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Hazelnut (Corylus spp.) Breeding

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops

Abstract

Hazelnut is an economically important tree nut whose production is mostly destined to the confectionery industry with a demand that currently exceeds supply. Its cultivation remains substantially based on named selections from local, wild vegetation. Public breeding programs were not initiated until the 1960s and only two, both in the USA, are in operation today that are relatively large. Oregon State University has produced new cultivars with Gasaway resistance to the fungus Anisogramma anomala, causal agent of eastern filbert blight (EFB), a major disease in North America; these cultivars are being widely planted. In China, cold-hardy hybrid cultivars from Corylus heterophylla and C. avellana were recently released and are planted in northeastern China. In the past 25 years, molecular markers have facilitated a much better understanding of genetic diversity in the genus Corylus, aided the construction of linkage maps and allowed for marker-assisted selection for disease resistance. The genome of C. avellana was sequenced and assembled, and DNA markers identified from the transcriptome, providing the basis for the isolation of important genes, including those related to nut quality and adaptive and phenological traits. Many new genotypes expressing eastern filbert blight (EFB) resistance have been identified in the germplasm, and subsequent linked DNA markers developed, allowing new approaches to breeding for durable resistance. Micropropagation is routinely used in the USA, Chile and Italy for multiplication, but work with other in vitro techniques is less advanced. Genetic engineering has not been developed in hazelnut due to regeneration difficulties from somatic tissues but recent advances have established a protocol for organogenesis. More research is being carried out to assemble a high-quality hazelnut genome and achieve somatic embryogenesis. The results from this research will provide knowledge and tools enabling the isolation of genes and molecular markers, and the application of genome editing techniques to hazelnut.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi Torino, Turin, Italy

    Roberto Botta, Nadia Valentini & Daniela Torello Marinoni

  2. Plant Biology Department, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    Thomas J. Molnar

  3. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

    Veli Erdogan

  4. Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

    Shawn A. Mehlenbacher

Authors
  1. Roberto Botta
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  2. Thomas J. Molnar
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  3. Veli Erdogan
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  4. Nadia Valentini
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  5. Daniela Torello Marinoni
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  6. Shawn A. Mehlenbacher
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Correspondence to Roberto Botta .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendices

1.1 Appendix 1: Major Hazelnut Germplasm Collections

Site

Institution

No. of accessions

Species

Corvallis, OR, USA

United States Dept. of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service

607

C. avellana cultivars (187), C. avellana selections (164), C. americana (42), C. californica (40), C. chinensis (15), C. colurna (17), C. cornuta (14), C. fargesii (6), C. ferox (1), C. heterophylla (25), C. jacquemontii (4), C. sieboldiana (34), C. yunnanensis (2), interspecific hybrids (62)

Corvallis, OR, USA

Oregon State University

418

C. avellana cultivars (80), C. avellana selections (166 from nuts collected in 7 countries), C. americana (45), C. californica (1), C. chinensis (29), C. colurna (38), C. cornuta (28), C. fargesii (1), C. ferox (1), C. heterophylla (22), C. jacquemontii (7), C. sieboldiana (1)

Giresun, Turkey

Hazelnut Research Institute

390

C. avellana

Beijing

China Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry

378

C. heterophylla × C. avellana (43), C. heterophylla (220), C. avellana (35), C. mandshurica (18), C. kweichowensis (62)

Constantí, Tarragona, Spain

IRTA

253 (139 Spanish, 114 foreign)

C. avellana, C. colurna, C. heterophylla, C. ferox var. tibetica

Chieri (TO), Italy

University of Torino

86

C. avellana

Le Cese, Caprarola (VT), Italy

ARSIAL, Tuscia University

58

C. avellana

1.2 Appendix 2: Main Hazelnut Cultivars and Their Important Traits and Cultivation Locations

Cultivar

Country of Origin

Cultivation area(s)

Description of important traits

Allahverdi

Turkey

Not widespread yet

For kernel market. Released recently as a selection, small nut (1.8 g) with round shape, high percent kernel (49%) and pellicle removal (90%), early maturity (early August), late leafing, productive, yield variation is low between years

Barcelona (Fertile de Coutard, Castanyera)

Spain

USA (Oregon, Willamette Valley), Chile

For in-shell market. Large nut (3.8 g) with round shape (RI = 0.91), 43% kernel, half of pellicle removed by blanching. Vigorous tree, moderately productive, late maturity (early October in Oregon). Resistant to bud mites. Some tolerance to EFB; infected trees remain productive for several years. Incompatibility alleles S1 S2. The cv. Barcelona grown in Chile is similar but probably not genetically identical to the original

Çakıldak

Turkey

Ordu

For kernel market. Small nut (2.0 g) with round shape (RI = 1.1), high percent kernel (50–54%) and pellicle removal (85–87%), planted mostly at higher elevations, maturity mid-late August, late leafing, prone to alternate bearing, low flavor

Camponica

Italy, South

Italy, South

For in-shell market. Large nut (3.4–3.7 g) with round shape (RI = 0.92), 46–48% kernel, 70–80% of pellicle removed by blanching. Early mid-season maturity (August in Italy). Quantitative resistance to EFB. Incompatibility alleles S1 S2

Clark

USA, Oregon

USA, Oregon

For kernel market. Small to medium nut (2.4 g) with round shape, 51% kernel, good pellicle removal by blanching. Small tree (TCA 60% of cv. Barcelona), very high yield efficiency. Moderate susceptibility to big bud mite, less susceptible to eastern filbert blight than Barcelona. Female receptivity late. Incompatibility alleles S3 S8

Corabel® Fercoril

France, Southwest

France, Southwest

For in-shell market. Very large nut (3.7–4.5 g) with round shape, 44–47% kernel, easy pellicle removal, low fiber. Very vigorous tree, productive, late nut maturity (late-September to early October in France). Very late female receptivity. Incompatibility alleles S1 S3

Dorris

USA, Oregon

USA, Oregon

For kernel and in-shell markets. Medium to large nut (3.3 g) with round shape, 43% kernel, good pellicle removal by blanching, excellent aroma. Small tree (TCA 59% of cv. Barcelona) with high yield efficiency. High resistance to big bud mite, high resistance to EFB from Gasaway. Incompatibility alleles S1 S12

Ennis

USA, Oregon

USA (Oregon, Willamette Valley); France, Southwest

For in-shell market. Very large nut (3.8–4.7 g), slightly long shape. Pellicle not removed by blanching. Moderately vigorous tree, productive, late nut maturity (early October in Oregon). Susceptible to big bud mite, highly susceptible to EFB. Very late female receptivity. Incompatibility alleles S1 S11

Foşa

Turkey

Trabzon, Akcakoca

For kernel and in-shell market. Small nut (1.7 g) with round shape (1.1), high percent kernel (50%) and pellicle removal (85%), early maturity (mid-August), good flavor, kernel cavity size of 2.2 mm

Giresun Melezi

Turkey

Not widespread yet

For kernel market. Recently released cultivar, small to medium nut (2.4 g) with round shape, high percent kernel (52%) and pellicle removal (90%), early maturity (mid-August), late leafing

Hall’s Giant (Merveille de Bollwiller)

Germany/France (Alsace)

France, Southwest

Used as pollinizer. Large nut (3.5–4.2 g) with conical shape, 36–41% kernel, easy pellicle removal, low fiber, suitable for in-shell market. Vigorous tree, not productive. Late nut maturity (late September–early October in France). Quantitative resistance to EFB. Incompatibility alleles S5 S15

Jefferson

USA, Oregon

USA, Oregon

For in-shell market. Large nut (3.7 g) with round shape, 45% kernel, 70% of pellicle removed by blanching. Moderately vigorous tree (TCA 70% of cv. Barcelona) with upright growth. Nut maturity 3 days after Barcelona. Highly resistant to big bud mite, high resistance to EFB from Gasaway. Very late female receptivity. Incompatibility alleles S1 S3

Lewis

USA, Oregon

USA, Oregon

For kernel market. Medium nut (2.9 g), 48% kernel, good pellicle removal by blanching, good aroma, midseason nut maturity. Medium tree (TCA 78% of cv. Barcelona) with high yield efficiency. Moderate resistance to big bud mite, quantitative resistance to EFB. Occasional problem with kernel mold in cool, wet environments. Incompatibility alleles S3 S8

McDonald

USA, Oregon

USA, Oregon

For kernel market. Medium to small nut (2.5 g), 52% kernel, very good pellicle removal by blanching, excellent aroma. Nut maturity 2 weeks before Barcelona. Medium tree (TCA 70% of Barcelona) with high yield efficiency. Resistance to big bud mite, high resistance to EFB from Gasaway. Incompatibility alleles S2 S15

Mortarella

Italy, South

Italy, South

For kernel market. Medium to small nut (2.0–2.5 g) with long shape (RI = 0.80), 46–48% kernel, 70–80% of pellicle removed by blanching, excellent flavor (used for chopped kernels and industrial paste). Low vigor tree with high yield (2.5–2.8 t/ha). Early nut maturity (August in Italy). Often infected with apple mosaic virus. Incompatibility alleles S2 S17

Negret

Spain, Catalunya

Spain, Catalunya

For kernel market. Small nut (2.0 g) with ovoid shape (RI = 0.75), 48–50% kernel, very easy pellicle removal (90%), good flavor. Moderate tree vigor, high yield, mid-season to late nut maturity. Susceptible to EFB. Often infected with apple mosaic virus. Incompatibility alleles S10 S22

Nocchione

Italy

Italy, Center and South

For pollinizer and kernel market. Medium to large nut (3.0–3.2 g) with round shape (RI = 0.92), 38–40% kernel, 80% of pellicle removed by blanching. Early to mid-season nut maturity. Moderate tree vigor and spreading growth habit, high yield. It is grown under many names as the main cultivar in Sicily and as the main pollinizer of cv. Tonda Romana in Latium. Incompatibility alleles S1 S2

Okay28

Turkey

Not widespread yet

For kernel market. Recently released cultivar, medium nut (2.85 g) with round shape, high percent kernel (54%) and pellicle removal (92%), early maturity (mid-August), late leafing

Palaz

Turkey

Ordu

For kernel market. Small nut (2.1 g) with round shape (RI = 0.9), high percent kernel (51%) and pellicle removal (92–94%), early maturity (early August), prone to alternate bearing, good flavor, large kernel cavity (3.25 mm)

Pauetet

Spain, Catalunia

Spain (Catalunya), France (Southwest)

For kernel market. Small nut (2.0 g) with ovoid shape (RI = 0.75), 48–50% kernel, 60–70% of pellicle removed by blanching, good flavor. Tree more vigorous and tolerant of high soil pH than cv. Negret. High yield, mid-season to late nut maturity (September). Incompatibility alleles S18 S22

Sacajawea

USA, Oregon

USA, Oregon

For kernel market. Medium nut (2.8 g), 52% kernel, very good pellicle removal by blanching, excellent aroma. Nut maturity 10 days before cv. Barcelona. Medium to vigorous tree (TCA 86% of Barcelona) with moderately high yield efficiency. High resistance to big bud mite, high quantitative resistance to EFB. Incompatibility alleles S1 S22

San Giovanni

Italy, South

Italy, South

For chopped kernel and industrial paste market. Medium nut (2.5–2.8 g) with long shape (RI = 0.80), 47–48% kernel, 70–80% of pellicle removed by blanching, good flavor. High yield (2.5–3.0 mt/ha) and early nut maturity (August in Italy). Incompatibility alleles S2 S8

Segorbe (Comun Aleva)

Spain, Catalunya

France, Southwest

For kernel market and pollinizer. Medium to large nut (2.6–3.2 g) with round shape (RI = 0.86), 40–45% kernel, half of pellicle removed by blanching. Vigorous tree, late nut maturity (September–October). Tolerant of adverse conditions. Incompatibility alleles S9 S23

Tombul

Turkey

Giresun

Best Turkish cultivar for kernel market. Small nut (1.8 g) with round shape (RI = 1.1), high percent kernel (54%), high pellicle removal (94%), early maturity (Early August), excellent flavor, small kernel cavity (1.5 mm), medium productivity (1.5 mt/ha)

Tonda di Giffoni

Italy, South

Italy (Center and South), Spain, Chile and others

For kernel market. Medium nut (2.5–2.8 g) with round shape (RI = 0.90), 46–48% kernel, 80–90% of pellicle removed by blanching, excellent flavor. Mid-season to late nut maturity (September in Italy). Good quantitative resistance to EFB. High yield (2.5 mt/ha) and high adaptation to different environments. Problems with kernel mold in cool, wet environments. Incompatibility alleles S2 S23

Tonda Francescana®

Italy, Central

Not widespread yet

For kernel market. Small to medium nut (2.4 g) with round shape (RI = 0.94), 45–48% kernel, good pellicle removal by blanching, good flavor. Very early nut maturity (August in Italy), low susceptible to big bud mite. High productivity (3.0 mt/ha). Incompatibility alleles S2 S20

Tonda Gentile delle Langhe

Italy, Northwest

Italy, Northwest

For kernel market. Small to medium nut (2.2–2.4 g) with triangular-round shape (RI = 0.90), 46–48% kernel, 80–90% of pellicle removed by blanching, excellent flavor. Very early nut maturity (August in Italy). Susceptible to big bud mite, highly susceptible to EFB. Moderate productivity (1.8–2.0 mt/ha) in northwestern Italy but low in most other locations. Incompatibility alleles S2 S7

Tonda Pacifica

USA, Oregon

Chile, to be commercialized

For kernel market. Small nut (2.2 g), 47% kernel, excellent pellicle removal by blanching, excellent aroma. Nut maturity 8 days before Barcelona. Moderately vigorous tree (TCA 77% of Barcelona), moderately high yield efficiency. Moderate resistance to big bud mite, highly susceptible to EFB. Incompatibility alleles S1 S2

Tonda Romana

Italy, Central

Italy, Central

For kernel market. Medium nut (2.5–2.7 g) with round shape (RI = 0.95), 45–47% kernel, 50% of pellicle removed by blanching, very good aroma. Nut maturity mid-season to late (September in Italy). Resistant to big bud mite, highly susceptible to EFB. High yield (2.0–2.5 mt/ha). Incompatibility alleles S10 S20

Wepster

USA, Oregon

USA, Oregon

For kernel market. Small nut (2.3 g), 46% kernel, very good pellicle removal by blanching, very good aroma. Nut maturity 10 days before cv. Barcelona. Vigorous tree (TCA 90% of Barcelona), high yield efficiency. High resistance to big bud mite, high resistance to EFB from Gasaway. Incompatibility alleles S1 S2

Yamhill

USA, Oregon

USA (Oregon), Chile

For kernel market. Small nut (2.3 g), 49% kernel, 50% of pellicle removed by blanching, little fiber on pellicle. Nut maturity 10 days before cv. Barcelona. Low vigor tree (TCA 60% of Barcelona) with spreading growth habit, very high yield efficiency. High resistance to big bud mite, high resistance to EFB from Gasaway. Incompatibility alleles S8 S26

  1. TCA trunk cross-sectional area (30 cm above soil line), RI roundness index

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Botta, R., Molnar, T.J., Erdogan, V., Valentini, N., Torello Marinoni, D., Mehlenbacher, S.A. (2019). Hazelnut (Corylus spp.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23112-5_6

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