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Environmental patterns and ecological correlates of range size among bromeliad communities of Andean Forests in Bolivia

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Abstract

The abiotic, historical, and autecological factors determining the range sizes of tropical plant species and the distribution of endemism are still poorly understood. In this study, the variation of range-size rarity was analyzed among the bromeliad communities of 74 forest sites in the Bolivian Andes and adjacent lowlands with respect to 14 environmental factors reflecting mostly climatic conditions and to species attributes such as life-form, ecophysiological type, pollination mode, and fruit type. The global ranges of all 192 recorded bromeliad species were mapped on a 1° grid, quantified as the number of 1° grids occupied by a species, and range-size rarity indices were calculated as the mean inverse range size of all species at a given study site.

At the community level, range-size rarity increased with elevation, most notably among epiphytic taxa. Range-size rarity of terrestrial forest species increased with decreasing habitat area, presumably reflecting the agglomeration of endemic species in isolated dry forest valleys with restricted area. Epiphytes showed higher range-size rarity in the most humid areas, which are also geographically isolated. At the species level, range size revealed a limited relationship to pollination mode or ecophysiological type but differed significantly between epiphytic species (large ranges) and terrestrial and saxicolous taxa (small ranges). However, this pattern was outweighed by differences among fruit types, with berries corresponding to large ranges, winddispersed seeds with flight appendages to intermediate ranges, and wind-dispersed seeds without appendages to small ranges. It is hypothesized that the tendency toward larger ranges among epiphytes (of any plant group) is due at least partly to the prevalence of taxa with adaptations to long-distance dispersal, ensuring efficient colonization of canopy habitats while preventing the differentiation of populations.

Resumen

Los factores abióticos, históricos, y autoecológicos que determinan el tamaño del área de distribución de las especies de plantas tropicales y la distribución del endemismo aun son poco entendidos. En este estudio la variación de la rareza por el tamaño del área de distribución en una comunidad de bromelias de 74 sitios en los Andes bolivianos y las tierras bajas adyacentes se analizó con respecto a 14 factures ambientales que reflejan la mayoría de las condiciones climáticas y los atributos de las especies taies como la forma de vida, el tipo ecofisiológico, la forma de polinización, y el tipo de fruto. Se hizo mapas de la distribución total de las 192 especies de bromelias en cuadrículas de 1°, cuantificados como el número de cuadriculas de 1° ocupadas por una especie, y se calculó los índices de rareza por el tamaño del área de distribución como la media inversa del tamaño de la distribución de todas las especies en un sitio dado.

Al nivel de comunidad, la rareza por el tamaño del área de distribución incrementó con la elevación, notablemente entre los taxones epífitos. La rareza por el tamaño del área de distribución de las especies terrestres de bosque incrementó con el decrementa del área del hábitat, probablemente reflejando la aglomeración de especies endémicas en los bosques secos de los valles aislados con área restringida. Las epífitas mostraron una mayor rareza por el tamaño del área de distribución en las áreas más húmedas que también están aisladas geográficamente. Al nivel de especie, el tamaño de la distribución reveló una relación limitada con el modo de polinización o tipo ecofisiológico, pero difirió de modo significativo entre las especies epífitas (distribuciones grandes) y los taxones terrestres o saxícolas (distribuciones pequenas). Sin embargo, este patrón fue sobrepasado por las diferencias entre los tipos de frutos, aquellos con bayas correspondientes a las distribuciones amplias, las semillas dispersadas por viento con apéndices voladores a las distribuciones medias, y las semillas sin apéndices dispersadas por viento a las distribuciones pequeñas. Se presenta la hipótesis de que la tendencia de las epífitas (de cualquier grupo de plantas) hacia las distribuciones amplias se debe, al menos en parte, a la preponderancia de taxones con adaptaciones a la dispersión a larga distancia, asegurando una colonización eficiente de hábitats en el dosel mientras prevén la diferenciación de las poblaciones.

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Kessler, M. Environmental patterns and ecological correlates of range size among bromeliad communities of Andean Forests in Bolivia. Bot. Rev 68, 100–127 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0100:EPAECO]2.0.CO;2

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