Abstract
Spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.) belongs to subgenus Cepa, genus Allium and family Liliaceae and popularly known as scallion, Welsh onion and Japanese bunching onion. Cultivation of spring onion dates back to 200 BC in China and reached Japan before 500 AD which later spread to Southeast Asia. Spring onion is grown worldwide, however the main area of cultivation remains in East Asia from Siberia to tropical Asia including China, Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. The plant is a perennial herb, does not produce bulbs, and possesses hollow leaves and has traditionally been used in Chinese folk medicine to treat common cold, influenza, abdominal pain, headache and cardiovascular disease as well as having antifungal and antibacterial effects. Spring onion is known for its flavor and aroma and is a rich source of vitamin C, A and B6, thiamine, folate, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, arabinose and xylose. Production of F1 hybrids is considered as one of the main goals in crop breeding. The length of time taken is the main restriction in breeding programs as eight or more generations of inbreeding are needed to establish homozygous lines that can be applied in hybrid production. This process can be enhanced by using doubled haploid (DH) lines as components of hybrid cultivars. In this chapter, we give an overview of the origin, botanical classification, distribution, reported health benefits, genetic resource and conservation, crop cultivation practices and recent advances on biotechnology, and molecular biology and their application for crop improvement in connection with traditional breeding methods of spring onion. In this aspect, mutational breeding and somatic hybridization are the potential approaches for the development of new high-yielding and disease-resistant cultivars.
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Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Spring Onion
Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Spring Onion
Institution name | Specialization and research activities | Address | Contact information and website |
|---|---|---|---|
Institute for Horticultural Development, Agriculture Victoria | Study on growth and dry matter production of spring onion, white rot disease management | Private Bag 15, Ferntree Gully Delivery Centre, Victoria 3156, Australia | daryl.joyce@nrevic.gov.au; |
University of Queensland | Disease forecasting system in spring onion | Queensland 4343, Australia | v.galea@uq.edu.au |
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University | SNP markers, molecular breeding | Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh | sathisbioinfo@gmail.com https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/9/179 |
Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University | Cytogenetics, molecular markers, spring onion breeding | Ghent, Belgium | kirovez@gmail.com |
Instituto Federal Catarinense | Crop improvement | C. Postal 441, 89163-356 Rio do Sul-SC, Brazil | marcuzzo@ifc-riodosul.edu.br; https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-05362014000300363 |
University of Saskatchewan | Phylogenetics and taxonomy of Allium | Saskatoon, Canada | hugo.cota@usask.ca |
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Study of chloroplast genome of A. fistulosum | Kunming, China | sunhang@mail.kib.ac.cn; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23802359.2018.1545532 |
Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU) | Nutritional value of A. fistulosum | Beijing 100048, China | chenht@th.btbu.edu.cn |
Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (North China) | Genetics and breeding of spring onion, transcriptome sequencing | Beijing 100097, China | |
University of Chinese Academy of Science | Genomic study of A. fistulosum | Beijing, China | sunhang@mail.kib.ac.cn |
College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University | SSR markers, RNA sequencing, molecular markers | Jingzhou, China | lchliu18@yangtzeu.edu.cn https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b581/67fcada93d4f194e6f5a0d8a834632f038ff.pdf |
College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University | Physiology of A. fistulosum | Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China | chengzh@nwsuaf.edu.cn |
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University | Effect of mycorrhizal colonization on pungency | Beijing, China 100094 | junlingz@cau.edu.cn https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/452805/GuoT%20et%20al%202007.pdf |
College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University | SSR markers, transcriptome, molecular markers, molecular breeding, cytoplasmic male sterility | Tai’an 271018, P.R. China | sqliu@sdu.edu.cn https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms/special_issues/plant-molecular-biology?view=abstract&listby=type |
Institute of Medical Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College | Physiology of spring onion | Beijing 100193, China | qianwangcau@126.com |
Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province | Effect of spring onion root against root knot nematodes | Yantai, Shandong, P.R.China | ytnkyscs@163.com https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201471 |
The First Hospital of China Medical University | Medicinal value of Allium | Shenyang 110001, China | zli@cmu.edu.cn; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajco.13133 |
Shanghai Jiao Tong University | Supply and demand of spring onion | Shanghai, People’s Republic of China | gengna@sjtu.edu.cn; |
Dept of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science | Nutritional and medicinal value of spring onion | 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-te Hsiang, Tainan Hsien, Taiwan | ipdduh@mail.chna.edu.tw |
Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture | SSR markers, RNA sequencing, molecular breeding | Beijing 100097, China | wangyongqin@nercv.org |
Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science | Effect on nitrogen and sulfur on the growth of spring onion | Beijing, China | wangyongqin@nercv.org |
Yantai Agricultural Science Academy of Shandong Province | Nematodes control in spring onion | Yantai, Shandong, P.R.China | ytnkyscs@163.com |
Shanghai Jiao Tong University | Seed demand forecasting of spring onion | China | gengna@sjtu.edu.cn; https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0219889 |
Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research (Corpoica) | Agronomic Evaluation of Bunching Onion in the Colombian Cundiboyacense High Plateau | CI Palmira, Colombia and CI Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Colombia | galeanomendoza@gmail.com https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/205389639.pdf |
Department of Food Science, Yuanpei University | Nutritional and medicinal value of Allium | Hsinchu, Chinese Taipei | hungder@mail.ypu.edu.tw, https://www.scirp.org/html/22-2700684_35298.htm |
Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University | Molecular breeding, crop improvement | 60004, Taiwan | |
Université Paris-Sud | Allium genomic study | CNRS UMR 8079, Bâtiment 360, 91405 Orsay, France | agnes.richroch@esv.u-psud.fr https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378111997003958 |
Botanical Garden of the University of Osnabrück | Phylogenetics, molecular markers | Albrechtstr 29, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany | nfriesen@uni-osnabrueck.de https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26639102/ |
Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops | Physiology of spring onion | Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany | perner@igzev.de |
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) | RAPD and non-coding chloroplast DNA study, cytogenetics, molecular markers | Corrensstr 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany | rutten@ipk-gatersleben.de |
Dept. of Horticulture, University of Georgia | Physiology of onion | 1111 Miller Plant Science Bldg., Athens, GA 30602 | gboyhan@uga.edu |
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research | Molecular markers, Allium genome and breeding | Bangalore, India | dclreddy@gmail.com |
University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ | Physiology of spring onion | Valenzano, Bari, Italy | mariano.fracchiolla@uniba.it |
National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) | Microsatellite , SSR , AFLP and molecular markers, genetic mapping, QTL study, molecular breeding | 360 Ano-Kusawa, Tsu, Mie 514-2392, Japan | tsuka@affrc.go.jp |
National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region (NARCT) | SSR markers, molecular breeding, crop improvement | 4 Akahira, Shimo-kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0198, Japan | amhonjo@affrc.go.jp |
Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (STAFF) | SSR markers, molecular breeding | 446-1 Ippaizuka, Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan | kan@staff.or.jp |
Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) | QTL study, molecular breeding | 92 Nabeyashiki, Shimo-kugiyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan | tsuka@affrc.go.jp |
National Research Institute of Vegetables, Ornamental Plants and Tea | Physiology of A. fistulosum , molecular markers, QTL mapping, molecular breeding | Kurume, Fukuoka 839-8503, Japan | yamasaki@narc.affrc.go.jp |
Western Region Agricultural Center NARO | QTL analysis, molecular breeding | 1-3-1 Senyu-cho, Zentsuji, Kagawa 765-8508, Japan | kenyamas@affrc.go.jp |
Osaka City University | Study on antioxidant activity and flavonoid content | Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan | yamamoto@life.osaka-cu.ac.jp |
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) | Phylogenetics, molecular markers, molecular breeding | Corrensstr 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany | blattner@ipk-gatersleben.de |
Botanical Garden of the University of Osnabrück | Phylogenetics, molecular markers | Albrechtstr 29, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany | nfriesen@uni-osnabrueck.de |
Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science, Humboldt University Berlin | Effect of fertilizer on yield of spring onion | nvalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany | george@igzev.de |
Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops | Physiology of spring onion | Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany | perner@igzev.de |
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) | RAPD and non-coding chloroplast DNA study, cytogenetics, molecular markers | Corrensstr 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany | rutten@ipk-gatersleben.de |
Dept. of Horticulture, University of Georgia | Physiology of onion | 1111 Miller Plant Science Bldg., Athens, GA 30602 | gboyhan@uga.edu |
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research | Molecular markers, Allium genome and breeding | Bangalore, India | dclreddy@gmail.com |
University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ | Physiology of spring onion | Valenzano, Bari, Italy | mariano.fracchiolla@uniba.it |
National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region (NARCT) | SSR markers, molecular breeding, crop improvement | 4 Akahira, Shimo-kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0198, Japan | amhonjo@affrc.go.jp |
Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (STAFF) | SSR markers, molecular breeding | 446-1 Ippaizuka, Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan | kan@staff.or.jp; i-kono@staff.or.jp |
Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) | QTL study, molecular breeding | 92 Nabeyashiki, Shimo-kugiyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan | tsuka@affrc.go.jp |
National Research Institute of Vegetables, Ornamental Plants and Tea | Physiology of A. fistulosum , molecular markers, QTL mapping, molecular breeding | Kurume, Fukuoka 839-8503, Japan | yamasaki@narc.affrc.go.jp |
Western Region Agricultural Center, NARO | QTL analysis, molecular breeding | 1-3-1 Senyu-cho, Zentsuji, Kagawa 765-8508, Japan | kenyamas@affrc.go.jp |
Osaka City University | Study on antioxidant activity and flavonoid content | Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan | yamamoto@life.osaka-cu.ac.jp |
Tohuku University | Biochemical characterization in A. fistulosum | Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan | koji.muramoto.d5@tohoku.ac.jp |
Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University | Micropropagation of spring onion, cytogenetics, microsatellite markers in Allium | 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan | itai@muses.tottori-u.ac.jp |
Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University | Isozymes markers, molecular markers in Allium, onion breeding | Saga 840-8502, Japan | tashiroy@cc.saga-u.ac.jp |
Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University | Mycorrhizal colonization in A. fistulosum | Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan | tawaraya@tds1.tr.yamagata-u.ac.jp |
Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University | Mycorrhizal colonization in A. fistulosum | Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan | tatsu@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp |
Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University | Biological control, pest management | 46-01, Fukuoka 812, Japan | ueno@grt.kyushu-u.ac.jp |
Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University | Molecular markers in Allium, QTL mapping, Allium genome study, molecular breeding | 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan | shigyo@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp |
Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, | Biodiversity of Allium | Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan 606-8522 | yfujime@rio.odn.ne.jp. |
Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University | Micropropagation, physiology of spring onion | Matsue, Shimane 690-8504 | yano@life.shimane-u.ac.jp |
University of Toyama | Medicinal value of A. fistulosum | 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan | lee@pha.u-toyama.ac.jp |
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University | Medicinal value of A. fistulosum | 22-1, 4-Chome, Nishi-ku, Ikeda, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan | none@ph.sojo-u.ac.jp. |
Kansai University of Welfare Sciences | Molecular cytogenetic , molecular breeding | Kashiwara, Osaka 582-0026, Japan | myamamoto@tamateyama.ac.jp |
Department of Biotechnology , Maebashi Institute of Technology | Micropropagation of spring onion | Maebashi 371-0816, Japan | ihonda@maebashi-it.ac.jp |
Kobe Women’s University | Food science | Suma-Ku, Kobe City, Japan 654-8585 | seguchi@kobe-wu.ac.jp |
Gakushuin Women’s College | Food Science | Tokyo, Japan 162-8650. | |
Department of Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University | Food chemistry of A. fistulosum | Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan | matsuda@mb.kyoto-phu.ac.jp |
Department of Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University | Nutritional and medicinal value of spring onion | Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan | matsuda@mb.kyoto-phu.ac.jp |
Kazusa DNA Research Institute | RNA sequencing, biochemical analysis and molecular breeding | 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan | hh@kazusa.or.jp |
Tottori Horticultural Experiment Station | Micropropagation and physiology of spring onion, rust resistance | Kurakoshi, Tottori 682-0948 | shiraiwah@pref.tottori.jp |
Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center | Molecular marker, ovary culture | Yoshiki 587, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549, Japan | umehara@farc.pref.fukuoka.jp |
Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine | Nutritional and medicinal value of spring onion | 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Korea | hkkim@kiom.re.kr |
Suchon National University | SNP markers, molecular breeding | Suncheon 57922, Korea | my-656@hanmail.net; nis@sunchon.ac.kr |
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon | Development of spring onion harvester | Kyeonggi, Republic of Korea | seung@skku.edu |
Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University | Nutritional value of A. fistulosum | Daejeon 300-716, Republic of Korea | sksh518@dju.kr |
Institute for Food Sciences, Inje University | Nutritional and medicinal value of A. fistulosum | 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, 621-749 Korea | fdsnkiji@inje.ac.kr |
Hankyong National University, Anseong | Nutritional and medicinal value of A. fistulosum | Kyeonggi, Republic of Korea | wypark@hknu.ac.kr |
National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon | Nutritional value of A. fistulosum | Suwon 441-707, Korea | wgkim@rda.go.kr |
Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine | Nutritional value of A. fistulosum | 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Korea | dskim@kiom.re.kr; yysung@kiom.re.kr |
National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju | Nutritional value of A. fistulosum | Wanju, Korea | hgjaz@korea.kr |
Center for Horticultural Seed Development of GSP | SNP markers, molecular breeding | Jeonnam, Suncheon 57922, Korea | jihee0830@cnu.ac.kr |
Biotechnology Institute, Nongwoo Bio Co. Ltd | Molecular markers, linkage map, molecular breeding | Yeoju, South Korea | bk54@snu.ac.kr |
Institute of JinAn Red Ginseng, Jinan-Eup | Nutritional and medicinal value of spring onion | Jinan-Gun, Chonbuk 567-801, Republic of Korea. | e-yoo0612@hanmail.net |
Mokpo Experiment Station, National Institute of Crop Science | Mapping of AFLP markers | 293-5 Cheongcheon, Cheonggye, Muan, Jeonnam 534-833, Korea | yssong25@rda.go.kr |
Wageningen University and Research Centre | Allium genomic study, molecular marker | Postbus 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen Netherlands | sjaak.vanheusden@wur.nl |
Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre | SNP markers, molecular markers, molecular breeding | The Netherlands | olga.scholten@wur.nl |
Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University | Spring onion breeding | Wageningen (The Netherlands) | hans.dejong@wur.nl |
DLO-Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research CPRO-DLO, Department of Vegetable and Fruit Crops | Cytogenetics, DNA-based phylogenies in Allium subgenus Cepa, spring onion breeding | PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands | c.kik@cpro.dlo.nl |
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd | Allium genomic study, molecular marker | Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand | john.mccallum@plantandfood.co.nz |
Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln University | Allium genomic study, molecular marker | PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand. | yanbo.deng@gmail.com |
University of Agriculture in Cracow | GISH study, molecular markers, molecular breeding | 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Cracow, Poland | a.chuda@org.ur.krakow.pl |
Department of Horticulture, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences | Physiology of spring onion | PI, Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrolaw, Poland | katarzyna.a-sowinska@up.wroc.pl |
Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants University of Life Sciences in Lublin | Physiology of spring onion | Leszczyńskiego 58, 20-068 Lublin, Poland | maria.tendaj@up.lublin.pl |
West Pomeranian University of Technology | Agronomy of spring onion | P.Pawla VI 1, 71-459 Szczecin, Poland | azurawik@zut.edu.pl |
Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University | Molecular markers, micropropagation, cytogenetics of spring onion | Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland | patryk.mizia@uj.edu.pl; a.joachimiak@uj.edu.pl |
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn | Physiology of spring onion | Olsztyn, Poland | majkowska-gadomska@uwm.edu.pl |
Center of Molecular Biotechnology , Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (RGAU-MTAA) | GISH study, cytogenetics, spring onion breeding | 49, Timiryazevskaya Str., 127550 Moscow, Russia; | khrustaleva@timacad.ru |
All-Russia Research Institute of Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production | GISH study, cytogenetics, spring onion breeding | Moscow oblast, p/o Lesnoy Gorodok, 143080 Russia | mail@vniissok.ru |
NakhonPhanom Agricultural Research & Development Center | Integrated cultivation of spring onion with other vegetables | Thailand | niyom_sp@hotmail.co.th |
Institute of Biocience and Technology, Cranfield University | Study on growth and dry matter production of spring onion, water deficit stress and soil type | Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, UK | l.abbey.s99@cranfield ac.uk |
University of Warwick | Physiology of spring onion | Coventry, UK | dezer@turing.ac.uk |
Horticulture Research International | Study on growth and dry matter production of spring onion | Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK | l.abbey.s99@cranfield ac.uk |
University of New Hampshire | Physiology of Allium fistulosum | 38 Academic Way, Durham, NH 03824 | becky.sideman@unh.edu; http://www.colsa.unh.edu/aes/ |
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, South Central Agricultural Research laboratory | Physiology of Allium fistulosum | 911 Highway 3 W, Lane, OK 74555, USA | russo_vincent@hotmail.com |
Department of Plant Science, Rutgers University | Food chemistry, antifungal constituents in A. fistulosum | 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520 | ssang@rci.rutgers.edu |
Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University | Somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation and cytogenetics of A. fistulosum , spring onion breeding, isozyme markers | Lubbock TX 79409-4169,USA794 | epeffley@ttacs.ttu.edu |
Plant Sciences Department, The University of Tennessee | Physiology of spring onion | 252 Ellington Plant Sciences, 2431 Joa Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 | dkopsell@utk.edu |
USDA-ARS and Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin | Molecular markers, molecular breeding | Madison, WI 53706, USA | michael.havey@ars.usda.gov |
Seminis Vegetable Seeds, DeForest | Cytogenetics, spring onion breeding | WI 53532, USA | llblacktw@netscape.net |
Institute of Botany, Academy Sciences of Uzbekistan | Genomic study of A. fistulosum | Tashkent, Uzbekistan | ktojibaev@mail.ru |
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Kayat, F., Mohammed, A., Ibrahim, A.M. (2021). Spring Onion (Allium fistulosum L.) Breeding Strategies. In: Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, S.M., Johnson, D.V. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66969-0_4
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