Not only does the Cardoon have certain preferences regarding how much water it receives, but it also cares deeply about how you provide that water. In fact, if you don't use the proper watering technique, you risk harming your tomatoes. The best way to water Cardoon is to apply the water directly to the soil in a slow and gentle manner. You should not pour all of the water into the soil at once, and you should not do overhead watering for your Cardoon. Although you should water slowly, you should also water deeply to ensure that all of the soil in which your Cardoon grows is sufficiently moist.

If you find that you have overwatered your Cardoon and you are concerned about the associated risk of disease, you should intervene immediately. Often the best approach for an overwatered Cardoon is to uproot it from its current growing location. Once the plant is out of the ground, you can allow its roots to dry a bit before planting it in a new growing location. Ensure that the new growing location has soil with good drainage. If you grow in pots, you may also want to move your plant to a pot with more or larger drainage holes. In the case of underwatering, all you will need to do is increase the frequency with which you supply water to your plant.

Overall, Cardoon requires a significant amount of water throughout the growing season. To meet that high water need, you'll need to water early and often throughout the spring and summer. During the earlier parts of the growing season, you should water your Cardoon about once or twice per week. As the season progresses, you should increase your watering frequency. You may need to water it twice per day or more during summer, depending on the weather. After your Cardoon have gone through their major seasonal growth phases, you can reduce the frequency of your watering to about once per week until the end of the growing season.

Since Cardoon are incredibly popular, with many professional and amateur gardeners growing them successfully, we have a pretty clear idea of how to care for these plants. That understanding includes specific knowledge about the precise volume of water an average Cardoon should receive. Generally, Cardoon will require about 1 - 1.5 inches of water per week. That volume should be dispersed evenly through your weekly watering. As the weather gets warmer, you may need to supply more water, but in most cases, two inches per week is a good baseline amount.

Underwatering and overwatering can both occur as problems for your Cardoon, and both these problems can manifest with similar symptoms. For example, foliage discoloration and wilting can both result from either overwatering or underwatering. When your Cardoon is underwatered, its leaves will be curling and drooping at the beginning. You will see a bunch of leaves turn less vigorous. Underwatering is also likely to cause stunted growth and poor overall development as both the flowers and this plant require a high amount of water. Overwatering is more likely to lead to disease, including rot. Overwatering may also lead to unpleasant smells rising from your plant's soil. The symptoms of underwatering will show up quicker than overwatering. Overwatering can also be evident in soil conditions. Mainly, if you notice a lot of standing water or waterlogged soils, overwatering is likely to occur.

As alluded to above, your Cardoon's water needs will repeatedly change throughout the seasons. During most of spring and summer, you should water your Cardoon about once every week. As the heat of summer arrives, you should plan to increase your watering frequency to once or twice per day. In the late summer and fall, towards the end of the harvest period, you can reduce your watering frequency to about once per week. After harvest has ended, you can cease watering as your Cardoon has reached the end of its life cycle and will require no further soil moisture. The maintenance schedule of Cardoon will require you to alter the amount of water you provide depending on the plant's current growth stage. Early on, especially if you grow your Cardoon from seeds, you'll need to provide water often enough to maintain consistent soil moisture, which encourages root development. When the plant becomes old enough to produce flowers, it will likely need even more water. During the fruit development growth stage, your Cardoon will likely need the most water out of any growth period, at times requiring water more than twice per day. Following that phase, the water needs of Cardoon will decline significantly.

Whether you grow Cardoon indoors or outdoors can also play a role in how you water them. Cardoon that grows outdoors may receive water from natural rainfall, which will reduce the amount of supplemental water you should supply. However, it is incredibly rare for rainfall to adequately replace your watering entirely. Plants that grow indoors, along with any Cardoon that grows in a container, will need to be watered more frequently than those that grow in the ground outdoors. If you choose this route, please make sure that the plant gets enough water by checking the soil moisture within your pot often to keep your Cardoon healthy.

The question depends on your answer to whether the plant you have is only meant for ornamental purposes or if you are growing for the fruit. If your plant produces fruits, you’ll need to put in more effort when it comes to pruning. With that said, Cardoon needs minimal pruning. For the best fruit yields you should prune the plant: When the leaves are damaged, discolored, or dead/dying as they will keep sapping nutrients from living leaves If any leaves are shading the fruit since the fruit requires full sunlight to ripen To remove excess fruit for larger fruits Every six months or so, you’ll want to remove any excess suckers (side shoots from the main stem of the plant) that appear along the base of the plant. You only need one, so keep the largest sucker and cut off the rest.

Pruning is an important part of maintaining Cardoon especially if you want to harvest its fruit. While it's not complicated, you do need to know the best time to prune. For leaves that are dead, dying, or yellowed, you can prune them immediately as they can impact other leaves and even the fruit harvest. Make sure to check the leaves regularly for changes in color from green to brown or yellow and check for any holes. Besides the leaves, you also want to keep an eye out for suckers (side shoots from the main plant). Remove these a few weeks after you notice them growing in during the late spring. If you wait too much longer, it will start pulling too many nutrients away from the main plant, which means the main plant won’t grow as tall and might not flower/fruit. With that said, you’ll want to keep one sucker once the main stalk is 6-8 months old to replace the old plant for the next season. As the fruit starts forming in the late spring/early summer, you should move any leaves that are shading them as the fruits require full sunlight to ripen. If you can’t move the leaves out of the way, only prune back what you need to. Don’t go overboard as it could affect fruit growth. As the fruits grow, keep an eye on them and remove any small or malformed ones. While it might decrease your overall yield, the remaining fruit will grow larger and ripen faster. After all, the more fruit there is, the more nutrients it takes to grow all of them. By reducing competition, the remaining fruit can get more water and nutrients from the soil to grow big and strong. Once you’ve harvested all the fruit, cut back the stalk that produced the fruit. Each stalk produces fruit once so leaving it behind means it will steal nutrients from any new stalks and fruit.

When removing leaves from the plant, make sure you are using sharp garden shears for clean cuts. You don’t need to add any medicine to the plant for standard pruning. Instead, make sure to give the plant plenty of moisture and nutrients so it will grow stronger leaves. When pruning your plant back for winter, you should give it light watering, but avoid saturating the soil as the cold weather can freeze moisture in the dirt, which can harm the roots of Cardoon. You can toss the healthy stems, leaves, and fruits of the tree into your compost bin after pruning. For diseased plants, dig up and destroy the roots, stem, and leaves to prevent contamination.

Before Cardoon starts fruiting, you should limit pruning as much as possible as the plant needs as much sunlight as possible for fruit production. You should only prune back leaves if they are discolored, damaged, and dying/dead. Discolored leaves could be caused by frost damage, fungus, insects, or even under or overwatering. With that said, as Cardoon gets older, the leaves will naturally die off so there might not always be an issue. Still, it pays to take a proactive approach when it comes to your plant’s health so inspect the leaves you prune to figure out what the underlying issue might be. If you notice any black marks on the plant, it could mean there’s too much humidity. Yellow leaves often mean the plant is suffering frost damage or not getting enough water. The next time you’ll want to prune is while the fruits are growing. Remove leaves that are providing too much shade on the fruit. As the fruit starts growing, you’ll also notice suckers growing from the main stem. Prune any that appear as they will divert necessary nutrients away from the fruit. At the same time you’re removing the suckers, get rid of the smallest fruits in the bunch to improve the quality of your remaining fruit. Your final pruning for the season will come once you’ve harvested the ripe fruit. Cardoon stalks only produce fruit once. If you don’t cut it back, it will steal nutrients from future stalks. Be careful you don’t nick the main plant when cutting back the stalk!

The best time to prune Cardoon is during the growing season. You can remove the dead and/or diseased leaves generally at any time during the spring-fall. For fruiting plants, prune leaves that are shading the fruit as they require sunlight to ripen. Otherwise, avoid pruning until after harvesting the fruit. Even if your plant never flowers or fruits, you will still need to prune the plant back to properly winterize it. Cut the main stem back to around a foot above the soil after the leaves have already died off. You should then apply a thick layer of mulch to protect the roots from the cold. So long as it’s properly protected, Cardoon can survive temperatures below freezing.

Always make sure to sterilize your garden tools before and after you use them to prevent the spread of potential diseases. If you are cutting off a part of the plant you know has a fungus or disease, sterilize with alcohol before you continue to prune on a healthy portion of the plant. If you’re growing your plant in a pot, you will need to repot every few years as the plant likely will deplete the soil of nutrients. When well taken care of, you can keep the plant alive and well for years to come as each year brings new growth!

The easiest way to keep your plant healthy is to remove any dead, damaged, or diseased leaves. Look for leaves that have become discolored, have holes in them, and/or are wilted and remove them with garden shears. Before making your first cut, remember to sterilize your shears and blade first and then start removing the leaves. Start from the outermost leaves and then work your way in. Avoid cutting into the stem as that can affect the development of leaves, flowers, and fruit. After that, use your sharp blade and prune back the stalk of the plant about ½ to one inch from the stem at a 45 degree angle. Only do this after you’ve already harvested any fruit or the plant has already flowered!

Exact needs vary, but a minimum of 6 to 8 hours per day is a good rule of thumb for Cardoon to grow and produce fruit.

Cardoon requires full sun, meaning that it should be grown in a location that gets direct sunlight that isn’t blocked by obstacles such as trees, fences, or buildings. In general, the faster the plant grows, the more hours of sunlight it will need. Morning sun is best for photosynthesis.

Cardoon should not need to be protected from the sun in most climates. Those who live in a desert or near the equator may find that the sun is too harsh for the types of plants they want to grow, but this is the exception.

All plants need sunlight to convert into energy. Plants that have a short growing season need even more light and energy than those that grow slowly, as they need to complete all their processes to grow and produce fruit within just a few months. The first symptoms of insufficient sunlight in Cardoon are pale and yellow leaves that are not able to generate enough chlorophyll to keep their healthy green color. The leaves may eventually fall off, and new growth is small and weak. The plant may become leggy and sparse as it stretches toward the available light. Finally, without enough light the plant will not be able to produce large, high-quality edible leaves or fruit. Cardoon needs to devote a lot of energy into growing leaves and fruits, so if there isn’t enough light available for it to convert, the harvest will suffer.

Cardoon can get sunburned from intense sunlight, especially when coupled with high temperatures and not having enough water. Afternoon sun tends to be most likely to burn plants. Scalded leaves develop faded patches of light brown to white on the areas at the top of the plant that are exposed to the most sun. They are especially vulnerable to this right after being transplanted from a shadier location to being in full sun. Transitioning plants gradually or providing them with a barrier while they are adjusting can help prevent sunscald in young plants. In many cases, Cardoon develops leaves that are large enough to protect fruits from the strongest rays of the sun. However, if intense sunlight is in contact with fruits, they can also be damaged. Avoid over-pruning those protective leaves so that the fruits don’t get burned.

Cardoon may become unbalanced if it gets significantly more light on one side than the other. Ideally, you can plant your Cardoon in a location away from obstacles that might block light, and where the distribution of sunlight is even on all sides. Be careful about planting tall species next to those that grow closer to the ground. It may not be obvious when the crops are first planted, but over time the taller plants may begin to block the amount of sunlight that can reach the shorter plants. Morning sun helps to dry dew and precipitation, which helps prevent infection from diseases that can develop when water sits on the plant. If you are watering or irrigating your Cardoon, this should be done in the morning.

There is an ideal temperature range that makes Cardoon feel at home. Under these temperature conditions, it's unlikely that you’ll have any issues with cold or hot damage to the foliage, but changing leaf colors can absolutely be a sign that Cardoon isn’t happy. Try to keep your Cardoon well within its preferred range of 70-85℉(21-30℃), but don’t panic if the temperature creeps up past 85℉(30℃) during the day or down to 70℉(21℃) at night.

If your Cardoon happens to be planted outside, then there’s not much you can do to try to move it indoors. However, you can certainly provide cover in ways that will help it survive any extreme temperatures that may arise unexpectedly. For instance, you can always use a few stakes and some cloth to put together a shade tent that will block out much of the sun’s intense heat from direct sunlight exposure. Similarly, Cardoon can be protected from the extreme cold and especially chilly winds by building a small greenhouse around the plant, which will create a greenhouse effect and warm the plant up. This can be done using garden stakes and any sort of clear or translucent plastic you may have around; if you have greenhouse plastic such as polycarbonate laying around, this works perfectly. Remove the greenhouse once temperatures warm up to 40℉(10℃) at night.

Generally speaking, Cardoon needs to stay within its preferred temperature range all year long. However, that doesn’t mean that care should stay the same all year long. During the warmest months of the year, Cardoon will need a little extra shade and a bit more of a breeze to help it cope with the hottest days. On the other hand, it may need to be moved away from chilly windows and doors during the cooler months in climates where temperatures drop below 40℉(10℃) at any point in the year.

Keeping your Cardoon at the right temperature can be fairly simple. Depending on where you grow it, Cardoon can be fairly easy to accommodate. For indoor growing, you can easily move the plant to different locations within your indoor space that best meet its temperature requirements. Avoid placing it near air conditioning vents, heaters, doors that open frequently, or drafty windows. It is a little more difficult to control the temperature around your Cardoon if it’s grown outside. Of course, if it’s planted in a pot, you can simply bring it indoors when the temperatures outside get too hot or too cold for Cardoon, but otherwise, you may need to take different measures to protect it from extreme heat or cold that may damage it irreversibly. Try placing Cardoon under cover to protect from both the harsh sun that can overheat it and any cold wind that could be potentially deadly for your plant.

Cardoon typically grows quickly, and uses a lot of energy to create the root vegetables we enjoy. Along with sunlight, oxygen, and water, Cardoon species require nutrients to grow and produce roots. While these nutrients are generally present in garden soil because of the natural organic matter decomposition in and on top of the soil, there may be some cases where the nutrients are not abundant enough to support healthy Cardoon growth. In these cases, fertilizer provides the boost that the Cardoon needs.

Apply natural fertilizer to your soil to prepare it for planting. There is no particular time frame you are required to follow, but be sure you have enough time to incorporate the fertilizer into the soil and water it thoroughly before putting seeds or seedlings in the ground. In general, one application of fertilizer is enough to keep Cardoon growing well throughout the season, but you can do one additional application once the seedlings have started to establish themselves if you want to boost their yield even more. Just be careful not to use too much fertilizer that could damage the plants.

Avoid fertilizing when conditions are dry, and always water plants thoroughly after fertilizing. All types of fertilizer are most effective when delivered through moist soil. Don’t use high-nitrogen fertilizers unless developing a lot of foliage is more important to you than the root crops. Be careful not to let fertilizer touch the base of the plant or splash onto leaves or stems, since this can cause the plant to burn.

Most people grow Cardoon in order to harvest the roots, although in many cases the foliage is also edible. To promote a healthy root system, choose a fertilizer with more phosphate and potassium compared with the amount of nitrogen. Bone meal and kelp are great choices for natural fertilizers, but chemical fertilizers can also be used. Just make sure the fertilizer doesn’t contain a large amount of nitrogen, since that is a less important nutrient for this particular vegetable. The best way to determine what type of fertilizer to use for growing Cardoon is to take a soil sample from the part of your garden that you are planning to use. Testing the soil will tell you which nutrients are needed, along with other important factors such as density and pH level. All of these factors contribute to your plant’s success, so it is a good idea to think of it holistically and treat the soil accordingly.

Fertilize Cardoon by mixing an organic fertilizer such as bone meal or kelp into the soil prior to planting. If you need to fertilize again during the season, do so by using a layer of compost or well-rotted manure as mulch around (but not touching) the base of your Cardoon. This material will break down gradually, allowing nutrients to soak through to the roots below. For liquid fertilizers, dilute the fertilizer with water according to the instructions for your particular crop and spray it on the ground around the Cardoon, being careful not to splash the plant. Granular fertilizers can be sprinkled around the base of the plant or between rows, or worked into the top layer of soil to keep the granules from being washed or blown away.

Too much fertilizer (especially chemical fertilizer) causes the plant to become stressed. Fertilizer burn is caused by excess salts that are contained in chemicals, which can dehydrate plant cells and cause yellowing and wilted foliage. Be aware that fertilizer burn symptoms can also look very similar to other issues including nutrient deficiency, so be sure to consider all the factors when diagnosing the issue with your Cardoon. Too much nitrogen fertilizer can cause energy to be diverted to foliage growth, leaving the roots and other parts of the plant with less resources. This can be especially disappointing when harvesting a plant that looks very healthy and vigorous above the ground, since the produce it creates doesn’t match its appearance.