Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2015), 14 (1): 225-231 Received: September 2013 Accepted: December 2013 Copyright © 2015 by School of Pharmacy Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Original Article Antimicrobial Activities of Three Medicinal Plants and Investigation of Flavonoids of Tripleurospermum disciforme Zahra Toighia, Maryam Molazema, Behnaz Doostdarb, Parisa Tabanb, Ahmad Reza Shahverdic, Nasrin Samadid and Narguess Yassaa* a Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plant Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. bPharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. cDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Medical Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. dDepartment of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abstract Rosa damascena, Tripleurospermum disciforme and Securigera securidaca were used as disinfectant agents and for treatment of some disease in folk medicine of Iran. The antimicrobial effects of different fractions of seeds extract of S. securidaca, petals extract of R. damascena and aerial parts extract of T. disciforme were examined against some gram positive, gram negative and fungi by cup plate diffusion method. The petroleum ether and chloroform fractions of S. securidaca showed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while its methanol fraction had no antibacterial effects. R. damascena petals extract demonstrated antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. T. disciforme aerial parts extract exhibited antimicrobial effects only against S. aureus and S. epidermidis. None of the fractions had any antifungal activities. Therefore, present study conirmed utility of these plants as disinfectant agents. Six lavonoids were isolated from T. disciforme: Luteolin, Quercetin-7-O-glucoside, Kaempferol, Kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, Apigenin and Apigenin-7-O-glucoside. The lavonoids and the antimicrobial activity of T. disciforme are reported for the irst time. Keywords: Securigera securidaca; Rosa damascena; Tripleurospermum disciforme; antimicrobial activity; Flavonoids. Introduction There are growing interests in use of plants as natural antimicrobial agents because they do not induce antibiotic resistance which is common in the synthetic antibiotics. Securigera securidaca (L.) Deg. & Dorf. (Fabaceae) is one of three species of this genus which grows in * Corresponding author: E-mail: yasa@sina.tums.ac.ir Iran (1). Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae) is a small plant with aromatic lower which appears in spring (2). Nowadays, R. damascena is the principle species cultivated for Rose water and attar in central part of Iran (Kashan), India and Bulgaria (3). Tripleurospermum disciforme (C.A. Mey) Schultz Bip., a genus of Asteraceae, is one of the native plants of Europe and western Asia (4). It was grown in many parts of Iran. These three plants had many traditional and folk uses in Iran but there were a few reports about Toighi Z et al. / IJPR (2015), 14 (1): 225-231 antimicrobial effects of them. The people in the south of Iran used oral administration of the seeds of S. securidaca for hypoglycemic effects. S. securidaca extract signiicantly reduced glucose level in diabetic animals by a mechanism different from sulfonylurea agents (5, 6). R. damascena has some beneits such as cooling, soothing, astringent and anti inlammatory effects (7). Its extract and essential oil showed antioxidant and antibacterial properties (8-10). Rose water is a natural healer for various skin problems and a skin care in folk medicine of Iran. It is an important ingredient in many body creams and cosmetics in the world due to its pleasant fragrance and useful properties. T. disciforme was used as anti inlammatory, anti spasmodic, anti septic, carminative and as a hair color (11, 12). The objective of present research is to evaluate antimicrobial effects of S. securidaca, R. damascena and T. disciforme extracts and isolation and identiication of compounds of T. disciforme. Microorganisms and media The various organisms were used as standard strains in this study, include Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12229, Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633 and Bacillus cereus ATCC1274 as Gram positive bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027, Escherichia coli ATCC8739 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC1003 as Gram negative bacteria; Candida albicans ATCC1023 and Aspergillus niger ATCC16404 as fungi, which were obtained from Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Soybean Casein Digest Agar (Merck, Germany) and Saburouad Dextrose Agar (Merck, Germany) were used as medium for the growth of bacterial and fungal strains, respectively. Antimicrobial assay The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the different extracts and fractions of the plants were studied by cup plate diffusion method as described by Warnock DW (13). Each organism was separately suspended in normal saline solution which was equal to 108 CFU/mL. For preparing base plates, 25 mL of cooled media was poured in to the sterile Petri dishes and inoculated with one of the microorganisms by spreading microbial suspension over the plate with a sterile cotton swab. Then in each plate, holes of 7 mm in diameter were made at equal distances using sterile cork borer. Different concentrations of fractions (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 and 1.562 mg/mL) were prepared and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) with 1% w/v concentration was used as a solvent. 100 µL of each extracts and fractions were added to each hole on the medium. The plates containing bacteria and fungi were incubated at 35 °C for 24 h and 25 °C for 48 h, respectively. The diameter of zone of inhibition was measured in millimeters after incubation as an indication of activity and compared with the solvent as negative control. Gentamycin and Nystatin were used as positive control. All the tests were repeated in triplicate. Experimental Plant material The seeds of S. securidaca, petals of R. damascena and top lowered of T. disciforme were collected in September, May and July 2011 around the Fars, Gilan and Tehran Provinces of Iran, respectively. The plants were dried in shade and powdered. A voucher specimen of each plant is deposited at Herbarium of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Preparation of extracts The powder of dried seeds of S. securidaca, petals of R. damascena and top lowered of T. disciforme (400 g of each sample) were macerated separately with 80% methanol at room temperature in a percolator, then solvents concentrated in vacuum to give gummy residue (crude extract). The crude extract of S. securidaca was re-extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol to achieve different fractions. The concentrated extracts and fractions were kept at 4 ºC prior to antimicrobial tests. Elucidation of compounds of T. disciforme Since there was few reports about phytochemical investigation of T. disciforme 226 Antimicrobial Activities of Three Medicinal Plants extract, it was selected for isolation and puriication of compounds. Crude extract (313.61 g) from 1.5 Kg of T. disciforme was fractionated with petrol ether (PE) and chloroform (CH) yield 50.11 and 13.5 g respectively. Remaining gummy residue which was soluble in methanol called methanol fraction (ME; 250 g). ME fraction (5 g) was applied to reverse phase silicagel column chromatography (2.5×13.5 cm) and eluted with gradient mobile phase H2O-MeOH (80:20 → 0: 100, V/V) to afford 5 subfractions. M3 subfraction (564 mg) was selected for chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 column (2.1×67 cm) eluted with MeOH. Compounds 1 (5.5 mg), 2 (4.3 mg) and 3 (12 mg) were isolated and puriied. M4 subfraction (435 mg) subjected to SEC on Sephadex LH-20 column (2.1×67 cm) and MeOH: EtOAC (2:1) was used as solvent to obtain compound 4 (6.5 mg), 5 (3.8 mg) and 6 (9.5 mg). For further puriication all compounds were applied to a Sephadex-LH20 CC (1.2×55 cm) eluted with methanol separately. H-6), 5.08 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz, H-1″), 3.5- 4.5 (5H, m, H-2′′-6′′); 13C NMR(DMSO-d6): δ 174.9 (C4), 161.6 (C-7), 159.3 (C-5), 157.2 (C-9), 146.9 (C-4′), 146.5 (C-2), 144.0 (C-3′), 141.5 (C-3), 135.0 (C-1′), 120.7 (C-6′), 118.4 (C-2′), 114.5 (C-5′), 103.9 (C-10), 100.0 (C-1′′), 98.8 (C-6), 98.0 (C-8), 76.1 (C-5′′), 75.4 (C-3′′), 72.1 (C2′′), 68.5 (C-4′′), 59.6 (C-6′′). Kaempferol-7-O-glucoside 3: UV λ nm max MeOH: 367, 298sh, 267, 255; + AlCl3: 425, 345, 293sh, 266; + AlCl3/HCl: 425, 345, 293sh, 265; + NaOMe: dec; + NaOAC : 325sh, 380, 325sh, 266 ; + NaOAC/H3BO3 : 364, 256; 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 7.93 (2H, d, J=8.0 Hz, H-2′,6′), 6.88 (2H, d, J=8.0 Hz, H-3′,5′), 6.46 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz, H-8), 6.20 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz, H-6). Kaempferol 4: UV λ max nm MeOH: 365, 320sh, 295sh, 266, 255; + AlCl3: 425, 330sh, 300sh, 272; + AlCl3/HCl: 425, 330sh, 300sh, 272;+ NaOMe: dec; + NaOAC : 390, 302, 268 ; + NaOAC/H3BO3 : 370, 320sh, 295sh, 265; 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 8.15 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz, H-2′,6′), 6.99 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz, H-3′,5′), 6.46 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz, H-8), 6.27 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz, H-6); 13C-NMR(DMSO-d6): δ 176.19 (C-4), 163.8 (C-7), 160.7 (C-5), 160.44 (C-4′), 156.75 (C-9), `149.0 (C-2), 136.19 (C-3), 129.52 (C-2′, 6′), 131.72 (C-1′), 115.45 (C-3′, 5′), 102.56 (C10), 98.05 (C-6), 93.5 (C-8). Apigenin 5: UV λ max nm MeOH: 336, 284, 267.5; + AlCl3: 388, 345sh, 301, 276, 219; + AlCl3/HCl: 387, 343, 300, 276, 217; + NaOMe: 394, 318, 274, 214; + NaOAC : 359, 305, 272; + NaOAC/H3BO3 : 336, 268; EIMS: m/z %: 270[M-glucose]+(100), 152[A1](25), 121[B2](36), 118[B1](25); 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 7.76 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-2′,6′), 6.95 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-3′,5′), 6.51 (1H, s, H-3), 6.48 (1H, s, H-8), 6.24 (1H, s, H-6). Apigenin-7-O-glucoside 6: UV λ max nm MeOH: 332, 268; + AlCl3: 385, 347, 299, 276; + AlCl3/HCl: 382, 341, 299, 277; + NaOMe: 386, 300, 279, 265; + NaOAC : 397sh, 341, 267; + NaOAC/H3BO3 : 336, 266, 256sh; EIMS: m/z %: 270[M-glucose]+(100), 152[A1] (18), 120[B2-H](25), 117[B1-H](18); 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 7.84 (2H, d, J=8.0 Hz, H-2′,6′), 6.94 (2H, d, J=8.0 Hz, H-3′,5′), 6.72 (1H, s, H-3), 6.66 (1H, s, H-8), 6.44 (1H, s, H-3), Spectral data of isolated compounds Luteolin 1: UV λ max nm MeOH: 345.5, 308, 284, 260sh; + AlCl3: 422, 307sh, 286; + AlCl3/ HCl: 384, 350, 318sh, 307, 286; + NaOAC : 390, 307, 289 ; + NaOAC/H3BO3 : 430sh, 367, 370, 289; 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 7.46 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.0 Hz, H-6′), 7.00 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-5′), 7.52 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz, H-2′), 6.57 (1H, s, H-3), 6.54 (1H, d, J=2 Hz, H-8), 6.25 (1H, d, J=2 Hz, H-6): 13C NMR(DMSO-d6): δ 182.9 (C4), 165.2 (C-7), 165.4 (C-2), 162.3 (C-5), 158.5 (C-9), 150.1 (C-4′), 146.1 (C-3′), 122.8 (C-6′), 121.4 (C-1′), 115.9 (C-5′), 113.2 (C-2′), 102.9 (C-3), 102.9 (C-10), 99.2 (C-6), 94.1 (C-8). Quercetin-7-O-glucoside 2: UV λ max nm MeOH: 369, 270sh, 250; + AlCl3: 441, 340sh, 270; + AlCl3/HCl: 430, 368sh, 292sh, 266; + NaOMe: 423, 270, 267sh, 246; + NaOAC : 256, 386 ; + NaOAC/H3BO3 : 254, 420; EIMS: m/z %: 302[M-glucose]+(100), 285 [MOH]+(12), 273 [M-COH]+(8), 193 [M-B]+(12), 153[A1+H]+(27), 137[B2]+(32), 105[B1+ 1 COH] (34); H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 7.56 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, H-6′), 7.74 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz, H-2′), 6.91 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-5′), 6.77 (1H, d, J=2 Hz, H-8), 6.42 (1H, d, J=2 Hz, 227 Toighi Z et al. / IJPR (2015), 14 (1): 225-231 Table 1. Antimicrobial activity of S. securidaca seed different fractions by cup-plate method. Sample Petroleum ether Fraction Chloroform Fraction Methanol Fraction Inhibition zone diameter(mm) Concentration mg/mL SA PA EC KP BS CA 100 10 12 - - - - 50 8 10 - - - - 25 7.5 9.5 - - - - 12.5 - - - - - - 100 12 - - - - - 50 10 - - - - - 25 9.5 - - - - - 12.5 - - - - - - 100 - - - - - - SA: S. aureus, PA: P. aeruginosa, EC: E. coli, KP: K. pneumoniae, BS: B. subtilis, CA: C. albicans, -: no effect 5.00 (1H, d, J=7.2 Hz, H-1′′), 3.4- 4.5 (5H, m, H-2′′-6′′). bacteria and P. aeruginosa as Gram negative bacteria with MICs (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) 70, 140, 560 and 140 µg/mL, respectively. It was inactive against other microorganisms with MICs of >1000 μg/mL. The inhibition zone diameter of R. damascena extract against S. aureus and S. epidermidis is more than Gentamycin as positive control (5 µg/ mL) (Table 2). A previous investigation showed the MIC of butanol extract of R. damascena receptacles against Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus cereus were 62.5 and 250 μg/mL, respectively. Aqueous extract of R. damascena receptacles were inhibited Candida albicans and Methicillinresistant S. aureus with MIC of 125 and 500 μg/ mL (20). It is obvious that antimicrobial potential of crude extract of R. damascena against B. cereus was more than that of butanol extract. Another study demonstrated fresh and spent lower extracts of R. damascena showed the strongest effects against Salmonella enteritidis and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Both extracts were not effective against E. coli (9). Results and Discussion The antimicrobial effects of different fractions of S. securidaca seeds was demonstrated in Table 1. The Petroleum ether fraction only inhibited the growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa with inhibition zone diameter of 7.5 -12 mm. The chloroform fraction showed inhibitory effect only against S. aureus with inhibition zone of 9.5 -12 mm diameter. The methanol fraction showed no antimicrobial activity. The largest zones of inhibition were observed for petroleum ether fraction against P. aeruginosa and chloroform fraction against S. aureus (each 100 µg/mL). All fractions exhibited no antifungal activities. The phytochemical analysis of S. securidaca showed existence of lavonoids, coumarins and cardiac glycosides (14-16). Some lavonoids of S. securidaca have been shown potent cytotoxicity by MTT assay against three Human cancer cell lines: colon carcinoma (HT-29), breast ductal carcinoma (T47D) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) (17). There were reports for antimicrobial effects of some cardenolides (18, 19), and the antibacterial activity of S. securidaca may be due to existence of this class of compounds. Tripleurospermum disciforme extract showed antimicrobial effects only against S. aureus and S. epidermidis with MICs 112 and 224 μg/mL, respectively. It was inactive against the other microorganisms (Table 2). Another study reported the essential oil of T. disciforme was effective on Staphylococcus subtilis and Bacillus cereus with MICs 4 µL/mL and on Citrobacter amalonaticus with MIC 22 µL/mL (21). Methanol extract of T. Rosa damascena extract showed good antibacterial activities against B. cereus, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis as Gram positive 228 Antimicrobial Activities of Three Medicinal Plants Figure 1. Chemical structure of isolated compounds of Tripleurospermum disciforme. disciforme were not exhibited antiproliferative activity by using the MTT assay against: A549, human lung adenocarcinoma; MCF7, human breast adenocarcinoma; HepG2, hepatocellular carcinoma; HT-29, human colon carcinoma and one normal cell line MDBK, bovine kidney (22). There was only one report about phytochemical investigation on lowers extract of T. disciforme which demonstrated isolation of a new dioxaspiran derivative (23). In our study, six lavonoids were isolated from T. disciforme: Luteolin, Quercetin7-O-glucoside, Kaempferol, Kaempferol-7-O- glucoside, Apigenin and Apigenin-7-O-glucoside. The isolated compounds were identiied using different spectroscopic methods (Figure 1). Flavonoids act as antimicrobial agents in different ways including direct antibacterial activity, synergism with antibiotics and suppression virulence (24). Many researchers investigated the antibacterial activity of lavonoids (25), for example, it can be mentioned the antibacterial activities against Propionibacterium acnes by kaempferol and quercetin (26), inhibitory effects of apigenin Table 2. Antimicrobial activity of R. damascena and T. disciforme extract by cup-plate method. Concentration mg/mL R. damascena Extract T. disciforme Extract Inhibition zone diameter (mm) BC BS SA SE EC PA AN CA 64 14 - 24 18 - 12 - - 32 13.4 - 23 16 - 11 - - 16 13.3 - 18 15 - 10.3 - - 8 13.2 - 16 13 - 10 - - 4 13 - 13 - - 9.6 - - 2 11 - 10 - - 9 - - 1 10 - - - - - - - 0.5 - - - - - - - - 64 - - 14 12 - - - - 32 - - 10.2 10 - - - - 16 - - 10 - - - - - 8 - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 0.5 - - - - - - - - Gentamycin 5 25 18 18 12 18 19 - - Nystatin 50 - - - - - - 23 25 BC: B. cereus, BS: B. subtilis, SA: S. aureus, SE: S. epidermidis, EC: E. coli, PA: P. aeruginosa, AN: A. niger, CA: C. albicans, -: no effect 229 Toighi Z et al. / IJPR (2015), 14 (1): 225-231 against S. typhi, Proteus mirabilis and P. aeruginosa (27) and selective toxicity of apigenin and luteolin against S. aureus including the MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains (28, 29). Hadjiakhoondi A. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the extract and essential oil of Rosa damascena from Iran, Population of Guilan. Daru (2009) 17: 175-180. (9) Ozkan G, Sagdic O, Baydar NG and Baydar H. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Rosa damascena lower extracts. Food Sci. Technol. Int. (2004) 10: 277-281. (10) Shahriari S, Yasa N, Mohamrnadirad A, Khorasani A and Abdollahi M. In-vivo antioxidant potentials of Rosa damascene petal extract from Gilan, Iran, comparable to α-tocopherol. Int. J. Pharmacol. (2007) 3: 187-190. (11) Ghassemi-Dehkordi N, Amin GhR, Rahiminejad R, Salehi MH and Jafarpisheh A. Morphological and phytochemical study of Tripleurospermum disciforme (C.A. Mey) Schultz Bip. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi (2003) 58: 42-46. (12) Grainger B and Wichtl M. Herbal Drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. Medpharm, Stuttgart Scientiic Publishers (2004) 322. (13) Warnock DW. Methods with antifungal drugs. In: Evans EG and Richrdson MD (eds.) Medical Mycology: A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford University Press (1991) 179-200. (14) KomissarenkoAN and Kovalev VN. Hydroxycoumarins and lavones of Securigera securidaca. Chem. Nat. Compd. (1987) 23: 252. (15) Zamula VV, Maksyutina NP and Kolesnikov DG. Cardenolide of Securigera securidaca L. Khim. Prir. Soedin. (1965) 1: 153-156. (16) Behbahani M, Shanehsazzadeh M, Shokoohinia Y and Soltani M. Evaluation of anti-herpetic activity of methanol seed extract and fractions of Securigera securidaca In-vitro. J. Antivir. Antiretrovir. (2013) 5: 72-76. (17) Toighi Z, Asgharian P, Goodarzi S, Hadjiakhoondi A, Ostad SN and Yassa N. Potent cytotoxic lavonoids from Iranian Securigera securidaca. Med. Chem. Res. (2014) 23: 1718-1724. (18) Abbassy MA, Kadous EA, Abd-Allah EAM and Marei GIK. Isolation and Identiication of cardenolide compounds of Gomphocarpus sinaicus and their fungicidal activity against soil borne and post harvest fungi. J. Life Sci. (2012) 6: 985-994. (19) Akhtar N, Malik A, Noorali S and Urooj Kazmit Sh. Proceragenin, an antibacterial cardenolide from Calotropisprocera. Phytochem. (1992) 31: 2821-2824. (20) Wamidh, Talib H and Mahasneh AM. Antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and phytochemical screening of jordanian plants used in traditional medicine. Molecules (2010) 15: 1811-1824. (21) Chehregani A, Mohsenzadeh F, Mirazi N, Hajisadeghian S and Baghali Z. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Tripleurospermum disciforme in three developmental stages. Pharm. Biol. (2010) 48: 1280-1284. (22) Behzad H, Pirani A and Mosaddegh M. Cytotoxic activity of some medicinal plants from hamedan Conclusion In conclusion, Rosa damascena and Tripleurospermum disciforme have shown antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus strains. These results conirmed the folklore consumption of distilled water of R. damascena as tonic and face cleanser and fume of T. disciforme as tonic and disinfectant for treatment of acne. 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