Jaltomata sinuosa (Miers) Mione

Venezuala, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia

revised Aug 2023

Link to Jaltomata homepage

The information on this page may be cited as a communication with professor Thomas Mione, Central Connecticut State University, Biology Department, Copernicus Hall, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06050

Literature Cited

Link to local name(s)

Link to report(s) of fruits being edible

Link to the Jaltomata of Ecuador

Link to the Jaltomata of Colombia & Venezuela

Link to the Jaltomata of Cajamarca, Peru

Link to Jaltomata species of northern Peru

Link to movie showing collection 849

Link to reported medicinal uses

Figure 1. Flower of Jaltomata sinuosa in hermaphroditic phase: staminal filaments have elongated and anthers are presenting pollen (Mione, Leiva & Yacher 815, Peru, Department Lambayeque, photo by T. Mione, growing a few meters from J. incahuasina).

above, Figure 2. Ripe and unripe fruits of Jaltomata sinuosa. Peru, Department Junín.  Mione et al., 878, photo by T. Mione

below, Figure 3. Flower showing nonsimultaneous anther dehiscence: The anthers of the longer stamens have dehisced while the anthers of the shorter stamens remain undehised. Mione et al., 878, photo by T. Mione

Figure 4. Flower in pistillate phase, day 1. During the first day the flower is open anthers have not yet dehisced (they are not presenting pollen) and staminal filaments have not yet elongated. The stigma is closest to viewer. Photo by T. Mione, T. Mione & McQueen 468, Ecuador.	Figure 5. Flower in hermaphroditic phase, after day 1. Anthers have dehisced and staminal filaments have elongated. Stigma and dehisced anthers are in close proximity. Photo by T. Mione, T. Mione & McQueen 468, Ecuador.

Pigmentation: The purple of the corolla is very likely an anthocyanin. Corolla cells were observed with brighfield microscopy, and students and I observed that the purple color (where present) appears throughout the cells, indicating that the purple pigment is in the vacuole. Considering these observations, the purple pigment is very likely an anthocyanin. The purple color (where present) of the hairs of the corolla looks the same: the purple pigment appears throughout the cells that have the pigment.

Jaltomata sinuosa is similar to J. sanctae-martae (Bitter) Benítez of Colombia and Venezuela.   Both are villous with gland-tipped finger hairs, and bear rotate corollas.   Jaltomata sinuosa has 3 - 5 flowers per inflorescence, flowers 2.5-3.8 cm in diameter, and orange berries while J. sanctae-martae has up to 10 flowers per inflorescence, flowers to 1.8 cm in diameter, and red berries according to Benítez de Rojas (1980).

Leiva 2345 (Mione et al. 650) differs by having stems round in cross section and smaller anthers; waxy DNA sequences placed Leiva 2345 and J. sinuosa in two different clades.

Distribution and Habitat: Jaltomata sinuosa occurs in disturbed habitats (e.g., roadsides) in the Andes from western Venezuela to Bolivia.

Table 1, Morphology.

Character	Description	Figures
Habit & Height	shrub 0.5 to about 1 m high
Branches, young
older
Leaves, size
shape
arrangement and hairs		hypocotyl and cotyledons of seedlings are pubescent with unpigmented conspicuously gland-tipped finger hairs (Oct 2016, Mione et al. 877 & 878)
petiole
Inflorescence	2--4 flowers per inflorescence
peduncle
pedicel
Calyx at flowering
at fruit maturity
Corolla color
green spots	yes (at least some collections): 5 pairs of green spots visible both inside and outside the corolla
purple ring	yes: immediately distal to the green corolla spots
shape and size	rotate when fully open, but with a recessed area large enough to hold the nectar droplets (702); infundibular when partially open.
lobes / lobules	alternating and totaling 10 footnote 1
hairs
radial thickenings	no
Corona
Stamen, length including anther
filaments	filament hairs intensely purple (702)
anther color
anther size
anther mucronate?
anthers of a flower open simultaneously?
pollen grain size
Gynoecium
Stigma		Fig. 6
Style		Fig. 6
Ovary
Ovules per ovary	see Table 3 of this page
Nectar	transparent (Mione et al. 733)
Herkogamy
Protogyny
Fruit color (at maturity) and size (wild plants, not cultivated for study)	orange 9 X 11 mm contained 86 seeds (Mione et al., 877, in Peru) 10 X 14 mm contained 150 seeds (Mione et al., 878, in Peru)	see table below for complete data on seeds per fruit
Infructescence
Seeds per fruit, plants grown for study in CT	Range 64 to 114 seeds, with the highest count and the lowest count from the same accession (543), and a mean of 90. Seeds per fruit is lower in Connecticut presumably because the plants were grown in the absence of pollinators (in the greenhouse).
Seed Size (mm)	1.34 - 1.46 long X 1.26 - 1.32 wide X 0.58 - 0.62 thick	accession 468/469, seeds were field-collected

Table 2.

Character	Description
Growability in Connecticut, USA	Easy to grown. Does well in a greenhouse or a sunny window.
How long does it take from flower to ripe fruit?	4 weeks and one day to 5 weeks	Pollinated manually on 7 Oct 2016; ripe (orange) fruits (two) harvested on 10 November 2016. Pollinated manually on 20 Oct 2016; ripe fruits harvested on 25 Nov 2016. Other developing fruits, not tagged for study, were removed from the plant during this time interval. Mione 702
Flowers Closing For The Night?	yes. "around 7:30 pm without artificial lights, otherwise after lights turn off"	Jamie Kostyun, personal communication, from observations on Mione 702
Self-Compatible?	Yes: unmanipulated flowers gave numerous fruits in a pollinator-free greenhouse.
Seed Germination	see table 4, below
Pollen quantity per flower	see table 6, below
Ovules per ovary	see table 6, below
Ratio of pollen to ovules	see table 6, below
Chromosome number	no data
Character	Jaltomata sinuosa

Table 3. Seeds Per Fruit

accession	Wild plant, fruit collected in the field.	Flower was manually self-pollinated. Data from a plant grown in a nearly pollinator-free greenhouse in Connecticut.	Corolla of flower did not open. Self-pollinated without an external vector. Data from a plant grown in Connecticut in a nearly pollinator-free greenhouse.	Flower opened normally. Flower self-pollinated (without an external vector). Data from a plant grown in Connecticut in a nearly pollinator-free greenhouse.
468	166	105
469	164, 191			82, 86, 114
534, self-set	no data			64, 74, 104
702	no data	2, 3, 33, 74, 95, 98, 114	15, 25, 60, 69, 83	19, 44, 56, 61, 61, 67, 75
877	86, growing in shade
878	150 growing in sun

Table 4.

Seed Germination (seeds were stored in the refrigerator, except for the first days after harvest when the seeds were stored at ambient temperature)	Heat Mat Used?	Number of days until above-ground signs of germination
Seeds of Nee et al. 51826/Bohs 01-58 (Mione 702) were stored for 2 years and 9 months and then planted on 30 Jan 2004. On 19 Feb 2004 a seedling was first observed. Only two seeds germinated out of 12 to 15 sown.	no data	20
Seeds of accession 534 were stored for one year and 5 months and planted on 16 Apr 1992. A seedling was observed on 30 April 1992.	no data	14
Seeds of Nee et al. 51826/Bohs 01-58 (Mione 702) were planted 24 Oct 2014. The first above-ground sign of germination was observed on 2 Nov 2014; seeds were sown in cups of potting mix.	yes	9
seeds of accession 877 were stored from May 2016 until planted 6 Sept 2016. The first above-ground sign of germination was observed on 1 Oct 2016; seeds were sown in cups of potting mix.	yes	25
seeds of accession 878 were stored from May 2016 until planted 6 Sept 2016. The first above-ground sign of germination was observed on 24 Sep 2016; seeds were sown in cups of potting mix.	yes	18
Seeds of accession 469 were stored for 6 months and then planted on 1 Jun 1990. On 21 Jun 1990 a seedling was observed.	no data	20

Footnotes for the above description: 1) The corolla is 10 pointed, the lobes and lobules alternating (Figure 1).
Benítez de Rojas 2010 may not have had access to living material when she described the corolla as 5-lobed, or she may have elected to omit mention of the lobules.

above, Figure 6. Jaltomata sinuosa growing in a vertical rock-earth wall. The top-middle arrow points to the stem rooted in the wall, with a silver ruler approximately 16 cm long resting on the stem. The yellow arrows show the extent of the shrub. Follow this link to a movie in which this plant is shown after I carried it with me for a minute or so. A few flowers can be seen in this photo, to the right and toward the lower left. Photo by T. Mione, Mione et al. 849.

below, Figure 7. J. sinuosa growing on a steep bank of a Quebrada, illuminated by flash because plant was in shade. Note the single orange berry. Ruler below plant is about 16 cm long. Peru, Department Junín, edge of city Huancayo, Quebrada Ocopilla, May 2016, photo by T. Mione, Mione et al. 877.

Table 5. How Many Weeks From Seed Germination To Flowering?

Planted 10 December 1990, first flowers open 21 March 1991 (Greenhouse, Mione 534).

Planted 24 October 2014, first above-ground signs of germination 2 Nov 2014, first flower open 1 Feb 2015 (Greenhouse, Mione 702).

Thus, under greenhouse conditions, more than three months but less than four months from planting seeds to flowering.

How many weeks from pollination to mature (ripe, orange) fruit ?
(all data collected in greenhouses)

Accession	Date pollinated (manually) while flower was in pistillate phase	Date ripe fruit was harvested	Duration	Fruits on the same plant, developing from flowers that were not part of a study, were removed.  In other words, other (untagged) developing fruits were removed from the plant during this time, likely leading to this being an underestimate of the duration in nature.
702	31 October 2016	14 Dec 2016	7 weeks and 2 days	No. Lack of artificial lighting and short daylength likely increased duration relative to bottom two rows in this table.
702	4 Nov 2016	15 Dec 2016	5 weeks and 6 days	No. Lack of artificial lighting and short daylength likely increased duration relative to bottom two rows in this table.
702	27 October 2016	1 Dec 2016	5 weeks	Yes
702	8 Oct 2016	16 Nov 2016	5 weeks and 4 days	Yes

Figure 8. Sepals were about 2 mm long initially, and about 12 mm long finally. The other flowers of each tagged inflorescence were removed when measurements began. Sepal length was measured from the pedicel to the lobe tip. For sepal length, the plotted values are means of 12 to 4 measurements. Measurements began on 23 Feb 2015.

above, Figure 9. Jaltomata sinuosa. Note flower at left, facing down.  Note the ruler on which numbered units are cm.
Peru, Department Junín. Mione et al. 878, photo by T. Mione

below, Figure 10. J. sinuosa fruits (ripe). Units along bottom are mm.  Peru, Department Huanuco, Mione et al. 869, photo by T. Mione

Table 6. Pollen Quantity and Ovule Quantity Per Flower
Collection	Country	Pollen Quantity	Ovules	Ratio of Pollen to Ovules	Counted By Date counted	grown for study versus flower preserved during fieldwork in Latin America
468/9	Ecuador	95,000	179	531	both pollen and ovules were counted by T. M., 1992	flower from plant grown in Connecticut, USA
468/9	Ecuador	74,583	154	484	both pollen and ovules were counted by T. M., 1992	flower from plant grown in Connecticut, USA
468/9	Ecuador	74,479	118	631	both pollen and ovules were counted by T. M., 1992	flower from plant grown in Connecticut, USA
534	Peru	77,750			pollen by CCSU student Elisabeth dos Santos, 2011	flower from plant grown in Connecticut, USA
534	Peru	98,750	136	726	both pollen and ovules were counted by T. M.	flower from plant grown in Connecticut, USA
708	Peru		174		87 ovules in one locule, count by T. Mione 2015	flower from wild plant collected in Peru
708	Peru	47,500	208	228	pollen by student Kenneth C. Plourd; ovules by T. Mione 2015	flower from wild plant collected in Peru
733	Peru	90,000	118	763	pollen by student Kenneth C. Plourd; ovules by T. Mione 2015	flower from wild plant collected in Peru
848	Peru	80,000	208	385	pollen by student Kenneth C. Plourd; ovules by T. Mione 2016	flower from wild plant collected in Peru
849	Peru	72,500	156	465	pollen by student Kenneth C. Plourd; ovules by T. Mione 2015	flower from wild plant collected in Peru
702	Bolivia	127,000	126	1,012	pollen by student Kenneth C. Plourd; ovules by T. Mione 2016	flower from plant grown in Connecticut, USA
702	Bolivia	145,000	111	1,306	pollen by student Kenneth C. Plourd; ovules by T. Mione 2016	flower from plant grown in greenhouse in Connecticut, USA

Table 7, Geographic Distribution / Specimens Studied.

to be moved to this table: Venezuela. Mérida: Vicinity of El Royal, near La Toma, 2440 m, 4 Nov 1978, Luteyn et al . 6181 (MO, NY).

Ecuador specimens, Jaltomata sinuosa
province	Locality	elevation m	habitat	date	collector	herbaria
Pichincha	road Aloag - Santo Domingo, San Ignacio	2000	upper subtropical rainforest	11 Feb 1967	B. Sparre 14328	US
Pichincha	Cerro Pichincha	no data	moist border of a brook	2 Feb 1920	I. Holmgren & O. Heilborn 290	US
Pichincha	canton Quito, Parroquia Nanegalito, quebrada Santa Rosa, steep slopes SW of Río Pichán, 00 01-01.5' N, 78 36' W	2000	riparian cloud forest, at edge of water	12 Jan 1995	G. L. Webster & R. Rhode 31234	US
Imbabura	Road Otavalo - Selva Alegre, km 45	3200	on landslide in uppermost scrubby montane forest	28 May 1980	Holm-Nielsen & F. Quintana 24079	US
Chimborazo	highway to Pallatanga from just S of Cajabamba, 32.1 km in from Panamerican Highway	3000	open sun, roadside	10 Jan 1990	T. Mione & C. McQueen 468, 469	CONN, NY
Canar	above El Tambo	3300	sparsely brushy hillside	29 July 1962	Játiva, C. & C. Epling 253	US
Cotopaxi	Hacienda Surnbagua or Sumbaga (handwriting difficult to read)	3600	in crevice on cliff-face	15 Nov 1939	O. Haught 2943	US
Carchi	Near Angel	3200 - 3300	rocky . . (T.M. can't read the rest)	6 -7 July 1935	Y. Mexia 7550	US
Imbabura	on rd. from Otavalo to Selva Alegre, 29.4 km from junction of Pan Amer Hwy	2900	dry soil on slope in recently cleared area	28 May 1991	D. M. Spooner, R. Castillo, L. López 5113	US
Zamora Chichipe	Road between El Progreso and Guaramizal, ca. halfway to Guaramizal, 4 48' 23" S, 79 07'26"W	1430	possibly roadside, given that the location reads "road"	28 Mar 2005	L. Bohs et al. 3325	QCNE, US, UT

to be organized into above table:

Tungurahua: vicinity of Ambato, Feb 1919, Pachano 138 (GH, NY, US).
Cañar: outskirts of Asorgues, 2897 m, 27 Jun 1939, Balls B7327 (K, US).
Loja: road to La Toma on slopes of Cerro Villonaco, ca. 10 km west of Loja, 2440 m, 7 Mar 1965, Knight 583 (WIS).

Colombia specimens, Jaltomata sinuosa
Department	Locality	elevation m	habitat	date	collector	data entry
Cundinamarca	Tequendama	2500	wet bank	22 July 1949	O. Haught 6533 (US)	Sep 2010

Colombia. Cundinamarca: Cordillera Oriental, Monserrate, Valle del Río San Francisco, 2700-2900 m, 18 Jun 1948, Hawkes and García-Barriga 100 (K, US);
Cordillera Oriental, western slopes, 20 km from Bogotá, via Salto de Tequendama-El Colegio road, 2470 m, 13 Jan 1976, Luteyn et al . 4817 (K, MO, NY).

Peru specimens, Jaltomata sinuosa
Department	Province	Locality	elevation m	habitat	date	collector and collection number
Amazonas	Mendoza	Mendoza	1400-1500	"open place"	19 Aug 1963	Woytkowski 8153 (MO, NY)
Amazonas	province Chchapoyas	Cerros Calla Calla 45 km above Balsas, midway on the road to Leimebamba	3100	Vining through shrubs ca. 2 m	20 June 1964	P. C. Hutchison & J. K. Wright 5763 (US)
Amazonas	province Chchapoyas	km 422 road from Balsas to Leymebamba, then walked uphill towards Museo Leymebamba (6° 43′ 27.77″ S, 77° 47′ 54.36″ W) about 10 to 15 min		growing in wall of abandoned home, link to movie	15 May 2015	T. Mione, S. Leiva & L. Yacher 849** leaf for DNA and flowers in alcohol both collected, and photo and movie
Amazonas	province Chchapoyas	06 43.346 S, 77 52.631 W. km 399-400 Balsas to Leimebamba road.	3,458	roadside	15 May 2015	T. Mione, S. Leiva & L. Yacher 851**
Amazonas	province Chchapoyas	km 389 of old system, km 208 of new system Balsas to Leimebamba road.		full sun, roadside	15 May 2015	T. Mione, S. Leiva & L. Yacher 852**
Amazonas	province Chchapoyas	2 kms along road W of Chachapoyas	2195	"along road"	13 Jan 1983	R. M. King & L. E. Bishop 9179 (G, K, MO, US)
Amazonas	Chachapoyas	Dist. Leimebamba. Fundo Villa Aurora-Los Chilchos. S 6 43' 34,56", W 77 36' 34,26"	1707	Chacras de cultivo abandonados	31 Aug 2004	V. Quipuscoa S. et al. 3191 (HUSA)
Piura		Huancabamba, alrededores de Sapalache	2400		9 Jun 1997	S. Leiva et al. 2042 (CONN, HAO)
Piura		Huancabamba: Salala. In quebrada and along road to El Shimbe. 05 06' S, 79 28' W.	2980		8 Jun 1997	N. W. Sawyer 807 (herbarium of Mione) [same date and same locality as Leiva 2036, so probably same population]
Piura	Huancabamba	entre kms 15 y 25, carretera entre Canchaque y Huancabamba	no data	no data	21 Mar 1989	C. Díaz & H. Beltrán 3378 (NY)
Cajamarca	Celendín	Dist. Sorochuco. Desvío a Sorochuco, bajando Tahuan	2900	bosque perennifolio muy modificado	27 Dec 1998	I. Sánchez Vega 4943 (F)
Cajamarca	Chota	bosque El Pargo (arrriba de Huarimarca) Llama-Huambos	3000	bosque húmedo	18 Mar 1997	S. Sagástegui A. & S. Leiva G. 16004 (HAO, US)
Cajamarca	Chota	Road to Paccha, Paccha - Huicate turnoff (bridge) east of Bambamarca	2200	no data	12.5.1998	M. Weigend & N. Dostert 98/118C (F, M)
Cajamarca	Chota	Entre Bambamarca y Chota, al otro lado del paso Samangay	2680	En huertos familiares. Cultivada.	3 Dec 1990	I. Sánchez Vega 5353 (F)
Cajamarca	Chota	Ruta a Cabracancha, al Sur Oeste de Chota	2220	En huertos familiares. Cultivada.	5 Dec 1990	I. Sánchez Vega 5355 (F)
Cajamarca	Chota	parked at 6 27.211 S, 79 01.193 W and then walked 2 - 7 min up Quebrada	2573	edge of ulluco field	18 Mar 2007	T. Mione, S. Leiva & L. Yacher 733 S. Leiva, T. Mione & L. Yacher 3632
Cajamarca	Contumazá	Alrededores de San Benito	1300	lecho del río San Benito	3-02-1985	S. Sagástegui A., S. Leiva G. & C. Sagástegui C. 12471 (MO NY) [isotype of J. whalenii].
Cajamarca	Contumazá	Alrededores de San Benito	1300	lecho del río San Benito	28 Mar 1985	S. Sagástegui A. & S. Leiva G. 12548 (BH NY)
Cajamarca		Cutervo, garden in village of San Andrés de Cutervo	2050		6 Nov 1990	Dillon et a. 6193 (F) [grown as Mione 534]
Cajamarca	Hualgayoc	Bambamarca	2600	no notes	28 Jun 1968	Soukup & Carmona H924 (WIS)
Cajamarca	Hualgayoc	Apán, entre Hualgayoc y Bambamarca	2850	ladera de arbustos y herbáceas. Suelo calizo	11 Mar 1994	I. Sánchez Vega 6868 (F)
Lambayeque	Ferreñafe	Cañaris	2600	junto a pastizales, campos abiertos	24 Jun 1989	L. Llatas Quiroz 2486 (F)
Lambayeque	Ferreñafe	3 min by pickup truck before Incahuasi	about 3000	roadside or edge of agricultural field	23 March 2011	T. Mione, S. Leiva & L. Yacher 815 (not yet deposited at an herbarium, Mione's collection)
La Libertad	Bolivar	7 02 39.7 S, 77 52 28.3 W	2,641	among rocks near roadside	14 May 2015	T. Mione, S. Leiva & L. Yacher 848** S. Leiva, T. Mione & L. Yacher 5861
Ancash	Corongo	8 34 46.7 S, 77 54 07.1 W, near Corongo	3,090	roadside	18 May 2015	T. Mione, S. Leiva & L. Yacher 861** small plant not flowering, no fruits, not identified with certainty
Huanuco		Cani, pueblo 7 miles N. E. of Mito	2,591	among wayside weeds	16-26 Apr 1923	J. F. Macbride 3443 (F, GH, NY, US)
Huanuco	Huamalíes	9 52 41.5 S, 76, 28, 19.9 W, Puente Vera	3,265	open sun, roadside	19 May 2016	T. Mione, S. Leiva & L. Yacher 869 S. Leiva, T. Mione & L. Yacher 6045
Pasco	Oxapampa	Parque Nacional Yanachaga, S 10 17' 22,3714" , W 75 31 5,4502"	1790	no data	22-24 Mar 2008	M. Cueva et al. 242-298 (HUSA)
Junín	Huancayo	edge of city Huancayo, Quebrada Ocopilla, parked at 12 04.120 S, 075 10.941 W and walked about 20 min uphill along a stream	3300	steep wall of quebrada above steam, shade	24 May 2016	T. Mione, S. Leiva & L. Yacher 877 S. Leiva, T. Mione & L. Yacher 6077
Junín	Huancayo	edge of city Huancayo, Quebrada Ocopilla, parked at 12 04.120 S, 075 10.941 W and walked about 20 min uphill along a stream	3300	clearing along a trail paralleling stream, full sun, flowers and ripe fruit	24 May 2016	T. Mione, S. Leiva & L. Yacher 878 S. Leiva, T. Mione & L. Yacher 6078
Junín	Huancayo	edge of city Huancayo, Quebrada Ocopilla, parked at 12 04.120 S, 075 10.941 W and walked about 20 min uphill along a stream	3300	trailside, steep incline, shade	24 May 2016	T. Mione, S. Leiva & L. Yacher 879 S. Leiva, T. Mione & L. Yacher 6079
Ayacucho	La Mar	izq. Apurímac, Rosario	800*	laderas abiertas	9 Dec 1964	C. Vargas C. 15983 (CUZ)
Ayacucho	La Mar	cerca a Ayna	2300	pedregal	9 Dec 1964	C. Vargas C. 16001 (CUZ)
Apurimac	Abancay	Lucmo, Curahuasi (spellings on label: Lucmos)	2650	ladoras exrofilas	20 Mar 1946	C. Vargas C. 5916 (CUZ)
Apurimac	Abancay	Curahuasi	3250 - 3800	no data	23 Feb 1950	C. Vargas C. 9200 (CUZ)
Apurimac	Abancay	quebrada Marará	2400	en lugar humeda borde río	29 Dec 1950	C. Vargas C. 10009 (CUZ)
Apurimac	Grau	Mancahuara	3000	peregoso	22 Jan 1939	C. Vargas C. 1422, also numbered as 9798 (CUZ)
Apurimac	Grau	Mancahuara, Oropeza Valley	3000	in rocky or clayey ground	23 Jan 1939	C. Vargas 9798 (G, K)
Apurimac	Abancay	quebrada Matará	2400	en lugar humedo, borde río	29 Dec 1950	C. Vargas C. 18809 (CUZ) [collection number difficult to read and therefore possibly incorrect]
Cuzco	Anta	Limatambo, cerca a los Baños	2300		Mar 1937	C. Vargas C. 201a (CUZ)
Cuzco	Calca	Hda Urco	2800	junto a cercos	13 Jan 1945	C. Vargas C. 4855 (CUZ)
Cuzco	Urubamba	Ollantaytambo	3000	no data	27 Apr 1915	O. F. Cook & G. B. Gilbert 404 (NY US)
Cuzco	Urubamba	handwriting impossible to read: Andenerías de Yucay	no data	no data	no data	A. Tupauachi H. 1439 (CUZ)
Cuzco	Acomayo	Mayu - Huillca	2900		Feb 1937	C. Vargas C. 201 (CUZ, F, GH, MO)
Cuzco	Urubamba	handwriting impossible to read: Pumahuanca a Pacchayoce	3000	laderas umedas handwriting of 2nd word impossible to read and so i may have recorded the 2nd word incorrectly	Jan 1949	C. Varcas C. 7818 (CUZ)
Cuzco	Urubamba	Machu Picchu	2134	in wet ground beside track	12.11 1937	D. Stafford 1224 (K)
Cuzco	Urubamba	Machu Picchu	2134	among shrubs, open hillside	2 Feb 1938	D. Stafford 1224 (K)
Puno	Carabaya	Ollachea a pte. Ackopampa	2750	borde camino	31 Dec 1947	C. Varcas C. 6954 (CUZ)
Department	Province	Locality	elevation m	habitat	date	collector and collection number

* altitude given on specimen label is difficult to believe for this species

** no herbarium specimen, lost in transit from S. to N. America

the specimens listed immediately below will be put in the above table

Ayabaca, alrededor de Yacupampa (Ayabaca - Cuyas), 2702 m, 21 Sep 1996, Leiva et al. 1867 (CONN, HAO).

Chota, 6 0 33' 54" S, 78 0 38' 42" W, 2300 m, 19 Jun 1999, Leiva 2374 and Mione 672 (CONN, HAO);

Santa Cruz, ruta Chorro Blanco - Monteseco, 1750 m, 21 Jan 1996, Leiva et al . 1756 (HAO);

Hualgayoc, entre Hualgayoc y Bambamarca, 2850 m, 11 Mar 1994, Sánchez 6868 (F);

Celendín, desvío a Sorochuco, bajando Tahuan, 2900 m, 27 Dec 1988, Sánchez 4943 (F);

San Miguel, 7 0 00' 02" S, 78 0 50' 41" W, 18 Jun 1999, Leiva 2369 and Mione 668 (CONN, HAO)

Lambayeque: Ferreñafe, Cañaris, 2600 m, 24 Jun 1989, Llatas 2486 (F).

Bolivia:

La Paz	Prov. Larecaja, Sorata, trail Sorata to San Pedro	2475 m	18 May 2001	Nee et al. 51826 / Bohs 01-58 (herbarium unknown, seeds of this collection were kindly sent by Bohs and Nee to Mione, grown as Mione 702
La Paz	Prov. Murillo, Carretera La Paz-Zongo-Chururaqui. Between Cuticucho and Chururaqui, , 6.11549 S, 68.08006 W	2140 m	29 Feb 2004	S. D. Smith, S. Leiva & S. J. Hall 448 (F, HAO, MO, NY, LPB, US, WIS)

Bautista Saavadra, Charazani 20 kms hacia Apolo, 2400 m, 5 Aug 1985, Beck 11396 (NY);
Larecaja. Sorata, Challapampa, ca. 2600 m, Jul - Aug 1863, Mandon 429 (G);

Table 5, Synonyms of Jaltomata sinuosa

Hebecladus sinuosus Miers, Lond. J. Bot. 7: 352. 1848.   Miers, Ill. S. Am. Pl. 1: 151-2. 1850.   TYPE: Peru. Dept. Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Mathews s. n. (HOLOTYPE: BM; ISOTYPE: G two sheets, K).   Saracha sinuosa (Miers) Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 101. 1922.

Saracha glandulosa Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 3: 450. 1849. TYPE: Colombia. La Peña, Bogota, J. Goudot s. n. (HOLOTYPE: P, F. neg. 39250; ISOTYPE: F).   Witheringia glandulosa (Miers) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 11: 92. 1853.   Miers, Ill. S. Amer. Pl. 2: 20. 1857, t. 39a. Jaltomata glandulosa (Miers) Castillo & R. E. Schult., Rhodora 88: 292. 1986.

Saracha vestita Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 3: 449. 1849. TYPE: Ecuador. "Minasurcu prope Quito" on types ("Minashuaicu" is the Defense Mapping Agency [1987] spelling), Hartweg 1292 (HOLOTYPE: K; ISOTYPE: LD shown below). Witheringia vestita (Miers) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 11: 92. 1853.   Jaltomata vestita (Miers) Castillo & R. E. Schult., Rhodora 88: 292. 1986.

Jaltomata whalenii S. Knapp, T. Mione and Sagást., Brittonia 43: 181. 1991.   TYPE: Peru, Dept. Cajamarca, Prov. Contumazá, lecho de Río San Benito, alrededores de San Benito, 1300 m, A. Sagástegui A., S. Leiva G. and C. Sagástegui C. 12471 (Holotype: HUT; Isotypes: IBE, MO, NY).

Figure 11. Stigma and style of Jaltomata sinuosa. Photographed along a metric ruler (vertical white lines are one mm apart), after flower had been stored in 70% ethanol for years. Mione et al. 733.

Figure 7 Leaf from a greenhouse-grown plant of J. sinuosa, top of leaf, scanned by T. Mione 2015, Mione 702.	Figure 8. Leaf from a greenhouse-grown plant of J. sinuosa, bottom of leaf, scanned by T. Mione 2015, Mione 702.

Figure 9, above. Leaf of Jaltomata sinuosa photographed in Peru, Mione et al. 848, photo by T. Mione, Peru, Department La Libertad.

The above two photos are of the isotype of Saracha vestita Miers (LD), photographed December 2004. Saracha vestita was transferred to Jaltomata as J. vestita (Miers) Castillo & R. E. Schult., and is a synonym of Jaltomata sinuosa.

plates from the Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada

above, Figure . Flower of Jaltomata sinuosa, Mione et al. 848, photo by T. Mione, Peru, Department La Libertad.

below, Figure . Segundo Leiva González on left with a local man who steered us in the right direction to find Jaltomata on the edge of the city of Huancayo, in Quebrada Ocopilla, May 2016.

above, Figure . Peru, Department Junín, edge of city Huancayo, Quebrada Ocopilla, May 2016, photo by T. Mione

Bud pollination. On three healthy plants in two different greenhouses a few corollas remained closed despite reaching the size at which a corolla normally opens (fall 2016 through January 2017, accessions 702 and 878). On the same plants at the same time I saw both 1) fully open (normal) flowers and 2) flowers having never-been-open corollas containing stamens with dehisced anthers (above).  Stamens are adnate to the corolla, and so when the corolla-androecium abscises the anthers encounter the stigma if they have not done so previously.

11 flowers that looked like they were not going to open were tagged, but then four of these did open, and seven did not, and of the seven that did not open all set fruits (with removal of the other flowers of each inflorescence without disturbing the remaining flower). Again, seven fruits were produced. Thus, self-pollination inside the bud was demonstrated.

Note the anther (dehisced) protruding through the otherwise closed corolla.  This was not seen on wild plants. Photo is of accession 702, Photo by Thomas Mione and Ken Plourd.

below, Jaltomata sinuosa plates from the Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada.

I got the idea to write to the staff at MA, requesting images of these, after reading about them in a 1986 article by R. Castillo and R. E. Schultes, Rhodora volume 88, pages 291-292.

These species were not known as Jaltomata when they were described. These two plates are almost certainly plates nos. 3733 and 3734, because these are the numbers used by Castillo and Schultes, and I requested plates having these numbers.

I thanked the staff of MA for sending me these plates in Rhodora, volume 102, page 390, year 2000.