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Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its phytochemicals in ruminant feed: an updated review

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Abstract

Livestock has a significant contribution to methane emission as a portion of their ingested energy, which is wasted in the form of methane (2–15%), and ammonia (75–95%). Microbial fermentation in ruminants results in the loss of energy in methanogenesis and protein via ammonia nitrogen excretion, causing a decline in feed efficiency and acting as environmental pollutants. Antibiotics were used to reduce these losses in the rumen, but this approach was restricted in animal products. Some plants or their bioactive extracts/metabolites such as organo-sulphur compounds, saponins, essential oils, flavonoids, and tannins exhibited the potential to limit the methanogenesis by altering the rumen microflora. Plant extracts, including clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud oil and clove extracts, were used as feed additives to manipulate rumen fermentation. Clove oil interacts with bacterial cells and inhibits the growth multiplication of methanogenic and deaminating bacteria. This results in a reduction in ammonia, nitrogen, methane, acetate concentration, and high propionate and butyrate concentrations. Eugenol is one of the bioactive constituents in clove that manipulate rumen fermentation by increasing propionate production, decrease acetate and methane production, and alter the proteolysis pattern, peptidolysis, and amino acid deamination in the rumen. The current review reports on using of clove phytochemicals and extracts in manipulating rumen fermentation to inhibit methanogenesis and energy loss as well as ammonia–nitrogen waste.

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Abbreviations

CEO:

Clove essential oil

ORAC:

Oxygen radical absorption capacity

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

VFA:

Volatile fatty acids

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan

    Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad S. Khan, Amjad I. Aqib, Muhammad Qumar & Faisal Siddique

  2. Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

    Mahmoud Alagawany

  3. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

    Mayada R. Farag

  4. Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, P.O. Box 34, Muscat, Oman

    Othman Alqaisi

  5. Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

    Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan

  6. Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan

Authors
  1. Muhammad Saeed
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  2. Muhammad S. Khan
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  3. Mahmoud Alagawany
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  4. Mayada R. Farag
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  5. Othman Alqaisi
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  6. Amjad I. Aqib
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  7. Muhammad Qumar
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  8. Faisal Siddique
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  9. Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
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Contributions

All authors collected the data and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan.

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Saeed, M., Khan, M.S., Alagawany, M. et al. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its phytochemicals in ruminant feed: an updated review. Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei 32, 273–285 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-021-00985-3

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