Abstract
Paris species are perennial rhizomatous herbs. A grown plant (Fig. 2.1) comprises adventitious roots, rhizome, stem, leaves, and flower (fruit and seeds). The rhizome grows underground, bearing many adventitious roots and one or several apical buds. The aerial organs (stem, leaves, and flower) die each winter, and underground rhizome produces new shoots in the next spring. After dormancy, the aerial stem withers, which forms a scar on the rhizome. Based on the number of scars on the rhizome, it is easy to estimate the approximate age of the plant. The stem of Paris species is erect, cylindrical, and smooth or pubescent. A whorl of 4–15 net-veined leaves and a solitary flower develop at the stem apex; these characters are highly distinctive in angiosperms (Hara 1969; Li 1998). Flowers of Paris species are bisexual and mostly 4- to15-merous. Compared with the trimerous condition of Trillium Linn. (Fig. 2.2), a sister genus of Paris, the floral and phyllotaxy merosity are likely the morphological synapomorphies that differentiate the two genera.
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Ji, Y. (2021). Morphology. In: A Monograph of Paris (Melanthiaceae). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7903-5_2
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