John Frost Bridge
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John Frost Bridge, bridge over the Lower Rhine River in Arnhem, Netherlands, that was the site of a major battle during Operation Market Garden, an Allied campaign of World War II. A floating bridge had existed in that location since 1603 but was not replaced by a permanent stucture until 1935. It was destroyed by the Dutch in 1940 in an attempt to slow the German invasion, but the Germans rebuilt the bridge in August 1944.
The Anglo-American assault on the Eindhoven-Arnhem road in September 1944 was an attempt to secure a crossing over the Rhine and by so doing to open a way for a direct invasion of northern Germany. British and U.S. airborne forces would secure key points behind enemy lines and hold them until relieved by the British XXX Corps, advancing overland. British airborne forces were directed to land near the town of Arnhem, and the second parachute battalion of the British 1st Airborne Division, under Lieutenant-Colonel John Frost, was ordered to capture the road bridge across the Rhine—the key to the entire operation.
The plan proved to be overly ambitious (which accounts for the title of the 1977 Richard Attenborough movie of the operation, A Bridge Too Far), and from the start things went wrong for the Allies. Although the paratroopers seized one side of the bridge, they were pinned down by the Germans, who reacted with swiftness to the Allied assault. To make matters worse, XXX Corps, far to the south, was making slow progress and was unable to reach the beleaguered British forces in and around Arnhem. Running out of food, water, and ammunition, and heavily outnumbered, Frost’s paratroopers held the bridge for four days but were eventually forced to surrender.
The battle was a severe defeat for the Allies but the valiant British defense of Arnhem won the respect of friend and foe alike. Dutch civilians did much to aid the Allies both during and after the battle, helping many men to escape back to their own lines. Since the war there have been annual commemoration services where old veterans and civilians gather to pay their respects to the men killed around the town. Though the bridge was bombed in October 1944, it was rebuilt to its original design in 1978 and renamed John Frost Bridge in honour of the British paratroop commander.