Purposes and Locations 23
Bulbs A–Z 29
USDA Hardiness Zone Map 210
European Hardiness Zone Map 211
Nursery Sources 212
Glossary 214
Further Reading 216
Index 217

Opposite: Lilium ‘Compass’, Asiatic hybrid (Jack Hobbs)

7
 PREFACE

I cannot claim that my fascination with bulbs, in Over the years it has been my good fortune to
the broadest definition of the word, came at the have known and worked with such great men in
start of my career in horticulture in 1946. As an the lily world as Jan de Graaff, Earl Hornback,
apprentice in a nursery located in Devon, Eng- Harold Comber, and Edward McRae, with whom
land, I was introduced to the wonderful world of I was a student at the Royal Botanic Garden, Ed-
plants by having to water tomatoes in green- inburgh, and who is the originator of many fine
houses for six solid weeks. For this work 48 hours new hybrid lilies. My association with these fine
each week, I received the princely sum of 10 horticulturists and my past experience stood me
shillings, roughly $1.25 per week. in good stead when, while I was the director of
Having survived this period and having learned the Strybing Arboretum and Botanic Gardens in
a great deal about the culture of tomatoes, I was Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, California, we
assigned the job of preparing bulbs for forcing. undertook experimental plantings of many dif-
There were no special chambers with controlled ferent bulbs, recording their growth patterns,
temperatures and humidity at that time. Rather, time of flowering, height at flowering, and so on.
we used the old method, still in use today, of Since that time I have visited many other parts
plunging the bulbs into beds and covering them of the world and have seen bulbs growing in the
with sand and soil. The interest in the miracles wild. To my mind this is the best way to under-
that can be forced upon a bulb, in this case tulips, stand the cultural needs of any plant and also to
hyacinths, daffodils, and crocuses, has remained gain a greater perspective of the enormous num-
with me to this day. bers of species.
While a student at the Royal Botanic Garden, This pocket guide, like the encyclopedia on
Edinburgh, Scotland, and during postgraduate which it is based, is intended to give gardeners a
studies that followed at the Royal Horticultural greater appreciation of bulbs. It is hoped that the
Society’s Garden at Wisley, Surrey, England; at information contained herein will be both useful
The Hague in the Netherlands; and in Paris, and enjoyable to the reader. Nothing I write here,
France, bulbs were never far from my mind. My however, can accomplish this as well as the thrill
interest was heightened when I first saw the of watching bulbs grow and each year witnessing
magnificent colors of the bulb fields in the their dazzling displays of brilliance, often with lit-
Netherlands. This was reinforced when I came to tle effort on the part of the gardener.
the United States in 1961 to work at Jan de If I have encouraged but one person to grow
Graaff’s Oregon Bulb Farms near Portland. Here, these wondrous plants who has never done so,
the raising of many new lily hybrids and their in- then I will have achieved my purpose and the ef-
troduction into commerce fascinated me. fort will have been more than worthwhile.

Opposite: Iris pseudacorus ‘Variegata’ (Jack Hobbs)

9
 INTRODUCTION

Mention the word bulb to people and a range of Dormancy

plants comes to mind, including crocuses, Despite their great diversity of color, flower form,
dahlias, gladiolus, irises, lilies, tulips, and many size, habitat, and growing conditions, most bul-
others. Some are true bulbs; others are corms, bous plants have a dormant period brought
rhizomes, and tubers but fall under the umbrella about by prevailing growing conditions, such as
term bulbous plants. the heat and dryness of summer or the extreme
A true bulb consists of a stem and leaves cold (accompanied by snow) of winter. A bulb
adapted for storage. The stem is compressed into becomes dormant when climatic conditions im-
a flattened plate, and the modified, fleshy leaves pose that state and such ceasing of active growth
are filled with food reserves. Tulips, hyacinths, will not cause it harm. Dormancy can be imposed
and daffodils have tunicated bulbs in which the by withholding moisture, for example, but at a
leaves are layered closely around each other, the given point dictated by its internal clock, a bulb
outermost leaves forming a tunic around the will become dormant with or without water.
bulb, with the outer leaves often dry and brown. Certain interior activities continue during dor-
Lilies and fritillaries have scaly bulbs in which the mancy, as they are a necessary part of the life
leaves overlap each other but do not form a cycle. Evergreen bulbs (those that become dor-
tunic, and are more succulent. mant without shedding their foliage) reach their
A corm is a stem, swollen and modified for dormant period when climatic conditions and the
storage. The usually rounded stem is flattened on interior cyclical clock dictate it. Dormancy then is
top and slightly concave beneath. Frequently it that part of the life cycle belonging to a definite
has a brown skin, not dissimilar to the tunic of a chronological cycle, in all bulbs, evergreen or not.
true bulb. Upon being cut, however, the corm
will appear solid. On the basal plate, young, small
corms known as cormels will arise. Two examples
of corms are the crocus and the gladiolus.
A rhizome is a swollen underground stem
(sometimes breaking the surface of the soil) from
the ends of which shoots emerge. Roots are pro-
duced on the underside; side branches will be
formed which have leaves with roots on the un-
dersides and foliage at their ends. The most com-
monly recognized rhizome is the iris, although
some iris species are true bulbs.
A tuber also is a swollen underground stem,
but not the base of a stem. It is usually fleshy,
rounded, and covered with scaly leaves, often
minute and concentrated toward the top of the
tuber. In the axils, eyes develop which produce
the stems. Two examples are the tuberous bego-
nia and dahlia.

Daffodils and squills make a great early season color

Opposite: Kniphofia uvaria combination. (International Flower Bulb Center)
11
 INTRODUCTION
12
Cultivation Planting
Bulbs should be planted in soil cultivated about There are many ways to plant bulbs. Bulb
12 inches (30 cm) deep. Adding organic matter planters, which remove a core of soil, often have
improves soil: it binds sandy soil, thus increasing a marker on the side that enables a hole of cor-
moisture retention, and it loosens clay, allowing rect depth to be made. A trowel can also be used.
air to enter and water to drain. Well-rotted com- For small bulbs or large plantings, remove all
post and manure are both excellent organic ad- the soil (to the planting depth) from the area to
ditives. Avoid unrotted compost and fresh ma- space the bulbs evenly. Nestle the bulbs firmly but
nure. Apply a general fertilizer (10–10–10) and without excessive pressure. Finally, cover them
rake it into the surface. Allow the soil to settle for with soil, but do not compact it. If annuals are to
a day or two so air pockets are eliminated. be planted over the bulbs, use a planting board
Many bulbs require deep planting. Indeed, the to prevent undue soil compaction.
most common mistake made is planting at an in- Water in newly planted bulbs to eliminate air
correct depth. A rule of thumb is to place the pockets. Apply a mulch to preserve moisture and
bulb at a depth of three times its height; for ex- reduce weeds. The taller the flower spikes, the
ample, a 1-inch (2.5-cm) bulb should be planted deeper the mulch—2 or 3 inches (5–7.5 cm) for
with 3 inches (7.5 cm) of soil over it. taller bulbs, about 1 inch (2.5 cm) for shorter

Depth
in inches

1 inch

2 inches Anemone Ranunculus

Freesia
3 inches Crocus
4 inches Muscari
Galanthus Hyacinthoides
5 inches Dutch Iris

6 inches Allium Hyacinth

7 inches Tulip
Narcissus
8 inches Lily

Planting depths for selected spring-flowering bulbs. These should be planted in September or October
where there is frost, in warmer climes in November or December. Flowering times vary according to variety.

Depth
in inches
1 inch Bearded Iris
2 inches Caladium Begonia

3 inches

4 inches Canna

5 inches Dahlia

6 inches Gladiolus

7 inches
8 inches Lily

Planting depths for selected summer-flowering bulbs. These should be planted about two weeks before
the last frost.
 INTRODUCTION
13
ones. Crocuses and other small bulbs should be
covered with a finer grade of mulch than daf-
fodils or tulips. Mulch minimizes constant thaw-
ing and freezing of the soil, which causes heav-
ing, which in turn breaks the roots and forms air
pockets under the bulbs. Shallowly planted bulbs
are especially susceptible.
Planted bulbs require little attention until new
seasonal growth appears above the soil. At that
time, apply a general fertilizer (10–10–10). In
rainy climates, the fertilizer will be washed into
the soil; in dry climates, water it in. Give a sec-
ond feeding three or four weeks after the first
one. For spring-flowering bulbs, two feedings are
sufficient.

Lifting and Storing

Daffodils, hyacinths, and tulips planted in the
border should be lifted when the foliage be-
comes unsightly. Remove the bulbs from the
ground with foliage still attached and allow them
to dry in a cool, airy place. When the foliage has
died down, remove it and any remaining soil. Ex-
Begonias are popular summer-flowering plants in
amine the bulbs, discarding those unsound or warmer climates.
bruised. Store bulbs at 60ºF (16ºC) where air can
circulate freely. During the summer, check peri-
speed the first flowering. Never expose started
odically for rotting or spoiled bulbs.
bulbs to frost.
Precooling Bulbs in continuous growth, such as begonias
In colder climates where soil temperatures are low, and dahlias, benefit from feedings of liquid fer-
no precooling is necessary. In warmer climates, tilizer each month, stopping six weeks before the
bulbs planted in fall should first be precooled. This bulbs are to be lifted. In warmer regions, where
applies especially to tulips. Start precooling six to dahlias are left in the ground overwinter, a feed-
eight weeks before the soil temperatures are the ing of 0–10–10 in early September will increase
same as, or a little lower than, the precooling tem- the hardiness of the bulbs and reduce the possi-
perature of around 45ºF (7ºC). bility of rotting.
Bulbs to be lifted and stored overwinter should
Summer-flowering Bulbs be allowed to ripen by withholding water toward
Plant summer-flowering and frost-tender bulbs the end of summer. The first frost often is a light
two weeks before the last frost is expected. If the one, enough to burn the foliage but not harm
ground is cold the bulbs will not grow, so delay the bulbs themselves. The bulbs then should be
planting if there is any chance of a late frost. In protected or moved to a frost-free location.
warm regions, plant in March or April. Summer- Store gladiolus in paper sacks with holes or in
flowering bulbs need good day length to grow nets to ensure air circulation. Store begonias,
well. Start begonias, caladiums, and dahlias in a caladiums, cannas, and dahlias in barely moist
greenhouse, frame, or well-lighted garage to peat, so the roots will not lose moisture and be
 INTRODUCTION
14
plump when planting time comes around. The in a lawn or shorter grasses. Select a location
ideal temperature for storing summer-flowering carefully. Crocuses require viewing from a close
bulbs is 40º to 45ºF (4º–7ºC). Protect stored range, small-flowered daffodils from a little far-
bulbs from rodents. Label the bulbs as to color ther away, and the large-flowered cultivars from
prior to lifting to ensure good planting arrange- even a greater distance. Bluebells (Hyacinthoides
ments in the spring. spp.) look best in drifts under small trees or
among or in front of large shrubs.
Bulbs in the Landscape A scene of naturalized bulbs is more effective
Among the many plants in gardens and wood- on a slope or undulating ground than on level
land areas, few add focal points as effectively as ground. Even a slight rise will afford better
bulbous plants when correctly selected. Crocuses drainage and present a better staging; the eye is
in a lawn can add interest in early spring. Daf- then able to appreciate the entire planting. The
fodils near a rose bed give color before they face same applies to undulating ground, where the
the competition of the roses. Bluebells are superb plantings should be on the slopes and crests, not
in a woodland, where their messy foliage is not a in the valleys. The direction in which the slope
problem as it is in formal borders. Summer-flow- faces is of lesser importance; it should not be ex-
ering lilies prolong the season of interest and posed to much wind, which can flatten the flow-
color in a shrub border, and containers of flow- ers, especially when accompanied by rain.
ering bulbs add color to decks and terraces. Set the bulbs in a random pattern. The outline
should be free-form—the shape of a cloud, not a
Naturalizing Bulbs in Grass square or circle. Naturalized plantings can be
The more effective bulbs for naturalizing are Nar- made of a mixture of early, mid season, and late-
cissus among taller-growing grasses and Crocus flowering bulbs.

A drift of English bluebells, Hyacinthoides non-scripta

 INTRODUCTION
15
Attention to the culture of the bulbs each year, Woodland plants, which can spread with surpris-
while minimal, should not be neglected. Allow ing rapidity, should be seen and admired but not
for a last cutting of the grass just as the first bulbs walked upon.
appear through the soil. As soon as several bulbs Select plants carefully. The upright-facing Asi-
have appeared, give them a dressing of atic lilies are too stiff and formal in a woodland,
12–12–12 or a similarly balanced fertilizer. The while the downward-facing Lilium canadense
spring rains should wash the fertilizer into the and L. martagon look at home in the woodland.
soil; if no rain is expected, water it into the soil. In The ideal location is an area where the lower part
heavy soils such feeding is not as essential as on of the stem is shielded from the sun while the
sandy soils. flowerhead is in some sun and seen against a
To maintain the vigor of bulbs naturalized in background of foliage. Make sure lilies have
grass, allow the foliage to mature. Unfortunately room to spread, and plant a sufficient number so
this means the plantings can become unsightly they will be a feature.
by the end of spring and early summer, another Cardiocrinum giganteum needs good moisture
reason for careful site selection. during the summer and, because it can reach
well over 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, is ideal for an open
Bulbs in the Woodland glade. Autumn- and spring-flowering crocuses as
Cardiocrinums, daffodils, fritillaries, lilies, and tril- well as colchicums need sunlight to perform well.
liums are superb in woodland areas. English blue- Consider using them around the perimeter of
bells are at home in such surroundings but must woodland gardens.
be planted in large quantities to be effective. Cy- Woodland bulbs have, for the most part, pen-
clamen neapolitanum does well at the base of a dent flowers. Grape hyacinths (Muscari species)
large tree but not too close to a tree or to a path. are an exception. They can be planted on the

Grape hyacinths (Muscari sp.) and double tulips (Tulipa, Parrot Group) at the famous Keukenhof Gardens
in the Netherlands
 INTRODUCTION
16
edge of woodland areas, where they receive blue forget-me-nots, daffodils with pansies,
good sun. They are not effective unless planted in large-flowered onions towering above taller-
masses, but they grow well and multiply easily. growing annuals, irises, and gladiolus—used not
only for their color but also for their stiffer fo-
Bulbs in the Garden liage—form grand contrasts.
No garden is too small to have at least a few The hyacinth, the most fragrant spring-flow-
bulbs. The smaller the area, the smaller the size of ering bulb, can be placed in groups near a window
the plant; scale always is of importance. or close to an entrance, or in containers on the
While bulbs are frequently recommended for deck or patio. Color and fragrance are as much a
the perennial border, not all are suitable. The part of the charm of bulbs as any other plants.
struggle for space and root competition may be
too much, with the possible exception of dahlias, Bulbs for Cut Flowers
gladiolus, rhizomatous irises, and certain lilies. If Bulbs grown for cut flowers are best in a location
no other space is available, then other bulbs can where, if they are cut, obvious gaps are avoided.
be grown in the perennial garden, but most de- Planting them very close together so the bulbs al-
serve a place where they can be appreciated for most touch will allow for a selective cutting, with
their individual beauty. They should also be enough flowers left to remain attractive.
staged against complementary foliage, prefer- Amaryllis, anemones, daffodils, dahlias,
ably not competing with perennials of equal freesias, gladiolus, irises, ixias, lilies, nerines, ra-
height and strong color. nunculus, and tulips are all excellent cut flowers.
Anemones, bulbous irises, daffodils, freesias, Ornithogalums, while not commonly grown, will
gladiolus, large-flowered ornamental onions, ra- provide long-lasting flowers. Watsonias deserve
nunculus, and tulips lend a look of permanence to be more widely grown by home gardeners.
in an annual border. Pink tulips above a bed of Calla lilies are mainly associated with weddings

Irises growing in water at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh

 INTRODUCTION
17
and funerals, but actually present a lovely display
in the home, mixed with other flowers, and they
last a long time.
When cutting flowers for the home, do not re-
move any more foliage than is absolutely neces-
sary. The leaves manufacture the plant’s food.

Container-Grown Bulbs
Certain bulbs, such as Crocus, Hyacinthus, and
Narcissus, can be grown indoors without soil.
Special vases are available, or you can fill a dish
with pebbles, then add bulbs and more pebbles
to keep the bulbs upright. After planting the
bulbs, add water so that it almost, but not quite,
touches the base of the bulbs. Place the vase or
dish in the dark with temperatures between 45ºF
and 50ºF (7º–10ºC) until the bulbs have roots.
When the roots emerge and top growth is made,
give the bulbs room temperature and light.
Containers can be used effectively to grow
bulbs, but they must be capable of holding
enough soil to maintain fairly constant soil tem-
peratures. If containers are too small and then are
A floral arrangement featuring Asiatic lilies warmed by the sun, the soil temperature will reach

Freesias make excellent cut flowers. (Jack Hobbs)

 INTRODUCTION
18

Tulips are one of many bulbs suitable for a container.

 INTRODUCTION
19
a point which could harm the bulbs. If there is no Borers
room for a large container, then keep the smaller The European corn borer (Ostinia nubilalis) over-
ones shaded to avoid extremes of temperature. winters in corn stalks and attacks other plants,
Drainage is essential; use a porous soil mix with such as dahlias and gladiolus. The caterpillar
a good organic content. The container should be emerges in late summer or early spring. The larva
deep enough to give the bulbs the desired depth is light pink, while the egg-laying female moth is
of soil cover, as in the open ground. Having only yellow-brown and mostly nocturnal. Cleanliness
a very small amount of room—be it verandah, is one of the best controls, but, should the cater-
deck, or balcony—should not preclude a home- pillar be found, the affected plants should be at
owner from the pleasure of growing bulbs, even once discarded.
if the selection is limited. Stalk borer (Papaipema nebris) can be found
on many summer-flowering bulbs east of the
Pests and Diseases Rocky Mountains in the United States. The cater-
Bulbs should be free of pests and diseases when pillar is pale yellow with a purplish band. Spray
purchased. Bulbs grown poorly, with no atten- with a product to eradicate.
tion to correct and timely cultural practices, will
not maintain their vigor. Even with good culture, Nematodes
pests can be expected—aphids, slugs, and snails. Seldom visible to the naked eye, nematodes are
Many products are available to control pests abundant in most soils. Not all are harmful, how-
and diseases. Whenever possible, spraying ever, some being responsible for the breakdown
should be the last resort in any control program. of organic matter in the soil. They are one of the
Elimination of pests by washing plants with water main pests responsible for root decay, which in
and the use of soaps and biological controls turn can cause deformed foliage, even causing
should always take precedence over the use of the leaves to split and bulbs to have much
chemicals. Should a pest or disease threaten to browned tissue. Remove the bulb with a sample
wipe out a planting, the alternatives are stark: of the surrounding soil and have both examined
spray or lose the plants being attacked. The gar- by the local authority.
dener must make a choice.
Always read the entire label of any product for Bulb Flies
specific application information, and follow the Narcissus fly attacks Narcissus and sometimes
directions to the letter. If there is any doubt re- Amaryllis, Galanthus, and Leucojum. The adult
garding the appropriateness of a product, obtain lays eggs in the neck of the bulb when the fo-
further information from a fully qualified person, liage dies down. The larvae eat the bulb under-
such as your county agricultural commissioner, ground, destroying the center. Any foliage will be
extension agent, licensed pest-control operator, at best very weak and yellow. Control of this
or a member of the staff of your local nursery. pests involves keeping the surface of the soil dis-
turbed as the foliage dies, covering the hole lead-
Aphids ing to the neck of the bulbs. Any bulbs attacked
Aphids are sucking insects that weaken plants by should be destroyed. The soil can be dusted with
disrupting the necessary flow of food inside the a product recommended and listed as a control.
plant. This can cause distortion, stunting, and loss Whiteflies are seldom noticed unless in large
of vigor. Leaves often will yellow when the attack numbers. The wings are covered with a powdery
is severe. A jet of clean water will dislodge the substance which gives them both their color and
pests from the foliage. Ladybugs will help con- their common name. Trialeurodes is the most
trol minor infestations, but insecticides will be common genus. Adult females lay light yellow
needed for severe attacks. eggs on the undersides of leaves. After the eggs
 INTRODUCTION
20
hatch, the nymphs feed by piercing the leaf to secticide is more effective. Cyclamen mite, like
obtain its sap. The plants are weakened as the the spider mite, flourishes during the dry sum-
sap is removed; foliage turns yellow and dries up. mer months.
When plants are infested, a chemical product
should be used. Slugs and Snails
Clean cultivation assists greatly in reducing the
Mealybug number of slugs and snails, but, as a precaution,
Mealybugs are most common on bulbous plants suitable baits should be used as the bulbs emerge
with persistent evergreen foliage, such as Clivia. from the ground. Picking these pests off the
The name was given because of the waxy, white, plants by hand when they emerge in the evening
mealy secretions that cover their bodies. Mealy- is the most effective control. A dusting of di-
bugs are found on young foliage, where they atomaceous earth may be needed in more seri-
feed by drawing sap, which causes distortion of ous attacks.
the shoots in severe cases. To clear away small
infestations, apply denatured alcohol to the Botrytis
pests with a cotton swab. Use an insecticide in During cool, damp summers of temperate cli-
severe cases. mates and in cooler winters of subtropical cli-
mates, small yellow or orange-brown spots may
Thrips be noticed on the leaves. In a short time the spots
The gladiolus thrip (Taeniothrips simplex) and the become larger, until the entire leaf or surface of
onion thrip (Thrips tabaci) are particularly trou- the bulb is covered and a gray mold becomes ev-
blesome. The latter will attack dahlias, gloxinias, ident. Bulbs showing any signs of these spots
and other garden flowers. Thrips shave off the should never be planted. Fungicides will control
outer layers of the leaves to feed on the sap-con- the fungus.
taining tissues. This causes strips of yellow-to-
brown foliage, and, on gladiolus leaves, a silvery Damping-off Disease
appearance. Flowers, if produced, are distorted. Damping-off (Pythium debaryanum) is a soil-
The onion thrip causes white blotches on the borne disease that attacks young seedlings just at
leaves. The tips then turn brown and distorted. soil level, causing the stems to become pinched
Eventually, the whole plant will topple. As with and to often turn black as the tissue dies. The dis-
most pests, thrips are kept at a minimum by the ease is encouraged by lack of air circulation and
use of clean cultural procedures, including the excessive dampness. The best control is to use
eradication of weeds. sterilized soil, thin seedlings as soon as they are
large enough to handle, and keep seedlings
Mites growing well, with just the right amount of
Only a few mites attack bulbs. The spider mites, water. Discard plants attacked, along with any in-
often called red spiders, actually can be green, fected soil, and meticulously clean all containers.
yellow, or brown, as well as red. In warmer cli-
mates they attack early spring-flowering bulbs, Mildew
and in colder climates where the temperatures Downy mildew looks like cotton and is most
rise more quickly in the spring, they affect a wide prevalent when the temperature is low and hu-
range of bulbs. The mites suck the nutrients midity high. Numerous effective controls are
from the leaves, which turn dry and yellowish. available.
Webs can be seen on the leaf underside. Hosing Powdery mildew (Erysiphe species) is common
the foliage with a sharp jet of cold water may re- on the West Coast of the United States. The
duce the population, but spraying with an in- spores are spread by the wind and can be partic-
 INTRODUCTION
21
ularly bothersome in shaded areas. The fungus is stress. Although these plants will recover in the
first seen on the undersides of older leaves as cool of the evening, the wilting gradually in-
small, white spots, followed by a weblike appear- creases and finally the entire plant wilts and dies.
ance that spreads to cover the entire underside of Control involves fumigating the soil and rotating
the leaf. When the attack is severe, the leaf yel- plants regularly.
lows, then browns, and thus is useless to plant.
Certain fungicides will control this disease, but Virus
more than one application generally is necessary. All plants are susceptible to virus. In tulips the
symptoms are the “breaking” or mottling of the
Verticillium Wilt colors in the flowers; in lilies the plants are weak
Verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum) lives in and flowers often aborted. The foliage is mottled
the soil and enters the plant through the roots. It and, when held up to the light, irregular streak-
causes the vascular system to malfunction; the ing is seen. All parts of the plants are best lifted
plant slowly dwindles away and dies. Verticillium and discarded. Virus diseases are spread by
also can be the cause of plants wilting under aphids and other sucking insects.
 BULBS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND LOCATIONS

The lists that follow are representative only and do not include every bulb described in this guide.
Gardeners are encouraged to be creative in their use of bulbs in the landscape.

Blue Flowers Nerine bowdenii

Agapanthus Schizostylis coccinea ‘Sunrise’
Allium giganteum
Red Flowers
Anemone blanda
Brimeura amethystina Anemone blanda ‘Radar’
Camassia quamash Canna ‘Roi Humbert’
Chiondoxa sardensis Crocosmia ‘Lucifer’
Crocus chrysanthus ‘Blue Pearl’ Hemerocallis ‘Bald Eagle’
Crocus kotschyanus Lilium chalcedonicum
Freesia ‘Royal Blue’ Scadoxus multiflorus subsp. katherinae
Hyacinthoides italica Schizostylis coccinea var. major
Ipheion uniflorum ‘Wisley Blue’ Trillium erectum
Muscari azureum Tulipa ‘Oxford’
Scilla Tulipa ‘Red Emperor’
Veltheimia bracteata
Purple Flowers
Orange Flowers
Achimenes longiflora ‘Paul Arnold’
Allium carinatum Begonia boliviensis ‘Firecracker’
Anemone nemorosa ‘Robinsoniana’ Canna ‘Phaison’
Colchicum autumnale ‘Nancy Lindsay’ Canna ‘Wyoming’
Corydalis solida Clivia miniata
Crocus cartwrightianus Crocosmia
Cyclamen pseudibericum Hyacinthus orientalis ‘Gipsy Queen’
Fritillaria persica ‘Adiyaman’ Lachenalia aloides var. aurea
Iris japonica Lilium ‘Orange Pixie’
Muscari armeniacum Tritonia crocata
Sparaxis grandiflora Tropaeolum tuberosum ‘Ken Aslet’
Tulipa ‘Negrita’ Watsonia zeyheri

Pink Flowers Yellow Flowers

Allium unifolium Allium moly ‘Jeannine’
Amaryllis belladonna Begonia ‘Primrose’
Colchicum byzantinum Bloomeria crocea
Cyclamen coum Calochortus luteus
Dicentra spectabilis Canna ‘Richard Wallace’
Eremurus robustus Clivia miniata ‘Citrina’
Erythronium dens-canis Crocus chrysanthus
Freesia ‘Adonis’ Eranthis hyemalis
Hippeastrum ‘Apple Blossom’ Eremurus stenophyllus
Hyacinthus orientalis ‘Pink Pearl’ Freesia ‘Wintergold’

Opposite: Spikes of Eucomis (foreground) with mountain

cabbage tree, Cussonia paniculata (background) (Jack Hobbs)
23
 BULBS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND LOCATIONS
24
Fritillaria imperialis ‘Lutea Maxima’ Hemerocallis hybrids
Hemerocallis ‘Stella d’Oro’ Hippeastrum ‘Masai’
Hyacinthus orientalis ‘City of Haarlem’ Iris versicolor
Iris bucharica Lilium martagon
Lilium ‘Adelina’ Moraea tricolor
Lilium ‘Quickstep’ Narcissus poeticus var. recurvus
Narcissus cyclamineus Sparaxis tricolor
Ornithogalum dubium Tulipa ‘Kees Nelis’
Tulipa ‘Golden Emperor’ Tulipa ‘Plaisir’
Tulipa ‘Westpoint’
Zantedeschia elliotiana Colored Foliage
Arum italicum ‘Pictum’
Green Flowers Caladium hybrids
Eucomis autumnalis Canna ‘Phaison’
Ferraria crispa Iris pseudacorus ‘Variegata’
Fritillaria pallidiflora
Early Spring Flowers
White Flowers Anemone
Allium karataviense Arisaema ringens
Anemone blanda ‘White Splendor’ Chiondoxa
Cardiocrinum giganteum Crocus biflorus
Colchicum speciosum ‘Album’ Cyclamen persicum
Convallaria majalis Dietes bicolor
Crinum ×powellii Eranthis hyemalis
Crocus chrysanthus ‘Ladykiller’ Fritillaria imperialis
Cyclamen hederifolium Iris bucharica
Erythronium californicum ‘White Beauty’ Lachenalia aloides
Freesia ‘Matterhorn’ Leucojum vernum
Galanthus Muscari neglectum
Galtonia candicans Narcissus cyclamineus
Hyacinthus orientalis ‘L’Innocence’ Narcissus minor
Leucojum vernuum Ornithogalum oligophyllum
Lilium candidum Oxalis lutea
Lilium longiflorum Puschkinia scilloides
Nerine sarniensis Scilla miczenkoana
Ornithogalum thyrsoides Trillium
Polianthes tuberosa Tulipa fosteriana
Ranunculus acontifolius Veltheimia bracteata
Rhodohypoxis baurii
Trillum grandiflorum Spring Flowers
Tulipa ‘Purissima’ Babiana
Zantedeschia aethiopica Brimeura amethystina
Camassia quamash
Multicolored Flowers Corydalis solida
Crocus sieberi f. tricolor Erythronium
Dahlia hybrids Freesia leichtlinii
Dietes bicolor Hyacinthus orientalis
Erythronium tuolumnense Ixia
Freesia ‘Stockholm’ Lapeirousia
Gladiolus ‘Candy Stripe’ Muscari
Gloriosa superba ‘Rothschildiana’ Narcissus
 BULBS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND LOCATIONS
25
Ranunculus acontifolius Galtonia candicans
Romulea Gloriosa superba
Sparaxis elegans Iris
Tulbaghia violacea Nectaroscordum siculum
Tulipa greigii Polianthes tuberosa
Watsonia borbonica Sandersonia aurantiaca
Zantedeschia Scadoxus multiflorus
Sparaxis elegans
Late Spring Flowers Tigridia
Arum italicum Trillium
Bloomeria crocea Tulipa
Boophone disticha Watsonia borbonica
Bulbinella cauda-felis Zantedeschia
Calochortus
Chasmanthe floribunda Late Summer Flowers
Convallaria majalis Achimenes longiflora ‘Paul Arnold’
Dicentra spectabilis Amaryllis belladonna
Dierama pendulum Begonia
Eremurus himalaicus Canna
Ferraria crispa Cardiocrinum giganteum
Geranium tuberosum ‘Leonidas’ Crinum
Gladiolus communis Lycoris
Homeria pallida Pancratium maritimum
Iris pallida Schizostylis coccinea
Iris pseudacorus
Ixiolirion tataricum Autumn Flowers
Muscari latifolium Begonia
Narcissus poeticus Colchicum
Ornithogalum nutans Crinum americanum
Scilla peruviana Crocus biflorus
Trillium grandiflorum Crocus laevigatus
Triteleia ixioides Cyclamen hederifolium
Tulipa clusiana Cyrtanthus
Lycoris ×albiflora
Early Summer Flowers Nerine
Bloomeria crocea Schizostylis coccinea
Boophone disticha Sternbergia
Dicentra spectabilis
Dierama Winter Flowers in Cold Climates
Ferraria crispa Anemone blanda
Ixiolirion tataricum Chiondoxa
Kniphofia uvaria Crocus chrysanthus
Leucocoryne ixioides Crocus laevigatus
Sauromatum venosum Cyclamen coum
Cyclamen persicum
Summer Flowers Eranthis
Agapanthus Freesia
Alstroemeria Galanthus nivalis
Belamcanda chinensis Iris danfordiae
Dracunculus Iris unguicularis
Eucomis Leucojum vernum
 BULBS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND LOCATIONS
26
Winter Flowers in Warm Climates Dicentra spectabilis
Bulbinella Dracunculus vulgaris
Clivia miniata Erythronium
Eucharis ×grandiflora Galanthus
Ipheion uniflorum Hyacinthoides
Moraea tricolor Lachenalia aloides
Oxalis purpurea Muscari
Romulea Scadoxus multiflorus
Scilla miczenkoana Trillium
Veltheimia bracteata Veltheimia bracteata

Bulbs for Forcing Cut Flowers

Allium neapolitanum Agapanthus
Amaryllis belladonna Allium
Anemone coronaria Alstroemeria
Crocus vernus Amaryllis belladonna
Hyacinthus orientalis Anemone De Caen Group
Narcissus Anemone St. Brigid Group
Trillium Babiana stricta
Tulipa Belamcanda chinensis
Chasmanthe floribunda
Bulbs for Shade and Woodland Clivia
The obvious differences between locations with Crinum
cool temperatures but bright sunshine and those Crocosmia
with high temperatures and bright sunshine Cyclamen
make it difficult to produce a list which indicates Dahlia
Dierama pendulum
the exact shade required by various genera. A
Eremurus stenophyllus
plant may well take full sun along the cooler
Eucharis ×grandiflora
areas of a coastline but is unable to withstand full Eucomis autumnalis
sun in much warmer inland areas. In the listing of Freesia
genera that follows, readers should use their local Galanthus
knowledge, dependent on their exact location, Galtonia candicans
to determine the amount of shade a plant needs. Gladiolus
All woodlands have areas which are shaded for Gloriosa superba
a number of hours a day but also receive intervals Hippeastrum
of bright sunlight. Few bulbs appreciate being Iris
Ixia
grown entirely in the shade; most prefer at least
Lilium
short periods of brighter light.
Narcissus
Nerine
Anemone
Ornithogalum thyrsoides
Arisaema
Polianthes tuberosa
Arum
Ranunculus
Begonia
Sparaxis
Caladium
Tulipa
Cardiocrinum giganteum
Veltheimia bracteata
Clivia
Watsonia
Corydalis solida
Zantedeschia
Cyclamen
 INTRODUCTION
27
Fragrant Flowers Bulbs for Rock Gardens
Cardiocrinum giganteum Allium flavum
Crinum ×powellii Bloomeria crocea
Crocus sieberi Brimeura amethystina
Cyclamen pseudibericum Chionodoxa
Cyrtanthus mackenii Colchicum
Eucharis ×grandiflora Corydalis solida
Freesia leichtlinii Cyclamen
Galanthus Ferraria crispa
Gladiolus Fritillaria
Hemerocallis Iris bucharica
Hyacinthus Iris reticulata
Ipheion uniflorum Ixiolirion tataricum
Iris Lapeirousia
Leucocoryne ixioides Narcissus
Leucojum vernum Ornithogalum
Lilium Puschkinia scilloides
Lycoris incarnata Ranunculus acontifolius
Muscari armeniacum Rhodohypoxis
Muscari macrocarpum Romulea
Narcissus ×odorus Scilla
Pancratium maritimum Tritonia
Polianthes tuberosa Tulipa
Tulbaghia violacea
Tulipa saxatilis

Overleaf: Freesia hybrid (Jack Hobbs)

 BULBS A–Z

Achimenes longiflora
Panama to Mexico. Rhizomes pear-shaped, scaly,
white, 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) long. Stems to 1 ft. (30
cm). Leaves coarsely toothed, arranged in whorls
of three four. Flowers numerous, usually pale to
dark blue, sometimes pinkish, lavender or white;
throat usually white, sometimes with spot of yel-
low or violet; borne in leaf axils; corolla tube nar-
row, flaring out to a flattened outer blossom
1–21⁄ 2 in. (2.5–6.5 cm) across, with five lobes and
four anthers.
Blooms late summer.
Sandy soil with equal parts planting mix, sharp
sand, and peat moss; outdoors in filtered sun-
light or light shade, indoors under artificial light
14–16 hours per day; moisture when growing.
Zones 10–12.
Plant in spring, with 1 in. (2.5 cm) soil covering
the rhizome.
Use as a house plant or in a cool greenhouse.
Achimenes longiflora ‘Paul Arnold’ (International
Perfect for hanging baskets with its delicate col- Flower Bulb Center)
ors and lush foliage.
‘Paul Arnold’, dark purple with white throat, to become dry between waterings. Looks well
red dots in throat. alongside a stream or pond, but the plant itself
should be above the water level. Do not over fer-
AGAPANTHUS tilize. Zones 9–11.
Lily-of-the-Nile Plant evergreen species in fall, with the green
A genus of 10 species from southern Africa. One portion of the shoot slightly above soil level,
of the first African genera to enter Western gar- 18–24 in. 30–60 cm) apart.
dens. Agapanthus has a rhizome and fleshy leaf Use in a border for its substantial foliage and
bases. The deciduous species are hardier than the for its blue flowers which are an ideal foil for red
evergreens. The leaves are glossy, straplike, lin- and yellow flowers. Can be grown in containers.
ear, and arching. Most species are large, reaching A mainstay in public areas, including road medi-
to about 3 ft. (90 cm), but dwarf selections are ans, in Mediterranean climates. Cut flowers last
available. The flowers, carried on strong stalks in well in water, and dried flowerheads are also
a many-flowered umbel, are blue, lavender, or used in arrangements.
white, and range from tubular to openly bell- Agapanthus africanus. African lily, blue
shaped. The blossoms are long-lasting. African lily. South Africa. Stems to 2 ft. (60 cm).
Blooms summer. Leaves 18–36 in. (45–90 cm) long, evergreen.
Leafy, well-drained soil best but average soil Flowers deep blue; mid summer to early fall. Var.
acceptable, in full sun, moisture when growing atrocaeruleus, dark violet. Prefers acid, sandy
(drought tolerant when established), allow plants soil and a gravel mulch.

29
 AGAPANTHUS
30

Agapanthus africanus
in the wild

Agapanthus ‘Peter Pan’

Agapanthus praecox
subsp. orientalis,
white-flowered form
 ALLIUM
31
Agapanthus ‘Peter Pan’, a dwarf with blue Bloom depends on species.
flowers. Well-drained, humus-rich soil, more moisture
Agapanthus praecox. South Africa. Stems to in summer. Hardiness varies by species.
5 ft. (1.5 m). Leaves to 3 ft. (90 cm) long, 3 in. Plant in spring, at or above soil level.
(7.5 cm) wide, evergreen. Often sold under A. Use large-flowered species and hybrids as ac-
orientalis, A. africanus, or A. umbellatus. Culti- cents among annuals or in the perennial border.
vars may have variegated foliage. Few alliums have ornamental foliage, so they can
be placed where they will grow up among denser
ALLIUM plants. Good cut flowers.
Flowering garlic, onions Allium aflatunense. Central Asia. Stems
A genus of 500 to 750 species in the Northern 30–36 in. (75–90 cm) tall. Leaves 1–4 in. (2.5–10
Hemisphere. The bulbs vary in size when full cm) across. Flowers in dense, spherical umbel,
grown; all are fleshy and similar to the culinary purple lilac; late spring to early summer. Plants in
onion. Some are smooth and shiny but, when cut, commerce under this name are mostly forms
display the typical “onion rings.” The plants have known only in cultivation and sometimes called
the distinctive onion smell in both foliage and A. hollandicum. Zones 8–10.
bulb. The leaves may be cylindrical and hollow, or Allium caeruleum. Siberia, Turkestan. Stems to
flattened. The flowers are individually small but 2 ft. (60 cm). Leaves linear, 10–18 in. (25–45 cm)
usually numerous, forming an attractive umbel long. Flowers deep blue; mid summer. Zones 6–9.
which can reach considerable size. The flowers Allium carinatum. Keeled garlic. Europe,
have six tepals which are free or slightly joined at Turkey. Stems 1–2 ft. (30–60 cm). Flowers purple,
the base. The seeds are dark and angular. summer. Produces bulbils mixed with flowers.

Allium giganteum (Jack Hobbs) Allium giganteum, detail (Jack Hobbs)

 ALLIUM
32

Allium karataviense
(International Flower
Bulb Center)

Allium moly

Very invasive. Subsp. pulchellum, the most mer. Produces some of largest heads of any Al-
commonly grown form, has soft rose-lavender lium, often 10–12 in. (25–30 cm) across. Good
flowers; the outer flowers are pendent, forming cut flower. Zones 7–10.
an elegant cascade (or fireworks) effect. One of Allium flavum. Europe to Turkey. Stems 3–12
the most pleasing alliums to grow (Davies 1992). in. (7.5–30 cm). Flowers bell-shaped, glistening
Self-sows readily. Zones 7–10. yellow, mid summer. A good rock garden plant.
Allium cristophii. Star of Persia. Turkestan. Zones 7–10. Var. minus, dwarf, flowers bright
Stems to 2 ft. (60 cm). Leaves three to seven, yellow, spring. Subsp. tauricum, flowers pale
strap-shaped, 1 in. (2.5 cm) wide, 20 in. (50 cm) yellow or nearly white and tinted green, brown,
long. Flowers purple to metallic blue; early sum- or pink, filaments purplish toward the tips.
 ALLIUM
33

Allium neapolitanum (International Flower Bulb Allium roseum

Center)

Allium giganteum. Giant garlic. Central Asia. shorter than the tepals. Leaves strap-shaped, 3⁄4
One of the most spectacular alliums. Stems to 4 in. (2 cm) wide, 12–18 in. (30–45 cm) long. An
ft. (1.2 m). Leaves 2 in. (5 cm) wide and 30 in. excellent pot plant that can be forced like narcis-
(75 cm) or longer. Flowers in very large heads, sus. Zones 8–10. ‘Grandiflorum’, larger than
lilac blue; summer. An excellent bedding plant. the type.
Flowerheads often used in dry arrangements. Allium oreophilum. Central Asia. Stems 4–6
Zones 7–9. in. (10–15 cm) tall. Flowers carmine-pink; mid
Allium karataviense. Central Asia. Stems to summer. Zones 7–9.
6 in. (15 cm). Leaves 4–6 in. (10–15 cm) wide, Allium roseum. Rosy garlic. Mediterranean
glaucous blue, lying nearly flat on the ground; region. Stems 6–22 in. (15–55 cm). Flowers
the most attractive foliage in the genus. Flowers bright pink; spring. No bulbils. Zones 5–9. Var.
white with hint of rose; early summer. Zones bulbiferum, flowers pink or white, bulbils nu-
7–9. merous. Zones 5–9.
Allium moly. Golden garlic, yellow onion, lily Allium schubertii. Eastern Mediterranean re-
leek. Spain, France. Stems to 1 ft. (30 cm). Leaves gion. Stems 1–2 ft. (30–60 cm). Leaves distinc-
metallic blue-green, flat, 2 in. (5 cm) wide. Flow- tive in rose pink variety—wavy and 1 in. (2.5 cm)
ers bright yellow, on long pedicels; mid summer. wide. Flowers white, silvery lavender, or rose;
Zones 7–9. ‘Jeannine’, robust. Excellent for nat- summer. Zones 8–10.
uralizing and cutting. Allium sphaerocephalum. Round-headed
Allium neapolitanum. Daffodil garlic, flow- leek. Eurasia. Stems to 3 ft. (90 cm). Leaves cylin-
ering onion, Naples garlic. Europe, Turkey, North drical, hollow, 2 ft. (60 cm) long. Flowers purplish
Africa. One of the finest white flowers and lack or pink, in very dense raceme; early to mid sum-
of strong onion aroma. Strong stems to 2 ft. (60 mer. Zones 5–9.
cm). Flowers cup-shaped, pure white, in loose Allium triquetrum. Three-cornered leek. Eu-
umbels; individual florets up to 1 in. (2.5 cm) rope. Stems to 18 in. (45 cm), unique in Allium in
across, up to 30 per umbel. Stamens prominent, being three-sided. Leaves basal, linear, dark
 ALSTROEMERIA
34

Allium triquetrum

green, 10–15 in. (25–37.5 cm) long, to 11⁄ 2 in. (4 Blooms mid summer.
cm) wide. Flowers white with green median Any well-drained soil, in full sun (in very hot
stripes, attractive; late spring. Partial shade. Has climates, some shade is necessary to preserve the
become a rampant weed in parts of the United pastel colors of hybrids), adequate moisture
States, especially where mechanical cultivation when growing. Zones 9–10.
spreads the bulbs. Zones 8–10. Plant 8 in. (20 cm) deep, 1 ft. (30 cm) apart.
Allium unifolium. United States. Rhizomes Use for cut flowers and container plants.
short. Stems 8–24 in. (20–60 cm). Flowers pale to Alstroemeria aurea. Chile and Argentina.
bright pink; late spring. Zones 8–10. Stems to 3 ft. (90 cm) or more in well-grown, es-
tablished plantings; high-elevation populations
ALSTROEMERIA shorter-growing. Leaves on flowering stem 3–4
Lily-of-the-Incas, Peruvian lily in. (7.5–10 cm) long, lanceolate, gray-green be-
A genus of at least 50 species in South America. neath. Flowers numerous, as many as 50 per
Long known in cultivation. Many hybrids have stem, to 11⁄ 2 in. (4 cm) in diameter. Outer petals
been developed for the cutflower industry and blunt, orange tinged red, with green tips; inner
feature dense inflorescences, bright colors (in the petals pointed, deep orange to yellow, streaked
popular pink range), and stiff, upright stems to 2 red. Many cultivars, especially for the cutflower
ft. (60 cm) or more; many of these are not very trade, in a wide color range: ‘Lutea’, yellow.
cold hardy, having been selected for greenhouse ‘Orange King’, orange-yellow with brown
cultivation. The thin, linear to lance-shaped spots.
leaves are 2–4 in. (5–10 cm) long. The flowers are Alstroemeria ligtu. Saint Martin’s flower.
usually borne in corymbs and are nontubular and Chile, Argentina. Stems to 2 ft. (60 cm). Leaves
brightly colored. thin, narrowly linear to lance-shaped, 3 in. (7.5
ALSTROEMERIA
35

Alstroemeria aurea
(International Flower
Bulb Center)

Alstroemeria aurea ‘Orange

King’ (International Flower
Bulb Center)
 AMARYLLIS
36

Alstroemeria ligtu

cm) long. Flowers in groups of two or three on mer after the bulbs die down If summer moisture
each ray of the umbel; outer segments pale lilac, is abundant, shelter bulbs with sheet of glass or
reddish, or white; inner segments usually yellow plastic but allow free access of air. Begin watering
marked with purple; summer. as soon as the flower spike appears. Top-dress with
Alstroemeria pelegrina. Herb lily, Inca lily. 10–10–10 fertilizer as the flowers begin to fade
Chile. Stems 12–14 in. (30–35 cm). Leaves lance- and the foliage emerges. Zones 8–10.
shaped, up to 2 in. (5 cm) long. Flowers from rose Plant in late spring with the necks just at soil
to lilac to yellow. level. Where winter temperatures fall below
Alstroemeria pulchella. Brazilian parrot lily, freezing, plant the bulbs 5 or 6 in. (12.5–15 cm)
parrot lily. Brazil. Stems 18–24 in. (45–60 cm). deep. Where winter temperatures reach 10ºF
Flowers bright red with green tips and chocolate- (–12ºC), plant deep and protect with a light-
brown streaks and flecks; summer. weight mulch at least 3 in. (7.5 cm) deep.
Use among low-growing shrubs, provided dry
Amaryllis belladonna conditions exist there during summer. Excellent
August lily, naked lady cut flowers. Often forced for Christmas. Though
South Africa. Bulbs brown, large, and rounded, they grow well in containers, they are uninter-
poisonous to humans and livestock, causing res- esting in summer.
piratory paralysis if eaten. Stems to 30 in. (75 Var. blanda, large white.
cm). Leaves erect, straplike, green throughout ‘Bloemfontein’, pale pink.
winter in milder climates, then dying down. ‘Cape Town’, deep rose red.
Flowers borne in an umbel of up to 10 on short ‘Jagersfontein’, deep pink.
stalks, large, sweet-scented, broadly funnel- ‘Johannesburg’, pale pink with lighter throat.
shaped, white to deep pink, appearing before ‘Kewensis’, pink with yellow throat.
the leaves. ‘Kimberley’, deep carmine red with white
Blooms late summer. center.
Sandy, humus-rich soil, in full sun (except in hot, ‘Major’, dark stems and dark pink flowers.
arid regions, where it appreciates some shade). ‘Port Elizabeth’ (syn. ‘Beacon’), crimson.
Give moisture in fall and spring, keep dry in sum- ‘Purpurea’, purple-rose.
 AMORPHOPHALLUS
37

Amaryllis belladonna (Jack Hobbs) Amaryllis ‘Port Elizabeth’ (Jack Hobbs)

‘Rosea’, white stripes on rose tepals. Blooms spring.

‘Windhoek’, lovely rose pink with white Very loose, humus-rich soil, in sun or bright
center. shade; abundant moisture, high humidity, and
regular feedings when growing. Zone 11.
AMORPHOPHALLUS Plant 3–5 in. (7.5–12.5 cm) deep.
Devil’s tongue, snake palm Use for warm and subtropical areas, warm
A genus of about 90 species from the Old World greenhouse borders, and large containers. The
tropics, subtropics, and Australia, some with gi- plants are striking. The foul smell of the flowers
gantic and dramatic inflorescences and extremely may deter all but the dedicated aroid collector.
large cormous or tuberous rootstocks. A solitary Amorphophallus bulbifer. Snake’s tongue.
leaf, which in some species is more than 10 ft. (3 Myanmar, India. Tuber to 3 in. (7.5 cm) across.
m) across, is produced after the flowers; the leaf Leaf stalk to 3 ft. (90 cm), olive green with paler
may bear cormlets above ground. The spathe spots. Leaf blade about 3 ft. (90 cm) wide, di-
(the “hood” of the inflorescence) is rolled to- vided into three sections, often with cormlets
gether, with wavy edges, and its lower portion produced at the junctions of the ribs. Spathe 4–6
may overlap; spathes are dark purple-red, dull in. (10–15 cm) long, green, spotted rose on the
green, or whitish pink, paler inside. The spadix, exterior and reddish at the base, rose to red ex-
often gigantic and with an unpleasant odor, is terior; stem of inflorescence brown with grayish
dirty yellow. Male flowers are borne on the upper spots. Spadix pink and greenish.
part of the spadix, female below, with no sterile Amorphophallus konjac (syns. A. mairei, A.
flowers intervening. rivieri). Devil’s tongue, snake palm, umbrella
 ANEMONE
38

Amorphophallus konjac (center) with Hosta Amorphophallus konjac, stem coloration (W.
montana (lower right) and Polygonatum odoratum George Schmid)
‘Variegatum’ (lower left) (W. George Schmid)

arum. Indonesia. Corm flattish, to 10 in. (25 cm) (25 cm) wide, green outside, spotted white in-
across, edible. Leaf stalk to 3 ft. (90 cm), brownish side, purplish at base, the broader portion green
green spotted white. Leaf blade much branched, to purple with a wavy margin. Spadix 1 ft. (30
3 ft. (90 cm) or more wide. Flower stem 24–30 in. cm) long, with appendix 6 in. (15 cm) long,
(60–75 cm) long. Spathe 18 in. (45 cm) long, spongy, deep purple.
basal tube green spotted greenish white; as it flat-
tens, it becomes dark purple on the inside, green ANEMONE
outside. Spadix as much as 8 in. (20 cm) longer Windflower, lily-of-the-field
than the spathe, dark red-brown. Grown for A genus of about 120 species in the Northern
food. Reportedly frost-hardy if well mulched. and Southern Hemispheres. Only a few are tuber-
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius. Elephant ous or rhizomatous. The foliage of most is lobed
yam, Telingo potato. India, New Guinea, Asia, to finely divided; many species have a whorl of
Australasia. Corm 8–10 in. (20–25 cm) thick, leaves on the stalk just below the flowers. The
flattened, edible. Leaf generally solitary, some- colorful floral segments are actually petal-like
times two. Leaf stalk often warty, 20–30 in. sepals. The genus offers a full range of colors:
(50–75 cm), dark green with paler spots. Leaf white, yellow, red, pink, blue, and violet.
blade to 2 ft. (60 cm) wide and long, divided into Blooms early spring.
3 lobes, the outer finely cut. Flower stem to 10 Sandy, humus-rich soil, preferably leafmold,
in. (25 cm). Spathe 8 in. (20 cm) long and 10 in. shade in spring and summer, moisture when
 ANEMONE
39
growing but not wet soil. Hardiness varies by
species.
Plant in early fall, 1–11⁄ 2 in. (2.5–4 cm) deep,
6–8 in. (15–20 cm) apart. Lay tuber on its side if
root is not apparent.
Use in masses. Among the best early flower-
ing plants for the woodland, where they can be
allowed to naturalize. Plant these low growers
where they can be appreciated—perhaps on a
shady bank beneath high-crowned trees—but
away from paths where dormant plants may be
trampled. Both Saint Brigid and De Caen Groups
are excellent cut flowers, garden, and container
plants. Anemone blanda (Jack Hobbs)
Anemone apennina. Southern Europe. Sim-
ilar to A. blanda but larger, and stems smooth
rather than hairy. Rhizome thick, almost tuber-
ous, elongated, very dark. Stems to 6 in. (15 cm).
Flowers solitary, pale to deep blue; late winter to
early spring. Zone 6. ‘Albiflora’, white with tinge
of light blue on reverse. ‘Petrovac’, robust deep
blue.
Anemone blanda. Southeastern Europe. Tu-
bers rounded, lumpy, dark. Stems to 6 in. (15
cm). Flowers solitary, usually deep blue, but pale
blue, white, and pink forms occur; late winter to
early spring. Zones 5–9. ‘Alba’, white, plant
slightly smaller than type, flowers a little larger.
‘Blue Shades’, light blue. ‘Bridesmaid’, large
pure white. ‘Charmer’, deep pink. ‘Pink Star’,
Anemone blanda ‘Bridesmaid’
large deep pink. ‘Radar’, showy bright red with
white center. ‘Rosea’, clear pink. ‘Violet Star’,
red-violet. ‘White Splendour’, very large, pure
white, long-lasting flowers.
Anemone coronaria. Poppy anemone.
Mediterranean region. Tubers knobby, brown.
Stems 8–12 in. (20–30 cm). Flowers solitary, scar-
let, white, blue, pink, or bicolored. Plant in late
fall for spring flowering, early spring for mid sum-
mer flowering, late spring for late summer to
early fall flowering. Responds well to gentle forc-
ing. Popular cut flower. Zones 8–10. The De
Caen Group of poppy-flowered singles includes
‘His Excellency’, bright scarlet, very large, on
good stems; ‘Mister Fokker’, blue; and ‘The
Bride’, pure white. The double to semidouble
Saint Brigid Group includes ‘Lord Lieutenant’, Anemone blanda ‘White Splendor’ with Tulipa ‘Twinkle’
 ANEMONE
40

Anemone coronaria (Jack Hobbs)

 ANEMONE
41

Anemone coronaria De Caen Group (Jack Hobbs)

Anemone coronaria Saint Brigid Group

 ANEMONE
42

Anemone nemorosa

Anemone nemorosa ‘Flore Pleno’

bright blue; ‘Mount Everest’, white; and ‘The Plena’, double white with a pompon of tiny
Admiral’, cyclamen-violet. petals in the center. ‘Allenii’, rose lilac on out-
Anemone nemorosa. Wood anemone. Eu- side, light blue inside. ‘Flore Pleno’, double.
rope. Stems 6–8 in. (15–20 cm). Flowers white, ‘Leeds’ Variety’, large single white. ‘Robinso-
often tinged pink on the exterior, 1 in. (2.5 cm) niana’, delicate lavender-blue, foliage deep
across; early to mid spring. Zones 5–9. ‘Alba green tinged purple, low-growing. ‘Royal
 ARISAEMA
43
characteristics. The seeds are enclosed in a fleshy
fruit which, in most species, turns brilliant orange
when ripe.
Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in filtered sun-
light, moisture when growing, dry in winter. Har-
diness varies by species.
Plant in fall or spring, 3–4 in. (7.5–10 cm)
deep, 10–12 in. (25–30 cm) apart. Some growers
like to plant the tubers 12 in. (30 cm) deep for
winter protection in colder climates.
Use in woodlands, especially along streams,
where there is adequate moisture and much or-
ganic matter in the soil. The plants’ greatest
merit is in their foliage, growing among other
foliage plants, such as Hosta, Rodgersia, and
ferns, which also like moisture and shade. They
Anemone ranunculoides are well adapted to the eastern United States,
where they enjoy the summer rain and humidity;
in the western states, place them in regularly ir-
Blue’, violet-blue, tinged rose purple on reverse, rigated sites.
very dark green foliage tinged purple, low- Arisaema anomalum. Malaya. Rootstock
growing. fleshy. Leaves and flowers appear at same time.
Anemone ranunculoides. Buttercup Leaf stalk to 12 in. (30 cm); leaflets three, more or
anemone. Europe. Rhizome slender, spreading less equal, lance-shaped, 4–6 in. (10–15 cm)
horizontally and rapidly. Stems to 6 in. (15 cm) long. Spathe has white stripes on dark brown to
but often shorter. Flowers with few segments, greenish purple background. Late spring. Re-
bright yellow. Plant in full sun, except in hot re- quires frost-free conditions with plenty of mois-
gions. Zones 4–9. Subsp. wockeana is a little ture. Zone 11.
looser in form and smaller than the type, and the Arisaema candidissimum. China. Tuber flat-
flowers are closer to the foliage. tish, round. Stem 15–18 in. (37.5–45 cm). Flow-
ers appear before leaves, in early summer.
ARISAEMA Spathe white with pinkish stripes inside; outside
Cobra lily pale apple-green, especially at base. Spadix yel-
A genus of 170 species in the Himalayas, West lowish green. Leaf large, leaflets three. Orange
Asia, tropical Africa, and eastern North America. seeds frequently produced in late summer. Zones
Closely allied to Arum but distinguished by the 6–9.
absence of sterile flowers on the spadix. The one Arisaema dracontium. Green dragon,
to three leaves are composed of leaflets. In some dragon root. North America. Tuber oblong,
species the spadix bears male and female flowers about 3⁄4 in. (2 cm) thick. Spadix often more than
on different plants, while in others it carries fe- 10 in. (25 cm) long, extending from spathe; both
male flowers on the lower part and male flowers are green, or spadix may be yellowish. Leaves 18
on the upper. The attractive spadix in many in. (45 cm) long, divided, slender, pointed. Flow-
species has a terminal appendix, curved or whip- ers nestle under them on stems 18–30 in. (45–75
like and extending as much as 18 in. (45 cm). The cm). Leaf stalk mottled white at base. Late spring
color, form, and size of the ornamental bract to early summer. Orange-red fruits in late sum-
(spathe) provide the most obvious identifying mer. Good for moist, shady areas. Zones 4–9.
 ARUM
44

Arum italicum ‘Pictum’ (W. George Schmid)

ARUM
A genus of about 26 species from Europe (espe-
cially around the Mediterranean) and West Asia,
with others in North Africa and the Himalaya. The
Arisaema propinquum (David M. Ward) inflorescence consists of a spikelike spadix, sur-
rounded by a broad spathe. The spadix bears fe-
Arisaema propinquum. Himalaya. Spathe male flowers on the bottom and male flowers
deep purple (rarely green), blade striped white, above, separated by a zone of sterile, rudimen-
margins checkered pale green. Spadix tail-like, tary flowers. The female flowers have a one-
purple. Late spring. Zones 5–10. celled ovary. The spadix has a tip where sterile
Arisaema ringens. Japan, Korea, China. flowers (or no flowers) occur. The leaves are not
Tuber flattened. Spathe striped green and white lobed. These two features—unlobed leaves and
or plain purplish, deeply hooded, lobes purple the male and female flowers on the spadix with
within; blade deep purple. Leaves appear after sterile flowers between— distinguish Arum from
flowering, three-lobed, stout. Very early spring. Arisaema. The leaves are produced before the
Zones 7–10. flowers.
Arisaema tortuosum. Himalaya. Tuber flat, Blooms in early spring.
round, very large, up to 4 ft. (1.2 m) across! In- Humus-rich soil, in sun or light shade, moisture
florescence on short stalk before leaf emerges. when growing, No fertilizer is needed, but top-
Spathe green, or rarely dark purple, late spring. dressing with organic matter each year in the fall
Leaf stalk 5–6 ft. (1.5–1.8 m). Zones 7–10. is beneficial.
 BABIANA
45

Arum maculatum Arum maculatum

Plant 3–4 in. (7.5–10 cm) deep, 8–12 in. ish white with brown-purple stain along external
(20–30 cm) apart. margins and midvein, distinctive foliage, first
Use in the woodland garden or in the wild leaves in early winter oval with two equal trian-
garden. gular lobes, followed by leaves that are narrower
Arum italicum. Mediterranean region. Root- and more arrow-shaped.
stock a tuber. Leaves produced in fall or early win- Arum maculatum. Lords-and-ladies, cuck-
ter, carried on strong stems 6–15 in. (15–37.5 oopint. Europe. Leaves 12–18 in. (30–45 cm)
cm) long. Leaf blade arrow- or heart-shaped, long, often spotted purple, to 12 in. (30 cm) tall.
often veined silver-gray, cream, or yellowish Spathe pale yellowish green inside, deeper-col-
green, often marked with irregular purple-black ored and spotted purple outside. Spadix darker
spots, seldom entirely green. Spathe 5–10 in. yellow. Spring. A rampant spreader and the
(12.5–25 cm), on a strong stem 4–8 in. (10–20 hardiest species in the genus. Zones 6–9.
cm), greenish white inside, greenish to yellowish
outside, base often brownish purple. Spadix 4–6 BABIANA
in. (10–15 cm), dark yellow. Late spring to early Baboon flower
summer. Zones 6–10. Subsp. albispathum, Comprises 60–70 species from sub-Sahara Africa,
spathe usually white inside and outside, spadix where baboons dig the corms for food. Plants sel-
pale yellow. Subsp. italicum ‘Cyclops’, large, dom surpass 18 in. (45 cm). The leaves are ribbed,
dark green foliage, reliable flowering. Subsp. tapered, pleated, and stiff, held in fans; both
italicum ‘Spotted Jack’, leaves both veined and leaves and stems are more or less coated with
black-spotted. Subsp. neglectum, spathe green- short hairs. The flowers are brightly colored, often
 BEGONIA
46
Babiana disticha. Blue babiana. South Africa.
Flowers blue with yellow throat, fragrant.
Babiana stricta. South Africa. Corm small,
fibrous covered. Stems to 18 in. (45 cm). Leaves
to 5 in. (12.5 cm) long, 1⁄ 2 in. (12 mm) wide.
Flowers cream to crimson, lilac, or blue; tepals
six, open widely to 2 in. (5 cm) across, base
slightly funnel-shaped. ‘Blue Gem’, stems 8 in.
(20 cm), flowers violet with purple flecks. Var.
grandiflora, flowers bright blue marked with
pink. ‘Purple Sensation’, stems 16 in. (40 cm),
flowers bright purple with white markings.
‘Purple Star’, stems 12–13 in. (30–32.5 cm),
flowers dark cyclamen-violet with white-striped
throat. Var. sulphurea, flowers cream or pale
yellow with blue anthers and yellow stigmas,
mid spring. ‘Tubergen’s Blue’, stems 12–16 in.
(30–40 cm), flowers large lavender-violet with
darker blotches. ‘White King’, stems 12–16 in.
(30–40 cm), flowers white with pale blue stripes
on reverse, anthers lobelia-blue. ‘Zwanenburg
Glory’, dark lavender-violet with white
blotches.

BEGONIA
A genus of more than 350 species, found in
humid tropics and subtropics around the globe,
especially in the Americas. Only tuberous species
are described here. Many plants have luxurious
Babiana stricta (Jack Hobbs) growth, striking foliage, and beautiful flowers. It
is possible to have begonias in flower every
two-toned; three to many are borne on a stem month of the year. The flowers can be very large,
that may be branched or unbranched. The six in a wide range of colors. They are unisexual; the
tepals open widely to a diameter of 2 in. (5 cm) male flower is showier than the female. The
and have a slightly funnel-shaped base. number of stamens many, and the filaments are
Blooms early to late spring. free or united at the base. There are two to four
Sandy soil, in full sun, moisture when growing styles, and the stigmas are either branched or
but never waterlogged. Zones 9–11. twisted. The fruit is a capsule, often winged, con-
Plant in late summer or early fall, 6 in. (15 cm) taining many minute, dustlike seeds.
deep in average and sandy soils, 6 in. (15 cm) Blooms summer to fall.
apart. Well-drained, moisture-retentive mixture of
Use for variety and winter bloom in gardens in equal parts topsoil, peat moss and sand; filtered
warm Mediterranean climates. These delightful sunlight is ideal, shade in hotter climates and dur-
flowers do not occupy much space; they are ing the hottest part of the day in summer; never
good container plants. completely dry. Zones 6–9.
 BELAMCANDA
47
Plant in late winter, covering lightly with soil,
2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) apart. Place tuber convex
side up and even with surface of soil, concave
side down.
Use tuberous begonias, in all their different
forms, in containers and bedding out. Pendent
types are best in an elevated position so the fo-
liage and flowers hang over the edge of the con-
tainer at or above eye level. They are very deco-
rative in hanging baskets or containers attached
to a wall.
Begonia boliviensis ‘Firecracker’. Stems
arching. Flowers bright orange-red, 2 in. (5 cm)
long, bell-shaped.
Begonia grandis subsp. evansiana. Hardy Begonia boliviensis ‘Firecracker’ (Jack Hobbs)
begonia. Malaysia, China, Japan. Stems to 3 ft. (90
cm), branching, red, produced annually. Bulbils
produced in axils of leaves. Leaves large, pointed,
with heart-shaped base and shallowly lobed mar-
gins, coppery to green-red veins above, red be-
neath. Flowers fragrant, pendent, white or pink, a
little over 1 in. (2.5 cm) across. Male flowers have
four tepals of unequal length; female flowers have
two tepals and ovary is distinctly pink.

Belamcanda chinensis
Blackberry lily, leopard lily
Rootstock a slender, stoloniferous rhizome. Fo-
liage deep green and irislike, arranged in fans;
the leaves encircle the branching stem, and the Tuberous begonias (Jack Hobbs)
lower ones are longer than those above. Flowers
showy, to 2 in. (5 cm) across, yellow to red-or-
ange, always with deep red-brown spots, indi-
vidually not long-lasting but produced in loose,
branching heads of up to 12 blossoms. Perianth
segments narrow at the base, almost flat when
fully open; tube very short. Attractive, dark pur-
ple-black seeds, visible as the seed pods open, re-
semble blackberries.
Blooms mid to late summer.
Sandy, well-drained soil with some humus, in a
warm spot, moisture when growing. Zones 8–10.
Plant in fall in warmer areas, in spring in colder
areas, 1 in. (2.5 cm) deep, 6–8 in. (15–20 cm)
apart. Begonia ‘Primrose’ (Jack Hobbs)
 BLOOMERIA
48
Bloomerias grow well in pots and make excellent
cut flowers.
Var. aurea, corm the size of a hazelnut, stems
6–12 in. (15–30 cm) long, flowers particularly
bright yellow.
Var. montana, similar to var. aurea but petals
recurve more and flowers do not have a slight cup
formed by the bases of the perianth segments.

Boophone disticha
Century plant, tumbleweed
Southern and tropical Africa. Bulbs 6 in. (15 cm)
or more across, covered with dry scales; the
upper two-thirds of the bulb is often above
ground level. Leaves basal, linear, emerging after
flowers, arranged in two ranks as a fan, to 14 in.
(35 cm) long, about 2 in. (5 cm) wide, tapering,
often with fluted edges. Flowers in large um-
bels—over 12 in. (30 cm) across—of 50 or more,
on a leafless flower stalk only a few inches long.
Belamcanda chinensis (International Flower Bulb
Perianth segments pink, narrow, curled and
Center)
twisted but not much reflexed. Individual flow-
Use for color and interest in mixed and herba- ers 1⁄ 2 in. (12 mm) or more across, with promi-
ceous borders. The individual plants take up little nent orange stamens.
space and can be inserted among more perma- Blooms late spring to early summer.
nent plantings. The seed pods are unusual mate- Average soil, in full sun, moisture when grow-
rial for dried flower arrangements. ing and flowering. Zones 9–11.
Plant so that the neck and about half of the
Bloomeria crocea bulb are above ground level, about 12 in. (30 cm)
United States. Corms covered with a fibrous coat. apart.
Leaf solitary, basal, 1 ft. (30 cm) or more long, Use for its large size and long flowering pe-
narrow. Flowers deep yellow, starry, with dark riod. In warm climates, suitable for the sunny
median lines on tepals; umbels 4–6 in. (10–15 border or a corner of the garden with sun and
cm) across; perianth segments free to the base, good drainage. In colder areas, can be grown in
so flowers open flat; six stamens form a sheath deep containers, protected over winter by mov-
around the ovary. ing indoors.
Blooms late spring or early summer.
Very well drained soil, in full sun, adequate Brimeura amethystina
moisture in winter and spring. Zones 9–11. Pyrenees. Bulb elliptical, to 3⁄4 in. (2 cm) across.
Plant in late summer (late spring in cold cli- Leaves six to eight, narrow, linear, bright green,
mates), 4 in. (20 cm) deep, deeper in hot, dry cli- to 12 in. (30 cm) long. Stems to 10 in. (25 cm).
mates, 12 in. (30 cm) deep in hard clay. Flowers 5–15 in a one-sided, loose raceme,
Use for interest in perennial and shrub plant- bright blue, bell-shaped, nearly 1⁄ 2 in. (12 mm)
ings. Will multiply if left undisturbed. Does well in long, pendent; tepal lobes are shorter than the
rock gardens, but position plants so the tall tube. A long, tapering bract subtends each
flower stems will not overpower neighbors. flower.
BOOPHONE
49

Bloomeria crocea (Helen

Crocker Russell Library,
San Francisco)

Boophone disticha, flower

Boophone disticha, foliage

(Jack Hobbs)
 BULBINELLA
50
Blooms in mid spring.
Well-drained soil, in full sun, moisture in grow-
ing season, dry in summer. A mulch of leaves
helps to extend their adaptability. Fertilize very lit-
tle; the leafmold mulch is sufficient. Zones 9–11.
Plant in fall, 1–2 in. (2.5–5 cm) deep, 3–5 in.
(7.5–12.5 cm) apart.
Use as a low-growing bulb for a sunny border
or rock garden. Placement near rocks also seems
beneficial: they appreciate the reflected heat.
Dainty but not showy in small containers.
‘Alba’, white.

BULBINELLA
A genus of about 22 species, some with en-
larged, erect rhizomes covered with fibers. The
leaves are linear to threadlike and basal. The
flowers are carried in a raceme, looking like a
small Kniphofia species, often with well over 100
Brimeura amethystina (International Flower Bulb
flowers on a stem. The colors range from white
Center)

Bulbinella cauda-felis
 CALADIUM
51
to yellow-orange, and the flowers are only about many in a spike, the lower ones withered before
1⁄ 3 in. (8 mm) across. the entire spike has developed, resulting in a long
Blooms late winter and early spring. flowering period of 3 to 10 weeks, beginning in
Slightly acid, well-drained soil, in sun or light late winter.
shade, moisture in fall and winter. Zone 8.
Plant in spring or late summer, setting the root- Caladium hybrids
stocks just below the surface of the soil. Angel wings, elephant’s-ear
Use in the sunny border with other perennials, Rhizome tuberous. Plant height 12–24 in. (30–60
or in front of shrubs in the shrub border. Attractive cm). Leaves variously-shaped and colored; leaf
ornamentals for warmer regions, especially those stalks often variegated. The spadix is divided into
with wet winters and springs and dry summers. three zones: the top is gray-yellow and bears
Bulbinella cauda-felis. South Africa. Similar male flowers; the center is whitish gray, with ster-
to B. nutans but shorter. Leaves present at flow- ile flowers; and the lower portion produces light
ering time but not always fully developed. Flow- yellow female flowers. The spathe covering the
ers in slender raceme, 1⁄ 3 in. (8 mm) across, white flowers is hooded, and the lower portion is rolled.
(pinkish in bud) or yellow, late spring to early Bloom insignificant.
summer. Very rich soil with a liberal amount of peat
Bulbinella nutans. South Africa. Leaves basal, moss, in bright light but not direct sunshine,
linear, narrow, light green, with many veins. ample moisture and high humidity. Protect from
Flowers yellow to creamy white, very small but wind. Zones 10–12.

Potted caladiums with other shade-loving plants (International Flower Bulb Center)
 CALADIUM
52

Caladium ‘Aaron’ (International Flower Bulb Center) Caladium ‘Blaze’ (International Flower Bulb Center)

Plant in spring, 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) deep, 1–2 in.

(2.5–5 cm) apart if bulb is 11⁄ 2 in. (4 cm) in diam-
eter, 12 in. (30 cm) apart if bulb is 3 in. (7.5 cm) in
diameter.
Use for their brightly colored leaves where
summer temperatures and humidity are high.
Can be grown in containers, provided there is no
exposure to direct sunlight or wind. Good for
summer display in greenhouses. They may be
sold as container plants or dormant tubers.
‘Aaron’, white leaf and veins with wide, dark
green border.
‘Blaze’, red leaf and veins with olive green border.
‘Candidum’, leaf almost entirely white with
green border and dark green veins.
‘Florida Sunrise’, green leaf, white spots, and
bright pink major veins.
‘Frieda Hemple’, bright red leaves with Caladium ‘Rosebud’ (International Flower Bulb
deeper red veins and green border, a sturdy plant Center)
that can stand a little wind.
‘Jody’, narrow, arrow-shaped leaves, red be- ‘Rosebud’, leaves pink, white, and green.
tween white veins, green border. ‘Mrs. Arno Nehrling’, a selection of Caladium
` ‘Kathleen’, pink leaf and veins with green bicolor, fine, dark green leaf with network of
border. lighter green veins and a crimson major vein.
 CAMASSIA
53
CALOCHORTUS
Mariposa lily, fairy lantern
A genus of about 70 species from western North
America. The bulbs are small and tunicated. The
plants have swordlike, basal leaves; in species
from warmer areas, the leaves are usually with-
ered by flowering time in late spring to early sum-
mer. The flowers are held on thin but sturdy
stems, branching in most species. The flower
form is diverse: fairy lanterns, globe tulips, but-
terfly tulips, star tulip, cats’ ears, and mariposa
lilies. The inner three perianth segments (the
petals) are broader and larger than the outer
ones (the sepals). Most species have distinct hairs
in zones on the upper surface of the petals; the
microscopic characteristics of these hairs and the
shape of the petal markings and nectary are im-
portant in identifying species. The sepals gener-
ally have less color than the petals and are green-
ish toward the base. There are six stamens.
Well-drained soil with a moderate amount of
organic matter, in full sun, moisture in winter and
early spring, dry in summer. Zones 8–9.
Plant in fall, 4–6 in. (10–15 cm) deep.
Use in warm, dry gardens where unusual and
beautiful flowers are wanted. Not attractive in
containers.
Calochortus barbatus. Mexico. Stems 1–3 ft.
(30–90 cm). Leaves linear, pointed, 9–12 in.
(22.5–30 cm). Bulbils produced in leaf axils. Flow- Calochortus venustus (International Flower Bulb
ers nodding, deep yellow, often with purplish Center)
markings on outer surface; petal margins fringed;
interior covered with hairs; late summer. CAMASSIA
Calochortus luteus. United States. Stems Camas, quamash
12–18 in. (30–45 cm), with few branches. Lower A genus of six species from the Americas closely
leaves linear, 4–8 in. (10–20 cm) long; upper re- allied to Scilla. They are very attractive plants. The
duced. Flowers upward-facing, to five per plant, leaves are long and linear, becoming lax as they
clear yellow with brown blotch at base of petal; age. The flowers are borne in long racemes with
hairs on lower part of petals; late spring to early either upright or horizontal pedicels. In some
summer. ‘Golden Orb’, great cut flowers. species, the withered flowers persist on the de-
Calochortus venustus. United States. Stems veloping seed capsule; along with the color of
8–24 in. (20–60 cm). Great color range: white, the flowers, this features is used in differentiating
yellow, purple, orange, or red, with elaborate among species.
markings on petals. Flowers erect, more than 2 Any garden soil, in full sun (but can tolerate
in. (5 cm) across, inner segments hairy, often with light shade during the hottest part of the day),
two zones of color; sepals darker. moisture in spring and summer.
 CAMASSIA
54

Camassia leichtlinii

Camassia quamash
 CANNA
55
plena’, greenish white, semidouble. Var. suks-
dorfii, deep purplish blue; its cultivars ‘Blauwe
Donau’ (“Blue Danube”), dark blue; ‘Caerulea’,
vivid deep blue; and ‘Electra’, rich blue.
Camassia quamash. Canada, United States.
Stems 1–2 ft. (30–60 cm). Flower color deep to
pale blue and white. Withering tepals may drop
away or cover capsule. Pedicels from horizontal
to erect. Mid to late spring. Zones 5–9. Subsp.
azurea, grayish leaves, light blue-violet flowers.
Subsp. breviflora, gray-green leaves, blue to
deep blue-violet flowers. Subsp. intermedia,
green leaves, pale blue-violet flowers. Subsp. lin-
earis, green leaves, deep blue-violet flowers.
Subsp. maxima, grayish leaves, deep blue-violet
flowers. ‘Orion’, deep blue flowers. ‘San Juan’,
even deeper blue flowers. Subsp. utahensis, gray
leaves, pale blue-violet flowers. Subsp. walpolei,
green leaves, pale blue or blue-violet flowers.

CANNA
Canna lily
A genus of nine tropical species. Rootstock a
Camassia quamash, detail
fleshy rhizome with many rounded projections.
Stem height varies: very dwarf (18–24 in., 45–60
Plant in fall, 4–5 in. (10–12.5 cm) deep. cm), dwarf (25–30 in., 61–75 cm), standard
Use in masses in a variety of habitats, especially (31–48 in., 76–120 cm), and very tall (more than
near streams and grassy swales where moisture is 48 in., 120 cm). Leaves large-bladed, strongly
high during the growing season. veined. Flower and leaf colors vary, depending on
Camassia cusickii. United States. Bulb very cultivar. Flower consists of three mostly green
large, heavy, to 5 in. (12.5 cm) long. Stems to 30 sepals, three long petals, and up to five broad,
in. (75 cm) or more. Leaves to 2 in. (5 cm) wide, colorful petaloid stamens. One stamen forms the
20 in. (50 cm) long. Flowers numerous, usually lower “lip” of the flower. Fruit a three-celled cap-
pale blue; pedicels horizontal, turning up at ends; sule bearing many hard black seeds.
early summer. Withered tepals do not cover de- Blooms late summer.
veloping seed capsule. Zones 5–9. ‘Zwanen- Humus-rich soil, in full sun, high humidity,
burg’, intense blue. plenty of moisture, and a long warm season.
Camassia leichtlinii. United States, Canada. Zones 8–12.
Bulb 1⁄ 2–11⁄ 2 in. (12–40 mm) across. Stems to 3 ft. Plant in spring, 4–6 in. (10–15 cm) deep and
(90 cm) or more. Leaves to 1 in. (2.5 cm) wide, 18–24 in. (45–60 cm) apart.
seldom more than 2 ft. (60 cm) long. Pedicels in- Use in a summer border for their bright flowers
termediate between horizontal and upright. and handsome foliage. Remains attractive
Flower colors vary; tepals twist around develop- throughout the season. The smaller forms can be
ing capsule. One of best garden species. Zones used in containers to highlight deck, patio, or en-
3–9. ‘Alba’, white. Var. leichtlinii, white. trance gardens. All types are very popular for
‘Plena’, double creamy white to yellow. ‘Semi- summer bedding in public landscapes.
 CANNA
56

Canna ‘Phasion’ (Sally Ferguson) Canna ‘President’ (International Flower Bulb Center)

Canna dwarf hybrids along a fence

 CHASMANTHE
57

Canna ‘Richard Wallace’ (International Flower Bulb

Center)

‘Black Knight’, standard, bronze leaves, red

flowers.
‘Cherry Red’, very dwarf, bright red with dark
leaves.
‘City of Portland’, standard, green leaves, Cardiocrinum giganteum
rose pink flowers.
‘Pfitzer’s Salmon Pink’, dwarf, green leaves. Blooms in late summer.
‘Phasion’ (TropicannaTM), very tall, orange Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in dappled
flowers, dark leaves striped with red. shade, evenly moist. Protect leaves from damage
‘President’, standard, green leaves, bright red by late frosts. Mulch to minimize damage from
flowers. thawing and freezing. Zones 7–9.
‘Roi Humbert’ (“King Humbert”), very tall, at Plant so top of bulb just breaks the soil surface.
over 6 ft. (1.8 m), bronze leaves, red flowers. Use as a stunning, tall accent against a solid
‘Richard Wallace’, standard, green leaves, background of evergreens, such as rhododen-
bright yellow flowers. drons. It needs a spacious setting in light wood-
Seven Dwarfs Group, very short, yellow, land to develop to its full potential.
salmon, pink, red, or crimson flowers. Var. yunnanense, often 4–6 ft. (1.2–1.8 m)
tall, stems dark brown, young foliage bronze-
Cardiocrinum giganteum tinted, flowers often retain greenish tinge even
Himalaya. Stems tall and stout, often 4–6 in. when mature.
(10–15 cm) across at base, 9 ft. (2.7 m) or more in
height. Basal leaves form a rosette; others scat- Chasmanthe floribunda
tered up the stem. Leaves 18 in. (45 cm) long and South Africa. Corm flattened. Stem branching, to
almost as wide. Flowers 6–25 per stem, narrowly 4 ft. (1.2 m). Leaves about 14 in. (35 cm) long, 2 in.
trumpet-shaped, to 6 in. (15 cm) across, very fra- (5 cm) wide, sword-shaped, tapering to a sharp
grant, slightly pendent; tepals tinted green when point, arranged in a fan, coarse to the touch. The
young, quickly turning pure white outside; inte- most floriferous species, often up to 30 flowers
rior pure white, flushed purplish toward base. per stem, 12–15 per branch. Flowers abundant,
 CHASMANTHE
58

Chasmanthe floribunda
 CHIONODOXA
59

Chasmanthe floribunda var. duckittii (Jack Hobbs)

tubular, with the lower parts pinched and much CHIONODOXA

shorter than the upper parts, flaring into separate Glory of the snow
lobes at the mouth of the tube, orange-red, tube A genus of about eight species from Crete,
often with yellow stripe; upper tepals form a hood Cyprus, and Turkey. One of the finest early flow-
over the lower ones. Upper buds often are still very ering bulbs. Closely related to Scilla, but the pe-
small and carried closely together on the flattened rianth segments are united at the base, forming
flower spike while the lower flowers are fully open. a short tube, and the flattened filaments form a
The initial flowers are long past before the entire cone in the center of the flower. The plants grow
flower spike has fully developed, so the plants are from an egg-shaped bulb with a thin, fragile
in flower for a considerable time. brown tunic. The leaves are basal, and not nu-
Blooms late spring. merous; often only two are produced. The stems
Average soil, in full sun or light shade, mois- are short at flowering time and elongate as the
ture in winter and early spring. Zones 9–11. seed ripens. The flowers are borne in loose
Plant corms in fall or spring, 3 in. (7.5 cm) racemes in late winter to early spring; depending
deep, 10 in. (25 cm) apart. on the species, the number per stem ranges from
Use as a good, long-lasting cut flower. Should one to more than 10. The flowers are blue
become more popular in the warmer and drier (though pinkish and white forms occur), with
parts of the United States because plants are dor- zones of white.
mant in summer (and thus resistant to summer Blooms in early spring.
drought). Well-drained soil, in sun, moisture in winter
Var. duckittii, primrose yellow. and spring. Zones 4–7.
60 CLIVIA

Chiondoxa luciliae (International Flower Bulb Center)

Plant in fall, 3 in. (7.5 cm) deep. CLIVIA

Use in the rock garden or the front of the bor- Natal lily, thong lily
der for its very early flowers. Can also be planted A genus of about four species of evergreen
in containers to be brought indoors. amaryllids from South Africa. Though often re-
Chiondoxa forbesii. Turkey. A variable garded as bulbs in the loose sense, they have root-
species. Stems to 6 in. (15 cm). Flowers to 12 per stocks consisting mostly of the bases of the leaves,
stem, drooping slightly, deep blue with white little if at all modified for storage. Their native
center, as are the filaments. ‘Alba’, pure white. habitats are shady areas, mostly where there is
‘Naburn Blue’, dark blue with white center. abundant winter moisture. Clivias form thick
‘Siehei’, exceptionally free-flowering. ‘Tmoli’, clumps where few other plants interfere with their
bright blue, 4 in. (10 cm) tall. spread. The flowers, borne in umbels, are quite
Chiondoxa luciliae. Turkey. Flowers many, striking—large and bright, in shades of red, or-
small, in a one-sided raceme. ‘Alba’, large pure ange, and yellow. They are broadly tubular or fun-
white. ‘Gigantea’, pale blue, flowers to 1 in. (2.5 nel-shaped. The dark green, strap-shaped leaves
cm) wide. ‘Pink Giant’, taller than type, dull are broad and thick; the bases are sheathed.
pink. ‘Rosea’, pink. ‘Zwanenburg’, vigorous Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in light or dap-
growing. pled shade, moisture always available. Zones
Chiondoxa sardensis. Turkey. Stems to 4 in. 9–11.
(10 cm). Flowers deep gentian blue with small Plant so the lighter-colored part of the lower
white eye. leaves is in the soil, at least 12 in. (30 cm) apart.
 CLIVIA
61

Clivia miniata

Clivia nobilis Clivia miniata var. citrina

 COLCHICUM
62
Top-dress with good topsoil every other year and
give weak feedings of organic fertilizer in late
summer until the flower stems emerge.
Use in mild climates in the shady garden and
under trees where they can be left undisturbed.
Make superb container plants and can be
brought indoors when in flower. Their tolerance
of neglect makes them useful for indoor com-
mercial plantings in offices or shopping malls.
Clivia miniata. Bush lily, flame lily, forest lily.
Stems stout, to 2 ft. (60 cm) or more. Leaves deep
green, 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) wide, strap-shaped. Flow-
ers more trumpet-shaped than tubular, outward-
facing rather than pendent, produced in winter
and long-lasting. Inner segments broader than
outer ones. Throat of flowers often lighter in color,
sometimes yellow. Color varies, usually bright or-
ange, sometimes redder. The usual flowering sea-
son is spring, but my plants in San Francisco often
bloom from fall to spring. ‘Aurea’ and var. citrina
are yellow forms. ‘Striata’, variegated leaves.
Clivia nobilis. Red bush lily. Stems 24–30 in.
(60–75 cm). Leaves fleshy, strap-shaped, dark
Colchicum speciosum (Jack Hobbs)
green, to 3 ft. (90 cm) long, 10 in. (25 cm) wide.
Flowers often 50 or more, cylindrical, pendent,
and overlapping, so that inflorescence is um- of the leaves varies according to species but can
brella-shaped. Tepals reddish orange, fading to- reach 12 in. (30 cm) long and half as wide. The
ward tips, with a green zone on the tips, darkest leaves can thus smother low plants growing
at the margin. Spring. nearby. The leaves wither by mid summer. The
seed capsule ripens in early summer. The flowers
COLCHICUM vary greatly in size depending on the species, but
Autumn crocus, meadow saffron those grown in gardens are large-flowered—as
A genus of 45 very poisonous species in the east- much as 6 in. (15 cm) from soil surface to the tip
ern Mediterranean, extending east into Iran and of the flower.
Turkestan and west into Europe, including Great Deep, well-drained, moisture-retentive soil
Britain. Amateur gardeners may confuse Crocus with a moderate amount of organic matter, in
and Colchicum, largely as a result of the latter’s full sun (in hot, dry areas give shade for the
common names. Flower color helps distinguish hottest part of the day), moisture until leaves
them: colchicum flowers are pinkish or rose start to die back, then withhold water.
lavender (though white forms exist), whereas Plant in late summer, setting the neck even
fall-blooming crocuses are blue-lavender or with the soil surface or the “shoulder” (the
white. Corms can be to 4 in. (10 cm) across, and broadest part of the corm) 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm)
very heavy. The tunic is brown and leathery below the surface.
when mature and extends above the body of the Use to bring color at an unusual time of year.
corm to ground level; this “neck” provides a Not good as container plants. The smallest
pathway for the emerging flowers. The length species are suitable for the warm rock garden.
 COLCHICUM
63

Colchicum autumnale

hooked, crimson-purple. Early fall. Zones 6–9.

‘Album’, often flushed pink at tips, possibly
deeper when exposed to colder temperatures. It
is quite amazing that even after 400 years, this
Colchicum speciosum ‘Album’ (Jack Hobbs)
species has retained its vigor; many modern de-
scendants of bulbous plants do not exhibit such
Colchicum ‘Autumn Queen’, lilac with white stamina.
throat, silvery white tessellation. Colchicum cilicicum. Turkey. Similar to C.
Colchicum autumnale. Meadow saffron, byzantinum but flowers a little later, and leaves
naked boys. Europe. Corm large, elliptical. Leaves emerge soon after the lilac-pink, moderate-sized
five to eight, produced in spring, about 10 in. (25 flowers. Zones 6–9. ‘Purpureum’, deeper rose
cm) long and 1 in. (2.5 cm) wide. Flowers pale lavender.
pink and leafless, numerous, up to six per corm, Colchicum corsicum. Corsica. Flowers small,
reaching 4–6 in. (10–15 cm) and soon flopping rosy lilac; late summer. Zone 9.
over; late summer to early fall. Zones 5–9. ‘Al- Colchicum ‘Dick Trotter’, large upright deep
boplenum’, robust double white. ‘Album’, pink, tessellated.
weak-growing albino. ‘Nancy Lindsay’, large Colchicum ‘Disraeli’, magenta with pale cen-
flowers with deep violet tube. ‘Pleniflorum’, ter, large.
double lilac pink. Colchicum ‘Lilac Wonder’, narrow,
Colchicum byzantinum. Origin uncertain. amethyst-violet tepals with white midlines.
Corm 3 in. (7.5 cm) across, short and broad, with Colchicum speciosum. Turkey. Corm to 4 in.
red-brown tunic. Leaves emerge in spring. Flow- (10 cm) long, proportionately slender. Leaves to
ers very numerous, tube 3 in. (7.5 cm) and white, 12 in. (30 cm) long or more, 3 in. (7.5 cm) wide,
tepals oval and 2 in. (5 cm), pale lilac pink with bright green, glossy. Flowers to 12 in. (30 cm) tall
white midline above, corresponding to distinct with tube, slender goblet-shaped; pale to deep
keel below. White styles exceed pale brown sta- reddish violet, with paler to white throat. Zones
mens; pollen deep yellow. Stigma distinctly 6–9. ‘Album’, strong-growing, pure white with a
 COLCHICUM
64

Colchicum ‘The Giant’ (International Flower Bulb Center)

 CONVALLARIA
65
soft green tube. ‘Atrorubens’, dark purple. One
of the finest species for the garden. One bulb
covers 1 sq. ft. (930 sq. cm) in two seasons if left
undisturbed.
Colchicum ‘The Giant’, 10–12 in. (25–30 cm)
tall, very free-flowering violet with large white
throat zone.
Colchicum ‘Violet Queen’, flowers faintly
checkered with imperial purple and white lines
in throat; distinctive orange anthers.
Colchicum ‘Waterlily’, large double, often
with 20 tepals, lilac rose, but flowers often fall
over and stock may be weakening.

Convallaria majalis
Lily-of-the-Valley
Northern Europe temperate zone. Rootstock a
horizontal rhizome, producing pips from which
the flowering stems and foliage arise. Leaves two
or three, heart-shaped, 8 in. (20 cm) long, clasp- Convallaria majalis (International Flower Bulb
Center)
ing the flowering stem at the base, then widen-
ing to wrap around the fragrant flower spike.
Flowering stem 6–10 in. (15–25 cm) high, carry-
ing 5–15 small, pendent, tubby bell-shaped
white flowers in a one-sided raceme.
Blooms in late spring.
Humus-rich soil, in shade, moisture from early
spring through mid summer. Never allow to be-
come completely dry. Zones 3–9.
Plant in fall or late winter, 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm)
deep, 6 in. (15 cm) apart,
Use as a groundcover in shady, moist spots, es-
pecially north-facing borders. It spreads rapidly
and may overrun other plants. The foliage with-
ers after mid summer, leaving a bare spot until
the following spring. A superb cut flower, much
in demand by florists for its sentimental associa-
tions and exquisite fragrance.
‘Aureovariegata’, leaves striped gold, with
an unfortunate propensity to revert to plain
green.
‘Flore Pleno’, double form, both white and
pink forms are often offered.
‘Fortin’s Giant’, robust, tall-growing, with
larger leaves and a strong fragrance.
‘Hardwick Hall’, bluish leaves with thin yel- Convallaria majalis ‘Fortin’s Giant’ (Klehm’s Song
low margins. Sparrow Perennial Farm)
 CONVALLARIA
66

Convallaria majalis ‘Flore Pleno’ (Klehm’s Song Sparrow Perennial Farm)

 CRINUM
67

Convallaria majalis var. rosea (Klehm’s Song Corydalis solida (David M. Ward)
Sparrow Perennial Farm)

‘Prolificans’, a curious if not beautiful form in Subsp. incisa, bracts with lobes that are again
which individual florets are replaced by a little divided or toothed.
cluster of smaller, single flowers. Subsp. solida ‘Beth Evans’, soft pink with a
Var. rosea, medium pink flowers, smaller than white flush on the spur.
the usual white ones. Subsp. solida ‘George Baker’, brilliant or-
ange-red.
Corydalis solida Subsp. solida ‘Nettleton Pink’, vigorous, rich
Temperate regions throughout the Northern pink.
Hemisphere. An extremely variable species. Tuber
oblong to globe-shaped. Leaves two to three on CRINUM
long stalks, divided into two, leaflets deeply but Milk lily, Orinoco lily
evenly divided. Stems to 10 in. (25 cm). Flowers A genus of 100 or more evergreen and decidu-
purple, nodding, to 20 per stem, lower petals ous species from tropical and subtropical regions.
with a prominent pouch at base. Corolla usually All have very large, rounded bulbs with long
pale lavender-pink. Outer petals have broad necks. The entire bulb may exceed 12 in. (30 cm)
wings; inner petals pale, marked on inner surface across. The leaves are usually arranged in one
with dark reddish purple at the tip. Spur straight. plane in two opposite ranks, and are broad and
Blooms in spring. numerous, often 20 or more. The flowers also are
Well-drained soil, in part shade. Zones 5–9. large, borne in umbels on stout stems from 2 to 4
Plant in the fall, 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) deep. ft. (60–120 cm) tall. There are many flowers in the
Use in woodland and rock gardens. umbel but seldom more than five to seven open
 CRINUM
68
at one time. Individual flowers may exceed 8 in.
(20 cm) across. The pedicels are either absent or
short, often curved so that the flowers face some-
what down. The base of the flower is a long, nar-
row tube, and the tepals flare more or less widely
toward the mouth. The tepals are thick, and the
outer ones usually have a red to crimson midrib.
Blooms late summer, but species from the
tropics may flower year-round.
Humus-rich soil, in full sun, plenty of moisture.
Feed with liquid organic fertilizer during summer
until plants send up their flowering stems. Give
overhead protection during cold spells in areas
where frosts are likely but not severe.
Plant in early summer, making sure the
rounded part of the bulb is buried but that the
neck is aboveground
Use as greenhouse subjects in areas where
frosts are common, or as container plants
brought indoors during winter. In milder climates,
they look well where the flowers can be seen
against a background of summer-flowering
bulbs. In the herbaceous border, they should be
considered only as highlights. Good in large con-
tainers, where they can be left undisturbed for a
number of years.
Crinum americanum. Florida swamp lily,
swamp lily. United States, Jamaica. Bulb globe-
shaped, 3–4 in. (7.5–10 cm) across. Stems 18–36
in. (45–90 cm). Flowers white tinged green or
purple-crimson, crimson on reverse, produced
sporadically from spring to fall. Zones 9–11.
Crinum ‘Ellen Bosanquet’. An old but still
popular hybrid with fragrant reddish flowers.
Crinum macowanii. Cape coast lily, pajama
lily. Zimbabwe, South Africa. Stems to 4 ft. (1.2
m). Leaves deciduous, to 3 ft. (90 cm) long and
3–4 in. (7.5–10 cm) wide. Flowers large, trum-
pet-shaped, white to pale pink with crimson cen-
tral stripe; anthers black, a distinctive trait; late
summer. Fruit round and knobby, containing
large, irregular seeds. Deserves greater recogni-
tion in warm climates. Zone 9.
Crinum moorei. Cape coast lily. South Africa.
Crinum americanum Stems to 4 ft. (1.2 m). Leaves to 3 ft. (90 cm)
 CRINUM
69

Crinum ‘Ellen Bosanquet’ (Jack Hobbs) Crinum ×powellii (International Flower Bulb Center)

Crinum macowanii Crinum ×powellii, detail (International Flower Bulb

Center)

long, 4 in. (10 cm) wide. Flowers white or pale cm). Leaves to 4 ft. (1.2 m) long, 4 in. (10 cm)
pink, spring to summer. Unlike many other wide, narrowing toward tip. Flowers pure white
species, needs some shade in hot areas. Requires to midpink, to 4 in. (10 cm) across, fragrant, to
much moisture in summer but drier winter con- 15 per stem, late summer. Zones 7–10. One of
ditions. A favorite for the cool greenhouse. Zones the best for garden use and should be the first
8–11. Crinum to try in the garden. ‘Album’, pure
Crinum ×powellii. Garden hybrid (C. bulbi- white. ‘Harlemense’, pale shell-pink. ‘Krelagei’,
spermum × C. moorei). Stems 24–30 in. (60–75 deep pink, large flowers.
 CROCOSMIA
70

Crocosmia (Jack Hobbs)

CROCOSMIA adapted, they are useful for public and commer-

Montbretia cial landscape planting. Especially suitable near
The flowers have six perianth segments which the seacoast.
flare widely. The six stamens are often longer Crocosmia ×crocosmiiflora. Garden hybrid
than the perianth segments. The sword-shaped (C. aurea × C. pottsii). Stems to 3 ft. (90 cm) but
leaves are arranged in a flat fan and have a matte usually less. Leaves sword-shaped, coarse but not
surface. The flower stem rises from the rootstock unattractive. Flowers in a zigzag, upright, loose
among the leaves and has several shorter leaves stalk; perianth funnel-shaped; slender tube about
on its lower part. Flower colors are yellow, gold, 1 in. (2.5 cm) long. Flowers mostly orange-scar-
orange, and red. let, other colors in cultivars. Long flowering pe-
Light, sandy, humus-rich, well-drained soil, in riod, late summer into fall. Zones 5–9. ‘Carmin
sun or light shade, ample moisture in spring and Brillant’, stems 2 ft. (60 cm), flowers orange-red.
early summer, drier in late summer. ‘Citronella’, pleasant light lemon yellow, not
Plant in late winter, spring, or fall, 3–4 in. very free-flowering. ‘Emily McKenzie’, stems 2
(7.5–10 cm) deep, 8–12 in. (20–30 cm) apart. ft. (60 cm), flowers orange. ‘His Majesty’, flow-
Use in narrow borders, for example, beside a ers large, deep orange-scarlet, crimson on re-
driveway or path. They look best planted in bold verse. ‘Jackanapes’, stems 2 ft. (60 cm), flowers
groups. Once established, they demand little care red and yellow. ‘James Coey’, stems 2 ft. (60
and crowd out other plants. They are good in cm), flowers red. ‘Lady Hamilton’, stems 3 ft.
containers, especially for late-summer flowering, (90 cm), flowers orange-yellow. ‘Queen of
and they provide good cut flowers. Where well Spain’, stems 3 ft. (90 cm), flowers orange-red,
 CROCUS
71
summer. ‘Solfatare’, stems 2 ft. (60 cm), leaves
bronze, flowers clear yellow, summer. ‘Star of
the East’, flowers pale orange-yellow, showing
up well in shade. ‘Vesuvius’, stems 2 ft. (60 cm),
flowers red, fall.
Crocosmia ‘Lucifer’. Stems to 48 ft. (1.2 m).
Flowers true red. The hardiest hybrid.
Crocosmia masoniorum. South Africa. Stems
to 2 ft. (60 cm) long, arching to nearly horizontal.
Leaves pleated, held in a fan, 18–24 in. (45–60
cm). Flowers brilliant orange-red. Zones 7–9.

CROCUS
A genus of more than 80 species distributed over
much of Europe, especially around the Mediter-
ranean, in North Africa, and in Asia as far east as
Afghanistan. Although they are a symbol of early
spring, many species in fact flower in autumn.
Some corms have ring-shaped tunics; others have
fibers that run parallel from top to bottom; still
others have shell-like tunics with overlapping
scales. Other characteristics that aid in the iden-
tification of species are whether the leaves
Crocosmia ‘Lucifer’ emerge before or after the flowers, the number
of leaves, and their growth habit. The most obvi-
ous traits are the color and marking of the tepals
and the color of the anthers. Crocus flowers
range from blue-lavender to purple, pure white,
and cream through yellow to orange. Many
species have a lighter throat, and a few have a
darker zone in the throat. The three outer tepals
are often a different shade from the inner three
on the reverse (the outside, when the flower is
closed), and in many species they are veined,
striped, or feathered with deep purple outside.
Blooms spring or fall, depending on the
species.
Average garden soil, well drained to at least 6
in. (15 cm) deep, in part shade with at least four
hours of sun per day. Fertilize in fall and spring.
Hardiness variable.
Plant autumn-flowering species in late sum-
mer, spring-flowering species in fall, 3–4 in.
(7.5–10 cm) deep, 6 in. (15 cm) apart.
Crocosmia masoniorum (International Flower Bulb Use in masses for early spring and fall color.
Center) Naturalized in lawns or among other early
 CROCUS
72
flowers, they prolong the season of color in segments, sometimes fine purple feathering, or
herbaceous and shrub borders. Many do well unmarked with silvery or pale buff exterior, fra-
planted under fine-textured groundcovers, such grant, early spring. Zone 4. Subsp. adamii, lilac
as thyme. All kinds grow well in containers, or white flowers, strongly striped deep purple on
which can be brought into the house. If they are exterior. Subsp. alexandri, white flowers with
removed to a colder area at night, the flowering broad, deep purple central zone on outer seg-
period will be prolonged. It is possible to have ments, a white throat, and wide leaves that are
crocuses in flower from fall to spring. not well-developed at flowering. Subsp. crewei,
Crocus biflorus. Scotch crocus. Italy, Sicily, gray-green leaves, blackish-maroon anthers.
Rhodes Island, Turkey; naturalized in Europe. Corm Subsp. isauricus, lilac or white flowers, striped or
tunic ring-shaped. Flowers white or lilac blue, with speckled on exterior with purple or gray-purple.
three purple or brownish-purple bands on outer Subsp. melantherus, white flowers striped or

Crocus spp., planted in grass (International Flower Bulb Center)

 CROCUS
73
speckled purple or gray on exterior, blackish an- appear with flowers. Flowers soft blue-lilac,
thers; fall. Subsp. tauri, pale to midlilac flowers, broadly bowl-shaped, to 4 in. (10 cm) tall, mid to
without dark stripes but sometimes finely veined late fall. Produces many offsets. Very beautiful.
or feathered; throat pale yellow. Subsp. weldenii, Zones 7–8.
white flowers without stripes, a white throat; its Crocus kotschyanus. Turkey, Russia. Corm
cultivar ‘Fairy’, many white flowers flushed gray- smooth, irregular, and flattened. Leaves appear
blue on outer segments. after flowers, persisting through winter. Flowers
Crocus cancellatus. Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Is- to 3 in. (7.5 cm), pale lilac with darker veins,
rael. Corm tunic coarsely netted. Leaves gray- throat whitish with yellow blotches, early fall.
green, appear after flowers. Flowers to 2 in. (5 Zones 6–7. Var. leucopharynx, vigorous grow-
cm), pale to midlilac-blue; throat pale yellow; ing, a white throat without yellow blotches at
outer segments feathered with violet at base; style base.
many-branched, orange; anthers yellow; early to Crocus laevigatus. Greece. Corm completely
late fall. Zone 5. Subsp. mazziaricus, white or covered by hard, smooth, dark brown tunic.
mid to deep lilac flowers, style much longer than Leaves appear before flowers. Flowers to 3 in.
anthers; may have a deep purple zone at throat. (7.5 cm), lavender-blue, outer tepals feathered
Subsp. pamphylicus, white anthers. deep lilac mauve; throat pale yellow; style deep
Crocus cartwrightianus. Wild saffron. orange, many-branched and featherlike; anthers
Greece. Flowers pale to deep lilac purple or creamy white; late fall to mid winter. Zone 7.
white, strongly veined darker; throat white or ‘Fontenayi’, not distinct from the type but reli-
lilac; anthers yellow; mid to late fall. Zone 8. ably free-flowering and increases fast.
Crocus chrysanthus. Balkan Peninsula, Greece, Crocus sativus. Saffron. Origin uncertain.
Turkey. Corm tunic membranous to shell-like, ring- Corm large, tunic silky with densely netted fibers.
shaped at base. Leaves present at flowering. Flow- Leaves appear just before flowers and may reach
ers fragrant, bright yellow to orange; outer seg- 12 in. (30 cm). Flowers lilac purple with deeper
ments feathered, striped, or flushed bronze or throat, early to mid autumn. Style branches very
purple; anthers yellow; late winter. Zones 6–8. ‘Ad- long, often protruding beyond the closed flower
vance’, pale yellow and lavender bicolor. ‘Blue and flopping to the side; these are harvested and
Pearl’, large soft blue with bronze base and golden dried as saffron. Requires deep planting in rich,
throat, darker violet-blue exterior. ‘Cream Beauty’, warm soil and frequent division to flower well.
large vigorous cream-yellow. ‘Goldilocks’, deep Zones 6–8.
yellow with purple base. ‘Ladykiller’, white with Crocus sieberi. Crete. Corm tunic fibrous,
rich purple exterior segments. ‘Mariette’, large, finely netted. Leaves present at flowering, in mid
soft yellow inside, purplish outside. ‘Skyline’, pale spring. Flowers to 3 in. (7.5 cm), fragrant, white
blue-lilac with violet blotch and veining on exterior. interior; throat yellow to orange, hairless. Zones
‘Zwanenburg Bronze’, large deep gold, flushed 6–8. Subsp. atticus, corm with a persistent fi-
red-brown outside. brous neck, flowers pale to deep lilac blue within.
Crocus etruscus. Italy. Corm tunic coarsely ‘Hubert Edelsten’, lilac, strikingly banded and
netted. Leaves present at flowering. Flowers tipped deep purple and white. Subsp. sublimis,
large, to 5 in. (12.5 cm), bright lilac blue, variably corm tunic finely netted, throat hairy, flowers
striped with deeper lilac on exterior; throat yel- lilac-blue, often with darker tips, sometimes a
low; style three-branched, orange; early to mid white zone between the main segment color and
spring. Zones 6–8. ‘Zwanenburg’, vigorous yellow throat. Subsp. sublimis ‘Tricolor’, star-
growing. tlingly colored with a deep yellow throat, a band
Crocus goulimyi. Greece. Corm tunic hard of bright white, and rich lilac-blue perianth blade.
and shell-like, splitting lengthwise at base. Leaves ‘Violet Queen’, small midviolet flowers.
 CROCUS
74
Crocus speciosus. Crimea, Caucasus, Turkey, fringed at tips. Zones 6–8. Var. albus, white.
Iran. Corms large, ring-shaped at the base, pro- ‘Barr’s Purple’, large rich purple-lilac. Var. pic-
ducing many cormlets. Leaves relatively wide, ap- tus, tips of segments deep purple. Var. roseus,
pearing long after flowers and attaining 8 in. (20 nearest to true pink in the genus. ‘Ruby Giant’,
cm) or more. Flowers to 6 in. (15 cm) on long deep violet-purple, free-flowering. ‘Whitewell
tubes, narrowly goblet-shaped, pale to deep vio- Purple’, reddish purple.
let-blue with purple veins; throat white to pale Crocus vernus. Europe, Ukraine. Corm tunic
yellow; anthers yellow; style yellow to deep or- fibrous, slightly netted. Leaves present at flow-
ange, with many slender branches; mid autumn. ering, sometimes short, sometimes well-devel-
Zones 6–8. ‘Aitchisonii’, pale lavender-violet, oped. Flowers 3–5 in. (7.5–12.5 cm), mostly
large. ‘Albus’, vigorous, pure white. ‘Artabir’, purple or lilac; tube purple; style usually deep
near-blue, inner segments lighter, tube flushed yellow or orange, divided into three branches
blue. ‘Cassiope’, very tall aster-blue with yellow- very frilled at the tips; exceeding or equal to an-
ish base. ‘Conqueror’, strong blue-lavender. One thers. Zones 6–8. Subsp. albiflorus, smaller
of the showiest and hardiest fall-flowering flowers, usually white, style much shorter than
species for gardens, tolerant of summer water anthers; well adapted to temperate gardens and
and increasing well by offsets and self-sowing. the source of most of the larger-flowered Dutch
Crocus tommasinianus. Yugoslavia, Hungary, crocuses. ‘Flower Record’, purple, good for
Bulgaria. Corm nearly spherical, with finely net- forcing. ‘Haarlem Gem’, small, purple flowers
ted tunic. Leaves lax, well-developed at flower- with lighter outer segments. ‘Jeanne d’Arc’,
ing in early spring. Flowers to 4 in. (10 cm), pale white. ‘Pickwick’, white with purple stripes.
to deep lavender, often silvery on exterior, usu- ‘Purpureus Grandiflorus’, very large, purple.
ally unmarked; throat white; style orange, di- ‘Queen of the Blues’, lavender blue. ‘Re-
vided into three branches much expanded and membrance’, silvery lavender. ‘Snowstorm’,

Crocus tommasinianus
 CYCLAMEN
75
white. ‘Striped Beauty’, silvery with purple
stripes.
Crocus ‘Yellow Mammoth’. Flowers large,
yellow.

CYCLAMEN
Persian violet, alpine violet
A genus of about 20 species, most of which are
from the Mediterranean region. Some species can
be grown outdoors in fairly cold climates. The root-
stock is a tuber. It does not produce offsets and in-
creases in size throughout its lifetime; an old tuber
of some species may be more than 1 ft. (30 cm)
across, producing hundreds of flowers. The fibrous
roots may emerge from the bottom, sides, or near
the top of the tuber, depending on the species. The
leaf and flower stalks arise directly from the tuber.
The leaves are mostly heart- or arrow-shaped, and
in many species are beautifully marked with deeper
green, gray, or silvery spots or zones. The flowers
are solitary, with five petals, always reflexed, some-
times curled, joined near the base in a short tube.
The capsule is often drawn down to the soil level as
Crocus ‘Yellow Mammoth’ it ripens by the spiraling of the stalk.

Crocus vernus
 CYCLAMEN
76

Cyclamen hederifolium
(Jack Hobbs)

Cyclamen persicum selections

from Goldsmith Seeds
(left to right): ‘Sierra’,
‘Miracle’, and ‘Laser’

Cyclamen pseudibericum
(left) with a white-flowered
rhododendron (foreground)
and other potted plants
 CYRTANTHUS
77
Blooms various times, depending on the and the first choice for most gardens. Zones 6–9.
species. It is possible to have species in flower Var. confusum, bright green, thick and fleshy
throughout the year. leaves, margins lobed. Var. hederifolium, dark
Loose, free-draining soil with a high percent- or gray-green leaves with prominent markings
age of leafmold, in shade, moisture in autumn, and finely toothed margin. Var. hederifolium f.
winter, and early spring, drier in summer. Hardi- albiflorum ‘Album’, flowers white with a red or
ness varies by species. purple blotch.
Plant 1⁄ 2 in. (12 mm) deep. Cyclamen persicum. Mediterranean region.
Use florist cyclamens as house plants. Use the Rounded tubers root from base. Leaves vary in
natural species in the woodland, rock garden, size and color, generally dark green zoned with
and shady corners where a low-growing plant lighter green markings, almost always heart-
with decorative leaves is wanted. They should re- shaped. Flowers on tall stems, 6 in. (15 cm) or
main undisturbed and allowed to increase by more, often fragrant, from white to deep purple-
self-sowing; in favorable climates, this can even- rose, winter to early spring. Parent of the popular
tually produce lovely drifts. They are easily grown florist cyclamen.
in small containers to be brought indoors for Cyclamen pseudibericum. Turkey. Tubers
color. In colder areas, many species perform well root from base. Leaves have serrated edge, and
in frames protected from severe frost and snow. often yellowish-green mottling on surface; crim-
Cyclamen coum. Bulgaria, Turkey, Caucasus, son undersurface. Flowers large, to 1 in. (2.5 cm)
Lebanon, Israel. A widespread and extremely across, fragrant, deep purplish carmine with
variable species. Roots produced from base of more intense color at base; early spring. Zone 11.
thick tuber. Leaves usually rounded, dark green
with dull crimson underside, plain or with silvery CYRTANTHUS
markings (usually slight) on upper surface. Flow- Fire lily
ers short and broad, pink to crimson with A genus of about 50 deciduous and evergreen
deeper-colored zone at base; anthers yellow; on species from South and East Africa. The bulbs
stems 4–5 in. (10–12.5 cm) tall; winter. Both leaf are tunicated; those of some species grow par-
and flower stems creep for a short distance un- tially exposed. All stems are hollow. The leaves
derground before emerging. Excellent garden are narrow, sometimes grasslike, and sometimes
plants which spread extensively in favorable cli- persistent—evergreen, in some species. They ap-
mates. Zones 6–10. Subsp. caucasicum, pink, pear either with the flowers or after flowering,
dark pink or white “eye” at base of petals, depending on the species. The flowers are borne
heart-shaped leaves with silver-gray marbling in an umbel. They are tubular, usually flaring just
and toothed margin. a little at the mouth, but some species have
Cyclamen hederifolium. Sowbread. South- spreading tepals. The tube is as much as 10
ern Europe. Roots produced from upper surface times longer than the lobes in some species. Cer-
of tuber; lower surface free of roots and some- tain species are fragrant, and flower colors range
what rounded. Leaves show great variation in from red through pink to white or yellow. The
shape (round, ivy- or lance-shaped), in margins fruit is an oblong capsule with many flattened
(smooth to crinkled), and in marking patterns; fo- black seeds.
liage persists from early fall to early summer. Blooms late summer and fall, or in spring.
Flowers white to carmine, on stems 3–6 in. Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in full sun, ade-
(7.5–15 cm) long; earlike lobes around mouth; quate moisture when growing. Plants respond
late summer to early fall. Spreads rapidly by self- well to an organic liquid fertilizer while in growth.
sowing where adapted. One of the finest species Zones 10–11.
 CYRTANTHUS
78
Plant summer- or fall-flowering species in
spring, spring-flowering species in fall, 2–3 in.
(5–7.5 cm) deep, 5–6 in. (12.5–15 cm) apart.
Use as container plants.
Cyrtanthus contractus (syn. Vallota contrac-
tus). South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho. Stems to
12 in. (30 cm). Leaves grasslike, often more than
12 in. (30 cm) long, appearing soon after flowers.
Flowers scarlet, half nodding, to 2 in. (5 cm); usu-
ally late spring and summer, but may flower at
any time of year.
Cyrtanthus mackenii (syn. Vallota mackenii).
Ifafa lily. South Africa. Stems to 12 in. (30 cm).
Leaves 8–12 in. (20–30 cm) long, evergreen, pro-
duced with flowers. Flowers fragrant, white, a lit-
tle over 1 in. (2.5 cm) long, narrowly tubular, four
or more per stem; not as pendent as many other
species but seldom erect—usually horizontal or
slightly erect; late summer. Var. cooperi, yellow
or cream, early to late spring.
Cyrtanthus speciosus (syn. Vallota speciosa).
South Africa. Stems 6–7 in. (15–17.5 cm). Leaves
deciduous. Flowers creamy white, striped red or
pink, green and pink at base. Cyrtanthus contractus (Jack Hobbs)

Cyrtanthus speciosus (Alpine Garden Society, United Kingdom)

 DAHLIA
79
DAHLIA
A genus of about 30 species in Mexico, Central
America, and Colombia. The fleshy roots are
tuberous. The stems branch at the base and
again above. They are produced only from the
lower part of the flowering stem. The flowers are
carried on long stalks. Although most species in
the wild produce only single flowers, some often
have semidouble flowers. The singles have a yel-
low disk of female florets in the center, sur-
rounded by a ring of male ray florets, in which
the pistils are petal-like. A protective sheath en-
velops the developing ovary. In doubles, the num-
ber of male petal-like florets is greatly increased.
Only rarely are disk florets entirely absent, and
most flowers—even double ones—can produce
at least some seeds. Dahlias are not necessarily
self-sterile, but the male pollen of a flower ripens
before the same flower’s stigmata become re-
ceptive, so flowers are seldom self-pollinated.
Deep, humus-rich soil, in full sun, regular
moisture in summer. Give weak but regular feed-
ings of 15–15–15 fertilizer through mid summer,
Dahlia ‘Kiwi Gloria’, Cactus-flowered Group (Jack then 5–10–15 when buds appear. Pinch out the
Hobbs)

Dahlia imperialis (Jack Hobbs)

 DICENTRA
80

Dahlia ‘Sunshine’, Single-flowered Group (Jack Hobbs)

bud at the tip of the stem when the plants are outer rows of florets surrounding a disc, usually
4–6 in. (10–15 cm) tall to encourage bushier about 4 in. (10 cm) across; ideal for summer bed-
plants. After frost kills the top growth, cut off ding, being about 12 in. (30 cm) tall. Decorative
the stalks 4 or 5 in. (10–12.5 cm) above the Group: no visible central disc; flower fully dou-
ground. Zones 9–11. ble, with ray flower broad and flat or slightly
Plant in late winter and early spring, two weeks rolled inward, often slightly twisted; heights of 3
before the last expected frost, 3–4 in. (7.5–10 to 10 ft. (90–300 cm), and flowers usually very
cm) deep, 12–18 in. (30–45 cm) apart if low- large. Cactus-flowered Group: flowers double,
growing, 3 ft. (90 cm) apart if expected to reach no visible disc, ray florets long and pointed; mar-
3 ft. tall. gins petals strongly rolled inward for over half
Use for late summer flowers. Make great cut their length, ends cut or fringed.
flowers.
Dahlia imperialis. Tree dahlia. Mexico, Dicentra spectabilis
Guatemala, San Salvador, Colombia, Costa Rica. Bleeding heart
Stems 6–30 ft. (1.8–9 m), usually branched only Siberia and Japan. Rootstock a rhizome with
at base, swollen where the leaves are attached. fleshy tubers. Stems 18–30 in. (45–75 cm).
Leaves have or three leaflets and are 3 ft. (90 cm) Leaves much cut, segments elliptical and wedge-
long. Flowers 6 in. (15 cm) across, white or pink shaped. Flowers pink to rosy crimson, in a grace-
with red markings at base, late summer. ful arching raceme; individual flowers 1 in. (2.5
Dahlia hybrids are divided into groups ac- cm) long. The two outer petals are reflexed or
cording to their flower shapes, three of which are spreading, like little spurs, while the inner two
illustrated here. Single-flowered Group: flow- petals are larger and held together over the style
ers open-centered, with one or two complete and anthers.
 DICHELOSTEMMA
81

Dicentra spectabilis

Blooms late spring to early summer.

Deep, humus-rich soil, in shade. Liquid organic
fertilizer can be applied as soon as growth is no-
ticed in the spring. Care should be taken not to
overfeed, or the plants become rank. Zones 6–9.
Plant 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) deep.
Use for the cool, partly shaded border and
woodland garden:
‘Alba’, pure white.
‘Pantaloons’, pure white.

DICHELOSTEMMA
A genus of five species from western North
America, where they grow in summer-dry grass-
lands. This genus is distinguished from Triteleia
by the presence of three fertile stamens rather
than six. The rootstock is a spherical corm. The
linear leaves are V-shaped in cross section, all
basal, and may be withered by flowering time.
Well-drained soil, in full sun, moderate mois-
ture in fall and spring.
Plant 4–5 in. (10–12.5 cm) deep, 6 in. (15 cm) Dichelostemma congestum (International Flower
apart. Bulb Center)
 DIERAMA
82
Use for the showy, unusual flowers. Like other DIERAMA
California grassland bulbs, these are suited to Flowering grass, angel’s fishing rod
borders and naturalistic settings where dry con- A genus of 44 species from Africa. Rootstock an
ditions prevail in summer. Plants in groups of five annually renewed corm with a fibrous tunic.
to seven corms. Stems to 6 ft. (1.8 m). Leaves stiff, to 3 ft. (90 cm)
Dichelostemma congestum. United States, long, narrow, grasslike. The arching flower stem
Canada. Stems to 3 ft. (90 cm). Leaves about 1⁄ 2 rises above the foliage, bending with the weight
in. (12 mm) wide, to 18 in. (45 cm) long. Flowers of the pendent flowers. The slender flower stalks
to 3⁄4 in. (2 cm) long, blue-violet; tubes very short; move constantly in even the slightest breeze. The
three fertile stamens, and three outer sterile sta- flowers open successively, so that the inflores-
mens reduced to tiny stubs; late spring to early cence persists over a long period.
summer. Zone 8. Blooms late spring to early summer.
Dichelostemma ida-maia. California fire- Well-drained, good soil, in full sun (although
cracker, firecracker flower. United States. Stems they appreciate afternoon shade in hot climates),
20–36 in. (50–90 cm), often bent or slightly ample moisture in spring and early summer. Feed
twisted. Leaves stiff, to 11⁄ 2 in. (4 cm) wide and in spring as new growth is made. Plants take at
20 in. (50 cm) long. Flowers numerous in dense least a season to settle in and resent being trans-
umbels, about 1 in. (2.5 cm) long; tube bright planted. Zones 7–10.
red, long with very short reflexed lobes green to Plant in late summer or early fall, 3–5 in.
cream; early summer. The showy flowers make (7.5–12.5 cm) deep, 12–18 in. (30–45 cm) apart.
this the most desirable species for the garden. Use in the herbaceous perennial border in
Zone 7. groups of five to seven or as isolated specimens by

Dierama pulcherrimum (Jack Hobbs)

 DIERAMA
83

Dierama pendulum
 DIETES
84
a water feature, just above the waterline where long, 4 in. (10 cm) wide. Flowers, perhaps the
the soil is not constantly wet, so that the graceful loveliest of the genus, pure white with large or-
stems and flowers are reflected in the water. ange blotch on outer perianth segments; inner
Dierama pendulum. Flowering grass. South segments marked orange-brown at base; petal-
Africa. Flowers to 1 in. (2.5 cm) long, whitish or like styles pinkish; mid spring to summer.
varying from pink to purple, with widely spread-
ing perianth. Dracunculus vulgaris
Dierama pulcherrimum. Magenta wall- Dragon arum
flower. South Africa. Corms whitish, maturing Mediterranean region. Plant height to 3 ft. (90
with a thick tunic of dry, parallel fibers. Stems to cm). Tuber large, round. Leaves divided into five to
6 ft. (180 cm). Flowers large, bright purple to rich seven lobes; base clasps flowering stem; leaf stalk
carmine; distinctive bracts, white with some pale green mottled darker green. Flower stalk
browning at base, show well against colorful pe- whitish, mottled dull purple to black. Spathe crim-
rianth segments. Tepals never spread widely from son-red spathe, very dark red, or almost black on
their conical base (as they do in D. pendulum). exterior, dull green inside; spathe tube 2 in. (5 cm)
long, striped purple at mouth; spathe limb to 12
DIETES in. (30 cm) long, 6 in. (15 cm) wide. Spadix black-
Wild iris ish red with long appendix, male and female flow-
A genus of about six evergreen species from South ers adjacent (not separated by sterile flowers).
Africa, Lord Howe Island, and Australia. The root- Fruit is scarlet berries in late summer to early fall.
stock is a rhizome. The leaves are sword-shaped, Blooms early to mid summer.
relatively broad and tapering to a fine point, often Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in full sun to
quite long and leathery. The numerous flowers are part shade, abundant moisture. Top-dress each
iris-like in appearance but, in most species, last for spring with organic matter. Plants tolerate both
only a day. The three outer perianth segments are water and drought in summer but increase more
broad; the three inner are narrower but often as rapidly in moist conditions. Zone 7.
long as the outer ones. The style is three-branched Plant 5–6 in. (12.5–15 cm) deep and 18–24 in.
and petal-like, giving a full look to the flower. The (45–60 cm) apart.
nectar guide is quite prominent. Use as a striking accent among other plants
Any soil, in full sun, moisture in winter and that complement the bold foliage. Good at the
spring, dry in summer. Zones 9–11. edge of a woodland.
Plant in late summer, just below the soil sur-
face, 4–6 in. (10–15 cm) apart if short-growing, ERANTHIS
18 in. (45 cm) apart if taller growing. Winter aconite
Use where a sturdy plant requiring little care A genus of about seven species from Europe,
is needed. They flower profusely over a long Turkey to Afghanistan, Japan, and Siberia. The
period. tuberous rootstock is small and irregular, with a
Dietes bicolor. Peacock flower. South Africa. brown skin when mature. The flowers emerge
Stems to 2 ft. (60 cm) or more, much branched. before the leaves, opening near ground level and
Leaves to 30 in. (75 cm) long, 2 in. (5 cm) wide. set in a whorl of stalkless stem leaves; the stems
Flowers numerous, light cream with brown elongate as the seed ripens. The basal leaves ap-
blotches at the base of the broader segments; pear later; they are deeply divided and have stalks
early spring, but some flowers are produced usually 3–5 in. (7.5–12.5 cm) long. The flowers of
throughout summer. most species are bright yellow; they have a ring
Dietes grandiflora. East Africa, South Africa. of petal-like sepals and one of petals, with promi-
Stems to 4 ft. (1.2 m). Leaves to 3 ft. (90 cm) nent yellow stamens.
DRACUNCULUS
85

Dietes bicolor

Dietes grandiflora

Dracunculus vulgaris
 EREMURUS
86

Eranthis cilicica (International Flower Bulb Center) Eremurus stenophyllus (International Flower Bulb
Center)

Loose, humus-rich soil, ample moisture in fall EREMURUS

and early spring. Zones 5–8. Foxtail lily, desert candle
Plant 1 in. (2.5 cm) deep, 3 in. (7.5 cm) apart, A genus of about 40 species from West and
in clusters. Central Asia (Afghanistan to India, Turkestan,
Use for early flowers (even before snowdrops). Siberia, Tibet, and China). Only five or six are
Plant with other early flowering spring bulbs, widely available. Eremurus species are among
such as Crocus and Cyclamen coum, especially the most spectacular early summer flowering
under winter-flowering shrubs such as plants with a rhizomatous rootstock. The root-
Hamamelis (witch hazel). Best grown where they stock is a starfish-shaped mass of thick, fleshy
will not be disturbed. Light is essential, however, roots, which must be handled with great care.
so planting under deciduous shrubs or trees is The central bud from which the stem arises is
preferable. In old gardens, they can often be seen large, looking much like half an egg. The tall, un-
forming large drifts where they have seeded over branched flower spike arises from amid a clus-
the years. ter of long, narrow basal leaves which may be
Eranthis cilicica. Turkey to Afghanistan. Sim- withered by flowering time. White, yellow, or
ilar to E. hyemalis but more robust. Leaves finely pink flowers are densely packed on the tall stem,
cut, bronzy green when young. Flowers deep yel- outward-facing on short pedicels. The perianth
low, shiny, on short stems, only 2–3 in. (5–7.5 segments of the flowers often are joined for a
cm) tall, late winter. short distance at the base, and all open widely.
Eranthis hyemalis. Europe. Stems to 4 in. (10 Extremely well-drained, humus-rich, sandy soil,
cm). Flowers bright yellow, late winter to early in full sun, ample moisture in spring. Cold winters
spring. needed for good flowering.
 ERYTHRONIUM
87
Plant in early fall, 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) deep, 3 Eremurus stenophyllus (syn. E. bungei). Iran.
ft. (90 cm) apart. Stems 2–4 ft. (60–120 cm), hairless. Leaves
Use as accent plants, especially against a back- 12–15 in. (30–37.5 cm) long, narrow, numerous,
ground of dark foliage. The tall flower spikes can hairless. Flowers bright yellow on pedicels several
dominate a border. Excellent cut flowers. inches long, borne over three-fourths of the
Eremurus himalaicus. Afghanistan, Hi- stem; flowers open slowly and last well, so that
malaya. Stems to 6 ft. (1.8 m) or more. Leaves plants remain attractive for a long time in early
strap-shaped, 12 in. (30 cm) or more. Flower pure summer. Zones 5–9.
white, starry, to 1 in. (2.5 cm) across, fragrant,
late spring. Zones 3–8. ERYTHRONIUM
Eremurus ×isabellinus ‘Cleopatra’. Garden Dog’s-tooth violet, trout lily
hybrid (E. stenophyllus × E. olgae). Orange flower A genus of about 20 species distributed around
with darker red midrib on exterior of tepals and the Northern Hemisphere, most from the west-
orange anther; early summer. Zones 5–8. ern United States. Few spring flowers have the
Eremurus robustus. Central Asia. Stems 6–10 beauty and grace found in Erythronium. The Old
ft. (1.8–3 m). Leaves the widest in the genus, to World species E. dens-canis was originally called
4 in. (10 cm) wide, bright green. Inflorescence dog’s-tooth violet because of its bulb, which is
very long, to 4 ft. (1.2 m), crowded with many whitish and pointed. The rootstock is a true bulb,
deep pink flowers; lowest flowers have long elongated or pointed and fleshy, stoloniferous in
pedicels, upper ones a little shorter; early sum- some species. The leaves emerge directly from
mer. Zones 6–9. the bulb (usually two per bulb), are elliptical to

Erythronium californicum ‘White Beauty’ (Jack Hobbs)

 ERYTHRONIUM
88

Erythronium dens-canis (International Flower Bulb Center)

 EUCHARIS
89
Erythronium californicum. Fawn lily. United
States. Stems to 14 in. (35 cm). Leaves richly mot-
tled with brown, on long stalks. Flowers three or
more per stem, white or cream with ring of yel-
low, orange, or brown at base, mid spring. Zones
4–9. ‘White Beauty’, white.
Erythronium dens-canis. Dog’s-tooth vio-
let. Europe, western Asia. Stems to 8 in. (20
cm). Leaves gray-green, heavily spotted pink
and brown. Flowers solitary, strongly reflexed,
white through pink to deep purple, all with a
ring of red-purple at the base; anthers bluish
or purplish; mid spring. Flourishes in woodland.
Zones 3–9. ‘Frans Hals’, outer tepals imperial
purple with greenish-bronze basal spot, inner
tepals purple with greenish-yellow ring at base.
‘Lilac Wonder’, light imperial purple with
chocolate-brown basal spot. Var. niveum,
white flushed lavender. ‘Pink Perfection’,
clear, bright pink. ‘Purple King’, large, rich
purple, center spotted and striped soft brown
with white margin. ‘Rose Queen’, pink.
Erythronium tuolumnense ‘Pagoda’ ‘Snowflake’, large pure white.
Erythronium tuolumnense. United States.
lance-shaped, and may be plain green, spotted, Stems to 14 in. (35 cm). Leaves yellow-green, un-
or mottled, depending on the species. The single marked, large, surface wavy. Flowers one to four
flower stalk is leafless and carries one or more per stem, bright yellow veined green with green-
flowers—seldom more than eight. The height ish base, opening almost flat; swollen ap-
varies according to species from 5 to 14 in. pendages at base of inner tepals; anthers yellow.
(12.5–35 cm). The flowers have six tepals, which Easy to cultivate; increases rapidly. Zones 4–9.
reflex at the tips. ‘Citronella’, lemon yellow. ‘Jeannine’, bright
Blooms in spring. sulfur yellow with brown basal ring. ‘Kondo’,
Well-drained poor and rocky to humus-rich mid yellow. ‘Pagoda’, pale yellow with brown
soil, depending on the species, in light shade or basal ring, vigorous, leaves mottled. ‘Sundisc’,
full sun, depending on the species, ample mois- bright yellow, strongly mottled leaves.
ture in fall and spring.
Plant in early fall, 3 in. (7.5 cm) deep, 6 in. (15 Eucharis ×grandiflora
cm) apart. Amazon lily, Eucharist lily
Use in front of mixed shrub borders that offer Columbia. Bulb large, with a long neck. Stems to
light shade, or in woodland settings. Erythroni- 2 ft. (60 cm). Leaves several, close to ground, to
ums with spotted or mottled leaves make an at- 20 in. (50 cm) long including long stalk, decidu-
tractive spring groundcover even when not in ous. Flowers white, slightly pendent, 5 in. (12.5
flower. In climates where they are well adapted, cm) across, very fragrant, five to six per stem; pe-
they should be tried on grassy slopes, and they rianth forms a short tube and then separates
often self-sow in gardens. For the most effective into six lobes which open widely; lobes of the
presentation, plant bulbs in groups where they outer segments are narrower and longer than
can be left undisturbed. the inner segments; broad bases of the stamen
 EUCHARIS
90

Eucharis ×grandiflora (Jack Hobbs)

 EUCOMIS
91
form a cup reminiscent of the cup of a narcissus;
anthers poised on slender filaments rising up
from the cup.
Blooms in winter.
Humus-rich soil, moisture when growing. Feed
with liquid organic fertilizer once growth is ac-
tive. After flowering, reduce water and lower
temperature, but keep humidity high during
summer. Do not allow bulbs to become dry at
any time. Zone 10.
Plant in spring, six bulbs to a 12-in. (30-cm)
pot, covered with just enough soil to anchor the
bulb and hold it upright.
Use as an elegant subject for the warm green-
house. Can be grown with tropical orchids. An
excellent cut flower and very fragrant.

EUCOMIS
Pineapple lily
A genus of about 10 species of unusual-look-
ing plants from Africa. Related to Scilla and Or-
nithogalum. The bulbs are large and tunicated.
The basal leaves are light green, sometimes
spotted reddish, ovate, and arching back to the Eucomis autumnalis, detail (Jack Hobbs)

Eucomis autumnalis
 EUCOMIS
92

Eucomis comosa ‘Sparkling Rose’ (Jack Hobbs)

 FERRARIA
93
ground, where they tend to rest a bit untidily. Ferraria crispa
The predominantly green flowers are closely South Africa. Rootstock a corm, often much mis-
held all around the stout, strong stems, with the shapen, without a tunic. Stems two or three per
characteristic tuft of bracts above them. The sta- corm, to 18 in. (45 cm) but often much shorter,
mens are stubby but prominent in the center of branched. Leaves stout, overlapping, to 12 in. (30
the flowers; the perianth segments are almost cm) long, shorter on the stem; uppermost leaves
equal. bractlike, surrounding the flowers. Flowers 2 in.
Blooms summer. (5 cm) or more across, borne on sturdy pedicels,
Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in full sun or velvety textured, brownish purple with greenish-
scattered shade, moisture during spring and early white, V-shaped markings in the center; tips of
summer, less water toward end of summer. segments recurved, edges very crisped; stigma
Zones 8–11. brown, with the lower part surrounded by a tube
Plant 6 in. (15 cm) deep, 12–24 in. (30–60 cm) formed by the anthers.
apart. Blooms late spring to early summer.
Use in an isolated group against a background
of large rocks, which brings out the subtle colors
of the flowers and provides extra protection. An
excellent accent plant for the front of the peren-
nial border or for a large container. Cut flowers
last for several weeks. After the flowers have
faded, the seedpods—swollen green, almost tri-
angular fruits—remain attractive.
Eucomis autumnalis. Tropical and southern
Africa. Bulb globe-shaped. Stems to 18 in. (45
cm). Basal leaves 2 ft. (60 cm) long, 2–4 in. (5–10
cm) wide, with wavy margins, lax to prostrate.
Crown consists of 15 to 20 bracts, 2–3 in. (5–7.5
cm) wide and 2–4 in. (5–10 cm) long. Inflores-
cence to 12 in. (30 cm) long; flowers 1⁄ 2 in. (12
mm) across, green fading to lighter yellow-green
with age; stamens prominent in the center of the
flowers; perianth segments are almost equal.
Subsp. amaryllidifolia, 12 in. (30 cm) tall, leaves
linear, 20 in. (50 cm) long and about 2 in. (5 cm)
wide. Subsp. clavata, more robust, inflorescence
cylindrical.
Eucomis comosa. South Africa. Stems lightly
spotted purple, to 24 in. (60 cm). Leaves spotted
purple at base and on underside, with wavy
edges, 18–20 in. (45–50 cm) long. Flowers have
violet-purple ovaries, light green petals that re-
curve slightly, throwing the stamens well out in
front and showing off color of ovaries.
‘Sparkling Burgundy’ has purple leaves and
stem and white flowers, flushed and aging to
purple. Ferraria crispa (Jack Hobbs)
 FREESIA
94
FREESIA
A genus of about 11 species from South Africa.
The round or egg-shaped corms are loosely cov-
ered by a netted tunic. Leaves are narrow and
shorter than the flower stem, arranged in a fan,
and continue to grow long after the flowers
have finished. The flowers are on strong,
branched stems, with the branch at the tip of
the stem much larger than the others and bear-
ing more flowers. The hybrids generally carry
more flowers in the spike than the species,
which seldom have more than four or five flow-
ers, crowded on the stem. The flowers are all
carried on one side of the stem, which bends
outward just below the lowest flower, so that
the flowers are held upright.
Well-drained soil, in full sun, ample moisture
when growing, dry when leaves are dry. Give liq-
uid organic fertilizer as soon as the first growth
appears above ground. Zones 9–10.
Plant in fall for winter and spring flowers, in
late spring for summer flowers, 2 in. (5 cm) deep,
3 in. (7.5 cm) apart.
Use as container plants, cut flowers, and for
summer bedding. Florists grow them year-round
in greenhouses for the cutflower and container
plant markets. They make excellent house plants
and are a must for warm-climate gardens, where
they offer late-winter color.
Freesia ‘Adonis’, rose double.
Ferraria crispa, detail (Robert Ornduff) Freesia ‘Aphrodite’, soft pink double.
Freesia ‘Athene’, white, good forcer.
Well-drained soil, in full sun, moisture in Freesia leichtlinii. South Africa. Stems to 8
spring, dry and warm in summer and fall. If soil is in. (20 cm), sometimes more, often much less.
poor, apply fertilizer as soon as the plants appear Leaves erect, 10 in. (25 cm). Flowers do not rise
above ground. Zone 9. above foliage as much as in other species, very
Plant 4–6 in. (10–15 cm) deep, 6–8 in. (15–20 fragrant, 2 in. (5 cm) long, cream to purple, most
cm) apart. commonly off-white or creamy, darker yellow-
Use in rock gardens in warm climates, in bold cream inside, purple flush on exterior; early to
clusters where they can enjoy the reflected late spring, depending on temperature.
warmth of the rocks. Grow where they can nes- Freesia ‘Matterhorn’, huge pure white.
tle among other low-growing plants. They toler- Freesia ‘Riande’, yellow, good forcer.
ate salt sea spray and are easy to grow in the cool Freesia ‘Romany’, pale mauve double.
greenhouse, preferably in the ground. In a con- Freesia ‘Rose Marie’, dark pink double.
fined space, their odor may not be tolerable to Freesia ‘Royal Blue’, campanula blue, white
those with sensitive noses. throat striped violet.
 FREESIA
95

Freesia ‘Matterhorn’

Freesia mixed cultivars (Jack Hobbs)

 FRITILLARIA
96
Freesia ‘Stockholm’, chrysanthemum red,
yellow throat.
Freesia ‘Wintergold’, golden.

FRITILLARIA
Fritillary
A genus of about 80 species widely distributed
in the Northern Hemisphere. Closely related to
Lilium. The stems are unbranched and bear the
leaves, arranged either in whorls or in pairs. The
leaves of most species are stiff and fleshy; some
are glaucous. The flowers have six perianth seg-
ments, equal or nearly so, called tepals. Each
tepal has a nectary at the base, which may be
conspicuously depressed (forming a ridge on the
“outside” of the flower) or contrastingly colored.
There are six stamens and a single style, some-
times divided into two at the tip and as long as
Freesia ‘Stockholm’ the stamens. The flowers range from narrowly

Freesia ‘Wintergold’
 FRITILLARIA
97

Fritillaria acmopetala
 FRITILLARIA
98
tubular to almost flat, but most are bell-shaped. Fritillaria acmopetala. Turkey, Cyprus, Syria,
The fruit is a capsule (winged in some species, Lebanon. Stems 12–30 in. (30–75 cm). Leaves
unwinged in others) with numerous flat, winged narrow, to 3 in. (7.5 cm) long, alternate on stem.
seeds. In some species, all parts of the plant have Flowers solitary, sometimes up to three, bell-
an unpleasant “foxy” odor, especially noticeable shaped with tips strongly curled back, olive green
as the leaves emerge. with reddish brown blotches or bands on out-
Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in light shade. side, shining olive green within; mid spring. Easy
Give weak feedings of organic fertilizer in fall and in ordinary garden soils, increasing rapidly. Many
when leaves emerge. Hardiness depends on the plants grown under other names are in fact this
species. species. Zones 7–10.
Plant in fall, with a depth of soil equal to three Fritillaria biflora. Chocolate lily, mission bells.
times the height of the bulb, and spaced apart United States. Stems to 6–12 in. (15–30 cm).
by about four times the bulb’s diameter. Leaves shiny green, large, mostly basal. Flowers
Use up close where the subtle flower colors are up to 12, not reflexed, dark brown, often marked
best appreciated, such as in the rock garden or in with green, mid spring. Zones 7–9. ‘Martha
small-scale plantings among shrubs. The crown Roderick’, robust, brownish-red flowers marked
imperial (Fritillaria imperialis) is a popular early cream or green on exterior.
spring subject in the perennial border. Enthusi- Fritillaria bucharica. Afghanistan, Central
asts cultivate the more difficult species in bulb Asia. Stems to 12 in. (30 cm). Leaves paired on
frames and alpine houses, where their special- lower stem, remainder alternate; prominent pair
ized moisture regimes can be followed. of bracts under each flower. Flowers white with

Fritillaria imperialis ‘Aurora’

 FRITILLARIA
99

Fritillaria imperialis ‘Aurora’, detail

Fritillaria imperialis ‘Lutea’

 FRITILLARIA
100

Fritillaria pallidiflora

Fritillaria persica ‘Adiyaman’

 FRITILLARIA
101
green veins, numerous, early spring. Requires dry
summer and protection from spring frosts. Zones
5–9.
Fritillaria glauca. Siskiyou lily. United States.
Stems to 5 in. (12.5 cm). Leaves lance-shaped,
glaucous. Flowers yellow, sometimes spotted
brown, rarely entirely dark brown, mid spring.
Not too difficult to grow when given a dry sum-
mer. Zones 6–8.
Fritillaria imperialis. Crown imperial. Asia.
Bulbs very large, malodorous. Stems 2–4 ft.
(60–120 cm). Leaves shiny green, in whorls.
Flowers pendent in an umbel below a distinctive
tuft of large green bracts, large, broadly bell-
shaped, bright orange with pale raised nectaries,
scented of rotting meat; mid spring. A very
showy plant for gardens, tolerating a wide range
of well-drained soils in full sun. Leave plantings
undisturbed. Zones 4–7. ‘Aureomarginata’,
leaves with pale yellow margins. ‘Aurora’, a
strong grower with orange-red flowers. ‘Lutea’,
yellow. ‘Lutea Maxima’, a more robust yellow
form. ‘Prolifera’, two whorls of flowers.
‘Rubra’, brownish orange. ‘Sulpherino’, pale
orange with yellow margin.
Fritillaria meleagris. Snake’s head fritillary,
guinea-hen flower, leper lily. Europe, Russia.
Stems wiry, to 15 in. (37.5 cm). Leaves generally
four to six, narrow, slightly glaucous, alternate.
Flowers pale pink to purple, strongly checkered
inside; white forms common, showing greenish Fritillaria persica
checkering; mid spring. Plant only where mois-
ture is present year-round. Tolerates dappled Fritillaria pallidiflora. Central Asia, China,
shade and likes soil high in organic matter. Zones Siberia. Stems stout, 10–30 in. (25–75 cm). Leaves
4–9. ‘Aphrodite’, large white. ‘Artemis’, check- glaucous, broad, alternate or opposite. Flowers
ered purple and green. ‘Charon’, light purple pale greenish yellow, very lightly checkered red-
checkered with black. ‘Orion’, dull purple. ‘Sat- dish brown inside, mid spring. Zones 3–8.
urnus’, bright reddish violet. Fritillaria persica. Persian lily. Turkey, Iran.
Fritillaria michailovskyi. Turkey. Stems to 9 Stems to 45 in. (112.5 cm). Leaves glaucous,
in. (22.5 cm), usually shorter. Flowers dark purple lance-shaped, alternate, sometimes slightly
with prominent yellow tips, mid spring. Widely twisted. Flowers numerous, more than 30 on a
offered and easy to grow in climates with a dry well-grown plant, dark plum-purple to gray-green,
spring. Zones 7–9. widely conical, mid spring. An interesting accent
Fritillaria micrantha. United States. Stems to among other spring bulbs. Persists only in well-
3 ft. (90 cm). Flowers very small, greenish yellow drained soil in regions with hot, dry summers.
to buff, faintly checkered, mid spring. Zone 8. Zones 5–9. ‘Adiyaman’ is a robust selection
 GALANTHUS
102
named for the town in Turkey near which is was lengths (those of Leucojum are of equal length).
found. The bulbs are round and have brown tunics. Each
Fritillaria pontica. Greece, Turkey. Stems bulb produces three leaves; two of these lengthen,
15–30 in. (37.5–75 cm). Leaves elliptical-lance- and the third remains short, sheathing the bases of
shaped, lower opposite, upper in whorl. Flowers the longer leaves and the flower stem. The leaves
green flushed brown, bell-shaped, not check- may be absent, 1 or 2 in. (2.5–5 cm) long, or nearly
ered, one to four on stalk, mid spring. Zone 6. full length at flowering time, depending on the
Fritillaria pudica. Johnny-jump-up, yellow species. The flowers are white, variously marked
bell. United States and Canada. Stems to 10 in. with green. The shape of the green blotches or
(25 cm), usually shorter. Leaves narrow, bright stripes is an important means of identification. The
green, near base of stem. Flowers conical, mostly flower has a teardrop shape when closed in dark-
one to three per stem, golden yellow, flushed ness or dull weather; when the sun comes out, the
darker at base, aging to orange, mid spring. Re- outer segments flare more or less widely. The three
quires moderately dry winter, dry summer. Zone 3. outer segments are longer than the inner three;
the latter are notched at the tip. The flowers are
GALANTHUS usually solitary, covered by a spathe in bud and
Snowdrop drooping when fully developed.
A genus of 18 species from Europe and West Asia. Blooms in early spring or fall, depending on the
Related to Leucojum, but segments are of different species.

Galanthus nivalis (International Flower Bulb Center)

 GALTONIA
103
Humus-rich soil, in part sun, moisture when ovary yellow. Forma pleniflorus ‘Lady Elphin-
growing. stone’, inner perianth segments marked yellow.
Plant 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) deep, 4–5 in. (10–12.5 Forma pleniflorus ‘Pusey Green Tip’, outer
cm) apart. and inner segments tipped green. ‘Poculi-
Use in masses at the edge of woodland or in formis’, inner and outer segments about equal in
front of shady borders. Established clumps have a length and unmarked. ‘Sam Arnott’, robust,
lot of foliage which must be left to wither in early with large flowers. ‘Scharlockii’, an enlarged,
summer. Can be grown in containers, brought leaflike spathe that looks like two erect leaves.
indoors to enjoy. Makes long-lasting cut flowers.
Most species are sweetly fragrant, though this Galtonia candicans
often goes unnoticed because they flower in Summer hyacinth
such cold weather. South Africa and Lesotho. Bulbs large, with thin
Galanthus elwesii. Giant snowdrop. Bulgaria, tunics. Stems to 50 in. (125 cm). Leaves pale
Greece, Ukraine, Turkey, Yugoslavia. Stems to 10 green, to 2 in. (5 cm) wide and 30 in. (75 cm)
in. (25 cm). Leaves gray-green, developing to
over 1 in. (2.5 cm) wide after flowering. Inner
segments variably marked with an inverted V, an
arch, or an inverted heart near the tip, sometimes
an inverted V at the base which may be joined to
the V at the tip; green at the base and tip, but
this color is variable and often will appear suf-
fused throughout the inner segments. Plants
grown under the name G. caucasicus are almost
all G. elwesii; small plants with narrow, glaucous
leaves grown as G. elwesii are probably G. gra-
cilis. Zones 6–9.
Galanthus ikariae. Aegean Islands. Stems
3–8 in. (7.5–20 cm). Leaves broad, dark matte
green, recurving when mature, one wider than
the other and overlapping it. Inner perianth seg-
ments have a bold arch-shaped mark, sometimes
flat-topped, over one-half to two-thirds of their
length, and a similar mark inside. Confused in
cultivation with G. woronowii, which has bright,
shiny green leaves. Zones 6–9.
Galanthus nivalis. Common snowdrop. Eu-
rope, Ukraine. Stems 3–8 in. (7.5–20 cm). Leaves
slightly glaucous, linear, widening slightly in one-
third their length, erect or somewhat curled back,
not wrapping one around the other, margins flat
and often slightly turned under. Inner segments
marked with a narrow arch shape or an inverted
V shape, the ends of which are usually enlarged;
inner surface has a mark extending to the base.
Mid to late winter, sometimes into spring, de-
pending on the variety. Zones 4–9. ‘Lutescens’
(syn. ‘Sandersii’), inner segments tipped yellow, Galtonia candicans (Jack Hobbs)
 GALTONIA
104
long, tapering gradually to a fine point, some- weak feedings of liquid fertilizer as soon as
times erect but usually curled back. Flowers growth is seen in the spring and discontinue as
slightly fragrant, held in a loose raceme, up to 40 the flower stems emerge. Zones 5–9.
per stem, 2 in. (5 cm) long, pendent, white Plant in late winter, with the tops just below
(sometimes with green tips and base), on the surface of the soil, 18–24 in. (45–60 cm)
pedicels over 2 in. (5 cm) long. apart.
Blooms in summer. Use in groups of five or more. The flowers re-
Well-drained soil, in full sun, moisture during main attractive for six weeks. Galtonia grows well
spring and summer. No staking needed. Give in large containers.

Geranium tuberosum (International Flower Bulb Center)

 GLADIOLUS
105
Geranium tuberosum Plant in spring, at least 4–6 in. (10–15 cm)
Cranesbill deep, about 6–10 in. (15–25 cm) apart; minia-
Mediterranean region and east to Iran. Rootstock ture hybrids and species may be planted less
tuberous. Stems 8–16 in. (20–40 cm). Leaves deeply.
dark green, very finely cut and feathery; upper Use as a striking accent among annuals and in
leaves stalkless and in pairs. Flowers to 11⁄ 2 in. (4 perennial borders. Their proportions make them
cm) across, bright rosy purple with darker veins, difficult to integrate tastefully, but choosing cul-
deep blue anthers, and crimson stigma; petals tivars with smaller flowers and placing them in
notched and widest at tips. The flowers have five groups among other tall plants helps. They do
sepals and five petals, overlapping and equal in well in containers, but must be carefully selected
size. There are 10 stamens, more or less united at for this purpose because plants can become quite
the base, held in two whorls, the outer whorl lo- heavy when in full bloom. Gladioli make good
cated opposite the petals and the inner one op- cut flowers; for long-lasting cut flowers, cut
posite the sepals. After pollination, the base of stems as soon as the first buds show color.
the style grows, forming the long beak for which
the genus is named cranesbill. This beak slowly
dries and splits into five strips, which curl and
fling the seeds away from the plant.
Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in full sun to
light shade. Zones 8–10.
Plant 2 in. (5 cm) deep, 10–14 in. (25–35 cm)
apart.
Use to introduce bright spring color to dry
shade; the foliage makes a good groundcover
through winter but is dormant in summer. Easy to
grow, robust (though sometimes invasive), and
attractive.
‘Leonidas’, more robust and larger-flowered.
Leaves appear in fall and wither soon after flow-
ering in late spring.

GLADIOLUS
Sword lily
A genus of up to 250 species and thousands of
named hybrids, distributed in southern and trop-
ical Africa, and from southwestern Europe and
the Mediterranean coastal regions east to central
Asia. The base of the stem is swollen, forming a
corm. The leaves are always sword-shaped. The
flower spike is often one-sided. The tube formed
by the perianth segments is curved. In many
species, the flowers open wide; in garden hy-
brids, they are not so open and are more
crowded on the stem.
Well-drained, humus-rich, sandy soil, in full
sun. Gladiolus ‘Candy Stripe’
 GLADIOLUS
106
Gladiolus ‘Candy Stripe’. Flowers creamy
white, wavy edge, with reddish stripes in the throat.
Gladiolus communis. Saint John’s lily. Spain,
Italy, North Africa, Corsica, Malta. Stems to 2 ft.
(60 cm), usually less. Leaves three to five, in a
basal fan. Flowers to 15 per spike, bright bur-
gundy red, 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) long, facing in two
or three directions but not all around the stem;
late spring to early summer. Zones 6–10.
Gladiolus dalenii (syn. G. primulinus). Parrot
lily. South Africa to Ethiopia. Corm 2 in. (5 cm)
across. Stems strong, 4–5 ft. (1.2–1.5 m). Leaves
usually four, narrow, to 30 in. (75 cm). Flowers
often more than 20 per two-sided spike, yellow,
orange, red, pink, or purple, often striped and
mottled with another color; late summer. Upper
three segments form a hood; uppermost is much
larger than the other two upper segments. Lower
three segments narrower, often with a patch of
yellow at the tips. Zone 9.
Gladiolus murielae (syn. Acidanthera bi-
color). Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozam-
bique. Corm globose. Stems to 36 in. (90 cm).
Leaves sword-shaped. Flowers white, long-
tubed, 3 in. (7.5 cm) or more in diameter, with
distinct purple spot at base of segments; flowers
carried in two ranks, usually six to eight per stem.
Fragrant at night, reportedly to attract long-
tongued hawk moths. Flowering late summer.
Gladiolus tristis. Marsh Afrikaner. South
Africa. Stems to 40 in. (100 cm) but usually
around 24 in. (60 cm). Leaves three or four, more
or less cylindrical. Flowers 3 in. (7.5 cm) across,
up to 15 per spike, rarely more, very fragrant at
night, green and brown; summer. Var. concolor,
pale yellow. A popular garden plant. Appreciates
moisture year-round. Zones 7–10.
Gladiolus virescens. South Africa. Stems
5–10 in. (12.5–25 cm). Flowers yellow closely
striped with brown, spring. Zone 9.

Gloriosa superba
Africa and India. Tubers long, fleshy, white, multi-
plying quickly. Leaves with tendrils. Stems light
green, looking fragile though they are not. Stamens
Gladiolus communis prominent in the center of strongly reflexed tepals.
 GLADIOLUS
107

Gladiolus dalenii

Gladiolus murielae (Jack Hobbs) Gladiolus tristis (Jack Hobbs)

 GLORIOSA
108

Gloriosa superba ‘Rothschildiana’, detail (International Flower Bulb Center)

 HEMEROCALLIS
109

Gloriosa superba ‘Rothschildiana’ (Jack Hobbs)

A peculiar characteristic is that the stigma bends at and a yellow basal zone that disappears as the
a right angle as it leaves the ovary. Perianth seg- flower ages, borne on stalks to 4 in. (10 cm) long.
ments yellow, orange, red, or bicolored with zones
of these colors; often crinkled along the edges, and, HEMEROCALLIS
even when fully reflexed, the tips sometimes curl Daylily
back. All parts of the plant are poisonous. A genus of about 15 species from East Asia and
Blooms summer. Central Europe. Most have fibrous roots, more or
Well-drained soil, in full sun, moisture to get less thickened; a few are distinctly tuberous. Over
them growing, after which they tolerate drier the years the genus has received much attention
conditions. They grow and flower best where from hybridizers, and few true species are found
they are moist through the growing period. In in gardens today. The common name aptly de-
winter, keep them dry. Provide support on which scribes the flowers which last only one or two
the plants can scramble upward. Zones 9–12. days. The foliage is basal, grasslike, and up to 4
Plant 1–2 in. (2.5–5 cm) deep. ft. (1.2 m) long in robust plants. The flower stalks
Use in the cool greenhouse and for long-last- are sturdy and carry the flowers well above the
ing cut flowers. Much in demand among florists. foliage. Most attain about 3 ft. (90 cm) in height,
Must be grown in large containers to leave room but a few reach 6 ft. (1.8 m). The genus can be
for expansion. Adds an exotic touch to the mild- divided into two groups: plants with an open,
climate garden. branched inflorescence, and those in which the
‘Rothschildiana’, a popular selections, bright flowers are held close together with a distinct,
red flowers with crinkled edges, yellow margins, broad bract below them. The flowers are trumpet-
 HEMEROCALLIS
110

Hemerocallis ‘King Porcelain’ (Klehm’s Song Hemerocallis ‘Real Purple Star’ (Klehm’s Song
Sparrow Perennial ) Sparrow Perennial)

shaped. The most common colors are yellow, or- Hemerocallis ‘Bald Eagle’; rich crimson.
ange, or reddish purple. Hemerocallis ‘Catherine Woodbery’, pink
Any garden soil, in full sun, moisture in sum- with a chartreuse throat.
mer. In poor soils, give a spring feeding of a slow- Hemerocallis ‘King Porcelain’, pinkish with a
release balanced fertilizer. Zones 4–9. green throat
Plant year-round, with base of the leaves at the Hemerocallis ‘Moonlight Masquerade’,
soil surface, about 1 ft. (30 cm) apart if low grow- cream with a purple eye.
ing, 11⁄ 2–3 ft. (45–90 cm) apart if taller growing. Hemerocallis ‘Pardon Me’, deep red.
Use in borders, with other perennials, as bold Hemerocallis ‘Real Purple Star’, medium
beds in lawns, or as groundcover (for example, purple with a yellowish throat and white
to line driveways). Few plants are as easy to grow margin.
or as tolerant of such a wide range of garden Hemerocallis ‘Satin Clouds’, cream with a
conditions. Many species and some hybrids are bright yellow throat.
sweetly fragrant. About their only flaw is that in- Hemerocallis ‘Stella d’Oro’, golden yellow.
dividual flowers last such a short time. A favorite of landscape architects.
Hemerocallis ‘August Flame’, red with a yel- Hemerocallis ‘Strawberry Candy’, pink, with
low throat. rosy band and a green throat.
 HIPPEASTRUM
111
HIPPEASTRUM Humus-rich soil, in full sun, moisture when
Amaryllis, knight’s star lily growing but not wet. After flowering, cut off the
A genus of about 80 species from South America. flowers, but leave the stem and foliage. Feed
Formerly classified as Amaryllis and best known by weekly for six to eight weeks with an organic liq-
this name. The three important categories of cul- uid fertilizer. Reduce water in July, and stop wa-
tivars are large-flowered singles, large-flowered tering completely in August. leaves often stay
doubles, and miniatures. The bulb of most species green if watering continues; then the bulbs do
is large and globe-shaped. The flowers are funnel- not go dormant, and the chance of flowering the
shaped and borne in an umbel on a stout, cylin- following year is greatly diminished. Zones 9–10.
drical, hollow, leafless stem which may be coated Plant in fall, one-third of bulb above soil level.
with a waxy bloom. Large bulbs may produce Use as an indoor plant, brought into flower in
more than one flowering stem. The three inner pe- December. Can be grown outside where night
rianth segments are often narrower than the three temperatures during the growing season do not
outer ones. The stamens also are of unequal drop below about 40ºF (4ºC).
length and have the peculiar habit of bending Hippeastrum ‘Apple Blossom’. Flowers pink-
down and then curving upward. The stigma re- ish white.
mains below the stamens and usually is much Hippeastrum ‘Masai’. Flowers white with red
longer, often equal to the length of the perianth stripes.
segments. The flowers are typically large—over 4 Hippeastrum papilio. Butterfly amaryllis.
in. (10 cm) long and as much as 8–10 in. (20–25 Brazil. Stems to 2 ft. (60 cm). Leaves evergreen.
cm) across in the largest hybrids. The leaves gen- Flowers cream to pale green with conspicuous
erally appear after the flowers or are partly devel- reddish-brown veins and streaks; upper three
oped at flowering; they are bright or dark green, tepals heavily marked in center with veins toward
broadly strap-shaped and somewhat fleshy. margin; spring.

Hippeastrum ‘Apple Blossom’

 HIPPEASTRUM
112

Hippeastrum papilio

Hippeastrum hybrids
 HOMERIA
113

White-flowered Hippeastrum hybrids in a garden bed with blue-flowered delphiniums

HOMERIA
Cape tulip
A genus of about 32 species from South Africa
and extending into Namibia, Botswana, and
Lesotho. The rootstock is a corm. The basal leaves
are usually solitary, but sometimes two or three
are produced, and the flower stalk also carries
several leaves. The six similarly-shaped perianth
segments that make up the flowers are not fused
but come together at the base to form a cup.
They then spread out flat. The stamens are erect.
Well-drained soil, in full sun or light shade,
moderate moisture when growing, dry after
flowering. Zones 9–12.
Plant in spring, 1 in. (2.5 cm) deep, 3–4 in.
(7.5–10 cm) apart.
Use in masses in the sunny border where their
unusual form and colors can be appreciated.
They are light and airy in effect, and also make
good container plants. In favorable climates, they
naturalize rapidly by self-sowing.
Homeria collina. Corm has dark, coarse, fi-
brous tunic. Stems to 18 in. (45 cm). Leaves thin Homeria collina
 HYACINTHOIDES
114
and arching, often lax. Flowers numerous in long istic of being renewed annually. The flowers are
succession, about 2 in. (5 cm) across, light salmon borne in an erect raceme on pedicels of moder-
orange to deep yellow; flowering in spring from ate length, with two bracts below each flower.
fall planting, later in summer from spring-planted They are bell-shaped and blue-lavender, though
corms. white and pink forms are common. The leaves
Homeria pallida. Yellow tulip. Stems to 2 ft. are narrowly strap-shaped and shiny green.
(60 cm). Leaves and fruit poisonous. Flowers light Leafy, humus-rich soil, in light shade, with a
yellow, spotted crimson at base, sweetly scented; wide range of moisture needs. Zone 5.
late spring. Plant in spring, at least 4 in. (10 cm) deep in
heavy soil, 6–8 in. (15–20 cm) deep in light soil,
HYACINTHOIDES 4–6 in. (10–15 cm) apart.
Bluebell Use in open, deciduous woodland, where the
A genus of three species assigned down through drifts of flowers look splendid in spring. Often
the years to Scilla, Agraphis, Endymion, and now used as a border for spring-flowering shrubs such
Hyacinthoides. The common name of the most as rhododendrons and azaleas. Always plant
familiar species, however, is constant: English them in large quantities and leave them undis-
bluebell. May it be forever unchanged! The turbed for years.
plants are a lovely sight in the English country- Hyacinthoides hispanica. Spanish bluebell.
side in April and May. The true bulb is composed Iberian Peninsula. Stems 8–20 in. (20–50 cm).
of tubular scales and has the unusual character- Leaves fleshy, strap-shaped, produced with flowers,

Hyacinthoides hispanica (Jack Hobbs)

 HYACINTHOIDES
115

Hyacinthoides non-scripta mass planting under trees

Hyacinthoides non-scripta as accent plants

 HYACINTHUS
116
to 2 ft. (60 cm), about 1 in. (2.5 cm) wide. Flowers Hyacinthus orientalis
to 15 or more per stem, bell-shaped, nearly 3⁄4 in. (2 Common hyacinth
cm) long; anthers blue; spring. ‘Alba’, white. Eastern Mediterranean. Stems to 12 in. (30 cm).
‘Arnold Prinsen’, robust, pink. ‘Blue Bird’, early, Leaves four to six, almost 1 in. (2.5 cm) wide,
dark blue. ‘Blue Queen’, later, lighter blue. ‘Ex- bright green, with distinct hooks at the tips.
celsior’, violet-blue with marine-blue edge. ‘Rose Flowers to 15 widely scattered on the stem, may
Queen’, clear pink. ‘Sky Blue’, later, dark blue. be white, yellow, mauve, or blue-lavender; ex-
‘White Triumphator’, robust, white. tremely fragrant, almost 1 in. (2.5 cm) long;
Hyacinthoides italica. Italian bluebell. France, tepals open wide to an almost starry flower.
Italy, Spain, Portugal. Stems 4–12 in. (10–30 cm). Blooms early to mid spring.
Leaves usually four to eight, 6–8 in. (15–20 cm) Well-drained, sandy soil, in full sun. Zones 5–9.
long, 1⁄ 4–1⁄ 2 in. (6–12 mm) wide. Flowers to 20 Plant in fall, 3–5 in. (7.5–12.5 cm) deep in mild
per stem, lightly fragrant, to 1⁄ 2 in. (12 mm) areas, 8 in. (20 cm) deep in warmest areas, 6–9
across, pale to deep blue, spring. Lower flowers in. (15–22.5 cm) apart.
have longer pedicels than the upper, producing a Use where the fragrance can be enjoyed, per-
cone-shaped raceme. haps by a door or window. Hybrids are much used
Hyacinthoides non-scripta. English bluebell. in the florist trade because they are easy to force
Europe. Stems to 18 in. (45 cm), bending over at and grow and have a good “shelf life” while in
the tip. Flowers fragrant, usually carried on one flower. Home gardeners can force them for the
side of the stem, midblue, spring. White and pink holiday season. Small bulbs ok for outdoor plant-
forms exist. ing, but larger bulbs best for forcing indoors.

Hyacinthus orientalis ‘Gipsy Queen’

 HYACINTHUS
117

Hyacinthus orientalis ‘L’Innocence’ (International Flower Bulb Center)

Hyacinthus orientalis ‘Pink Pearl’

 IPHEION
118
‘Carnegie’, pure white, very fragrant. Blooms winter to spring.
‘City of Haarlem’, yellow. Well-drained soil, with dappled shade during
‘Gipsy Queen’, salmon-orange. the hottest part of the day, moisture needed in
‘Jan Bos’, red. spring and early summer. Give a general fertil-
‘L’Innocence’, pure white. izer in spring as soon as the leaves show. Zones
Multiflora hyacinths, several few-flowered 6–10.
stems from one bulb. Plant in fall, 2 in. (5 cm) deep, 3–5 in.
‘Pink Pearl’, bright pink. (7.5–12.5 cm) apart.
Roman hyacinths, sometimes called “var. Use on the sunny side of a wooded area. It is
albulus,” smaller-flowered than the type. invasive in mild-climate gardens and is good for
filling in among shrubs that are not too dense.
Ipheion uniflorum Once established, the clumps can smother
Spring starflower weeds. Flowers are not showy enough to war-
Argentina. True bulbs white. Stems to 6 in. (15 rant their use as container plants.
cm). Leaves linear, flat, pale green. Flowers light to ‘Froyle Mill’, violet.
deep violet, rarely white, sweetly fragrant, one per ‘Violaceum’, almost white flowers with deep
stem, borne on a 1-in. (2.5-cm) pedicel enclosed blue midrib.
by a papery bract; perianth tube short; lobes open ‘Wisley Blue’, large pale blue.
flat; stamens within the tube. Very easy to grow.

Ipheion uniflorum ‘Wisley Blue’ (Jack Hobbs)

 IRIS
119
IRIS on the central upper part of the falls. Most species
Flag, sword lily have a contrastingly colored blotch near the base
A genus of more than 300 species throughout the of the falls; it is called the “signal patch” and is be-
Northern Hemisphere. Irises are divided into two lieved to guide pollinating insects to the hidden
main groups based on their roots. In the bulbous anthers. The leaves are sword-shaped and stiff.
group are Juno, Reticulata, and Dutch irises. In the Blooms spring to summer.
rhizomatous group are Bearded, Beardless, and Soil, light, and moisture requirements variable.
Evansia (or Crested) irises. The perianth tube Most irises prefer full sun. Do not cut the leaves
branches into inner (“standards”) and outer short after flowering; rather, allow them to com-
(“falls”) series of three segments each. These seg- plete their natural growth cycle before tidying up
ments surround the style column, which also the plants.
branches into three. Each branch bears on its un- Plant in mid summer, with roots firmed in soil
derside the stigmatic lip, usually near the tip; above but top of rhizome exposed to the sun, 8–12 in.
the lip, it splits into two stigmatic crests. These style (20–30 cm) apart. Plant bulbous types in fall, 3
branches are usually arched and concave, as if pro- in. (7.5 cm) deep, 4 in. (10 cm) apart.
tecting the anthers that lie beneath them. In some Use bulbous irises for cut flowers. They grow
species, a “beard” or tuft of many fine hairs occurs well in containers.

Iris bucharica
 IRIS
120
Iris ‘Bronze Beauty’ (Dutch). Stems 18–24 in. for the rock garden or raised bed. Plant with the
(45–60 cm); leaves dark blue-green; flowers two neck of the bulb just at the soil surface. Take
or three per stem, standards light heliotrope-vio- great care not to break or detach the fingerlike
let, falls dark violet, both flushed cinnamon roots; though the plant can grow on without
brown near margins, fragrant, late spring, vigor- them, it will not be as strong for several years.
ous. Zones 5–9.
Iris bucharica (Juno). Central Asia. Stems to Iris cycloglossa (Juno). Afghanistan. Stems to
18 in. (45 cm). Leaves shiny green, 8–12 in. 12 in. (30 cm) in the wild, to 3 ft. (90 cm) in cul-
(20–30 cm) long, to 2 in. (5 cm) wide. Flowers to tivation. Leaves usually six, narrow, to 12 in. (30
seven per stem, slightly fragrant; falls golden yel- cm) long. Flowers to eight per stem, with narrow
low or creamy white, with large golden blotch at falls, 6 in. (15 cm) across, clove-scented, lilac; late
the tip, to 1 in. (2.5 cm) wide; standards white or spring to early summer. Requires some moisture
light yellow; early spring. A robust plant, good in summer.

Iris danfordiae (International Flower Bulb Center)

 IRIS
121
Iris danfordiae (Reticulata). Turkey. Stems to 4 Iris germanica (Bearded). Common iris.
in. (10 cm). Leaves short at flowering time, later Mediterranean region, wild origin uncertain.
to 12 in. (30 cm), solitary, compact, rounded, Stems 2–3 ft. (60–90 cm), branching. Leaves
bright yellow, slightly fragrant; standards much sword-shaped, 18 in. (45 cm) or more, 1–11⁄ 2 in.
reduced; haft (the narrow, basal part) of falls dot- (2.5–4 cm) wide. Flowers one on each of two
ted with bright yellowish green or orange; late branches, fragrant; falls bright purple, reflexed
winter. See I. reticulata for cultivation. at midpoint, yellow beard; standards erect, often
Iris ensata (Beardless) (syn. I. kaempferia). slightly paler than falls. Var. florentina has white
Japanese iris. Japan, China, Korea, Russia. Stems flowers with traces of blue and is said to be the
2–3 ft. (60–90 cm), often branched. Leaves to 2 fleur-de-lis of French heraldry; it is also known
ft. (60 cm), stiff, erect. Flowers usually two per commonly as the Florentine iris.
branch; mainly in early summer. Wild forms have Iris histrioides (Reticulata). Turkey. Stems to
falls 3 in. (7.5 cm) long, standards a little shorter, 10 in. (25 cm). Leaves very short at flowering.
and are usually deep red-purple. Hundreds of se- Flowers blue, to 3 in. (7.5 cm) across. See I. retic-
lections, many with wide, ruffled falls; color ulata for cultivation. ‘Angel’s Eye’, pure blue.
range includes white, all shades of red-purple ‘Major’, deep blue falls with white spots. Var.
and blue-lavender, bicolors, strongly veined and sophenensis, narrow segments, deep violet-blue
spotted falls. Very showy flowers—some selec- with yellow ridge on falls.
tions to 10 in. (25 cm) across. Use near or in shal- Iris japonica (Evansia). Orchid iris. Japan,
low water. Zones 5–8. China. Stems to 2 ft. (60 cm), with erect

Iris ensata (Jack Hobbs)

 IRIS
122

Iris ensata ‘The Geisha’ (Jack Hobbs)

Iris germanica
 IRIS
123
branches. Leaves held in fanlike tuft, sword-
shaped, dark green. Flowers lavender-violet,
about 1 in. (2.5 cm) across; falls cut irregularly,
spotted yellow and white in center; petal-like
crests fringed. Well-drained, humus-rich soil,
moisture in summer. Zones 8–10. Use for long-
blooming flowers in subtropical climates.
Iris latifolia ‘King of the Blues’. Flowers dark
blue, early summer.
Iris nusairiensis (Juno). Syria. Stems to 4 in.
(10 cm). Flowers white or blue with purple veins
around yellow crest.
Iris pallida (Bearded). Dalmatian iris. Europe.
Stems 2–3 ft. (60–90 cm). Spathes papery. Flow-
ers pale lilac blue to violet, very fragrant, late
spring. Zones 5–9. ‘Aurea Variegata’, yellow-
striped leaves.
Iris pseudacorus (Beardless). Fleur-de-lis, yel-
low flag. Europe to western Asia. Stems 24–70
in. (60–175 cm). Flowers bright yellow with
brown or violet markings on falls, and darker
Iris pseudacorus

Iris ensata ‘Variegata’ (foreground) and I. pallida

Iris japonica ‘Aurea Variegata’ (background)
 IRIS
124

Iris pseudacorus ‘Variegata’ (Jack Hobbs)

yellow zone, late spring to mid summer. Use in lavender, very sweetly scented; crest orange.
shallow water. ‘Alba’, white. ‘Bastardii’, pale Slightly alkaline soil. Zones 7–10. Subsp. carica f.
yellow without darker blotch. ‘Golden Fleece’, angustifolia, small lilac-blue flowers, center of
golden yellow. ‘Variegata’, leaves longitudinally falls and base of standards white. Subsp. creten-
striped. sis, small flowers, standards purple-blue, falls
Iris reticulata (Reticulata). Caucasus, Turkey, white veined violet and striped orange in center,
Iraq, Iran. Stems 6–8 in. (15–20 cm). Leaves two mid spring. ‘Walter Butt’, pale lavender, large,
to four, square in cross section with four ribs, as mid winter.
high as flowers at flowering time but up to 12 in. Iris versicolor (Beardless). Blue flag. Canada,
(30 cm) later. Flowers solitary, deep blue mauve; United States. Stems 18–24 in. (45–60 cm). Flow-
falls with raised orange ridge bordered in white; ers lavender, violet, blue-violet, red-purple, rarely
standards erect. Plant bulbs 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) white; falls have central yellowish blotch sur-
deep, 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) apart, in very well- rounded by white zone veined with purple; stan-
drained, gritty soil in a site where they can dry dards slightly smaller than falls; late spring. Use in
out in summer. Use in rock gardens and contain- shallow water or in very moist soil. Zones 4–9.
ers. Zones 3–9. Var. arkeonensis, blue with violet spots. Var.
Iris ‘Stitch in Time’ (Bearded). Stems 18–24 kermesina (syn. ‘Kermesina’), reddish purple.
in. (45–60 cm). Var. rosea, pink.
Iris unguicularis (Beardless). Algerian iris. Iris ‘White Excelsior’ (Dutch). Stems 18–20
Mediterranean region. Stems to 10 in. (25 cm). in. (45–50 cm); flowers white with a yellow spot,
Leaves narrow, evergreen. Flowers pale to rich late spring.
IRIS
125

Iris reticulata
(International Flower
Bulb Center)

Iris ‘White
Excelsior’
(International
Flower Bulb
Center)
 IXIA
126
IXIA ture a third zone of color between this dark cen-
Wand flower, corn lily ter and the main color of the lobes are called
A genus of about 50 species from South Africa, “tricolored.”
with small corms and fibrous tunics. The flower Blooms spring to early summer, depending on
stalks may be branched or not. The leaves are the species.
narrow, sword-shaped, and tough, held erect or Well-drained soil, in sun, but afternoon shade
nearly so; generally there are only three to five preserves the delicate flower colors where tem-
leaves per corm, and a few small leaves on the peratures are above 90ºF (32ºC), moisture in fall
flowering stem. The stems range from a few and winter. Zones 9–10.
inches to over 20 in. (50 cm) in height. Most Plant in fall, 1–2 in. (2.5–5 cm) deep, 3–4 in.
species produce many flowers per stem, often (7.5–10 cm) apart.
more than 20. The flowers are showy. All have a Use in groups of at least 15 to 20 for a blaze of
fairly long, slender perianth tube. The lobes flare color in late spring and early summer, continuing
to produce a saucer-shaped, bowl-shaped, or after the late tulips. They multiply easily, and once
flat flower. There are six perianth segments, or a bed is established, the gardener will not need to
tepals, and three stamens. The stamens arise purchase more corms. I have seen beds of these
from the perianth tube and are shorter than the plants accidentally rototilled, and the following
segments but prominent. The tube is usually year the number of flowers was startling. Any-
darker than the lobes, so that a dark zone ap- one who likes bright, cheerful colors should try
pears in the center of the flower. Plants that fea- ixias. A must for gardens in a Mediterranean cli-

Ixia cultivars (Jack Hobbs)

 KNIPHOFIA
127
mate. As container plants, they provide excellent
color, in flower for a month or more, but must
be given the brightest light possible.
Ixia ‘Blue Bird’, white with deep blue center
and reverse.
Ixia campanulata. Stems 6–12 in. (15–30
cm). Flowers dark purple lilac to dark crimson,
spring.
Ixia ‘Giant’, white with purple center and tips.
Ixia ‘Hogarth’, large creamy yellow with pur-
ple center.
Ixia longituba. Stems 14–28 in. (35–45 cm).
Flowers pink to white, spring.
Ixia ‘Marquette’, bright yellow with purplish-
red center and tips.
Ixia ‘Rose Emperor’, rose pink with deeper
center.

Ixiolirion tataricum
Blue lily
Stems to 18 in. (45 cm), usually less. Leaves basal,
generally three to eight. Flowers in an umbel, vi-
olet-blue, with three darker veins in each tepal.
Tepals to 2 in. (5 cm) long, spreading, sometimes
curled back.
Blooms late spring to early summer.
Well-drained soil, in full sun, with moisture
from late fall through early spring. Requires a hot,
dry summer dormancy to flourish. Needs little or
no feeding in the garden. Zones 5–9.
Plant in late summer or early fall, 6 in. (15 cm)
deep, 6–10 in. (15–25 cm) apart. The leaves
emerge in winter and can be damaged by frost.
Use in the front of a sunny border or in pro-
Ixiolirion tataricum
tected pockets in the rock garden, though the
plants are rather tall and slender for the latter
use. A good cut flower. lowest flowers on the stem opening first. Flower
color brilliant scarlet or greenish tinged red in
Kniphofia uvaria bud, opening orange or greenish yellow.
Red-hot poker Blooms late spring into summer or fall.
South Africa. Rootstock is a mass of short, thick Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in full sun, moist
rhizomes with the junction of stem and root at while leaves are green. No feeding is necessary,
soil level or just below it. Stems to 3 ft. (90 cm). but a spring application of balanced fertilizer is
Leaves V-shaped in cross section, tough, often appreciated. In cold areas, protect plants with a
slightly toothed near tips, to 30 in. (75 cm) long. loose mulch in winter, removing it in spring.
Inflorescence resembles a fireplace poker, the Zones 5–10.
 LACHENALIA
128

Kniphofia uvaria (Jack Hobbs)

Plant in spring or fall, 2–3 ft. (60–90 cm) apart. Use for long-lasting flowers in shallow con-
Use in the perennial border or in arrange- tainers; plant bulbs close together. The flowers
ments, but they last much longer in the garden. often last six to eight weeks, each bulb producing
up to four spikes. Can be used outdoors in frost-
Lachenalia aloides free areas. Best when planted toward the front of
South Africa. Bulbs rarely more than 1 in. (2.5 a border. Excellent for the cool greenhouse.
cm) across; fleshy, white, and tunicated, produc- Var. aurea, bright golden-orange.
ing many fibrous roots. Stems to 10 in. (25 cm). ‘Nelsonii’, unspotted leaves, flowers not as
Leaves two, broadly lance-shaped, dark green bright orange as var. aurea, tinged green.
with purple spots. Flowers pendent, 10–20 per ‘Pearsonii’, bright orange edged with claret
spike, inner segments green tipped with bur- red.
gundy, outer segments deep rose or crimson Var. quadricolor, red base, then a zone of
tipped with yellow. Flowers have three zones of greenish yellow, outer segments tipped green,
color, which accounts for the plant often being inner reddish purple.
incorrectly listed in catalogs as L. tricolor. Fruit a
three-celled capsule with many shiny black seeds. LAPEIROUSIA
Blooms early spring. Small red iris
Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in some sun but A genus of about 40 species from South Africa to
sheltered from the hottest rays (full sun is better the Arabian peninsula. The corms are woody and
in cool coastal climates), plenty of moisture when have a flat base. The leaves are Iris-like but often
growing, less when the leaves start to turn yel- form a cup circling the flowering stem at the base
low, none when leaves are withered. Zones 9–10. and clothing it. The perianth tube is straight, about
Plant 2 in. (5 cm) deep, 1–2 in. (2.5–5 cm) 2 in. (5 cm) long, with lobes opening into dainty,
apart. flat-faced flowers, usually five or six per stem. The
 LACHENALIA
129

Lachenalia aloides (Jack Hobbs)

Lachenalia aloides var. aurea (Jack Hobbs)

 LEUCOCORYNE
130
flowers often seem to arise from the axils of the Lapeirousia silenoides. Stems 4–6 in. (10–15
leaves because the flower stalk is so short, though cm) or less, often branched from base. Solitary
it often branches; it is seldom over 6 in. (15 cm) tall. basal leaf to 5 in. (12.5 cm) long; pale green
Blooms in spring or summer, depending on the bracts on stem broader and much shorter. Flow-
species. ers upright, to seven per stem, with slender,
Sandy, well-drained soil, in sun, moisture as cream perianth tubes to 2 in. (5 cm) long; lobes
needed when growing but on the dry side, with- magenta to cherry red with cream and dark red
hold water when the leaves begin to turn brown. markings on base, often a darker blotch on three
Zone 9. lower segments; spring.
Plant spring-flowering species in late summer
or early fall, summer-flowering species in spring, Leucocoryne ixioides
3–4 in. (7.5–10 cm) deep, 4–6 in. (10–15 cm) Chile. Bulbs small, egg-shaped, to 2 in. (5 cm)
apart. across, covered by a brown tunic. Stems 10–20
Use in the rock garden or the front of a sunny in. (25–50 cm). Leaves narrow, grasslike, to 12
border with excellent drainage. They look good in. (30 cm). Flowers large, loosely held on long
with a background of rocks and appreciate the pedicels in an umbel, seldom more than 12 per
reflected heat. stem; distinguished by three short, fertile sta-
Lapeirousia corymbosa. Stems branched, to mens and three long, sterile stamens; tepals
6 in. (15 cm). Leaves usually four, lowest one fused into a narrow tube; lobes separate above
curving strongly away from stem. Flowers blue the mouth of the tube and flare widely. Flowers
or yellow, with a white star outlined in blue in white to pale blue-purple, very fragrant, sterile
center; perianth tube barely over 1 in. (2.5 cm) stamens white.
long; late spring to summer. Blooms late spring to early summer.

Lapeirousia silenoides (Robert Ornduff)

 LEUCOJUM
131

Leucocoryne ixioides (International Flower Bulb Center)

Well-drained soil, in full sun, barely moist until lated to Galanthus and similar in appearance; the
leaves appear, then increase water. Give weak easiest way to distinguish between the two is to
feedings of organic fertilizer in early spring if the remember that Leucojum (which begins with an
soil is poor. Zones 9–10. “L”) has perianth segments of equal length, so
Plant in fall, 3–4 in. (7.5–10 cm) deep. the petals are “level.” In Galanthus, the inner and
Use for long-lasting cut flowers. At 25ºF (–4ºC) outer perianth segments are unequal. The flow-
they benefit from the protection of a mulch or a ers, up to five per stem, are pendent on slender
south-facing wall. They do well in bulb frames. pedicels; they are bell-shaped, and the tips of the
tepals are often green or yellow-green. The
LEUCOJUM leaves are basal, from narrow to 1⁄ 2 in. (12 mm)
Loddon lily, snowflake wide.
A genus of about nine species from central Eu- Blooms mid to late spring or early to mid au-
rope and the Mediterranean region. Closely re- tumn, depending on the species.
 LEUCOJUM
132

Leucojum aestivum

Leucojum aestivum ‘Gravetye Giant’

 LILIUM
133
green. Flowers slightly fragrant, white with green
markings on tips of tepals, usually solitary, sel-
dom more than two per stem; late winter or early
spring. Naturalizes easily and should be left
undisturbed. Var. carpathicum, yellow or yel-
low-green tips. Var. vagneri, more robust, often
with two flowers per stem.

LILIUM
Lily
A genus of 100 or more species distributed
throughout the temperate regions of the North-
ern Hemisphere. Deservedly called the aristocrats
of the plant world. Hybrids are divided into vari-
ous groups based on flower form. For example,
trumpet lilies have long tubes, turk’s caps have
free tepals that strongly curve back. The true
bulbs have fleshy scales which overlap loosely or
tightly. The flowering stems are erect, and the
leaves are arranged on the stem either scattered
or in one or more whorls. The flowers of most
lilies are large, and many are fragrant. They are
borne in a raceme (in a few species, in an umbel)
Leucojum aestivum, detail (Jack Hobbs) on pedicels, usually long, and can be either up-
right-facing, outward-facing, or pendent. The six
Average garden soil, in full sun except in the tepals (perianth segments) may be free or joined
hottest climates, plenty of moisture in fall and to form a tube or trumpet. Each tepal has a nec-
spring. Zone 7. tary gland at the base. The six stamens generally
Plant in fall, 1–2 in. (2.5–5 cm) deep. have slender filaments tapering from the base,
Use in a woodland setting with filtered sun- and the style is usually quite long, often protrud-
light or at the front of the border. Leucojum ver- ing from the mouth of trumpet-shaped flowers.
num naturalizes well in grass, if adequately The ovary is three-celled and contains many flat,
moist. winged seeds.
Leucojum aestivum. Summer snowflake. Eu- Very well-drained, humus-rich soil, worked to
rope, western Asia to Iran. Bulb large, egg- at least 12 in. (30 cm) deep. Lilies like their feet in
shaped, with a brown tunic. Stems to 20 in. (50 the shade and their heads in the sun. Give mois-
cm). Leaves linear, 3⁄4 in. (2 cm) wide, with blunt ture when growing. Feed with a 10–10–10 fertil-
keel. Flowers 1 in. (2.5 cm) across or a little larger, izer as soon as plants appear above ground in
bell-shaped, white with green marking at tip of spring; repeat in six to eight weeks. Stake plants
each tepal; usually five or six per stem, seldom as needed.
more than eight, spring. ‘Gravetye Giant’, ro- Plant in fall or spring, at a depth that corre-
bust, free-flowering. sponds to twice the height of the bulb, 10–24 in.
Leucojum vernum. Spring snowflake. Cen- (25–60 cm) apart depending on the species.
tral Europe. Bulb elongated, fleshy, with thin, Use in gardens, in containers, and as cut flow-
brown tunic. Stems 6–12 in. (15–30 cm). Leaves ers. In the garden, lilies can be placed among
to 10 in. (25 cm) long, 3⁄4 in. (2 cm) wide, shiny, shrubs to prolong the interest of a border. They
 LILIUM
134

Lilium auratum var. platyphyllum (Eddie McRae)

complement the perennial border, and some are

well adapted to the margin of the woodland.
Lilium auratum. Gold band lily. Japan. The
band of gold may be very narrow or very wide;
sometimes the band is red, and these forms are
commonly mistaken for hybrids. Stems usually 3–7
ft. (90–210 cm), over 10 ft. (3 m) under ideal con-
ditions, with up to 25 flowers. Leaves broad, often
more than 2 in. (5 cm) wide, and to 8 in. (20 cm)
long. Flowers 8–10 in. (20–25 cm) across, down-
ward- and outward-facing on strong pedicels,
bowl-shaped; tips of the tepals recurve; tepals
spotted crimson or brown. At the base of the
tepals are contrastingly colored stubby attach-
ments protruding from the surface; in the center is
a channel, often darker, which leads to the nec-
taries. Lilium auratum is perhaps the loveliest lily
of the genus, with great form and texture, won-
derful fragrance, vigorous and easy. It passes many
of its fine traits on to its progeny and is a parent of
many hybrids. Zone 6. Var. platyphyllum is taller
and more vigorous. Red Band Group has a well-
defined bright crimson median band. Lilium auratum Red Band Group
 LILIUM
135

Lilium canadense
 LILIUM
136
Lilium canadense. Meadow lily. Canada, early summer. Unlike other lilies, bulbs should be
United States. Bulb oval, producing 1–2 in. planted shallowly, only 1⁄ 2–1 in. (12–25 mm)
(2.5–5 cm) long stolons with new bulbs at ends. deep, in late summer. Foliage should not remain
Stems to 6 ft. (1.8 m). Leaves to 6 in. (15 cm) wet in spring. Zone 6. ‘Aureo-marginatum’,
long and 2 in. (5 cm) wide, arranged in whorls; leaves with prominent yellow margin. ‘Plenum’,
upper part of stem often has a few scattered double-flowered, tall. ‘Purpureum’, flowers and
leaves. Flowers to 20 per stem, bell-shaped, bulbs streaked purplish red. ‘Variegatum’,
pendent, 3–4 in. (7.5–10 cm) across; tepals re- leaves with yellowish-white blotches.
flexed midway, lemon yellow with dark purple Lilium chalcedonicum. Red martagon, scarlet
spots; pedicels horizontal. Prefers light shade; turk’s cap lily. Bulb yellowish, fairly large, egg-
found in the wild on woodland fringes. Zone 5. shaped, about 3 in. (7.5 cm) across and length.
Lilium candidum. Madonna lily. Eastern Stems to 4 ft. (1.2 m). Leaves scattered, numer-
Mediterranean region. Bulb white or yellowish, ous; lower leaves horizontal, upper leaves held
growing near surface. Basal leaves emerge in close to stem. Flowers to 10 per stem, turk’s-cap
summer and persist through winter, mature 9–10 form, brilliant red, sometimes spotted, glistening
in. (22.5–25 cm) long and to 2 in. (5 cm) wide; as if lacquered; early summer. Prefers warm,
also a few scattered leaves on the flower stalk. somewhat alkaline soil and should be left undis-
Stems 2–5 ft. (60–150 cm). Flowers to 20 per turbed. Zone 5. Var. maculatum, scarlet flow-
stem, held close to stem on sturdy pedicels, pure ers spotted black.
white, to 5 in. (12.5 cm) across, sweetly fragrant; Lilium formosanum. Taiwan. Bulb nearly
tepals flare about midway and overlap at base; globe-shaped, 11⁄ 2 in. (4 cm) across. Leaves

Lilium candidum ‘Cascade Strain’ (Eddie McRae) Lilium formosanum (Jack Hobbs)
 LILIUM
137

Lilium formosanum (Jack Hobbs)

glossy, to 8 in. (20 cm) long, narrow, 1⁄ 2 in. (12 axils, often three per axil. Flowers bright orange,
mm) or less wide, densely clothing entire stem. sometimes with pinkish tinge, heavily spotted
Flowers trumpet-shaped, very fragrant, white, dark purple, to 4 in. (10 cm) in diameter, pen-
pendent. Populations at lower elevations are up dent; tepals strongly reflexed. Strong, horizontal
to 6 ft. (1.8 m) tall and produce up to eight flow- pedicels often carry secondary flowers. ‘Flore
ers per stem, pure white, to 10 in. (25 cm) long; Pleno’, double.
late summer. Zones 5–11. Plants from the highest Lilium longiflorum. Easter lily. Japan. Bulb
populations, known as var. pricei, are only 1–2 round, white or yellowish, 21⁄ 2 in. (6.5 cm) long;
ft. (30–60 cm) tall and have flowers to 5 in. (12.5 many commercial forms are larger. Stems to 3
cm) long, tepals with red reverse and rich red ft. (90 cm), shorter when forced. Leaves shiny
keel; mid summer. Intermediate forms occur be- green, to 7 in. (17.5 cm) long and almost 1 in.
tween these extremes. No form is long-lived. (2.5 cm) wide. Flowers up to nine per stem, very
Lilium japonicum. Bamboo lily. Japan. Stems fragrant, pure white, outward-facing, funnel-
24–30 in. (60–75 cm), rarely more; stem-rooting. shaped; tepals 5–7 in. (12.5–17.5 cm) long,
Leaves sparse, scattered. Flowers shell pink, fun- slightly curling back at tips; late summer. Plants
nel-shaped, up to five flowers per stem, 3–4 in. in flower for Easter are forced. Zones 5–11.
(7.5–10 cm) across; tepals to 6 in. (15 cm) long. ‘Albo-marginatum’, bluish-green leaves with
Requires a cool root-run and good drainage. white margins.
Zones 5–11. Lilium martagon. Martagon lily, turk’s-cap lily.
Lilium lancifolium (syn. L. tigrinum). Tiger lily, Eurasia. Bulb egg-shaped, scales yellow. Stems
devil lily. Stems to 60 in., blackish, coated with sturdy, to 6 ft. (1.8 m). Leaves arranged in whorls
light gray or white hairs like cobwebs; stem-root- but occasionally scattered, 6 in. (15 cm) long and
ing. Shiny dark purple bulbils produced in leaf 2 in. (5 cm) or more wide. Flowers to 50 per stem,
 LILIUM
138

Lilium lancifolium
LILIUM
139

Lilium regale

Lilium ‘Adelina’, Asiatic hybrid

(Eddie McRae)

Lilium ‘Beatrix’, Asiatic hybrid

(Jack Hobbs)
 LILIUM
140
pendent; tepals reflexed midway, pale to deep
dull pink, variably spotted brownish violet, 11⁄ 2
in. (4 cm) long, thick, with a distinct raised keel
on reverse; stamens prominent. Easy to grow in
good soil in light shade; useful in light woodland,
borders, and among shrubs. Zones 4–9.
Lilium philadelphicum. Wood lily. United
States. Bulbs produce short stolons, with new
bulbs produced alongside old ones. Stems 3–4
ft. (90–120 cm). Leaves held horizontally in
whorls, to 4 in. (10 cm) long, 1⁄ 2 in. (12 mm)
wide. Flowers in an umbel of two to five, cup-
shaped, orange to deep red with deep maroon
spots, upright-facing; tepals distinctively nar-
rowed at base; early to mid summer depending
on elevation and latitude. Zones 4–10. Var. and-
inum, pale yellow to deep purple-red flowers.
Lilium pumilum. Coral lily. North Korea,
Manchuria, Mongolia. Stems wiry, 24–30 in.
(60–75 cm). Leaves very narrow, clustered in mid-
dle of stem with a few leaves above and below.
Flowers pendent, brilliant red, sometimes
sparsely spotted black, just over 1 in. (2.5 cm)
Lilium ‘La Toya’, Asiatic hybrid (Jack Hobbs) across, flattened turk’s-cap form, to 20 per stem;

Lilium ‘Orange Pixie’, Asiatic hybrid (Jack Hobbs)

 LILIUM
141

Lilium ‘Quickstep’, Asiatic hybrid (Eddie McRae)

 LILIUM
142

Lilium ‘Star Gazer’,

Oriental hybrid
(Eddie McRae)

Lilium ‘Black Dragon’,

Trumpet hybrid

Lilium ‘Golden Splendor’,

Trumpet hybrid
 LILIUM
143

Lilium ‘American Eagle’, Oriental hybrid (Eddie McRae)

Lilium ‘Jamboree’, Oriental hybrid Lilium ‘Golden Temple’, Trumpet hybrid (Eddie McRae)
 LYCORIS
144

Lilium ‘Pink Perfection’, Trumpet hybrid (Eddie McRae)

early summer. Zones 5–9. ‘Golden Gleam’ and tertiary flowers. Flowers pendent, sweetly fra-
‘Yellow Bunting’ have yellow flowers. grant, to 6 in. (15 cm) across, rose to carmine
Lilium regale. Regal lily. China. Stems 4–6 ft. with white margins, with many deep pink spots
(1.2–1.8 m); stem-rooting, with many stem bul- and stubby attachments protruding from the sur-
blets. Leaves scattered, dark green, 5 in. (12.5 face, and apple-green nectary channels near
cm) long, 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) wide. Pedicels concen- base; tepals wavy at margins, strongly curled
trated near top of stem, decreasing in length to- back and twisted; stamens prominent, arching
ward top to produce a pyramidal inflorescence. gracefully and circling the slightly longer style;
Flowers fragrant, to 30 per stem, trumpet- late summer. Zones 6–9.
shaped, to 6 in. (15 cm) across; tepals to 6 in. (15 Lilium ×testaceum. Nankeen lily. Garden hy-
cm) long, flaring midway, white within, throat brid (L. candidum × L. chalcedonicum). Stems
strong yellow, reverse rose purple along midrib. 4–5 ft. (1.2–1.5 m). Flowers pale yellow with red
Perhaps the finest trumpet lily, still offered in cat- spots, early summer. Still widely grown. Zone 6.
alogs, holding its own against many striking cul-
tivars; excellent cut flower; deserves to be in LYCORIS
every garden worthy of the name. It grows well in Spider lily, hurricane lily
a wide range of soils, but drainage must be per- A genus of 8 to 17 species from China and Japan,
fect. Zones 5–9. resembling the related Nerine. Spider lily flowers
Lilium speciosum. Japanese lily. Japan, China, are funnel-shaped and can be irregular in shape.
Taiwan. Stems to 7 ft. (2.1 m) but usually less; The perianth segments are more or less curled
stem-rooting. Leaves scattered, 6–7 in. (15–17.5 back; stamens are very prominent when perianth
cm) long and often more than 2 in. (5 cm) wide. segments curl back. The leaves are straplike,
Strong pedicels may carry secondary and even emerge after the flower stalks. The bulbs are not
 MORAEA
145
unlike large narcissus bulbs, with a short neck
and membranous tunic.
Blooms late summer or early fall.
Well-drained, moisture-retentive soil, in full
sun, moisture when growing but dry in early
summer. Give a balanced fertilizer as the leaves
emerge. Give a second application with higher
phosphates and potash when leaves are full
grown. Zones 7–10.
Plant in fall or late winter, 1–2 in. (2.5–5 cm)
deep (so that after the soil settles, the neck will
be at the surface), 8–10 in. (20–25 cm) apart.
Use in borders. Especially popular in the U.S.
Southeast, where they are sometimes called hur-
ricane lilies because their flowering coincides
with the hurricane season. They add late-sum-
mer color to supplement spring- or summer-flow-
ering perennials. If they are grown in this way,
however, care must be taken to keep them dry
until they start into growth; this can be facilitated
by growing them in pots and plunging them in
position at the right time.
Lycoris ×albiflora. White spider lily. Japan.
Stems 18–24 in. (45–60 cm). Leaves straplike, 1⁄ 2
in. (12 mm) wide, with pale center line, 20–24
in. (50–60 cm) long. Flowers three to five per
stem, creamy white, 2 in. (5 cm) long; tube less
than half the length of tepals; tepals recurve; fall.
Lycoris incarnata. China, Japan. Stems 12–18
in. (30–45 cm). Leaves similar to those of L. aurea
but brighter green. Flowers 10–12 per stem on
short pedicels, white aging to light rose, to 3 in. Lycoris radiata (Harry B. Hay)
(7.5 cm) wide, fragrant; tube short; lobes not re-
flexed or wavy; late summer. Moraea tricolor
Lycoris radiata. Spider lily, red spider lily. South Africa. Root a fibrous-coated corm. Stems
China, Japan. Stems to 18 in. (45 cm). Leaves to 6 in. (15 cm). Leaves erect, usually three
narrow, strap-shaped, green with lighter median sheathing base of stem. Flowers yellow, pink,
stripe, 18–20 in. (45–60 cm) long. Flowers four to rarely red, or light purple; yellow nectar guides
six per stem, pink to deep red or scarlet, nodding, often edged with crimson. A delightful little
irregular; lobes much reflexed and wavy on mar- species.
gins; late summer. Blooms winter to early spring.
Lycoris squamigera. Magic lily, resurrection Tolerates a wide range of soils, in sun, moist
lily. China, Japan, Korea. Stems to 2 ft. (60 cm). when growing, dry otherwise. Apply a general
Leaves five or six, produced in spring, 12 in. (30 fertilizer after leaves emerge. Zone 9.
cm) long, 1 in. (2.5 cm) wide. Flowers large, Plant in fall, 2 in. (5 cm) deep, several inches
bluish pink, late summer. The hardiest species. apart.
 MUSCARI
146
fall, followed by the flowers in spring, and con-
tinue to grow after flowering, withering into dor-
mancy for only two or three months in summer.
The flowers are carried on a leafless stem in
crowded racemes. The small perianth is com-
posed of six fused lobes, which may be con-
stricted at the mouth. In many species, the flo-
rets at the top of the stem are different from
those below, perhaps as a device to attract polli-
nators; the difference may be one of color (dark
vs. light), of form, or of both.
Blooms spring.
Average garden soil, in sun or dappled shade,
dry in summer. The fall-growing foliage may be
damaged below about 15ºF (–9ºC).
Plant in fall, 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) deep, 4–5 in.
(10–12.5 cm) apart.
Use in masses to make an impact. They add
the blue that is often lacking in spring borders to
complement other spring-flowering bulbs. Plant
them among shrubs and trees where they can re-
main undisturbed; once established, no amount
of disturbance is likely to eradicate them. They
are also very effective massed in containers, even
hanging baskets. Some are excellent, fragrant cut
flowers. All are very easy to grow.
Muscari armeniacum. Balkans to Caucasus.
Stems 6–8 in. (15–20 cm). Leaves to 12 in. (30
cm) long, narrow, channeled, four to eight per
bulb. Flowers in long racemes, deep purple-blue
with white rim, fragrant, mid spring. Commonly
Moraea tricolor (Robert Ornduff) grown, rapid increaser; excellent cut flower.
Zones 6–9. ‘Blue Spike’, long-lasting, soft blue
Use in frost-free areas. Attractive in shallow double. ‘Early Giant’, large, deep purple-blue.
containers. A good cut flower. Although the bril- Muscari aucheri. Turkey. Stems 2–8 in. (5–20
liant flowers with their eyelike markings often last cm). Flowers indigo blue with white rim, late
only a day, they are numerous per stem and thus spring. Zones 6–9.
present an outstanding, ongoing display. Muscari azureum. Turkey, Caucasus. Stems
4–6 in. (10–15 cm). Leaves short at flowering,
MUSCARI later 10–12 in. (25–30 cm) long, gray-green.
Grape hyacinth Flowers bright blue with narrow, dark blue me-
A genus of 30 or more species from the Mediter- dian stripe, in compact raceme; early spring. Very
ranean and West Asia. The bulb is globe-shaped hardy; likes well-drained soil and tolerates full sun
and fleshy, sometimes with a thin tunic. The or light shade, thus ideal for planting in drifts in
leaves are narrow and linear, generally one to shrub borders. Zones 6–9. ‘Album’, white. ‘Am-
four per bulb, and basal. They often appear in phibolis’, light blue, slightly larger flowers.
 MUSCARI 147

Muscari armeniacum ‘Blue Spike’

Muscari armeniacum ‘Early Giant’

 MUSCARI
148

Muscari botryoides (foreground) with Pulsatilla (background) (Jack Hobbs)

Muscari latifolium
 NARCISSUS
149
Muscari botryoides. France, Italy. Stems 4–10 larger ones and three inner ones—are fused at
in. (10–25 cm). Leaves two to four, narrow, stiff. the base into a tube and then separate and spread
Flowers small, closely held, sky blue with white to form the corolla, the wide, flat part of the
rim, mid to late spring. Zones 6–9. ‘Album’, flower. At the mouth of the tube raised structures,
white, more common in gardens than the type. normally fused, extend from the upper surface of
Muscari comosum. Tassel hyacinth. Mediter- the tepals to form the corona, also called the
ranean region. Bulb pinkish. Stems 8–12 in. “trumpet” or “cup” depending on its propor-
(20–30 cm). Upper flowers purple, sterile, rib- tions. The corolla and corona may be the same
bonlike; lower flowers greenish brown, fertile; color, or contrasting colors. Sometimes the corona
mid to late spring. Zones 4–9. ‘Epirus Giant’, has zones of red or green, and these have been
24–30 in. (60–75 cm) tall, raceme 20 in. (50 cm). exploited by hybridizers in the quest for new color
‘Plumosum’ (feather hyacinth) has all sterile forms. The six stamens and the style with its three-
flowers, mauve. lobed stigma extend from the tube but usually not
Muscari latifolium. Turkey. Stems 6–12 in. beyond the rim of the corona.
(15–30 cm). Leaf solitary, lance-shaped, narrow Blooms in spring.
at base, erect, tends to overshadow the flowers. Well-drained soil, in full sun, moisture when
Fertile lower flowers violet, sterile upper flowers growing, dry in summer. Allow leaves to die down
bright blue; late spring. Zones 6–9. completely. Never remove green foliage. Braiding
Muscari macrocarpum. Greece, Turkey. or bundling the leaves is harmful. If you can’t
Stems to 10 in. (25 cm), often leaning. Flowers stand the way they look after flowering, gather
yellow with brownish rims, very fragrant, mid the leaves in your hand and smooth them neatly
spring. Zones 6–9. to one side; at this point they are lax enough to lie
Muscari neglectum. North Africa, Europe, where you put them, but they are still manufac-
Asia. Stems to 6 in. (15 cm). Leaves narrow, to turing food and supporting growth. Hardiness
12 in. (30 cm) long. Upper flowers midblue, ster- varies by species, Zones 5–10 for hybrids.
ile; lower flowers fertile, deep blue, almost black, Plant in fall, 5–6 in. (12.5–15 cm) deep, 4 in.
with white rim at mouth; early spring. Very easy (10 cm) apart.
to grow; spreads rapidly. Zones 4–9. Use almost anywhere. In the woodland they
can be naturalized; in the garden they can be
NARCISSUS planted with spring-flowering annuals; in shrub
Daffodil borders and other permanent plantings they add
A genus of 50 to 70 species from Europe, North spring color. They make excellent cut flowers. The
Africa, and the Near East; naturalized in many smaller species are ideal for the rock garden and
parts of Europe. Narcissus bulbs range from 1⁄4 sunny corners of annual and perennial borders.
in. (6 mm) to more than 4 in. (10 cm) across, The careful selection of early, mid season, and
some with a distinct neck, others with a reduced late-flowering types can produce a very long
neck. All have brown tunics. The stems are al- flowering period. In warm Mediterranean cli-
ways unbranched, more or less flattened, and mates, the most persistent flowering is obtained
leafless. The flowers, either solitary or borne in from the Tazetta and Hoop Petticoat Groups,
an umbel, are white or pale to deep yellow, which do not flourish where winter temperatures
sometimes bicolored. The position of the flowers often drop below about 25ºF (–4ºC). The trumpet
is usually slightly pendent but ranges from fully and large-cupped daffodils do best in regions
upright to quite drooping. with a decidedly chill winter and may dwindle
The distinctive form of the daffodil flower arises where they do not experience this; however, they
from its having two prominent structures. The six can still be grown in warm regions as bedding
perianth segments or tepals—three outer, slightly plants for one season and then discarded.
 NARCISSUS
150

Narcissus bulbocodium

Narcissus jonquilla
 NARCISSUS
151
Narcissus bulbocodium. Hoop petticoat daf-
fodil. Spain, Portugal, France, North Africa. Stems
4–10 in. (10–25 cm). Leaves dark green, to 20 in.
(50 cm) long but usually much less, very narrow,
two to four per bulb. Corolla much reduced; co-
rona very large, varying in shape: globular, nar-
rowly goblet-shaped, wide open and flaring, or
nearly trumpet-shaped. Flowers usually solitary
but up to eight per stem, pale to deep yellow,
often flushed green on reverse of corolla seg-
ments; early to mid spring. Zones 6–10. Subsp.
bulbocodium, leaves more or less erect, tube
and perianth tinged green, corona regularly ob-
conical, not narrowed at the rim; var. citrinus
has pale lemon-yellow flowers, stems to 6 in; var.
conspicuus has deep yellow flowers, stems 4–6
in. (10–15 cm).
Narcissus cyclamineus. Portugal, Spain.
Stems 4–8 in. (10–20 cm). Leaves bright green,
6–10 in. (15–25 cm) long, 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) wide.
Flowers rich, bright yellow, solitary on sharply
downcurved pedicels; corona to 3⁄4 in. (2 cm)
long, narrowly tubular, margin slightly expanded
and frilly. Corolla segments 3⁄4 in. (2 cm) long,
completely folded curve back to cover the pedi-
cel—as E. A. Bowles wrote in 1955, “like the laid
back ears of a kicking horse.” Early spring. Good
for the damp places in the garden. Zones 6–9.
Narcissus jonquilla. Jonquil. Spain, Portugal.
Bulbs small, dark brown. Stems to 12 in. (30 cm).
Leaves dark green, rushlike, to 12 in. (30 cm) or
more. Flowers rich golden yellow, in umbels of Narcissus jonquilla ‘Dickcissel’
up to six, to 2 in. (5 cm) in diameter. Corolla seg-
ments to 3⁄4 in. (2 cm) long; corona shallowly cup- izontal; corolla segments to 1 in. (2.5 cm) long,
shaped, seldom over 1/4 in. (6 mm) long, often sometimes twisted, pale to deep yellow; corona
over 1/2 in. (12 mm) in diameter. Flowering mid almost 1 in. (2.5 cm) long, deep yellow, slightly
spring. Long grown for its fragrance. ‘Dickcis- flared at mouth, with lobed or dentate rim; early
sel’, bright yellow flowers. ‘Flore Pleno’ (syn. spring. Zones 4–9. ‘Cedric Morris’, pale yellow.
‘Plenus’), a double form known as Queen Anne’s Narcissus ×odorus. Campernelle jonquil. Gar-
double jonquil. Var. henriquesii has one or two den hybrid (N. pseudonarcissus × N. jonquilla).
flowers on 2-in. (5-cm) pedicels held horizontally, Stems to 16 in. (40 cm). Leaves to 20 in. (50 cm)
segments spreading and not overlapping, mar- long, strongly V-shaped in cross section, bright
gins incurved. green. Flowers one to four, fragrant, bright yellow;
Narcissus minor. Pyrenees, Spain. Stems 6–7 corolla segments just over 1 in. (2.5 cm) long and
in. (15–17.5 cm). Leaves to 8 in. (20 cm) long, 1/4 1/2 in. (12 mm) wide; corona to 1 in. (2.5 cm) long,

in. (6 mm) wide. Flowers solitary, pendent or hor- wider than long, lobed on margin. Zones 6–9.
 NARCISSUS
152

Narcissus poeticus in the wild

Narcissus triandrus (Jack Hobbs) Narcissus ‘King Alfred’, Trumpet hybrid (Jack Hobbs)
 NARCISSUS
153

Narcissus ‘Accent’, Large cupped hybrid

Narcissus poeticus. Poet’s narcissus, pheas- cream, or clear yellow. Corolla segments 1/4–3/4
ant’s eye narcissus. France, Spain, Italy, Greece. in. (6–20 mm) long, strongly reflexed; corona
Stems 8–16 in. (20–40 cm). Leaves 8–16 in. cup-shaped, as wide as deep, 1/4–1/2 in. (6–12
(20–40 cm) long, to 1/4 in. (6 mm) wide, usually mm) long. Flowering mid spring. Zones 4–9
four per bulb, flat. Flowers fragrant, usually soli- ‘Albus’, common in cultivation, is a color vari-
tary. Perianth segments 3/4–11/2 in. (2–4 cm) long, ant that occurs in many wild populations.
white or pale cream; corona 1/2–1 in. (12–25 mm) Narcissus hybrids are divided into several
long, disc-shaped to cylindrical, yellow with red groups, several of which are illustrated here.
rim; late spring, about the latest daffodil in the Trumpet Group: one flower per stem, with a
garden. Zones 4–9. Subsp. poeticus, leaves to trumpet or corona as long or longer than the
1/2 in. (12 mm) wide, perianth segments about 1 perianth segments. Large-cupped Group: one
in. (2.5 cm) long, without a distinct claw at the flower per stem, the cup or corona more than a
tip; corona more or less discoid, to 3/4 in. (2 cm) third, but less than equal to, the length of the
across, anthers held at two different levels. Has perianth segments. Double Group: flowers
two varieties: var. physaloides, spathes inflated double. Triandrus Group: mostly short-
in bud stage, flowers pure white, corona small, stemmed, multiflowered, with reflexed corolla.
greenish yellow with crimson rim; var. recurvus, Cyclamineus Group: plants medium-sized,
corolla segments recurving, corona with green early-flowering with more or less strongly re-
center and red rim above yellow cup. flexed corolla. Tazetta Group: several small,
Narcissus triandrus. Angel’s tears. Spain, Por- fragrant flowers per stem. Papillon Group: co-
tugal, and NW France. Stems to 10 in. (25 cm), ronas split, corona segments usually in a single
usually less. Leaves narrow, dark green, 6–12 in. whorl of six and alternate to the perianth
(15–30 cm) long. Flowers pendent, white, segments.
 NARCISSUS
154

Narcissus ‘Erlicheer’, Double hybrid (Jack Hobbs)

NARCISSUS
155

Narcissus ‘Hawera’,
Triandrus hybrid

Narcissus ‘Garden Princess’,

Cyclamineus hybrid
(Jack Hobbs)

Narcissus ‘March
Sunshine’, Cyclamineus
hybrid (Jack Hobbs)
 NARCISSUS
156

Narcissus ‘Avalanche’, Tazetta hybrid (Jack Hobbs)

Narcissus ‘Tète á Tète’, Cyclamineus hybrid (Jack Hobbs)

 NARCISSUS
157

Narcissus ‘Soleil d’Or’, Tazetta hybrid (Jack Hobbs)

Narcissus ‘White Owl’, Tazetta hybrid (Jack Hobbs) Narcissus ‘Dolly Mollinger’, Papillon hybrid (Jack
Hobbs)
 NECTAROSCORDUM
158

Nectaroscordum siculum subsp. bulgaricum, buds Nectaroscordum siculum subsp. bulgaricum,

(International Flower Bulb Center) flowers (International Flower Bulb Center)

Nectaroscordum siculum NERINE

Sicilian honey garlic Spider lily
Eastern Mediterranean region. Bulb white, egg- A genus of about 25 species from southern Africa,
shaped, to 1 in. (2.5 cm) across. Stems to 30 in. closely related to Amaryllis and Lycoris. The bulb is
(75 cm). Leaves 3/4 in. (2 cm) wide, to 15 in. (37.5 tunicated. The inflorescence is an umbel of two or
cm) long, basal, V-shaped in cross section. Flow- more flowers with six narrow petals each, joined
ers bell-shaped, 1/2 in. (12 mm) long, to 30 per at the base. The flowers are borne on individual
umbel, green with purple and white margins, pedicels, carried erect or horizontally, seldom pen-
sometimes reddish. Plants have a typical onion dent, with one or two tepals curving more than the
smell when crushed. Easy to grow. others. The stamens, often curved, extend well be-
Blooms early to mid summer. yond the perianth. The leaves are threadlike, linear,
Any well-drained soil, in full sun, moderate or strap-shaped, appearing with or after flowering.
moisture when growing. Zones 5–9. Blooms in fall.
Plant bulbs 2 in. (5 cm) deep, 10 in. (25 cm) Well-drained, reasonably rich garden soil, in
apart. full sun, moisture when growing, none when
Use in groups in the sunny border, where their leaves start to yellow.
subtle colors are effective among gray foliage. They Plant in spring, with their necks at soil level in
can become invasive by self-sowing, so the flower- containers, but with 3 in. (7.5 cm) of soil over
heads should be removed before the seed ripens. them outdoors in mild climates, deeper where
Subsp. bulgaricum, the form usually seen in frost may occur, 10–12 in. (25–30 cm) apart.
gardens, flowers white or cream, flushed gray- Use anywhere unusual-looking flowers in
green at base, rose pink within. bright colors are wanted. Good among shrubs to
 NERINE
159
extend the flowering season into late summer
and fall. In the mixed border they are best
planted in bold groups. The smaller-growing
species are excellent container plants.
Nerine bowdenii. South Africa. Stems to 2 ft.
(60 cm). Leaves glossy, dark green, emerging be-
fore flowering and dying back in the winter.
Flowers 10–15 in a loose umbel, carmine pink
with darker median band; tepals 2–3 in. (5–7.5
cm) long, with wavy edges and tips curled back.
Can withstand a little frost. One of the most strik-
ing nerines, but its popularity in gardens may be
due as much to its hardiness as to its colorful
flowers. Flowers open very wide; this character-
istic and its hardiness have resulted in its being
much used in hybridizing. Zones 8–11. ‘Alba’,
white with a hint of pink. ‘E. B. Anderson’, true
pink. ‘Pink Triumph’, salmon pink. ‘Wellsii’,
solitary flower.
Nerine sarniensis. Guernsey lily. South
Africa. Stems stout, to 24 in. (60 cm). Leaves
three to five, strap-shaped, about 12 in. (30 cm)
Nerine bowdenii ‘E. B. Anderson’ (Harry B. Hay) long, produced after flowering and persisting

Nerine bowdenii
 ORNITHOGALUM
160

Nerine sarniensis ‘Fothergillii Major’ (Jack Hobbs)

through winter, withering in spring. Flowers to amid a rosette of leaves. The tepals are of similar
20 per umbel, upward-facing, white to rose and size and shape, free to the base and spreading
deep carmine; surface iridescent, highly reflec- widely to produce starry flowers. The filaments
tive; stamens and anthers prominent, golden are flat, almost petal-like in some species. The
yellow. Zones 8–10. ‘Bettina’, rose pink with leaves are basal and linear, often past their peak
darker vein. ‘Blush Beauty’, stems to 40 in. (100 when the flower spike matures.
cm), flowers pale pink. ‘Fothergillii Major’, Well-drained, sandy loam, adequate moisture
dazzling vermilion-scarlet, large umbels. ‘Guy when leaves are growing.
Fawkes’, light cerise. Plant 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) deep, 4–12 in. (10–30
cm) apart, depending on the spcies.
ORNITHOGALUM Use in bold groups in the garden. The hardy
Chincherinchee species can be naturalized in grass. Some species
A genus of about 120 species from the temperate are especially good for planting among shrub
regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Many species borders in mild climates. The dwarf species are
are hardy. The rootstock is a globe-shaped bulb good container plants and interesting in rock gar-
with a white or brown tunic. A few species have dens. Ornithogalum thyrsoides is grown in quan-
orange-red-yellow flowers, while most are white tity for cut flowers.
with a green median stripe on each tepal. The Ornithogalum arabicum. Mediterranean re-
flowers are borne in a corymb or raceme; in some gion. Stems 20–30 in. (50–75 cm). Leaves to 1
species, the inflorescence appears at ground level in. (2.5 cm) wide, 15 in. (37.5 cm) long. Flowers
 ORNITHOGALUM
161

Ornithogalum dubium Ornithogalum arabicum (International Flower Bulb

Center)

often over 2 in. (5 cm) in diameter, pure white Ornithogalum oligophyllum. Balkan Penin-
with distinctive black ovary; flowers lower on sula, Turkey. Stems to 6 in. (15 cm). Leaves few,
stem have longer pedicels, resulting in a flattened short, about 1/2 in. (12 mm) wide. Flowers to five
inflorescence. Zones 8–10. per stem, about 1 in. (2.5 cm) across, white with
Ornithogalum dubium. Yellow chincher- green reverse, early spring. Zones 6–9.
inchee. South Africa. Stems 8–12 in. (20–30 cm). Ornithogalum thyrsoides. Chincherinchee,
Leaves short, broad, in a basal rosette. Flowers to wonder flower. South Africa. Bulb relatively large,
25 per stem, golden yellow to deep orange, greenish. Stems to 2 ft. (60 cm) but often much
sometimes white, with near-black central zone; shorter. Flowers pure white sometimes with dark
lower pedicels longer than upper, resulting in a center; prominent yellow stamens; many cup-
flat raceme; early to mid spring. Requires a dry shaped flowers densely carried on short raceme, or
dormancy in late summer. Best grown frost-free. more widely spaced on taller stems. Plant in spring
Zones 8–10. to flower in late summer, lift, and overwinter dry. In
Ornithogalum nutans. Silver bells. Europe. mild climates, bulbs left in the ground multiply
Stems and leaves 12–18 in. (30–45 cm). Flowers quickly. Appreciates summer moisture but needs
3–12 per stem, white with green midrib on re- free-draining soil. The onomatopoetic common
verse; pedicels short; raceme often somewhat name (originally rendered “tinkerintees”) imitates
one-sided. Flowering late spring through early the sound produced when the stems are rubbed
summer. Prefers shade and will naturalize in together. Flower stalk, leaves, and flowers are toxic
woodland. Zones 7–10. to grazing animals. Zones 9–11.
 ORNITHOGALUM
162

Ornithogalum nutans
 ORNITHOGALUM
163

Ornithogalum thyrsoides (Jack Hobbs)

Ornithogalum thyrsoides, detail Ornithogalum umbellatum

 OXALIS
164

Oxalis adenophylla (International Flower Bulb Center)

Ornithogalum umbellatum. Star of Bethle- OXALIS

hem. Europe, Turkey, North Africa. Stems 6–8 in. Sorrel
(15–20 cm). Leaves six to nine, 6–12 in. (15–30 A genus of 500 to 800 species. A few of these
cm) long. Flowers 6–20 per stem, white, with are from the northern and southern temperate
green stripes on reverse, almost unnoticeable zones, but the majority are found in South Africa
flowers are wide open. Flowers open late in the and tropical and subtropical South America.
day and close at night; late spring. A good plant Most of the species are not bulbous, and many of
for the wild garden but can be quite invasive them are invasive plants that can become pests in
through self-sowing. Zones 5–10. the garden, seeding rapidly and difficult to erad-
 OXALIS
165

Oxalis lutea

icate. A number are charming, more or less well- Use in masses at the front of a low border or in
behaved species in commerce. Most species are a wall. Easy to grow, they are good plants for the
low-growing. The deciduous leaves resemble low-maintenance garden, but most go dormant
clover, with three or sometimes more leaflets. for part of the year and cannot be relied on for
They often droop and fold up at night or on very foliage effect year-round. Except for the high-
hot days. Flower colors include yellow, pink, or- alpine species, any oxalis introduced to the gar-
ange, red, white, and lavender. The flowers open den should be treated as a potential invader and
only in the sunshine. They have five overlapping tried initially in some confined space, such as a
sepals which are twisted spirally in bud. The open hanging basket, window box, or other container
flower is broadly funnel-shaped to flat, with a set over pavement. The seeds are dispersed ex-
cup in the center. There are 10 stamens in two plosively and can spread rapidly over a large area.
series of five each. Oxalis adenophylla. Chile, Argentina. Often
Well-drained soil, never clay, in full sun (except marketed as “pink buttercups,” though not re-
for woodland species), moisture at all times but lated to buttercups (Ranunculus). Tubers small,
can survive dry conditions in summer. Hardiness elongated, covered with a mass of fibers made
varies by species. Some species do not flourish up of bases of old leaves. Stems 2–4 in. (5–10
where temperatures drop below 25ºF (–4ºC); cm). Leaves in compact rosettes, glaucous, with
others are fairly cold-tolerant but should not be many leaflets. Flowers 1 in. (2.5 cm) across, one
wet in winter. per stalk, pale to deep lilac pink, paler near base,
Plant 1 in. (2.5 cm) deep, 3–4 in. (7.5–10 cm) dark purple center spots at base; late spring to
apart. early summer. Zones 5–9.
 OXALIS
166

Oxalis purpurea

Oxalis purpurea ‘Alba’ (Jack Hobbs)

 PANCRATIUM
167

Oxalis regnellii (W. George Schmid) Pancratium maritimum (Maurice Boussard)

Oxalis lutea. South Africa. Bulb with gummy Pancratium maritimum

tunic. Stems to 2 in. (5 cm) tall. Flowers deep yel- Sea lily, sea daffodil
low, late fall to early spring. Zones 8–10. Mediterranean coast. Bulb large, globe-shaped,
Oxalis purpurea. South Africa. Bulb blackish, with pale scales and very long neck, slightly poi-
globe- to egg-shaped. Stems 1–2 in. (2.5–5 cm). sonous. Stems to 2 ft. (60 cm). Leaves persistent
Flowers reddish purple with yellow tube; autumn but not truly evergreen, strap-shaped. Flowers
to late winter. Zones 8–10. borne in an umbel, shaped like a large trumpet
Oxalis regnellii. Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, daffodil, white with green median stripe on re-
and Argentina. Rhizome brownish, tuberculate. verse, fragrant; corona long and toothed. Fruit a
Stems to 10 in. (25 cm). Leaves green mottled smooth, round capsule.
with purple. Flowers pale pink to white. Blooms late summer.
Oxalis tetraphylla. Good luck leaf plant, lucky Very well drained, sandy soil, full sun in all but
clover, four-leaved clover. Mexico. Bulb roundish, the hottest, driest climates, where they tolerate
black or dark brown, scaly, to 11/2 in. (4 cm) some shade during the height of the day. Keep
across, edible. Stems 10–12 in. (25–30 cm). moist and do not allow to dry out while active
Leaves cloverlike with four red-spotted leaflets. growth is taking place. Water is not essential
Flowers in an umbel, lilac pink, rose, or reddish, after flowering. Zones 8–10.
with greenish-yellow throat; mid to late summer. Plant in spring, with 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) of soil
Zone 8. Var. alba, pure white. ‘Iron Cross’, over the top, about 12 in. (30 cm) apart. Give weak
cross-shaped brown markings on leaves. feedings of fertilizer as soon as the leaves emerge.
 POLIANTHES
168

Pancratium maritimum, seed (Arne Strid)

Use in milder climates, among shrubs in a then keep plants moist and feed with organic liq-
sunny border to extend the period of interest, uid fertilizer every two weeks. Zones 9–10.
and especially in spots where the fragrance can Plant in spring when the ground is warm and
be enjoyed. Best against a sunny wall, with a dry night temperatures are above 55ºF (13ºC). Where
period in late summer nights remain colder later than May, start plants
indoors in pots and transplant carefully to out-
Polianthes tuberosa door sites. Set rhizomes 3 in. (7.5 cm) deep and
Tuberose 8–10 in. (20–25 cm) apart. For cutflower pro-
Wild origin uncertain. Rootstock a short rhizome duction, set 4–6 in. (10–15 cm) apart in rows 2 ft.
comprised of thickened roots with bulblike bases. (60 cm) apart.
Stems to 3 ft. (90 cm). Leaves basal, narrow, to 2 Use for cut flowers or in a summer border. Place
ft. (60 cm) long, sheathing stem. Flowers borne them where the fragrance can be enjoyed. They
in pairs on terminal racemes, to 30 per stem, very can be planted in shrub borders in mild climates
fragrant, white, waxy, curved at base, opening and left undisturbed for many years. They can
to 2 in. (5 cm) across. Individual flowers last a also be grown in containers but may require sup-
long time before dropping; buds open in succes- port. An excellent plant for the cool greenhouse.
sion over a long period. ‘Mexican’, single flowers, worthy of garden
Blooms mid to late summer, every other year. space.
Good garden soil, in full sun, moist at planting ‘The Pearl’, sweetly scented double flowers,
time, but little water until the leaves emerge, popular with florists.
 POLIANTHES
169

Polianthes tuberosa (Jack Hobbs)

 PUSCHKINIA
170
Puschkinia scilloides Var. libanotica, the most common form in
Striped squill horticulture, has smaller, pale blue flowers with
Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon. blunt corona lobes; its cultivar ‘Alba’ has white
Leaves shiny, green, usually two, basal, 4–6 in. flowers with stripes.
(10–15 cm) long, present at flowering. Flowers
on short pedicels on a brownish, leafless stem, Ranunculus acontifolius
4–8 in. (10–20 cm) high at maturity but usually Europe. Roots tuberous, quite small, with
much shorter at flowering time. There are six to “claws” on the underside. Stems 12 in. (30 cm).
eight flowers per stem, pale to mid blue, with a Leaves lobed. Flowers white. The Tecolote® mix
darker blue stripe down the center of each seg- from California features mostly fully double flow-
ment. They are about 1 in. (2.5 cm) across or ers 3–6 in. (7.5–15 cm) wide, in a range of colors
slightly less; in the center is a corona formed by including bicolored picotee, gold, pastel mix,
the filaments. pink, red, rose, salmon, sunset orange, white,
Blooms in early spring. and yellow. The Hadeco mix from South Africa is
Rich, moisture-retentive soil, never water- also known for its large, double flowers in a vari-
logged. Zones 4–6. ety of colors.
Plant 2 in. (5 cm) deep in fall, 4–6 in. (10–15 Blooms spring.
cm) apart. Sandy soil, in full sun, moderate moisture
Use in masses for a good early spring display. when growing. Too much water causes yellowing
Plant in areas where it can be allowed to self-sow, of the foliage. Zones 6–9.
which it does quite readily. Suitable for rock gar- Plant in spring, when danger of heavy frost is
dens and wild gardens in full sun or partial shade. past, or in fall in warmer areas, 1 in. (2.5 cm)
Grows well among deciduous shrubs. A good deep, 8–10 in. (20–25 cm) apart.
container plant; looks best planted closely in a Use in rock gardens in warm regions. Florist ra-
shallow pan. nunculus are good cut flowers and can also be

Puschkinia scilloides (International

Flower Bulb Center)
RANUNCULUS
171

Ranunculus, Hadeco
hybrids, mixed

Ranunculus, Hadeco
hybrids, yellow

Ranunculus, Hadeco
hybrids, pink
 RHODOHYPOXIS
172

Ranunculus, Hadeco hybrids, orange

Rhodohypoxis baurii ‘Apple Blossom’

 ROMULEA
173
used in bedding schemes and to add color to Use in bold masses in the rock garden and
perennial borders. They are not long-lasting in sunny borders. Due to their short stems, these
flower, and in the garden should be replaced by showy flowers should be planted where their
other plants once they have passed their peak. beauty can be easily seen and appreciated. Rock
gardeners often grow them in troughs.
RHODOHYPOXIS Rhodohypoxis baurii. Red star. South Africa,
A genus of one to three species from South Lesotho. Rootstock cormlike, light-colored, cylin-
Africa. They are relatively winter-hardy, as long drical. Leaves 6–10, flat, pointed, very hairy,
as they are kept on the dry side. They flower from about 3 in. (7.5 cm) long. Flowers solitary on stiff,
spring through summer and sometimes into fall. hairy pedicels, to 11/2 in. (4 cm) across; color
The light brown to yellow rootstock is cormlike varies from white to deep pink and red; summer.
and about 1/2 in. (12 mm) across. The plants are Capsules develop just below the flat flowers. Sta-
very dwarf, seldom reaching more than 3 in. (7.5 mens hidden. ‘Apple Blossom’, flowers 1 in.
cm). The flat, narrow, hairy leaves are produced (2.5 cm) across, pale pink with darker center. Var.
in early spring and sheathe one another at the confecta, flowers white to red, often aging to
base. The white forms seem to produce fewer red. Var. platypetala, occurs in drier sites, flow-
leaves than the pink and red ones. ers white to pale pink, leaves broader.
Peaty, well-drained soil, in sun, ample moisture Rhodohypoxis rubella. South Africa, Lesotho.
in spring and summer but not waterlogged. Similar to R. baurii but scape hairless and leaves
Zones 8–9. narrower, more cylindrical, and less hairy. Flowers
Plant in fall, 1 in. (2.5 cm) deep, 3–5 in. pink.
(7.5–12.5 cm) apart.
ROMULEA
A genus of about 90 species closely related to
Crocus and distributed in western Europe,
Great Britain, and the Mediterranean; and in
South Africa at higher elevations. Romulea
species are seldom taller than 6 in. (15 cm). The
corm has a shiny brown tunic and a character-
istic small “foot,” like a reduced version of the
foot on a Colchicum corm. The leaves are few
(up to six, usually two) and, unlike those of Cro-
cus, do not have a white central stripe. The up-
ward-facing flowers, which last four or five
days, open only in bright sunlight and close in
late afternoon—another reason these spring-
flowering bulbs are best suited to mild regions
with warm, sunny spring days. They have six
tepals of similar size and shape. Colors include
white, pink, purple, red, blue, and yellow, often
with one or two zones of contrasting colors in
the center.
Blooms spring or early summer.
Well-drained, moderately humus-rich, sandy
soil, in full sun, moisture in winter and early
Rhodohypoxis baurii (Jack Hobbs) spring, dry in summer. Zones 8–10.
 SANDERSONIA
174
Plant in early fall, 2 in. (5 cm) deep, 3–4 in. Var. reflexa, magenta to pink-lilac, occasionally
(7.5–10 cm) apart. white, throat orange-yellow often with violet-
Use in masses in the rock garden and the front blue zone.
of the border, especially in mild areas. A good Romulea tabularis. South Africa. Plant
container plant. Keep somewhere warm and height to 3 in. (7.5 cm). Flowers bluish with yel-
sunny to prolong flowering. Because it closes low center surrounded with white, winter to
early in the afternoon, it does not make a good early spring.
house plant.
Romulea rosea. South Africa. Plant height Sandersonia aurantiaca
6–8 in. (15–20 cm). Leaves narrow, 10–12 in. Chinese lantern, Christmas bells
(25–30 cm) long. Flowers 11/2 in. (4 cm) across, South Africa. Rootstock a fleshy, small, fingerlike,
satiny pink to purple with maroon blotches above very brittle tuber. Stems thin, wiry, scrambling or
yellow central zone; winter to early spring. Rela- semi-erect, to about 2 ft. (60 cm). Leaves bright
tively hardy. Var. australis, pale lilac-pink. Var. green, to 3 in. (7.5 cm) long, lance-shaped, ta-
elegans, white with a yellow throat, outer seg- pering to a fine point which may extend into a
ments red, red-purple, or red-green on outside. tendril to help the plant scramble through shrubs.

Romulea rosea
(Robert Ornduff)

Romulea tabularis
(Robert Ornduff)
 SAUROMATUM
175
Flowers large, bright orange, bell-shaped, pen- little moisture in the soil. In a cold greenhouse,
dent on short, curving pedicels arising from the plants can perform well for many years. Zones
axils of the upper leaves; mid summer. Perianth 9–10.
segments six, fused; stamens hidden inside the Plant in late winter a few weeks before the last
flower. A spur which points toward the mouth is frost, about 3 in. (7.5 cm) deep, in soil improved
found on the exterior of the flower near the base to a depth of 18 in. (45 cm) plant. Handle fragile
of each segment; this is the pitted channel from tubers with care.
the nectary gland inside. Use as a container plant in colder climates;
Blooms mid summer. bring indoors and protect from frost. Grow out-
Well-drained, moisture-retentive, humus-rich doors in warmer climates, staked so the flowers
soil, in full sun in all but the hottest regions, can be seen to advantage
where it appreciates light afternoon shade. Give
ample moisture at planting time, with increas- Sauromatum venosum
ing moisture as the foliage develops. Leave Monarch of the East, voodoo lily
plants undisturbed for four or five years. In fall Himalaya, southern India. Tuber rounded, to 6 in.
the plants should be drier, but never without a (15 cm) across or more. Leaf stalk to 18 in. (45

Sandersonia aurantiaca (Chris Lovell)

 SCADOXUS
176
cm) long, thick at base, often brown-spotted.
Leaf solitary, round, deeply divided into 8- to 10-
in. (20- to 25-cm) segments, which are some-
times further divided. Flower stalk short; spathe
up to 2 ft. (60 cm) long; tubular lower part hides
the female flowers, then splits and unfolds with
the sharply pointed spathe curling back and
twisting, displaying mottled interior of spathe,
purplish and green with darker purple blotches.
Flowers stink like decaying flesh.
Blooms late spring or early summer.
Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in bright (not di-
rect) sunlight, ample moisture as the spathe
emerges, keeping moist until the leaf has died
down. Requires warmth year-round. Zones 9–10.
Plant tubers 3–4 in. (7.5–10 cm) deep.
Use in tropical gardens with high humidity and
heat, or in a warm greenhouse. Although not of
great beauty, this species is unusual because the
big tuber can produce the very large inflores-
cence without being planted in soil.
Var. pedatum, a green, unspotted leaf stalk
and shorter spathe, yellowish and purple.

Scadoxus multiflorus
Blood lily
South Africa. Bulbs large, fleshy. Roots brittle,
thick. Stems to 2 ft. (60 cm). Leaves 7–10, to 18
in. (45 cm) long, very wide at the base, elongat-
ing after flowering. Flowers deep scarlet, umbel
to 10 in. (25 cm) across.
Blooms summer, sometimes only in alternate
years.
Well-drained, humus-rich soil, in full sun but
preferring some shade, ample water when grow-
ing but dry when dormant. Little fertilizer is
needed unless the plants have been growing in
the same spot for several years; then give weak
feedings of liquid organic fertilizer every two or
three weeks. Zones 9–11.
Plant bulbs with the neck just at or a little
above soil level, about 12 in. (30 cm) apart, in
groups of three or five. Take care not to break the
fleshy roots. Pots should be at least 10 in. (25 cm)
Sauromatum venosum (Katarina Stenman) across.
 SCHIZOSTYLIS
177

Scadoxus multiflorus subsp. katherinae

Use for its attractive flowers: small, with color- stem. Flowers satin-textured, pale scarlet, nar-
ful stamens crowded together, having the form rowly tubular at base, opening flat; pointed
of a shaving brush, and with up to 100 flowers tepals produce a starry form. Stamens attached
per inflorescence. in throat.
Subsp. katherinae. Catherine wheel, blood Blooms late summer to fall, with a few flowers
flower. The tallest subspecies; it has scarlet flow- in spring.
ers with very prominent stamens. Well-drained soil, keep dry after the foliage has
Subsp. longitubus is the shortest subspecies died down. Zones 6–10.
and has flowers with perianth tube up to 1 in. Plant in early fall, 2 in. (5 cm) deep, 6–8 in.
(2.5 cm) long. (15–20 cm) apart.
Use as container plants for the cool green-
Schizostylis coccinea house. Must be protected from frost while in leaf.
Coffee lily, crimson flag In mild climates, they are useful in the sunny,
South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe. Root- well-drained border and should be placed where
stock a fleshy rhizome. Stems to 20 in. (50 cm). night-blooming habit and fragrance can be ap-
Leaves long and grasslike, sheathing base of preciated.
 SCHIZOSTYLIS
178

Schizostylis coccinea (International Flower Bulb Center)

 SCILLA
179
‘Alba’, white flushed pink. merous free scales which are renewed annually.
‘Major’, larger flowers of clearer red. The flowers are small and starry, few to many in
‘Mrs. Hegarty’, rose pink. a raceme. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped
‘Oregon Sunset’, orange-red, providing ex- and are all basal.
cellent color into early November, spreading to Fast-draining, humus-rich soil, with light shade
form large colonies. in hot regions and full sun in cool ones, moderate
‘Rosea’, rose pink. moisture until the foliage withers.
‘Sunrise’, pink. Plant Scilla peruviana and S. natalensis with the
‘Viscountess Byng’, pale shell pink, flowering top of the bulb at or above soil level, the other
into November. species 3–4 in. (7.5–10 cm) deep, 3–12 in.
(7.5–30 cm) apart, depending on the species.
SCILLA Use in any garden. In warmer climates, Scilla
Squill peruviana and S. natalensis are good border
A genus of about 100 species distributed plants. Scilla siberica is the most popular one in
throughout the Old World in tropical and tem- cold-winter regions and is a good companion to
perate areas, from South Africa to the Mediter- early daffodils. The smaller species are appropri-
ranean, Europe, Great Britain, and Asia. Scilla ate for the rock garden. Most should be planted
species may flower in spring, summer, or fall, but in large groups for best effect.
those most common in gardens are all spring Scilla bifolia. Europe, Turkey. Stems 2–4 in.
blooming. The tunicated bulb is composed of nu- (5–10 cm), elongating in fruit. Leaves usually

Scilla bifolia
 SCILLA
180

Scilla natalensis (Harry B. Hay) Scilla miczenkoana, white form (International

Flower Bulb Center)

Scilla peruviana
 SCILLA
181
two, sometimes four. Flowers to eight per stem, lavender blue; lower parts of segments fused into
1 in. (2.5 cm) across, outward- or upward-facing, a narrow tube, separating to a flat-faced flower;
usually bright blue, sometimes paler; early spring. spring. Zone 9. A striking plant, ideal species for
A fine early bulb, in its native habitat flowering setting between boulders; grow frost-free. Prefers
soon after the snow melts. Plant in cool spots in full sun, well-drained soil, and ample moisture
hot-summer climates. Zones 6–9. when growing. Var. sordida, leaves tinged
Scilla miczenkoana. Iran, Caucasus. Stems brown, more slender leafless flower stalk.
three or four per bulb, each to 6 in. (15 cm) tall. Scilla peruviana. Cuban lily, Peruvian lily. Por-
Leaves broader than those of many spring-flow- tugal, Spain, and Italy. Stems to 12 in. (30 cm),
ering scillas. Flowers three to five per stem, flat- elongating during flowering period. Leaves
faced, light blue with darker median stripe, late nearly evergreen, in a basal rosette, to 11/2 in. (4
winter or early spring. Zone 6. cm) wide, 12 in. (30 cm) long. Flowers to 100 in
Scilla natalensis. Blue squill, tall squill. South dense raceme, deep violet blue; inflorescence to
Africa, Lesotho. Bulb very large, with purplish- 6 in. (15 cm) across, with lower flowers on
brown tunic; plant with upper third above soil pedicels 11/2 in. (4 cm) long, upper pedicels very
level. Stems often over 3 ft. (90 cm). Leaves de- short. In seed, pedicels almost double their
velop after flowering begins, often 4 in. (10 cm) length; late spring. Excellent container plant for
wide or more, up to 18 in. (45 cm) long, green on colder regions, wintered under glass and brought
upper surface, sometimes flushed purple on un- outside after last frost. Plant bulb with the neck
derside. Flowers to 100 on long horizontal pedicels at soil level. Zones 8–11. ‘Alba’, white. ‘Ele-
in well-spaced, pyramidal raceme, powder blue to gans’, red. Var. glabra, lilac, leaves smooth.

Scilla peruviana ‘Alba’

 SPARAXIS
182
Scilla siberica. Siberian squill. Iran, Turkey, diameter often exceeding 3 in. (7.5 cm). There are
Caucasus. Stems to 8 in. (20 cm), frequently six perianth segments, more or less equal. The sta-
more than one per bulb. Leaves four to six, nar- mens are short, arising from the base of the cup.
row, bright green, to 8 in. (20 cm) long. Flowers Blooms spring or early summer.
to six per stem, brilliant blue, often facing one di- Well-drained, loamy soil, in full sun, moisture
rection, somewhat pendent, to 1 in. (2.5 cm) until the foliage matures, then dry. Zones 9–10.
across; mid spring. Zones 2–8. ‘Spring Beauty’, Plant in fall, 2 in. (5 cm) deep, 3–4 in. (7.5–10
deep blue. Var. taurica, darker blue flowers that cm) apart.
appear slightly earlier than the type. Very popular Use in groups of 25 or more in gardens with
in gardens. mild winters. Excellent in containers and for long-
lasting cut flowers. These plants have not en-
SPARAXIS joyed the popularity they deserve. With their var-
Harlequin flower, wand flower ious color combinations, they are bright, cheerful
This genus of about 14 species from South Africa plants of easy culture that deserve to be more
includes some of the brightest bulbous flowers. widely grown in any sunny, well-drained border,
The rootstock is a corm with a fibrous tunic. The among rocks and other areas where they can re-
pale green, flat, stiff, and tough leaves are held in main dry in late summer. They are good pot
a fan at the base of the stem. The flowers are plants for the cool greenhouse in cooler areas
quite large, many on the stem, which is some- and ideal plants for planting in stone walls.
times branched; each flower has a separate Sparaxis elegans. South Africa. Stems 10–12
spathe. A wide range of colors exists, especially in. (25–30 cm), unbranched, up to five per corm.
among the many hybrids. The center of the Leaves slender, swordlike, in a basal fan, to 8 in.
flower is cup-shaped, and the tepals spread to a (20 cm) long. Flowers up to three per stem, about

Sparaxis grandiflora
 STERNBERGIA
183
11/2 in. (4 cm) across, salmon pink or white with STERNBERGIA
purplish center, the white sometimes flushed Autumn daffodil
blue; anthers curled and twisted around style; A genus of about eight species from the Mediter-
late spring. ‘Coccinea’, glowing orange-red ranean and Middle East, often growing in rocky
flowers with near-black center. ‘Zwanenburg’, places. The flowers at first glance resemble those
maroon-red flowers with yellow centers. of Crocus. All but two species are fall-flowering,
Sparaxis grandiflora. South Africa. Stems to and all but one have yellow flowers. They are
12 in. (30 cm), more in cultivars. Leaves usually small plants, rarely more than 6 in. (15 cm) high.
two, narrow, rarely more than 1/2 in. (12 mm) The dark, tunicated bulbs are poisonous if eaten,
wide, to 8 in. (20 cm) long, carried close to the to 2 in. (5 cm) across, and produce lax, narrow
stem. Flowers may be plum-colored, the largest leaves. The flowers are usually solitary, but the
in the genus—often 3 in. (7.5 cm) across, mid to bulbs offset and form clusters, so the floral dis-
late spring. play can be quite showy. Some species open their
Sparaxis tricolor. South Africa. Stems 10–12 flowers nearly at ground level, others on a rela-
in. (25–30 cm), up to five produced by one corm. tively short aboveground stem. The six perianth
Leaves generally four or five, stiff, in a fan, 1/3 in. segments are fused at the base into a narrow
(8 mm) wide and 6–8 in. (15–20 cm) long. Flow- tube, short or long depending on the species.
ers two to five per stem, spectacularly colored or- The seeds are either dark brown or black.
ange, with deep yellow centers outlined with Well-drained, moderately fertile soil, in full sun,
black; late spring. ‘Fire King’, brilliant scarlet moisture in fall and winter, hot and dry in sum-
flowers with yellow centers and flowering later. mer. Zones 7–9.
‘Mixed’ includes selections chosen for wide color Plant in late summer, 6 in. (15 cm) deep, 4–6
range and long flowering period as well as vigor. in. (10–15 cm) apart.

Sparaxis tricolor
 STERNBERGIA
184
Use for its superb golden yellow flowers in scented, narrow, just over 1 in. (2.5 cm) long, late
fall. Put in the front of the border, provided summer to early fall.
they receive a hot, dry summer dormancy there. Sternbergia lutea. Lily-of-the-field, Mount
They are expensive to purchase, however, since Etna lily. Spain to Iran and Central Asia. Bulb sim-
they do not increase rapidly, and the entire ilar to a Narcissus bulb, with dark tunic. Stems
genus is listed as endangered by the Conven- 3–8 in. (7.5–20 cm). Leaves four to six, present at
tion on International Trade in Endangered flowering and elongating later, 6–10 in. (15–25
Species (CITES). cm) long, 1/2 in. (12 mm) wide. Flowers rich
Sternbergia colchiflora. Spain, Italy, and golden yellow, egg-shaped, to 2 in. (5 cm) long
Balkans. Stems below ground level. Leaves nar- and as wide. The most commonly grown stern-
row, deep green or grayish, present at flowering bergia, perhaps the best of fall-flowering bulbs.
and elongating later. Flowers pale yellow, sweet- ‘Angustifolia’, narrower leaves.

Sternbergia lutea
(International Flower
Bulb Center)

Tigridia pavonia, red form

(Jack Hobbs)
 TIGRIDIA
185
Tigridia pavonia Well-drained soil, in full sun, adequate mois-
Peacock flower, tiger flower ture when growing, gradually reducing water
Mexico. Rootstock an ovoid corm, covered with a after the foliage starts to turn brown. Zone 5.
coarse tunic. Stems usually 18–20 in. (45–50 cm). Plant in spring, 3–4 in. (7.5–10 cm) deep, 6–10
Leaves sword-shaped, 10–12 in. (25–30 cm) in. (15–25 cm) apart.
long; the few stem leaves arranged in a fan. Use for summer color in all sunny borders.
Flower spikes surpassed by tops of the foliage but Place among other plants whose foliage will
never hidden. Flowers 2–4 in. (5–10 cm), yellow, cover the rather sparse Tigridia foliage. The back-
white, red, or orange, usually with purplish spots ground fill adds much to the appreciation of the
or blotches in cup, held in a spathe. Flowers short bright flowers. With their ease of culture it is sur-
lived, but the plants are free-flowering. prising tigridias are not more widely grown.
Blooms summer. ‘Alba Grandiflora’, white with dark red spots.

Tigridia pavonia, white form

(Jack Hobbs)

Tigridia pavonia, yellow

form(Jack Hobbs)
 TRILLIUM
186

Trillium grandiflorum

‘Alba Immaculata’, white without spots. dark in an irregular pattern, making them even
‘Aurea’, dark golden yellow with red spots. more ornamental. Only one set of leaves and a
‘Canariensis’, creamy yellow with carmine single flower are carried on a stem, but a large
splashes. rhizome may produce more than one stem. The
‘Liliacea’, reddish purple variegated white. three outer segments (the sepals) are always
green and pointed. The three inner segments
TRILLIUM (petals) are more conspicuous and may be white,
Wood lily, wake robin pale yellow, purple, or reddish, sometimes erect
A genus of about 44 species, most of which are and sometimes spreading horizontally. There are
from eastern North America, with a few species six stamens; the style is cleft or three-branched
in western North America and in far eastern Asia. from the base.
Trilliums are among the finest woodland plants, a Blooms early spring to early summer.
symbol of spring to Americans. The rhizome is Friable, humus-rich loam, dappled shade,
cylindrical, often knobby, very tough, generally moderate moisture year-round.
dark, and may be more than 1 in. (2.5 cm) across. Plant in late summer or fall, 4 in. (10 cm) deep,
The three broadly elliptical leaves are held hori- 8–12 in. (20–30 cm) apart.
zontally in a whorl near the top of the stem. The Use in bold groups in moist woodlands. Great
flowers range from about 1 in. (2.5 cm) to more garden plants; ideal among azaleas and low-
than 4 in. (10 cm) across and are solitary, held growing rhododendrons as they like the same
above the leaf whorl. In some species the flowers conditions. Trilliums with upward-facing flowers
are upward-facing, and in others pendent. The must be viewed from above, and those with pen-
sessile types usually have leaves mottled light and dent flowers are pleasing on a high bank. Plants
 TRITELEIA
187

Trillium sessile

tolerate gentle forcing, when moisture is provided pink. ‘Roseum’ (or f. roseum), clear pink. Forma
and temperatures are near 55ºF (13ºC) at night. variegatum, white-margined leaves.
Trillium erectum. Red trillium, birth-root. Trillium sessile. Toadshade. Eastern United
Eastern North America. Stems to 12 in. (30 cm), States. Stems 10–12 in. (25–30 cm). Leaves
often more than one per rhizome. Leaves stalk- about 3 in. (7.5 cm) long and as broad, mottled
less, broadly rhomboidal and narrowing abruptly. light and dark green. Flowers stalkless, dark crim-
Flowers on stalks, usually reddish, rarely white, son; petals 11/2 in. (4 cm) long. Most attractive
yellow, or green, 1 in. (2.5 cm) long, 11/2 in. (4 when planted in bold groups. Zones 4–9. Forma
cm) across; flower stalk to 3 in. (7.5 cm) long, viridiflorum, smaller yellow flowers.
bent sharply just above base of flower; mid to
late spring. Zones 4–9. ‘Albiflorum’, white TRITELEIA
stained green. ‘Luteum’, green-yellow below, Grass nuts
blood-red above. A genus of 13 species from western United States,
Trillium grandiflorum. Great white trillium, closely related to Dichelostemma. The corm is flat-
snow lily. Eastern North America. Stems 12–18 in. tened and covered with a light-colored fibrous
(30–45 cm). Flowers on stalks, white, rarely pink, tunic. The stem is leafless and sometimes hairy at
funnel-form with arching flower stalks, almost the base. The one or two leaves are linear, dark
outward-facing, often more than 3 in. (7.5 cm) shiny green, and V-shaped in cross section, with a
across when fully open; petals to 2 in. (5 cm) long; prominent midrib below. The flowers, borne in an
mid to late spring. Possibly the finest species of umbel, have a fairly short, funnel-shaped tube and
the genus. Zones 5–9. ‘Flore Pleno’, double. six flaring lobes. There are six fertile stamens, with
Forma parvum, smaller flowers fading to violet- flattened, threadlike filaments that may be equal
 TRITELEIA
188

Triteleia ixioides ‘Starlight’ (International Flower Bulb Center)

 TRITONIA
189
or unequal. The stigma is small, and the style slen-
der. Most species have blue to violet flowers; a
few are white or yellow.
In full sun, moderate moisture in fall and
spring.
Plant 4–5 in. (10–12.5 cm) deep, 6 in. (15 cm)
apart.
Use in groups of five to seven among rocks or
in dry grassland, where they may naturalize and
increase. Suited to dry borders and sunny open-
ings in woodland. They grow well in containers,
but most are not pleasing as pot plants owing to
the absence of foliage at flowering time. They
are good cut flowers and can be dried for winter
arrangements.
Triteleia ixioides (syn. Brodiaea ixioides).
Golden star, pretty face. Stems to 20 in. (50
cm). Leaves fleshy, linear, 3–8 in. (7.5–20 cm)
long. Flowers few to 20, on pedicles 11/2 in. (4
cm) long, about 1 in. (2.5 cm) across, pale to
deep with purple or brown median stripes; Triteleia laxa ‘Koningin Fabiola’ (International
tube rarely more than 1/4 in. (6 mm) long; late Flower Bulb Center)
spring. Zones 7–10, Var. anilina, dull yellow
flowers with blue anthers. Var. scabra, pale (60 cm). Sword-shaped leaves, rigid and varying
yellow flowers, cream to yellow anthers; in width, are arranged fanlike in equal ranks on
‘Starlight’, very floriferous. either side of the stalk. The stem emerges from
Triteleia laxa (syn. Brodiaea laxa). Grass nuts, between the leaves and generally exceeds them
triplet lily. Stems 8–24 in. (20–60 cm). Leaves 1–2 in length; it may be branched and may have a
ft. (30–60 cm) long, linear, pointed. Flowers in single stem leaf. Heights range from 6 in. (15 cm)
loose umbel on 2-in. (5-cm) pedicels, often more to more than 24 in. (60 cm). The number of flow-
than 1 in. (2.5 cm) across and 11/2 in. (4 cm) long, ers produced is never fewer than six, except from
pale to deep violet-blue; early summer. Stamens immature corms. The flowers are stalkless. The
attached at two levels; anthers blue. The most base is a narrow tube, and the perianth segments
commonly grown species and a good cut flower. flare to a bowl shape and recurve at the tips. On
Zones 6–9. ‘Humboldt Star’, similar but flowers a each of the lower three tepals is a structure like a
bit larger; ‘Koningin Fabiola’ (“Queen Fabiola”), little vertical post or horn, often contrastingly col-
a little taller than the species, with stronger stems, ored. The flowers are arranged alternately on op-
25 or more medium violet-blue flowers per stem. posite sides of the stem, producing a zigzag ef-
fect, but may all turn to one side as they open.
TRITONIA Colors are mostly in orange to red, but other col-
Blazing star, montbretia ors occur, especially in hybrids. All species flower
A genus of about 28 species from tropical Africa over a long period.
and South Africa. The rootstock is a corm with a Blooms summer.
thin, dry, fibrous tunic 1/2 in. (12 mm) across— Well-drained soil, moisture when growing, dry
much smaller than one would expect from the when the leaves begin to turn brown. Zones
size of the plants, whose stems can reach 2 ft. 8–10.
 TRITONIA
190

Tritonia crocata (Jack Hobbs)

Tritonia hybrids (Jack Hobbs)

 TULBAGHIA
191
In colder areas, plant two or three weeks be-
fore the last frost; elsewhere, plant early summer-
flowering species in fall, late summer-flowering
species in spring. Set corms 2 in. (5 cm) deep and
4–6 in. (10–15 cm) apart.
Use in milder climates, in bold groups. Ideal for
the sunny border. The smaller species are best in
the rock garden.
Tritonia crocata. Orange freesia. South Africa.
Stems 4–15 in. (10–37.5 cm). Leaves usually four
or more, stiff, pointed, sword-shaped, in a basal
fan, shorter than the stem. Flowers held erect,
somewhat bowl-shaped, 11/2 in. (4 cm) across, or-
ange to reddish; late spring to early summer. The
most common species. ‘Baby Doll’, salmon.
‘Bridal Veil’, white. ‘Pink Sensation’, pink.
‘Serendipity’, light red. ‘Tangerine’, orange.
Tritonia flabellifolia. South Africa. Stems to
12 in. (30 cm). Flowers white, spring to early
summer.

Tropaeolum tuberosum
Garden nasturtium
Andes of Bolivia and Peru. Rootstock a large, yel- Tropaeolum tuberosum (International Flower Bulb
low tuber. Stems purplish red, climbing to 10 ft. Center)
(3 m). Leaves rounded, notched, with five lobes,
no lobes or teeth on lower part of blade. Flower Tulbaghia violacea
cup-shaped, colorful; sepals five, red; petals five, Society garlic, pink agapanthus
yellow or reddish; spur to 1 in. (2.5 cm) long. South Africa. Roots fat, tuberous. Leaves green,
other in summer. shiny, 8–12 in. (20–30 cm) long, forming a tuft
Blooms mid summer. out of which stem emerges. Stems 8–14 in.
Best in extremely well drained, acidic soils, in (20–35 cm). Flowers to 20 per umbel, mauve,
full sun, ample moisture when growing but long-lasting.
drought-tolerant when dormant. If fertilized, Blooms spring and summer.
they make abundant vegetative growth at the ex- Well-drained soil, in full sun, moisture while
pense of flowering. They normally go dormant in the foliage is developing but largely withheld as
late summer or fall, but in warm climates they soon as the flower spikes appear. Little or no
may be almost evergreen, with only a short dor- feeding required, but established plants benefit
mancy, if any. Zones 8–10. from a general fertilizer when growth starts.
Plant 4–5 in. (10–12.5 cm) deep, 10 ft. (3 m) Zones 7–10.
apart. Plant in spring, 1–2 in. (2.5–5 cm) deep, 6–12
Use in gardens where it can be supported on a in. (15–30 cm) apart.
trellis. Often grown through shrubs. Can be Use in sunny borders in warm areas, in the cool
grown in large containers, where the plant is al- greenhouse in colder regions. Best in masses. Fre-
lowed to trail. quently used as a bedding plant in South African
‘Ken Aslet’, light orange. gardens, parks, and street landscaping. In the
 TULIPA
192

Tulbaghia violacea

wild, it is just as attractive, forming colonies of base, most often yellow but sometimes whitish;
considerable size close to the seashore. Very easy there may also be a black central zone. There are
culture. six stamens. The ovary is three-celled, and the
stigma cleft into three.
TULIPA Blooms spring to early summer, depending on
Tulip the species and cultivars.
A genus of about 100 species and many thou- Well-drained soil, in full sun but tolerate light
sands of cultivars from Europe, Asia, and North shade, moisture but not waterlogged. Fertilize as
Africa. The flowers of almost all species are rela- soon as the foliage appears if bulbs are to be
tively large and bright, and most species are saved for subsequent years. Hardiness varies by
fairly cold hardy. The bulbs have tunics which species, Zones 6–9 for cultivars.
may be lined with hairs, or “wool,” especially in Plant in fall at least 6 in. (15 cm) deep, 8 in. (20
species from very cold, dry areas. The leaves are cm) deep in sandy soil, 5 in. (12.5 cm) in sandy
linear to broadly elliptical or lance-shaped. The soils, 6–8 in. (15–20 cm) apart.
flowers are usually solitary, but in some species Use in borders, beds, containers, and rock gar-
and cultivars two or three flowers are borne on dens—almost everywhere except woodland.
short branches. The flowers are mostly erect, They make excellent cut flowers, amenable to
rarely nodding, and bell- or funnel-shaped. The forcing, and should be in every garden.
tepals are separate for their entire length and Tulipa acuminata. Horned tulip. Turkey.
usually have a contrastingly colored blotch at the Stems to 18 in. (45 cm). Flowers yellow and red;
 TULIPA
193

Tulipa acuminata

tepals twisted with threadlike tips, 3–4 in.

(7.5–10 cm) long; late spring. Possibly an old
Turkish garden form. Zones 3–8.
Tulipa clusiana. Lady tulip, candy-stick tulip.
Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan. Stems to 12 in. (30 cm) or
more. Leaves four, lower two folded, 8–10 in.
(20–25 cm) long, 1/2 in. (12 mm) wide. Flowers
solitary, flat, starry when fully open; interior white
with dark blue basal zone; exterior red edged in
white; tepals 2 in. (5 cm) long, 3/4 in. (2 cm) wide,
pointed; mid to late spring. Zones 3–8. Var.
chrysantha has golden yellow tepals, exterior
stained red or purple-brown. Var. chrysantha
‘Tubergen’s Gem’, large flowers. ‘Cynthia’,
cream flowers, red on exterior. Var. stellata, a
yellow basal blotch.
Tulipa fosteriana. Uzbekistan. Stems 6–18
in. (15–45 cm). Leaves three, lowest to 8 in. (20
cm) long, 4 in. (10 cm) wide. Flowers bright
scarlet with black, yellow-edged basal blotch; Tulipa clusiana (Harry B. Hay)
 TULIPA
194

Tulipa ‘Purissima’, Fosteriana Group

Tulipa ‘Golden Emperor’, Fosteriana Group

(Jack Hobbs) Tulipa greigii hybrid, in a container
 TULIPA
195

Tulipa ‘Red
Emperor’,
Fosteriana Group

Tulipa greigii
‘Plaisir’

outer tepals often over 3 in. (7.5 cm) long; let with dark blotch on bright yellow base; outer
inner segments a little shorter, half as wide as tepals over 3 in. (7.5 cm) long, 2 in. (5 cm) wide,
long, blunt-pointed; early to mid spring. Zones curled back; inner tepals remain erect; mid
5–8. spring. Much used in hybridizing. All the Greigii
Tulipa greigii. Turkestan. Stems 16–18 in. selections and hybrids have a trace of purple-
(40–45 cm). Leaves three or four per bulb, 3–4 brown or pinkish variegation on foliage and
in. (7.5–10 cm) wide, grayish, mottled or striped bloom in April. The very large, cup-shaped flow-
purple-brown stripes or mottled, lowest to 8 in. ers, often more than 5 in. (12.5 cm) across, and
(20 cm) long. Flowers solitary, cup-shaped, scar- the crimson-variegated grayish leaves make very
 TULIPA
196

Tulipa saxatilis (Harry B. Hay)

Tulipa ‘Atilla’, Triumph Group (Jack Hobbs)

attractive plants in garden or containers. The

tepals are often differently colored outside and
inside. Zones 5–8.
Tulipa saxatilis. Candia tulip. Crete. Bulb
stoloniferous, tunic yellow-brown tinged pink.
Stems 6–8 in. (15–20 cm). Leaves 6–12 in.
Tulipa ‘Apricot Beauty’, Single Early Group
(15–30 cm) long, flat, shiny green. Flowers fra-
grant, one to four per stem, cup-shaped, pale
lilac with yellow blotch; tepals 2 in. (5 cm) long, 1
in. (2.5 cm) wide. Zones 6–8.
Tulip hybrids are divided into various groups,
several of which are illustrated here. Single Early
Group: the earliest to bloom, starting in March
to mid-April, generally 6–8 in. (15–20 cm) tall,
good for edging beds filled with annuals, espe-
cially in windswept areas where taller-growing
types might be damaged. Triumph Group:
stems 18–24 in. (45–60 cm) tall, stiff, and strong;
great for outdoors. Darwin Hybrid Group:
flowers large, up to 7 in. (17.5 cm) across in cup
form, 12 in. (30 cm) across when open flat to-
Tulipa ‘Kees Nelis’, Triumph Group (Jack Hobbs) ward the end of blooming, mostly red and
 TULIPA
197

Tulipa ‘Negrita’, Triumph Group (Jack Hobbs)

 TULIPA
198

Tulipa ‘Appledorn’s Elite’, Darwin Hybrid Group

Tulipa ‘Oxford’, Darwin Hybrid Group (Jack Hobbs)

 TULIPA
199

Tulipa ‘Oxford’s Elite’, Darwin Hybrid Group, at Wellington Botanic Garden (Jack Hobbs)

Tulipa ‘Georgette’, Single Late Group

 TULIPA
200

Tulipa ‘West Point’, Lily-flowered Group

Tulipa ‘Greenland’, Viridiflora Group

 TULIPA
201

Tulipa ‘Carnaval de Nice’, Double Late Group

Tulips and primulas (Jack Hobbs)

 TULIPA
202

Tulipa ‘Flaming Parrot’, Parrot Group (Jack Hobbs)

 VELTHEIMIA
203

Tulips and grape hyacinths

yellow, excellent as cut flowers; stems up to 28 Veltheimia bracteata

in. (70 cm) tall. Single Late Group: flowers usu- Red-hot poker
ally rectangular, with rounded, satiny tepals and South Africa. Bulb large, fleshy, to 6 in. (15 cm)
flat-topped buds, blooming in late April or early across. Stems mottled with purple, 18–20 in.
May; stems generally 26–32 in. (65–80 cm) tall; (45–50 cm). Leaves about 10 in a basal rosette, to
very resistant to wind and rain; ideal for bedding; 18 in. (45 cm) long and 4 in. (10 cm) wide, with
excellent as cut flowers. Lily-flowered Group: undulating margins, deep shiny green sometimes
flower lilylike with very pointed, reflexed tepals, flecked with pale green, well-developed at flow-
blooming late April to early May; stems around 2 ering time. Flowers drooping, often more than
ft. (60 cm) tall; excellent in borders and as long- 50 in dense raceme, tubular, almost 2 in. (5 cm)
lasting cut flowers. Viridiflora Group: exotic- long, pale rose flecked at tip with green.
looking flowers with varying amounts of green Blooms mid winter to early spring.
in the tepals or midveins; much in demand by Well-drained soil, in shade (never exposed to
florists. Parrot Group: flowers fringed, tepal hot sun), adequate moisture from fall to spring,
edges finely shredded, scalloped, or undulating; with a dry period in summer, but should never
blooming in May; stems 20–24 in. (50–60 cm). become completely dry. Give established plants
tall; good cut flower. Double Late (Peony- slow-release or liquid organic fertilizer while in
flowered) Group: flowers large, often the last growth. Zones 10–11.
to bloom in mid to late May; need protection Plant bulbs with their tops 1–2 in. (2.5–5 cm)
from wind and rain; stems 16–24 in. (40–60 cm) below the soil surface, 6–10 in. (15–25 cm) apart.
tall; good in containers. Root disturbance inhibits flowering.
 VELTHEIMIA
204

Veltheimia bracteata (Jack Hobbs)

 WATSONIA
205
Use in shady gardens in warm areas. Excellent greenhouse, either in open borders or in con-
container plants in mild climates, for the cool tainers. They are good cut flowers. Plant the taller
greenhouse, or indoors. Robust yet fragile-look- species in shrub borders where their flower spikes
ing, charming. Foliage ornamental, flowers long- will rise above low-growing plants and prolong
lasting. interest.
Watsonia borbonica. South Africa. Stems
WATSONIA branched, often over 5 ft. (1.5 m). Leaves 30 in.
Bugle flower, bugle lily (75 cm) long, 1 in. (2.5 cm) wide. Flowers cycla-
A genus of many species from South Africa, men pink, over 2 in. (5 cm) in diameter; tube 1 in.
Lesotho, and Swaziland. Relatively trouble-free (2.5 cm) long. Flowering spring to early summer;
and easy to grow. dormant in summer. Subsp. ardernei is slightly
Blooms spring or summer, depending on the smaller, with pure white flowers which appear a
species. bit earlier.
Well-drained, humus-rich soil, moisture in win- Watsonia meriana. South Africa. Stems 2–3
ter and spring if spring-flowering, in summer if ft. (60–90 cm). Leaves 1–2 ft. (30–60 cm) long, to
summer-flowering. Zones 8–10. 1/2 in. (12 mm) wide. Flowers white, pink, or

Plant in fall if spring-flowering, in spring if sum- mauve; tube about 2 in. (5 cm) long, lobes
mer-flowering, 2–3 in. (5–7.5 cm) deep, 6–10 in. spreading to over 2 in. (5 cm) across; spring. ‘Bul-
(15–25 cm) apart. billifera’, stems 5 ft. (1.5 m), has fewer but
Use for summer bedding plants, like gladioli. larger orange flowers; produces bulbils in axils of
All watsonias are good subjects for the cool bracts and stem leaves.

Watsonia borbonica subsp. ardernei

 WATSONIA
206

Watsonia meriana Watsonia zeyheri, detail

Watsonia zeyheri
 ZANTEDESCHIA
207
Watsonia zeyheri (syn. W. comptonii). South tat, growing in wet, marshy ground, often on
Africa. Stems to 3 ft. (90 cm). Leaves 24–30 in. the edge of the forest.
(60–75 cm) long, 1/2 in. (12 mm) wide, evergreen. Blooms spring to summer.
Flowers bright orange to apricot, arching up and Humus-rich, moisture-retentive, wet soil, in
away from stem, outward-facing, widely spaced; sun or shade, moisture. Give heavy feedings of
tube about 2 in. (5 cm) long; lobes flare to 11/2 in. organic fertilizer. Zones 8–11.
(4 cm) across; early summer. Plant 4 in. (10 cm) deep, 12–18 in. (30–45 cm)
apart.
ZANTEDESCHIA Use in a border. Much used in the florist trade.
Calla lily, arum lily Some have ornamentally variegated foliage and
A genus of six or seven species from South are attractive even when not in flower. For Zant-
Africa. The plants are produced from thick rhi- edeschia aethiopica, the ideal location is on the
zomes. The leaf blade is arrow-shaped, some- edge of woods in rich soil with plenty of mois-
times variegated with white dots. The leaf stalks ture. Other species are better suited for the
are long and thick and sheathe the stem base. greenhouse.
The flowers are carried on a crowded spadix with Zantedeschia aethiopica. Calla lily. Stems to
no sterile flowers between the male and female 6 ft. (1.8 m) in native habitat, usually to 3 ft. (90
flowers. The spathe is longer than the spadix and cm) in gardens. Leaves twice as long as broad,
may be white, yellow, or rose, sometimes quite evergreen in warm climates, deciduous in colder
red. It is held erect, with a short tube, rolled to- areas. Spathe white, to 10 in. (25 cm) long, with
gether, and funnel-shaped; the blade is ex- margins curled back; spadix yellow; spring to
panded and the tip curled back. Some species early summer. The most commonly grown zant-
can reach over 6 ft. (1.8 m) in their native habi- edeschia. If it likes its location, it soon forms large

Zantedeschia aethiopica, detail

 ZANTEDESCHIA
208

Zantedeschia aethiopica Zantedeschia elliotiana, detail

Zantedeschia elliotiana
 ZANTEDESCHIA
209

Zantedeschia aethiopica ‘Green Goddess’

clumps. ‘Childsiana’, a smaller form with more Zantedeschia elliotiana. Golden calla. Stems
flowers. ‘Crowborough’, reputedly hardier than to 3 ft. (90 cm). Leaves blotched with silver, broad
the type. ‘Gigantea’, a larger form. ‘Green God- and heart-shaped at base. Spathe bright yellow,
dess’, with dull green leaves. ‘Little Gem’, a dwarf. without blotch, to 6 in. (15 cm) long, summer.
 USDA HARDINESS ZONE MAP

210
 EUROPEAN HARDINESS ZONE MAP

7
Reykjavik 5
Murmansk
6 2 Karasjok

Ust' Tsil'ma
Kiruna Mesen'
Bodø

3 Archangel'sk
8

4
Vaasa
3
3 5
Oslo
St. Petersburg
Kazan
7 Braemar
9 Stockholm

0 200 400 km Glasgow

9
design: D. Schreiber
5
Dublin Riga
courtesy of Verlag Eugen Ulmer
8 5 Moscow
8
9
Birmingham
Hamburg
London Minsk
Isles of Hannover Posen
Scilly Essen Berlin
Warsaw
Brussels Fulda Jena 7 Vol
Dinard 8 Kiev
10 Koblenz Nürnberg
7 Kraków
Rennes
Orléans
Paris 6 7 7 Prague Zakopane A
Metz 5 Rostov
5
6 5 Chernivtsi
Bern
8 7 Vienna Dorohoi
8 5 Graz Budapest
Santander
Limoges 5 5
7 Pe´c 5
Agen Milan Sibiu
León 9 6 7 Yalta
6 Nice Gospič Bucharest
Belgrade 8
Madrid Pisa Varna Batumi
Lisbon Sarajevo
L´Aquila 9
Sofia

9 Rome 8 Foggia 7 Istanbul

Tiranë Skopje
9 8
Ankara 5
Seville
10

Algiers Palermo Izmir

Tunis Athens
10 9
7 9
8
11 10

211
 NURSERY SOURCES

This is a partial list, limited to nurseries in the United States and the United Kingdom that specialize in
bulbs or offer hard-to-find bulbs. Catalogs or lists are available from most. No endorsement is in-
tended, nor is criticism implied of sources not mentioned.

Avon Bulbs Dutch Gardens

Burnt House Farm 144 Intervale Road
Mid Lambrook Burlington, Vermont 05401
South Petherton (800) 944-2250
Somerset TA13 5HE http://www.dutchgardens.com
United Kingdom
+44 (0) 1460-242177 Elkhorn Gardens
http://avonbulbs.com 8043 San Miguel Canyon Road
Prunedale, CA 93907
Brent and Becky’s Bulbs (831) 663-1126
7900 Daffodil Lane http://www.elkhorngardens.com
Gloucester, Virginia 23061
(804) 693-3966 Heritage Bulb Club
http://www.brentandbeckysbulbs.com Tullynally Castel
Castlepollard
Broadleigh Gardens County Westmeath
Bishops Hull Ireland
Taunton +353 044 62744
Somerset TA4 1AE http://www.heritagebulbs.com
United Kingdom
+44 (0) 1823-286231 John Scheepers
P.O. Box 638
The Bulb Shop
23 Tulip Drive
Fengate Road
Bantam, Connecticut 06750
West Pinchbeck
(860) 567-0838
Spalding
http://www.johnscheepers.com
Lincolnshire PE11 3NE
United Kingdom
Klehm’s Song Sparrow Perennial Farm
+44 (0) 1775-640381
13101 East Rye Road
http://thebulbshop.co.uk
Avalon, Wisconsin 53505
Cambridge Bulbs (800) 533-3715
40 Whittlesford Road http://www.songsparrow.com
Newton, Cambridge
United Kingdom CB2 5PH The Lily Garden
+44 (0) 1223 871760 4902 NE 147th Avenue
Vancouver, Washington 98682
De Vroomen Holland Garden Products (360) 253-6273
P.O. Box 189 http://www.thelilygarden.com
Russell, Illinois 60075
(847) 395-9911
http:///www.devroomen.com

212
 NURSERY SOURCES
213
MAS Seed Specialists Pottertons Nursery
4 Pinhills Moortown Road
Wenhill Heights Nettleton, Caistor
Calne Lincolnshire LN7 6HX
Wiltshire SN11 OSA United Kingdom
United Kingdom +44 (0) 1472-851714
+44 (0) 01249-819013 http://www.pottertons.co.uk
http://www.meadowmania.co.uk
Telos Rare Bulbs
McClure & Zimmerman P.O. Box 4147
Quality Flowerbulb Brokers Arcata, California 95518
P.O. Box 368 www.telosrarebulbs.com
108 W. Winnebago Street
Friesland, Wisconsin 53935 Tile Barn Nursery
(800) 883-6998 Standen Street
http://www.mzbulba Iden Green
Benenden
Naturescape British Wild Flowers Kent TN17 4LB
Maple Farm United Kingdom
Coach Gap Lane +44 (0) 1580-240221
Langar http://www.tilebarn-cyclamen.co.uk
Nottinghamshire NG13 9HP
United Kingdom Van Zyverden Gardens
+44 (0) 1949-860592 12035 Higgins Airport Way
http://www.naturescape.co.uk Burlington, Washington 98233
(360) 757-0444
Old House Gardens http://www.vanzyverdenusa.com
536 Third Street
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103 White Flower Farm
(734) 995-1486 P.O. Box 50
http://www.oldhousegardens.com Route 63
Litchfield, Connecticut 06759
Orchard Nurseries (800)503-9624
Orchard Place, Flint House Road http://www.whiteflowerfarm.com
Three Holes, Wisbech
Cambridgeshire PE14 9JN Yucca Do Nursery
United Kingdom P.O. Box 907
+44 (0) 01354-638613 FM 359 & FM 3346
http://www.orchard-nurseries.co.uk Hempstead, Texas 77445
(979) 826-4580
Plant Delights Nursery http://www.yuccado.com
9241 Sauls Road
Raleigh, North Carolina 27603
(919) 772-4794
http://www.plantdelights.com
 GLOSSARY

acid having a pH of less than 7. naturalized plants which have established

alkaline having a pH of 7 or above. colonies and multiply.
alternate arranged on a stem at different neck the upper part of a true bulb from which
heights; not opposite. emerge the stem and leaves.
anther the pollen-bearing portion of a stamen. nectary a gland that secretes nectar.
axil the upper angle formed where a leaf is at- node the point on a stem where a leaf is
tached to a stem. attached.
basal growing from the base. opposite arranged on opposite sides of a stem;
basal plate the bottom of the bulb, from not alternate.
which roots emerge. outward-facing held horizontally, not upright-
blade the thin, expanded part of a leaf or petal. or downward-facing.
bract a modified, protective leaf usually sub- ovary the female part of the flower containing
tending the flowers. ovules.
bulbil a small bulb produced above ground on pedicel the stalk of an individual flower.
the stem or inflorescence. perianth the outer, usually showy part of a
bulblet a small bulb produced below ground flower, consisting of the corolla and calyx.
on the base of the stem. petal a modified leaf of the corolla, generally
capsule a dry pod that holds the seed. brightly colored.
corolla the inner whorl of a flower consisting pistil one of the female reproductive organs,
of petals. comprising the ovary, style, and stigma.
corona a “crown” or cuplike appendage be- raceme an inflorescence in which the flowers
tween the corolla and the stamens, as in are borne on individual stalks which are at-
Narcissus (daffodils). tached to the main stem.
corymb a flat-topped inflorescence in which ray florets one of the outer flowers in the head
the outer flowers open first. of some plants.
crest a ridge, as on the falls of an iris. reflexed abruptly curled back, at more than a
cultivar a plant maintained and propagated in 90-degree angle.
cultivation. rootstock an underground fibrous, rhizoma-
deciduous shedding foliage at the end of the tous, or tuberous stem; the roots.
growth period; not evergreen. rosette a circular cluster of leaves, often close
double having twice the usual number of to or touching the ground.
petals. sepal a segment in the outer whorl of a flower;
fall an outer perianth segment which seems to collectively sepals form the calyx.
droop. On an iris, the three outer segments. spadix a spike of flowers on a thick, often
filament the stalk of a stamen. fleshy axis, as in Arum.
forcing bulbs bringing bulbs into flower ahead spathe a conspicuous leaf or bract that sub-
of their normal flowering time. tends a spadix.
glaucous covered with a white, blue-green, or spike an inflorescence with flowers that lack
gray bloom. stalks.
herbaceous not woody; dying back to the spur a growth on the perianth.
ground each year. stamen the male or pollen-producing part of a
inflorescence the main flower stem and its plant, comprised of the filament and anther.
flowers. stigma the tip of the style which receives the
linear slender, narrow, with more or less paral- pollen.
lel edges. stolon an underground stem which roots to
midrib the main rib of a leaf. form new plants.

214
 GLOSSARY
215
style the narrow part of the pistil, between the umbel an inflorescence with individual flowers
ovary and the stigma. arising from a central point, like the spokes of
tepal a perianth segment that cannot be distin- an umbrella.
guished as either sepal or petal. upward-facing erect; upright.
terminal at the tip of a stem. whorl the placement of leaves in a circle
tunic the covering of a bulb or corm, as seen in around a plant stem, as in certain lily species.
daffodil bulbs.
 FURTHER READING

Bales, Suzanne F. 1992. Bulbs. Prentice Hall. Jeppe, Barbara, and Graham Duncan. 1989.
Bryan, John, ed. 1995. Manual of Bulbs. Timber Spring and Winter Flowering Bulbs of the
Press. Cape. Oxford University Press.
Bryan, John. 2002. Bulbs. Rev. ed. Timber Press. Leeds, Rod. 2000. The Plantfinder’s Guide to
Doutt, Richard L. 1994. Cape Bulbs. Timber Early Bulbs. Timber Press.
Press. Mathew, Brian. 1997. Growing Bulbs: The
Elliott, Jack. 1995. Bulbs for the Rock Garden. Complete Practical Guide. Timber Press.
Timber Press. Mathew, Brian. 1973. Dwarf Bulbs. Batsford.
Ellis, Quin. 1994. A Bulb for all Seasons. William Mathew, Brian, and Philip Swindells. 1994. The
Morrow. Complete Book of Bulbs, Corms, Tubers, and
Glattstein, Judy. 1994. The American Gar- Rhizomes: A Step-By-Step Guide to Nature’s
dener’s World of Bulbs. Little, Brown and Easiest and Most Rewarding Plants. Reader’s
Company. Digest Corporation.
Grey-Wilson, Christopher, Brian Mathew, and McGary, Jane, ed. 2001. Bulbs of North Amer-
Marjorie Blamey. 1981. Bulbs: The Bulbous ica. Timber Press.
Plants of Europe and Their Allies. Collins. Ogden, Scott. 1994. Garden Bulbs for the
Hill, Lewis, and Nancy Hill. 1994. Bulbs. Storey South. Taylor Publishing Company.
Communications. Redgrove, Hugh, ed. 1991. Bulbs and Perenni-
Hobbs, Jack, and Terry Hatch. 1994. The Best als. Godwit Press.
Bulbs for Temperate Climates. Timber Press. Wilder, Louise Beebe. 1990. Adventures with
Hardy Bulbs. Collier Books, Macmillian.

216
 INDEX

Bold-faced numbers indicate photo pages. Alstroemeria pulchella, 36

Amaryllis, 16, 19, 111, 158
Achimenes longiflora, 29 Amaryllis belladonna, 36, 37
‘Paul Arnold’, 29 ‘Beacon’, 36
Acidanthera bicolor, 106 var. blanda, 36
African lily, 29 ‘Bloemfontein’, 36
Agapanthus, 29–31 ‘Cape Town’, 36
Agapanthus africanus, 29, 30, 31 ‘Jagersfontein’, 36
var. atrocaeruleus, 29 ‘Johannesburg’, 36
Agapanthus orientalis, 31 ‘Kewensis’, 36
Agapanthus ‘Peter Pan’, 30, 31 ‘Kimberley’, 36
Agapanthus praecox, 31 ‘Major’, 36
subsp. orientalis, 30 ‘Port Elizabeth’, 36, 37
Agapanthus umbellatus, 31 ‘Purpurea’, 36
Agraphis, 114 ‘Rosea’, 37
Algerian iris, 124 ‘Windhoek’, 37
Allium, 31–34 Amazon lily, 89
Allium aflatunense, 31 Amorphophallus, 37–38
Allium caeruleum, 31 Amorphophallus bulbifer, 37
Allium carinatum, 31 Amorphophallus konjac, 37, 38
subsp. pulchellum, 32 Amorphophallus mairei, 37
Allium cristophii, 32 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, 38
Allium flavum, 32 Amorphophallus rivieri, 37
var. minus, 32 Anemone, 16, 38–43
subsp. tauricum, 32 Anemone apennina, 39
Allium giganteum, 23, 31, 33 ‘Albiflora’, 39
Allium hollandicum, 31 ‘Petrovac’, 39
Allium karataviense, 32, 33 Anemone blanda, 39
Allium moly, 32, 33 ‘Alba’, 39
‘Jeannine’, 33 ‘Blue Shades’, 39
Allium neapolitanum, 33 ‘Bridesmaid’, 39
‘Grandiflorum’, 33 ‘Charmer’, 39
Allium oreophilum, 33 ‘Pink Star’, 39
Allium roseum, 33 ‘Radar’, 39
var. bulbiferum, 33 ‘Rosea’, 39
Allium schubertii, 33 ‘Violet Star’, 39
Allium sphaerocephalum, 33 ‘White Splendour’, 39
Allium triquetrum, 33, 34 Anemone coronaria, 39, 40
Allium unifolium, 34 De Caen Group, 39, 41
alpine violet, 75 ‘His Excellency’, 39
Alstroemeria, 34–36 ‘Lord Lieutenant’, 39
Alstroemeria aurea, 34, 35 ‘Mister Fokker’, 39
‘Lutea’, 34 ‘Mount Everest’, 42
‘Orange King’, 34, 35 Saint Brigid Group, 39, 41
Alstroemeria ligtu, 34, 36 ‘The Admiral’, 42
Alstroemeria pelegrina, 36 ‘The Bride’, 39

217
 INDEX
218
Anemone nemorosa, 42 birth-root, 187
‘Alba Plena’, 42 blackberry lily, 47
‘Allenii’, 42 blazing star, 189
‘Flore Pleno’, 42 bleeding heart, 80
‘Leeds’ Variety’, 42 blood flower, 177
‘Robinsoniana’, 42 blood lily, 176
‘Royal Blue’, 42–43 Bloomeria crocea, 48, 49
Anemone ranunculoides, 43 var. aurea, 48
subsp. wockeana, 43 var. montana, 48
angel wings, 51 blue African lily, 29
angel’s fishing rod, 82 blue babiana, 46
angel’s tears, 153 blue flag, 124
Arisaema, 43–44 blue lily, 127
Arisaema anomalum, 43 blue squill, 181
Arisaema candidissimum, 43 bluebell, 114
Arisaema dracontium, 43 Boophone disticha, 48, 49
Arisaema propinquum, 44 Brazilian parrot lily, 36
Arisaema ringens, 44 Brimeura amethystina, 48, 50
Arisaema tortuosum, 44 ‘Alba’, 50
Arum, 44–45 Brodiaea ixioides, 189
Arum italicum, 45 Brodiaea laxa, 189
subsp. albispathum, 45 bugle flower, 205
subsp. italicum ‘Cyclops’, 45 bugle lily, 205
subsp. italicum ‘Spotted Jack’, 45 bush lily, 62
subsp. neglectum, 45 Bulbinella, 50–51
‘Pictum’, 44 Bulbinella cauda-felis, 50, 51
arum lily, 207 Bulbinella nutans, 51
Arum maculatum, 45 buttercup anemone, 43
Asiatic lily(-ies), 17 butterfly amaryllis, 111
August lily, 36
autumn crocus, 62 Caladium, 13, 51, 51–52
autumn daffodil, 183 Caladium ‘Aaron’, 52
Caladium ‘Blaze’, 52
Babiana, 45–46 Caladium ‘Candidum’, 52
Babiana disticha, 46 Caladium ‘Florida Sunrise’, 52
Babiana stricta, 46 Caladium ‘Frieda Hemple’, 52
‘Blue Gem’, 46 Caladium ‘Jody’, 52
var. grandiflora, 46 Caladium ‘Kathleen’, 52
‘Purple Sensation’, 46 Caladium ‘Mrs. Arno Nehrling’, 52
‘Purple Star’, 46 Caladium ‘Rosebud’, 52
var. sulphurea, 46 California firecracker, 82
‘Tubergen’s Blue’, 46 calla lily(-ies), 16, 207
‘White King’, 46 Calochortus, 53
‘Zwanenburg Glory’, 46 Calochortus barbatus, 53
baboon flower, 45 Calochortus luteus, 53
bamboo lily, 137 ‘Golden Orb’, 53
Begonia, 11, 13, 46–47 Calochortus venustus, 53
Begonia boliviensis ‘Firecracker’, 47 camas, 53
Begonia grandis subsp. evansiana, 47 Camassia, 53–55
Begonia ‘Primrose’, 47 Camassia cusickii, 55
Belamcanda chinensis, 47, 48 ‘Zwanenburg’, 55
 INDEX
219
Camassia leichtlinii, 54, 55 ‘Siehei’, 60
‘Alba’, 55 ‘Tmoli’, 60
var. leichtlinii, 55 Chionodoxa luciliae, 60
‘Plena’, 55 ‘Alba’, 60
‘Semiplena’, 55 ‘Gigantea’, 60
var. suksdorfii, 55 ‘Pink Giant’, 60
var. suksdorfii ‘Blauwe Donau’, 55 ‘Rosea’, 60
var. suksdorfii “Blue Danube,” 55 ‘Zwanenburg’, 60
var. suksdorfii ‘Caerulea’, 55 Chionodoxa sardensis, 60
var. suksdorfii ‘Electra’, 55 chocolate lily, 98
Camassia quamash, 54, 55 Christmas bells, 174
subsp. azurea, 55 Clivia, 20, 60–62
subsp. breviflora, 55 Clivia miniata, 61, 62
subsp. intermedia, 55 ‘Aurea’, 62
subsp. linearis, 55 var. citrina, 61, 62
subsp. maxima, 55 ‘Striata’, 62
‘Orion’, 55 Clivia nobilis, 61, 62
‘San Juan’, 55 cobra lily, 43
subsp. utahensis, 55 coffee lily, 177
subsp. walpolei, 55 Colchicum, 62–65, 173
campernelle jonquil, 151 Colchicum autumnale, 63
candia tulip, 196 ‘Alboplenum’, 63
candy-stick tulip, 193 ‘Album’, 63
Canna, 13, 55–57 ‘Nancy Lindsay’, 63
Canna ‘Black Knight’, 57 ‘Pleniflorum’, 63
Canna ‘Cherry Red’, 57 Colchicum ‘Autumn Queen’, 63
Canna ‘City of Portland’, 57 Colchicum byzantinum, 63
Canna ‘King Humbert’, 57 ‘Album’, 63
canna lily, 55 Colchicum cilicicum, 63
Canna ‘Pfitzer’s Salmon Pink’, 57 ‘Purpureum’, 63
Canna ‘Phasion’, 56, 57 Colchicum corsicum, 63
Canna ‘President’, 56, 57 Colchicum ‘Dick Trotter’, 63
Canna ‘Richard Wallace’, 57 Colchicum ‘Disraeli’, 63
Canna ‘Roi Humbert’, 57 Colchicum ‘Lilac Wonder’, 63
Canna Seven Dwarfs Group, 57 Colchicum speciosum, 62, 63
Canna Tropicanna™, 57 ‘Album’, 63
Cape coast lily, 68 ‘Atrorubens’, 65
Cape tulip, 113 Colchicum ‘The Giant’, 64, 65
Cardiocrinum giganteum, 15, 57 Colchicum ‘Violet Queen’, 65
var. yunnanense, 57 Colchicum ‘Waterlily’, 65
cardiocrinums, 15 common hyacinth, 116
Catherine wheel, 177 common iris, 121
century plant, 48 common snowdrop, 103
Chasmanthe floribunda, 57, 58 Convallaria majalis, 65
var. duckittii, 59 ‘Aureovariegata’, 65
chincherinchee, 160, 161 ‘Flore Pleno’, 65, 66
Chinese lantern, 174 ‘Fortin’s Giant’, 65
Chionodoxa, 59–60 ‘Hardwick Hall’, 65
Chionodoxa forbesii, 60 ‘Prolificans’, 67
‘Alba’, 60 var. rosea, 67
‘Naburn Blue’, 60 coral lily, 140
 INDEX
220
corn lily, 126 ‘Cream Beauty’, 73
Corydalis solida, 67 ‘Goldilocks’, 73
subsp. incisa, 67 ‘Ladykiller’, 73
subsp. solida ‘Beth Evans’, 67 ‘Mariette’, 73
subsp. solida ‘George Baker’, 67 ‘Skyline’, 73
subsp. solida ‘Nettleton Pink’, 67 ‘Zwanenburg Bronze’, 73
cranesbill, 105 Crocus etruscus, 73
crimson flag, 177 ‘Zwanenburg’, 73
Crinum, 67–69 Crocus goulimyi, 73
Crinum americanum, 68 Crocus kotschyanus, 73
Crinum bulbispermum, 69 var. leucopharynx, 73
Crinum ‘Ellen Bosanquet’, 68, 69 Crocus laevigatus, 73
Crinum macowanii, 68, 69 ‘Fontenayi’, 73
Crinum moorei, 68, 69 Crocus sativus, 73
Crinum ?powellii, 69 Crocus siberi, 73
‘Album’, 69 subsp. atticus, 73
‘Harlemense’, 69 ‘Hubert Edelsten’, 73
‘Krelagei’, 69 subsp. sublimis, 73
Crocosmia, 70 subsp. sublimis ‘Tricolor’, 73
Crocosmia aurea, 70 ‘Violet Queen’, 73
Crocosmia ?crocosmiiflora, 70 Crocus speciosus, 74
‘Carmin Brilliant’, 70 ‘Aitchisonii’, 74
‘Citronella’, 70 ‘Albus’, 74
‘Emily McKenzie’, 70 ‘Artabir’, 74
‘His Majesty’, 70 ‘Cassiope’, 74
‘Jackanapes’, 70 ‘Conqueror’, 74
‘James Coey’, 70 Crocus tommasinianus, 74
‘Lady Hamilton’, 70 var. albus, 74
‘Queen of Spain’, 70 ‘Barr’s Purple’, 74
‘Solfatare’, 71 var. pictus, 74
‘Star of the East’, 71 var. roseus, 74
‘Vesuvius’, 71 ‘Ruby Giant’, 74
Crocosmia ‘Lucifer’, 71 ‘White Well Purple’, 74
Crocosmia masoniorum, 71 Crocus vernus, 74, 75
Crocosmia pottsii, 70 subsp. albiflorus, 74
Crocus, 11, 13, 14, 17, 62, 71–75, 72, 173, 183 ‘Flower Record’, 74
Crocus biflorus, 72 ‘Haarlem Gem’, 74
subsp. adamii, 72 ‘Jeanne d’Arc’, 74
subsp. alexandri, 72 ‘Pickwick’, 74
subsp. crewei, 72 ‘Purpureus Grandiflorus’, 74
subsp. isauricus, 72 ‘Queen of the Blues’, 74
subsp. melantherus, 72 ‘Remembrance’, 74
subsp. tauri, 73 ‘Snowstorm’, 74
subsp. weldenii, 73 ‘Striped Beauty’, 75
subsp. weldenii ‘Fairy’, 73 Crocus ‘Yellow Mammoth’, 75
Crocus cancellatus, 73 crown imperial, 101
subsp. mazziaricus, 73 Cuban lily, 181
subsp. pamphylicus, 73 cuckoo pint, 45
Crocus cartwrightianus, 73 Cyclamen, 75–77
Crocus chrysanthus, 73 Cyclamen coum, 77
‘Advance’, 73 subsp. caucasicum, 77
‘Blue Pearl’, 73
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221
Cyclamen hederifolium, 76, 77 Eremurus bungei, 87
var. confusum, 77 Eremurus himalaicus, 87
var. hederifolium, 77 Eremurus ?isabellinus ‘Cleopatra’, 87
var. hederifolium f. albiflorum ‘Album’, 77 Eremurus olgae, 87
Cyclamen neapolitan, 25 Eremurus robustus, 87
Cyclamen persicum, 77 Eremurus stenophyllus, 86, 87
‘Laser’, 76 Erythronium, 87–89
‘Miracle’, 76 Erythronium californicum, 87, 89
‘Sierra’, 76 ‘White Beauty’, 87, 89
Cyclamen pseudibericum, 76, 77 Erythronium dens-canis, 88, 89
Cyrtanthus, 77–78 ‘Frans Halls’, 89
Cyrtanthus contractus, 78 ‘Lilac Wonder’, 89
Cyrtanthus mackenii, 78 var. niveum, 89
var. cooperi, 78 ‘Pink Perfection’, 89
Cyrtanthus speciosus, 78 ‘Purple King’, 89
‘Rose Queen’, 89
daffodil(s), 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 149 ‘Snowflake’, 89
daffodil garlic, 33 Erythronium tuolumnense, 89
Dahlia, 11, 13, 16, 19, 20, 79–80 ‘Citronella’, 89
Dahlia imperialis, 79, 80 ‘Jeannine’, 89
Dahlia ‘Kiwi Gloria’, 79 ‘Kondo’, 89
Dahlia ‘Sunshine’, 80 ‘Pagoda’, 89
Dalmatian iris, 123 ‘Sundisc’, 89
daylily, 109 Eucharis ?grandiflora, 89, 90
desert candle, 86 Eucharist lily, 89
devil’s tongue, 37 Eucomis, 22, 23, 91–93
Dicentra spectabilis, 80, 81 Eucomis autumnalis, 91, 93
‘Alba’, 81 subsp. amaryllidifolia, 93
‘Pantaloons’, 81 subsp. clavata, 93
Dichelostemma, 81–82, 187 Eucomis comosa, 93
Dichelostemma congestum, 81, 82 ‘Sparkling Burgundy’, 93
Dichelostemma ida-maia, 82 ‘Sparkling Rose’, 92
Dierama, 82–84
Dierama pendulum, 83, 84 fairy lantern, 53
Dierama pulcherrimum, 82, 84 fawn lily, 89
Dietes, 84 feather hyacinth, 149
Dietes bicolor, 84, 85 Ferraria crispa, 93, 94
Dietes grandiflora, 84, 85 fire lily, 77
dog’s-tooth violet, 87, 89 firecracker flower, 82
Dracunculus vulgaris, 84, 85 flag, 119
dragon arum, 84 flame lily, 62
dragon root, 43 fleur-de-lis, 123
Florentine iris, 121
Easter lily, 137 Florida swamp lily, 68
elephant yam, 38 flowering garlic, 31
elephant’s-ear, 51 flowering grass, 82, 84
Endymion, 114 flowering onion, 33
English bluebell(s), 14, 15, 114, 116 forest lily, 60
Eranthis, 84–86 four-leaved clover, 167
Eranthis cilicica, 86 foxtail lily, 86
Eranthis hyemalis, 86 Freesia, 16, 17, 27, 28, 94–96, 95
Eremurus, 86–87 Freesia ‘Adonis’, 94
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222
Freesia ‘Aphrodite’, 94 Geranium tuberosum, 104, 105
Freesia leichtlinii, 94 ‘Leonidas’, 105
Freesia ‘Matterhorn’, 94, 95 giant garlic, 33
Freesia ‘Riande’, 94 giant snowdrop, 103
Freesia ‘Romany’, 94 Gladiolus, 11, 13, 16, 19, 105–106
Freesia ‘Rose Marie’, 94 Gladiolus ‘Candy Stripe’, 105, 106
Freesia ‘Royal Blue’, 94 Gladiolus communis, 106
Freesia ‘Stockholm’, 96 Gladiolus dalenii, 106, 107
Freesia ‘Wintergold’, 96 Gladiolus murielae, 106, 107
Fritillaria, 11, 15, 96–102 Gladiolus primulinus, 106
Fritillaria acmopetala, 97, 98 Gladiolus tristis, 106, 107
Fritillaria biflora, 98 var. concolor, 106
‘Martha Roderick’, 98 Gladiolus virescens, 106
Fritillaria bucharica, 98 Gloriosa superba, 106
Fritillaria glauca, 101 ‘Rothschildiana’, 108, 109
Fritillaria imperialis, 101 glory of the snow, 59
‘Aureomarginata’, 101 gloxinia(s), 20
‘Aurora’, 98, 99, 101 gold band lily, 134
‘Lutea’, 99, 101 golden calla, 209
‘Lutea Maxima’, 101 golden garlic, 33
‘Prolifera’, 101 golden star, 189
‘Rubra’, 101 good luck leaf plant, 167
‘Sulpherino’, 101 grape hyacinth(s), 15, 146, 203
Fritillaria meleagris, 101 grass nuts, 187, 189
‘Aphrodite’, 101 great white trillium, 187
‘Artemis’, 101 green dragon, 43
‘Charon’, 101 guinea-hen flower, 101
‘Orion’, 101
‘Saturnus’, 101 hardy begonia, 47
Fritillaria michailovskyi, 101 Harlequin flower, 182
Fritillaria micrantha, 101 herb lily, 36
Fritillaria pallidiflora, 100, 101 Hemerocallis, 109–110
Fritillaria persica, 101 Hemerocallis ‘August Flame’, 110
‘Adiyaman’, 100, 101 Hemerocallis ‘Bald Eagle’, 110
Fritillaria pontica, 102 Hemerocallis ‘Catherine Woodbery’, 110
Fritillaria pudica, 102 Hemerocallis ‘King Porcelain’, 110
Hemerocallis ‘Moonlight’, 110
Galanthus, 19, 102–103, 131 Hemerocallis ‘Pardon Me’, 110
Galanthus elwesii, 103 Hemerocallis ‘Real Purple Star’, 110
Galanthus gracilis, 103 Hemerocallis ‘Satin Clouds’, 110
Galanthus ikariae, 103 Hemerocallis ‘Stella d’Oro’, 110
Galanthus nivalis, 102, 103 Hemerocallis ‘Strawberry Candy’, 110
‘Lutescens’, 103 Hippeastrum, 111, 112, 113
f. pleniflorus ‘Lady Elphinstone’, 103 Hippeastrum ‘Apple Blossom’, 111
f. pleniflorus ‘Pusey Green Tip’, 103 Hippeastrum ‘Masai’, 111
‘Poculiformis’, 103 Hippeastrum papilio, 111, 112
‘Sam Arnott’, 103 Homeria, 113–114
‘Sandersii’, 103 Homeria collina, 113
‘Scharlockii’, 103 Homeria pallida, 114
Galtonia candicans, 103 hoop petticoat daffodil, 151
garden nasturtium, 191 horned tulip, 192
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223
hurricane lily, 144 Iris pseudacorus, 9, 123
Hyacinthoides, 114–116 ‘Alba’, 124
Hyacinthoides hispanica, 114 ‘Bastardii’, 124
‘Alba’, 116 ‘Golden Fleece’, 124
‘Arnold Prinsen’, 116 ‘Variegata’, 8, 9, 124
‘Blue Bird’, 116 Iris reticulata, 121, 124, 125
‘Blue Queen’, 116 Iris ‘Stitch in Time’, 124
‘Excelsior’, 116 Iris unguicularis, 124
‘Rose Queen’, 116 subsp. carica f. angustifolia, 124
‘Sky Blue’, 116 subsp. cretensis, 124
‘White Triumphator’, 116 ‘Walter Butt’, 124
Hyacinthoides italica, 116 Iris versicolor, 124
Hyacinthoides non-scripta, 14, 115, 116 var. arkeonensis, 124
Hyacinthus, 11, 13, 16, 17 var. kermesina, 124
Hyacinthus orientalis, 116 ‘Kermesina’, 124
‘Carnegie’, 118 var. rosea, 124
‘City of Haarlem’, 118 Iris ‘White Excelsior’, 124, 125
‘Gipsy Queen’, 116, 118 Italian bluebell, 116
‘Jan Bos’, 118 Ixia, 126–127
‘L’Innocence’, 117, 118 Ixia ‘Blue Bird’, 127
Multiflora hybrids, 118 Ixia campanulata, 127
‘Pink Pearl’, 117, 118 Ixia ‘Giant’, 127
Roman hybrids, 118 Ixia ‘Hogarth’, 127
Ixia longituba, 127
Ifafa lily, 78 Ixia ‘Marquette’, 127
Inca lily, 36 Ixia ‘Rose Emperor’, 127
Ipheion uniflorum, 118 Ixiolirion tataricum, 127
‘Froyle Mill’, 118
‘Violaceum’, 118 Japanese iris(es), 121
‘Wisley Blue’, 118 Japanese lily, 144
Iris, 11, 16, 119–125 Johnny-jump-up, 102
Iris ‘Bronze Beauty’, 120 jonquil, 151
Iris bucharica, 119, 120
Iris cycloglossa, 120 keeled garlic, 31
Iris danfordiae, 120, 121 knight’s star lily, 111
Iris ensata, 121 Kniphofia, 50
‘The Geisha’, 122 Kniphofia uvaria, 10, 11, 127, 128
‘Variegata’, 123
Iris germanica, 121, 122 Lachenalia aloides, 128, 129
var. florentina, 121 var. aurea, 128, 129
Iris histrioides, 121 ‘Nelsonii’, 128
‘Angel’s Eye’, 121 var. quadricolor, 128
‘Major’, 121 ‘Pearsonii’, 128
var. sophenensis, 121 lady tulip, 193
Iris japonica, 121, 123 Lapeirousia, 128–130
Iris kaempferia, 121 Lapeirousia corymbosa, 130
Iris latifolia ‘King of the Blues’, 123 Lapeirousia silenoides, 130
Iris nusairiensis, 123 leopard lily, 47
Iris pallida, 123 leper lily, 101
‘Aurea Variegata’, 123 Leucocoryne ixioides, 130, 131
Leucojum, 19, 102, 131–133
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224
Leucojum aestivum, 2, 4, 132, 133 lily-of-the-valley, 65
‘Gravetye Giant’, 132, 133 Loddon lily, 131
Leucojum vernum, 133 lords-and-ladies, 45
var. carpathicum, 133 lucky clover, 167
var. vagneri, 133 Lycoris, 144–145, 158
Lilium, 133–144 Lycoris ?albiflora, 145
Lilium ‘Adelina’, 139 Lycoris aurea, 145
Lilium ‘American Eagle’, 143 Lycoris incarnata, 145
Lilium auratum, 134 Lycoris radiata, 145
var. platyphyllum, 134 Lycoris squamigera, 145
Red Band Group, 134
Lilium ‘Beatrix’, 139 Madonna lily, 136
Lilium ‘Black Dragon’, 142 magenta wall-flower, 84
Lilium ‘Compass’, 6, 7 magic lily, 145
Lilium canadense, 15, 135, 136 mariposa lily, 53
Lilium candidum, 136, 144 Marsh Afrikaner, 106
‘Aureo-marginatum’, 136 martagon lily, 137
‘Cascade Strain’, 136 meadow lily, 136
‘Plenum’, 136 meadow saffron, 62, 63
‘Purpureum’, 136 milk lily, 67
‘Variegatum’, 136 mission bells lily, 98
Lilium chalcedonicum, 136, 144 monarch of the East, 175
var. maculatum, 136 montbretia, 70, 189
Lilium formosanum, 136, 137 Moraea tricolor, 145, 146
var. pricei, 137 Mount Etna lily, 184
Lilium ‘Jamboree’, 143 Muscari, 15, 146–149
Lilium japonicum, 137 Muscari armeniacum, 146
Lilium lancifolium, 137, 138 ‘Blue Spike’, 146, 147
‘Flore Pleno’, 137 ‘Early Giant’, 146, 147
Lilium ‘La Toya’, 140 Muscari aucheri, 146
Lilium longiflorum, 137 Muscari azureum, 146
‘Albo-marginatum’, 137 ‘Album’, 146
Lilium martagon, 15, 137 ‘Amphibolis’, 146
Lilium ‘Orange Pixie’, 140 Muscari botryoides, 148, 149
Lilium philadelphicum, 140 ‘Album’, 149
var. andinum, 140 Muscari comosum, 149
Lilium ‘Pink Perfection’, 144 ‘Epirus Giant’, 149
Lilium pumilum, 140 ‘Plumosum’, 149
‘Golden Gleam’, 144 Muscari latifolium, 148, 149
‘Yellow Bunting’, 144 Muscari macrocarpum, 149
Lilium ‘Quickstep’, 141 Muscari neglectum, 149
Lilium regale, 139, 144
Lilium speciosum, 144 naked boys, 63
Lilium ‘Star Gazer’, 142 naked lady, 36
Lilium ?testaceum, 144 Nankeen lily, 144
Lilium tigrinum, 137 Naples garlic, 33
lily(-ies), 11, 14, 15, 16, 133 Narcissus, 14, 17, 19, 33, 149–157, 184
lily leek, 33 Narcissus ‘Accent’, 153
lily-of-the-field, 38, 184 Narcissus ‘Avalanche’, 156
lily-of-the-Incas, 34 Narcissus bulbocodium, 150, 151
lily-of-the-Nile, 29 subsp. bulbocodium, 151
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var. citrinus, 151 Ornithogalum thyrsoides, 160, 161, 163
var. conspicuus, 151 Ornithogalum umbellatum, 163, 164
Narcissus cyclamineus, 151 Oxalis, 164–167
Narcissus ‘Dolly Mollinger’, 157 Oxalis adenophylla, 165
Narcissus ‘Erlicheer’, 154 Oxalis lutea, 165, 167
Narcissus ‘Garden Princess’, 155 Oxalis purpurea, 166, 167
Narcissus ‘Hawera’, 155 ‘Alba’, 166
Narcissus jonquilla, 150, 151 Oxalis regnellii, 167
‘Dickcissel’, 151 Oxalis tetraphylla, 167
‘Flore-Pleno’, 151 var. alba, 167
var. henriquesii, 151 ‘Iron Cross’, 167
‘Plenus’, 151
Narcissus ‘King Alfred’, 152 pajama lily, 68
Narcissus ‘March Sunshine’, 155 Pancratium maritimum, 167, 168
Narcissus minor, 151 parrot lily, 36, 106
‘Cedric Morris’, 151 peacock flower, 84, 185
Narcissus ?odorus, 151 Persian lily, 101
Narcissus poeticus, 152, 153 Persian violet, 75
subsp. poeticus, 153 Peruvian lily, 34, 181
var. physaloides, 153 pheasant’s eye narcissus, 153
var. recurvus, 153 pineapple lily, 91
Narcissus pseudonarcissus, 151 pink agapanthus, 191
Narcissus ‘Soleil d’Or’, 157 “pink buttercups,” 165
Narcissus ‘Tète à Tète’, 156 poet’s narcissus, 153
Narcissus triandrus, 152, 153 Polianthes tuberosa, 168, 169
‘Albus’, 153 ‘Mexican’, 168
Narcissus ‘White Owl’, 157 ‘The Pearl’, 168
Natal lily, 60 poppy anemone, 39
Nectaroscordum siculum, 158 pretty face, 189
subsp. bulgaricum, 158 Puschkinia scilloides, 170
Nerine, 16, 144, 158–160 var. libanotica, 170
Nerine bowdenii, 159 var. libanotica ‘Alba’, 170
‘Alba’, 159
‘E. B. Anderson’, 159 quamash, 53
‘Pink Triumph’, 159 Queen Anne’s double jonquil, 151
‘Wellsii’, 159
Nerine sarniensis, 159 Ranunculus, 16, 165
‘Bettina’, 160 Ranunculus acontifolius, 170
‘Blush Beauty’, 160 Ranunculus Hadeco hybrids, 170, 171, 173
‘Fothergillii Major’, 160 Ranunculus Tecolote® hybrids, 170
‘Guy Fawkes’, 160 red bush lily, 62
red-hot poker, 127, 203
onion(s), 16, 31 red martagon, 136
orange freesia, 191 red spider lily, 145
orchid iris, 121 red trillium, 187
Orinoco lily, 67 regal lily, 144
Ornithogalum, 16, 160–164 resurrection lily, 145
Ornithogalum arabicum, 160, 161 Rhodohypoxis, 173
Ornithogalum dubium, 161 Rhodohypoxis baurii, 173
Ornithogalum nutans, 161, 162 ‘Apple Blossom’, 172, 173
Ornithogalum oligophyllum, 161 var. confecta, 173
var. platypetala, 173
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226
Rhodohypoxis rubella, 173 snake’s tongue, 37
Romulea, 173–174 snow lily, 187
Romulea rosea, 174 snowdrop, 102
var. australis, 174 snowflake, 131
var. elegans, 174 society garlic, 191
var. reflexa, 174 sorrel, 164
Romulea tabularis, 174 sowbread, 77
rosy garlic, 33 Spanish bluebell, 114
round-headed leek, 33 Sparaxis, 182–183
Sparaxis elegans, 182
saffron, 73 ‘Coccinea’, 183
Saint John’s lily, 106 ‘Zwanenburg’, 183
Saint Martin’s flower, 34 Sparaxis grandiflora, 182, 183
Sandersonia aurantiaca, 174, 175 Sparaxis tricolor, 183
Sauromatum venosum, 175, 176 ‘Fire King’, 183
var. pedatum, 176 ‘Mixed’, 183
Scadoxus. multiflorus, 176 spider lily, 144, 145, 158
subsp. katherinae, 177 spring snowflake, 133
subsp. longitubus, 177 spring starflower, 118
scarlet turk’s cap lily, 136, 137 squill(s), 11, 179
Schizostylis coccinea, 177, 178 star of Bethlehem, 164
‘Alba’, 179 star of Persia, 32
‘Major’, 179 Sternbergia, 183–184
‘Mrs. Hegarty’, 179 Sternbergia colchiflora, 184
‘Oregon Sunset’, 179 Sternbergia lutea, 184
‘Rosea’, 179 ‘Angustifolia’, 184
‘Sunrise’, 179 striped squill, 170
‘Viscountess Byng’, 179 summer hyacinth, 103
Scilla, 53, 59, 114, 179–182 summer snowflake, 133
Scilla bifolia, 179 swamp lily, 68
Scilla peruviana, 179 sword lily, 105, 119
Scilla natalensis, 179, 180, 181
var. sordida, 181 tall squill, 181
Scilla miczenkoana, 180, 181 tassel hyacinth, 149
Scilla peruviana, 179, 180, 181 Telingo potato, 38
‘Alba’, 181 thong lily, 60
‘Elegans’, 181 three-cornered leek, 33
var. glabra, 181 tiger flower, 185
Scilla siberica, 179, 182 tiger lily, 137
‘Spring Beauty’, 182 Tigridia pavonia, 185
var. taurica, 182 ‘Alba Grandiflora’, 185
Scotch crocus, 72 ‘Alba Immaculata’, 186
sea daffodil, 167 ‘Aurea’, 186
sea lily, 167 ‘Canariensis’, 186
Siberian squill, 182 ‘Liliacea’, 186
Sicilian honey garlic, 158 toadshade, 187
silver bells, 161 tree dahlia, 80
Siskiyou lily, 101 Trillium, 15, 186–187
small red iris, 128 Trillium erectum, 187
snake palm, 37 ‘Albiflorum’, 187
snake’s head fritillary, 101 ‘Luteum’, 187
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Trillium grandiflorum, 186, 187 Tulipa ‘Kees Nelis’, 196
‘Flore Pleno’, 187 Tulipa ‘Negrita’, 197
f. parvum, 187 Tulipa ‘Oxford’, 198
f. roseum, 187 Tulipa ‘Oxford’s Elite’, 199
‘Roseum’, 187 Tulipa saxatilis, 196
f. variegatum, 187 Tulipa ‘Twinkle’, 39
Trillium sessile, 187 Tulipa ‘West Point’, 200, 203
f. viridiflorum, 187 tumbleweed, 48
triplet lily, 189 turk’s-cap lily, 137
Triteleia, 187–189
Triteleia ixioides, 189 umbrella arum, 37
var. anilina, 189
var. scabra, 189 Vallota contractus, 78
‘Starlight’, 188, 189 Vallota mackenii, 78
Triteleia laxa, 189 Vallota speciosa, 78
‘Humboldt Star’, 189 Veltheimia bracteata, 203, 204
‘Koningin Fabiola’, 189 voodoo lily, 175
“Queen Fabiola,” 189
Tritonia, 189–191, 190 wake robin, 186
Tritonia crocata, 190, 191 wand flower, 126, 182
‘Baby Doll’, 191 Watsonia, 16, 205–207
‘Bridal Veil’, 191 Watsonia borbonica, 205
‘Pink Sensation’, 191 subsp. ardernei, 205
‘Serendipity’, 191 Watsonia comptonii, 205
Tritonia flabellifolia, 191 Watsonia meriana, 205, 206
Tropaeolum tuberosum, 191 ‘Bulbillifera’, 205
‘Ken Aslet’, 191 Watsonia zeyheri, 206, 207
trout lily, 87 white spider lily, 145
tuberose, 168 wild iris, 84
tuberous begonia(s), 46, 47 wild saffron, 73
Tulbaghia violacea, 191, 192 windflower, 38
Tulipa, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 126, 192–203 winter aconite, 84
Tulipa acuminata, 192, 193 wonder flower, 161
Tulipa ‘Appledorn’s Elite’, 198 wood anemone, 42
Tulipa ‘Apricot Beauty’, 196 wood lily, 140, 186
Tulipa ‘Atilla’, 196
Tulipa ‘Carnaval de Nice’, 201 yellow bell, 102
Tulipa clusiana, 193 yellow chincherinchee, 161
var. chrysantha, 193 yellow flag, 123
var. chrysantha ‘Tubergen’s Gem’, 193 yellow onion, 33
‘Cynthia’, 193 yellow tulip, 114
var. stellata, 193
Tulipa ‘Flaming Parrot’, 202 Zantedeschia, 207–209
Tulipa fosteriana, 193 Zantedeschia aethiopica, 207, 208
‘Golden Emperor’, 194 ‘Childsiana’, 208
‘Purissima’, 194 ‘Crowborough’, 209
‘Red Emperor’, 195 ‘Gigantea’, 209
Tulipa ‘Georgette’, 199, 203 ‘Green Goddess’, 209
Tulipa ‘Greenland’, 200 ‘Little Gem’, 209
Tulipa greigii, 194, 195 Zantedeschia elliotiana, 208, 209
‘Plaisir’, 195