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Turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa L.) Breeding

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops

Abstract

Turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa L.) is an important crop species belonging to the Brassicaceae family. It is an annual or biennial plant with wide variation in size, shape and color. Its classification is based on morphological characteristics, leading to a division of the cultivated forms into three main subspecies: turnip, oilseed and leafy types. Thus, it plays a vital role in agriculture, and contributes to both national economies and human health. Molecular genetics and traditional breeding programs of B. rapa are essential to crop improvement. Analyses of genetic diversity using DNA-based markers and metabolite profiling across B. rapa reveals that they originate from Europe, Central Asia and North Africa, based on evidence of 2–5 distinct groups. Studies have detected comparable genetic diversity between and within various B. rapa accessions, including root, leafy vegetable and oilseed types. The efficiency of traditional breeding programs; simple recurrent selection, mass selection and selfing with selection on improving growth, yield and root quality of the Egyptian turnip cultivar Balady have been achieved. Generally, the phenotypic correlation coefficients values for the varied possible pairs among different agronomic traits evidenced that 19 are derived from a possible 91 relationships and seem significant and are required to realize the selection aims. Simple recurrent selection exhibited higher effect on improving turnip agronomic traits such as plant and root fresh weights, leaf number, root diameter and total yield, over either mass selection or selfing with selection methods. From a quality prospective, all selected populations exhibited decreased root firmness, expressed as reduction in root fibers, which enhance root quality. Therefore, the high-efficiency of a selection-breeding program resulted in improving turnip yield and quality.

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Dedication

The author dedicates this chapter to Professor Abdel Aziz Khalf-Allah, who recently passed away. He stands as one of the most important plant breeders in Egypt and his knowledge and remarkable work have been a great motivation for me and other vegetable plant breeders.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vegetable Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Hesham S. Abdel-Razzak

Authors
  1. Hesham S. Abdel-Razzak
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hesham S. Abdel-Razzak .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    S. Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendices

1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Turnip

Institution

Specialization and research activities

Address

Contact information and website

Agriculture and Agri-Food

Segmental structure of the Brassica napus genome

Canada Saskatoon, Research Centre 107 Science Place Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada

E-mail: isobel.parkin@agr.gc.ca

http://www.agr.gc.ca.

All-Russian Institute of Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production

Genetic resources and disease resistance

Moscow, 143080, Russia

E-mail: vniissok@cea.ru

http://en.vniimk.ru/about/

Center for Genetic resources

Genetic resources

Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.

https://www.wur.nl/en/Research-Results/Statutory-research-tasks/Centre-for-Genetic-Resources-the-Netherlands-1

Department of Plant Genetics

Brassica plant genetics

Misión Biológica de Gallicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, E-36080 Pontevedra, Spain

E-mail: cartea@mbg.cesga.es

http://www.mbg.csic.es/en/the-mision-biologica-de-galicia/

Department of Plant Genetics

Brassica plant quality

Misión Biológica de Gallicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, E-36080 Pontevedra, Spain

E-mail: mfrancisco@mbg.cesgaes

E-mail: pvelasco@mbg.cesga.es

http://www.mbg.csic.es/en/the-mision-biologica-de-galicia/

Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University

Classical breeding and genetic analysis of vegetable brassicas

Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305–764, Korea

Email: yplim@cnu.ac.kr

https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Chungnam_National_University/department/Department_of_Horticultural_Science

Diversity Fixed Foundation

Sets (DFFS)

Informative sets of genetically fixed lines representing a structured sampling of diversity within the relevant gene pool for Brassica crops

 

www.brassica.info.

https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/lifesci/research/grc/plant/dffs/

European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR)

Plant genetic resources

 

http://www.ecpgr.cgiar.org/

Laboratory of Plant Breeding

Plant Breeding (differentiation in Brassica rapa core)

Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands

E-mail: Dunia.Pino@wur.nl

https://www.wur.nl/en/Research-

Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University

Diversity analysis and molecular taxonomy of Brassica vegetable crops

6700AA, Wageningen, the

Netherlands. 3 Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands

E-mail: Guusje.Bonnema@wur.nl

https://www.wur.nl/en/Research-Results/Chair-groups/Plant-Sciences/Laboratory-of-Plant-Breeding.htm

Lokman Hekim University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics

Brassica vegetables and human health

Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey

E-mail: nevintekgul@gmail.com

https://www.lokmanhekim.edu.tr/

Misíon Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Germplasm collection

Apartado 28, E-36080, Pontevedra, Spain

E-mail: gpadilla@mbg.cesga.es

http://www.mbg.csic.es/es/la-mision-biologica-de-galicia/

Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

Genetics, genomics and breeding of vegetable Brassica

Faculty of Biology

Adam Mickiewicz University

Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61–614 Poznan, Poland

Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland

www.ebook3000.com

E-mail: jsad@amu.edu.pl

https://amu.edu.pl/en/AMU-Faculties/faculty-of-biology

Scottish Crop Research Institute

Brassica improvement

Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK

E-mail: jbrads@scri.sari.ac.uk

https://scri.webarchive.hutton.ac.uk/

The Korea Brassica Bank Genome Resource (KBGRB)

Germplasm and Brassica genomic resources

Korea

http://www.brassica-resource.org

The Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen)

Germplasm collections of Brassica

Norway

https://www.nordgen.org/en/

The Spain Brassica genebank MBG-CSIC

Germplasm collections of Brassica

Spain

http://www.mbg.csic.es/es/

The UWA Institute of Agriculture (M082), The University of Western Australia

Origin and centers of diversity in an ancient Brassica crop

Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

E-mail: wallace.cowling@uwa.edu.au

http://www.ioa.uwa.edu.au/contact

Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of

Horticultural Genomics.

Genome resequencing and comparative variome analysis in Brassica vegetable crops

Beijing 10081, China

E-mail: wangxiaowu@caas.cn

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27890636

Warwick Crop Centre, The University of Warwick Wellesbourne

Genetic resources and breeding

Warwick, UK

cropcentre@warwick.ac.uk

warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/lifesci/wcc/research/allium

https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/lifesci/wcc/

1.2 Appendix II: Genetic Resources of Turnip

Cultivar

Cultivation location

Important traits

Reference and contact information

A Coruña

Spain

Performance as turnip tops

Francisco et al. (2009)

E-mail: pvelasco@mbg.cesga.es

Balady

Egypt

A common Egyptian local cultivar

Khalf-Allah et al. (2014)

E-mail: heshamsaleh@hotmail.com

Barkant

Australia

Forage turnip

Neilsen et al. (2008)

E-mail: jneilsen@utas.edu.au

Golden Ball

USA

A round turnip with yellow skin belowground and a greenish tint where exposed

Davis-Hollander (2015)

http://www.grit.com/farm-and-garden/growing-turnips-zm0z12jazreg.aspx

Green Globe

New Zealand

Recommended for forage use

Young-Mathews (2012)

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/

Green Globe

Pennsylvania

Sirius turnip (Sweden)

Upper Midwest

York Globe

New Zealand

Massif

Scotland

A new national listed and granted Plant Breeders rights in 1996

Bradshaw et al. (2002)

E-mail: jbrads@scri.sari.ac.uk

MBG-BRS0183 and MBG-BRS0256

Spain

Two landraces were the most promising for turnips production

Padilla et al. (2005)

E-mail:gpadilla@mbg.cesga.es

MBG-BRS0082 and MBG-BRS0184

 

Two landraces represented the best characteristics for turnip greens

MBG-BRS0143, MBG-BRS0173 and MBG-BRS0401

 

The most appropriate three landraces for turnip tops production

Shogoin

Japan

A white-skinned and white-fleshed

Duke (1983)

https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Brassica_rapa.html

Sultani

Egypt

One of the major cultivated crops and highly consumed as both fodder and food crop in Egypt

Abdelkader (2013)

E-mail: amal.abdelkader@sci.asu.edu.eg

Purple Top Milan

Italy

A flat type and the strap-leaved varieties

Tyfon

China

A high yielding variety that is a cross between forage turnip (B. rapa var. rapa) and Chinese cabbage (B. pekinensis)

http://plants.usda.gov/

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Abdel-Razzak, H.S. (2021). Turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa L.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, S.M., Johnson, D.V. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66965-2_9

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