Abstract
Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.; Asteraceae) is a diploid (2n = 2× = 34), perennial, mostly cross-pollinated species native to the Mediterranean Basin. It represents an important component of the agricultural economy of southern Europe, and is grown for its large immature inflorescences, called capitula or heads. Artichokes have recognized nutraceutical properties for human health. Its commercial production is based mainly on perennial vegetatively-propagated clones. Recently its cultivation has been shifted toward seed-propagation of hybrids. Italy holds the richest biodiversity of cultivated Cynara, which has resulted in the culture of varieties and landraces adapted to specific local climatic conditions and markets. Cultivar-groups comprise early and late types, but also spiny, violet, Romanesco and Catanese types. Traditionally selections have been made within a given clone, removing off-types. Due to its heterozygous nature, a great variability is seen after crossing or selfings, promoting the selection of new cloned varieties. Seed-propagated hybrids are feasible upon the use of genic male sterility. In the past 20 years new technologies have been applied to broaden the knowledge of the molecular basis inherent, from the first genetic linkage map, the identifications of QTL for yield and related traits, up to the recent whole-genome sequence.
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Appendices
Appendices
1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Globe Artichoke
Institute/Organization | Specialization research activities | Contact information and website |
|---|---|---|
Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Tuscia University | Genetic diversity, management | Prof. Mario-A. Pagnotta Va S.Maria in Gradi 4 01100 Viterbo, Italy pagnotta@unitus.it |
National Agency for the New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA) | Genetics resources, genetics, in vitro culture | Paola Crinò Lungotevere Grande Ammiraglio Thaon de Revel 76 00196 Rome, Italy |
Institute of Science of Food Production – Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources – National Council of Research, (IGV-CNR) | Crop management, genetics, genetic resources | Gabriella Sonnante / Nicola Calabrese Via Amendola 165/a 70,126 Bari, Italy gabriella.sonnante@ibbr.cnr.it |
DISAFA Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino | Genetics, breeding, marker development, sequencing | Prof. Sergio Lanteri / Alberto Acquadro Largo P. Braccini 2, 10,095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy sergio.lanteri@unito.it alberto.acquadro@unito.it |
University of Catania | Crop management | Giovanni Mauromicale Via Valdisavoia 5 95123 Catania Italy g.mauromicale@unict.it |
Bretagne Biotechnologie Végétale (BBV) | Biotechnology | Christophe Bazinet Pen ar Prat, 29,250 Saint Pol de Léon, France |
Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT) | Field management, stress | Prof. Juan Fernández Plaza Cronista Isidoro Valverde 30,202 Cartagena, Spain Juan.fernandez@upct.es |
Universidad Miguel Hernández | Bioactive compounds | Dr. Daniel Valero Department Food Technology Ctra. Beniel KM 3.2 03312 Alicante Orihuela, Spain daniel.valero@umh.es |
Instiuto Técnico y de Géstion Agricola (ITGA) | Crop management | Juan Igniacio Macua Avda. Serapio Huici 20–22 31,610 Villava. Spain |
Groupe d’Etudes et de Contrôle des Variétés et des Semences (GEVES) | Seeds, clonal varieties quality | Chrystelle Jouy La Minière 78,285 Guyancourt, France |
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR, CONICET-UNR) | Breeding, genetics | Prof Vanina Cravero Campo Experimental Villarino (S2125ZAA), Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina vcravero@unr.edu.ar |
Big Heart Seed Company | Breeding | Nestor Rey 1280 Main Street, Brawley, CA 92227 USA rey@bigheartseed.com |
Texas A&M AgriLife – Research and Extension Center at Uvalde | Crop management, organic systems, plant stress physiology | Prof. Daniel Leskovar 1619 Garner Fielf Rd., Uvalde, TX 78801, USA d-leskovar@tamu.edu |
1.2 Appendix II: Genetics Resources of Globe Artichoke
Cultivar | Important traits | Cultivation location |
|---|---|---|
Vegetative propagated | ||
Spinoso Sardo | Spiny capitula, early production | Sardinia, Liguria |
Spinoso di Palermo | Spiny, average early | Palermo, Trapani, Agrigento |
Violetto di Toscana | Violet capitula, spring production | Tuscany |
Moretto | Violet capitula, spring production | Liguria |
Castellammare | Green variegated capitula, spring production | Lazio |
Catanese | Variagated capitula, early production | Sicily, Toscany, Puglia |
Masedu | Variegated capitula, early production | Sardinia |
Sakiz | Green variegated capitula, early production | Turkey |
Bianco Tarantino | Green capitula, spring production | Puglia |
Blanco de Tudela | Green capitula, early production | Spain, Argentina |
Violeto de Provenza | Variegated capitula, early production | France, Italy, Algeria, Egypt |
Precoce di Jesi | Variegated, violet capitula, spring production | Marche |
Empolese | Green variegated capitula, spring production | Tuscany |
Romanesco | Violet variegated, spring production | Lazio, Argentina |
Camus de Bretagne | Green capitula, spring production | France |
Seed-propagated | ||
Imperial Star | Green capitula, spring production | USA |
Opal | Variegated capitula, spring production, hybrid | Italy, Spain, Argentina, Chile |
Madrigal | Green capitula, spring production, hybrid | Italy, Spain, Argentina, Chile |
Deserto | Variegated capitula, spring production, hybrid | USA |
Romolo | Variegated capitula, spring production, hybrid | USA |
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López-Anido, F., Martin, E. (2021). Globe Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, S.M., Johnson, D.V. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66969-0_8
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