Abstract
To elucidate the evolution of epiphytes in Liparis section Liparis, we examined the phylogenetic relationships of 16 species by using internal transcribed spacer regions of 18S–26S nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) and three chloroplast DNA regions (trnS-trnG spacer, trnL with trnL-trnF spacer, and partial matK). Results showed that the epiphytic L. fujisanensis is sister to the terrestrial L. koreana and L. kumokiri, while another epiphyte, L. truncata, is sister to the terrestrial L. krameri. Therefore, the two epiphytic species evolved from terrestrial species independently in section Liparis. Comparative seed morphology revealed that the epiphytes have larger embryos than their closely related terrestrial counterparts. A similar trend toward the increase of embryo size in the two epiphytic species belonging to closely related, but distinct clades suggests that the large embryo may have an advantage in the epiphytic lifestyle. The two epiphytic species share another character state, smaller air spaces in the seed than that of closely related terrestrial species, suggesting possible low dispersibility of the epiphytes.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank M. Akashi, M. Goto, H. Hongo, T. Kuhara, K. Miyoshi, T. Nagai, H. Nakayama, K. Oikawa, K. Sakamoto, M. Sato, M. Takashima, and K. Watanabe for sampling and field trips. The authors are grateful to K. Suzuki who cultivated plants used in this study, M. Takashima for useful discussion, and F. Tajima for helpful advice about statistical analyses. This study was supported by a-Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by the Fujiwara Natural History Foundation.
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Tsutsumi, C., Yukawa, T., Lee, N.S. et al. Phylogeny and comparative seed morphology of epiphytic and terrestrial species of Liparis (Orchidaceae) in Japan. J Plant Res 120, 405–412 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-007-0077-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-007-0077-0