GardensIllustrated_March22 by Immediate Media Company London Ltd.

PLANTING IDEAS • BEAUTIFUL GARDENS • EXPERT ADVICE

GAR DENS Fast flowers Perennials to sow for blooms this year

SMALL WONDERS Light up shady spaces with hepaticas

Going vertical Living wall tips from a tiny city courtyard

Under cover Traditional cloches make a comeback

GARDEN INSIGHTS Inspirational country and contemporary designs

POTS OF IDEAS Stylish displays for spring

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arch is the month when spring really takes hold and we can start to enjoy buds and unfurling fresh green leaves, as well as an array of early spring flowers, including our cover stars – hepaticas (page 52). These little shade lovers will brighten up any space with their cheery blooms. This issue we also feature beautiful combinations for spring containers with head gardener Jenny Barnes’s pot display ideas (page 42). If you are planning new planting for your garden right now, check out our guide to perennials you can sow from seed for flowers this year (page 86), with expert picks from our panel including a seed expert, a designer, a head gardener and a nurserywoman. We’re also starting a new occasional series this month with insights and advice from Alys Fowler on soil health (page 82). It’s easy to forget that everything we do as gardeners relies entirely on this essential element, and how important it is that we lay the groundwork for growing by looking after and nurturing our soil. Alys begins by looking at how to encourage your soil food web by making and using compost. There’s plenty of garden inspiration to be found in these pages too, with a modern country garden brimming with spring interest (page 32), as well as a contemporary design that mixes formal elements with naturalistic planting (page 68), and a tiny, green, city courtyard framed by a living wall for year-round interest (page 48).

Find fresh ideas for creating spring containers in our new series, page 42.

STEPHANIE MAHON, EDITOR

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Welcome

Contents MARCH 2022

Mise-en-scène The creative owners of Lower Bowden Manor garden in Berkshire have created a series of garden rooms, each one a painting in colour and form Holding court Dutch designer Erik Funneman has used a living wall and green, year-round planting to enclose a tiny urban courtyard garden Out of the ordinary The Plantsman’s Preference nursery in Norfolk is a treasure trove of unusual plants Paths of least resistance Designer Álvaro Sampedro created a contemporary naturalistic garden with a little help from the clients’ dogs

Plants 22

Plantsperson’s favourites Gravetye Manor’s head gardener Tom Coward chooses his top ten plants for March Fresh ideas Cottesbrooke’s head gardener Jenny Barnes shows how to create container combinations that capture the essence of spring Plant profile: Hepatica Discover these delicate, varied blooms that are perfect for brightening shady corners Tiny treasures Among the many daffodil cultivars bred by Brian Duncan are some exquisite miniature forms What lies beneath In the first of a new series, Alys Fowler looks at how to improve the health of your garden’s soil using home-made compost Fast flowers Four experts reveal the best herbaceous perennials to sow from seed that will flower in their first year

People 41

Gardening talent Meet houseplant nursery grower Harriet Thompson, an advocate of peatand pesticide-free growing Who’s who Karen Liebreich, the driving force behind the new Chiswick Flower Market, on fruit gluts, fairness and never taking ‘no’ for an answer Undercover artists The makers reviving the art of the traditional cast-iron cloche

Design 97

101

Design update Including news of how Thomas Heatherwick’s studio is rethinking and rewilding post-pandemic city centres Sourcebook Nine of the best potting tables

Regulars 3 6 13

Welcome Contributors Dig in This month: news that the RHS is to create four new Community Gardens, and a new garden for connoisseurs 18 The gardener-cook As the growing season gets underway, Aaron Bertelsen is in a hurry to sow seeds under cover 20 Subscription offer Save money when you subscribe to the digital edition of Gardens Illustrated 29 Kitted out For encouraging birds into your garden 105 Books New books on wild gardens, container planting and sustainable gardening 114 Crossword and back issues 121 Next issue What’s coming up in our April edition 122 A gardener’s holiday in… Madeira The flora, fauna and food of the Garden Isle

CLIVE NICHOLS

Places

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COVER IMAGE Hepatica nobilis var. japonica by Jason Ingram

ON THE COVER

A sea of white and golden daffodils is a welcome sign of spring in the orchard at Lower Bowden Manor in Berkshire, page 32.

Fast flowers, page 86 Garden insights, pages 32 and 68 Pots of ideas, page 42 Going vertical, page 48 Hepaticas, page 52 Cloches, page 92

EVENTS AND EVENTS OFFERS • Join us on our four-day tour of the most beautiful gardens in the Lake District – page 10 • Save money when you subscribe to the digital edition of Gardens Illustrated – page 20

Our packaging Subscriber copies of Gardens Illustrated are now delivered in paper wrapping instead of recyclable plastic polywrap. This paper wrap is 100% recyclable and made from sustainably sourced paper. Please recycle in your kerbside recycling bin. We would love to hear your feedback, please contact us at paperwrap@immediate.co.uk

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Clive Nichols

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Clive photographs the gardens at Lower Bowden Manor, page 32. “Shooting the orchard of daffodils in full flower at sunrise was a magical moment for me and one I will never forget.”

Jenny begins a new series on stylish container planting, page 42. “It was fun to showcase my favourite plants of the season. Hopefully this month’s pots bring some spring cheer.”

Naomi learns more about the varied world of hepaticas, page 52. “The hepaticas at Ashwood Nurseries are gorgeous and it has been a pleasure to explore a plant of such infinite variety.”

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS

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James Basson James lives in the South of France where he runs Scape Design, a practice specialising in low-maintenance and dry gardens. He is a fervent advocate for creating sustainable landscapes. The winner of four Chelsea Gold medals, he was awarded Best in Show in 2017.

Fergus Garrett Fergus was appointed head gardener at Great Dixter by Christopher Lloyd in 1993. He is passionate about passing on his knowledge through student programmes at Dixter and worldwide lectures. He was awarded an RHS Associate of Honour in 2008 and an RHS Victoria Medal of Honour in 2019.

Anna Pavord Anna’s books include her bestseller The Tulip and most recently Landskipping. For 30 years she was The Independent’s gardening correspondent. In 2000 the RHS awarded her the Veitch Memorial Medal. She lives and gardens in Dorset.

Dan Pearson Dan is one of the UK’s best-known garden designers, familiar to many through his gardening columns in the Observer magazine. Eight of his gardens, including the Tokachi Millennium Forest in Japan, have won awards and he was awarded Best in Show for his garden at Chelsea in 2015.

www.andrewkaysculpture.co.uk 07740 306412

Sarah Price Sarah is one of the UK’s most sought-after garden designers who gained worldwide recognition for her designs for the 2012 London Olympic Park. She won Gold at Chelsea in 2012 and 2018, and was GMG Garden Columnist of the Year in 2016 for her design series in Gardens Illustrated.

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TOUR

Chapelside. Tom Attwood is a Kew-trained horticulturist and a contributor to Gardens Illustrated. With his wife Abi, he runs Abi & Tom’s Garden Plants and manages the gardens of the Witherslack Estate in the Lake District.

This tour in the Lake District takes in a contrasting range of gardens in dramatic landscapes, including a small plot among the fells, and the home of garden designer Arabella Lennox-Boyd

he tour starts with a visit to Holker Hall and its 24-acre garden comprising yew hedging, rose garden and woodland with conifers from around the world. We travel on to The Lakeside Hotel on the southern shore of lake Windermere, our base for three nights. We’ll also visit Levens Hall, which has the most famous topiary garden in England, installed between 1689-1712 by the Frenchman Guillaume Beaumont, gardener to King James II. There will be lots to see in the garden at Yewbarrow House overlooking Morecambe Bay, which has a walled kitchen garden, an Italian garden, gravel garden and sculpture garden, and we will also take a look at Dan Pearson’s recent project at Lowther Castle, where his design has reinterpreted the historic gardens. We visit the fell-side garden at Chapelside, on the lower slopes of Raven Crag, as well as Abi & Tom’s Garden Plants on a stunning site adjacent to Halecat House on the Witherslack Estate. The tour concludes with Gresgarth Hall Gardens where designer Arabella Lennox-Boyd has created an exciting garden, beautifully marrying the best of her native Italian style with British plantsmanship. 10

Lowther Castle & Gardens.

27 30 SEPTEMBER 2022 EVENT DETAILS Price per person based on two people sharing is £2,650 (a single supplement of £250 is levied by the hotel). Price includes: bed and breakfast at The Lakeside Hotel for the duration of the tour; three evening meals with wine at the hotel and four lunches; all transportation from Lancaster railway station. It does not include hotel extras or travel insurance. For more details and for an in-depth itinerary with details of day-to-day visits, meals etc, please contact Boxwood Tours.

FOR INFORMATION AND BOOKING, PLEASE CONTACT Boxwood Tours, 1 West Street, Buckingham HK18 1HL, UK. Tel +44 (0)1341 241717. Email mail@boxwoodtours.co.uk Website boxwoodtours.co.uk The tour has been arranged exclusively for readers of Gardens Illustrated by Boxwood Tours Quality Garden Holidays, a specialist garden tour company set up in 1990. Please note that itineraries may be subject to change for reasons beyond Gardens Illustrated’s control. The tour is financially protected by the ATOL scheme. Please see booking conditions for further information or for more information about financial protection and the ATOL Certificate go to: arenatravel.com/why-arena/financial-protection

PORTRAIT IRENE COOPER;CLAIRE TAKACS

The Lakeland Collection

DIG IN

TATJANA WITTMER; RICHARD BLOOM; CLAUDIA GAUPP / IGPOTY

What’s new, what’s growing and what’s going on this month

Euro visions The winning images in this year’s European Garden Photography Award (EGPA) show some of the best European gardens outside the UK. Tatjana Wittmer’s winning image, Bald Cypress in Autumn (top), is of Munich’s Westpark, while Richard Bloom’s third place image El Jaral de la Mira (above left), is a biodiversity project outside Madrid. Claudia Gaupp, who won second place for her image of the Killesbergpark in Stuttgart, was highly commended for her image (above right) of the Étretat Gardens in Normandy. The competition is a special award from the International Photographer of the Year (IGPOTY) partnership with Schlosspark Dennenlohe in Bavaria, and if you missed the IGPOTY exhibition at Kew, you can see the EGPA winners at Dennenlohe from 1 May. igpoty.com, dennenlohe.de 13

News COMPILED BY KATIE BEALE

If you’re still undecided on which beans to sow this spring, take a look at the Organic Gardening Catalogue. Among its tempting new cultivars for 2022 are the runner bean ‘White Swan’ (above) and the world’s first autumn-cropping broad bean ‘Luz de Otono’. All are supplied as garden-ready plants, grown in peat-free soil. ‘White Swan’ costs £11.99 for 15 plants, sent out from May, and ‘Luz de Otono’ is £11.99 for 12 plants, sent out from July. organiccatalogue.com

KUPICOO / GETTY IMAGES

Full of beans

Community collaboration The RHS has announced it will create four new major Community Gardens – one in each of the home nations. In January, communities and schools were invited to apply for RHS Community Grants worth up to £50,000 each for their proposed projects, with the winning spaces being chosen by a selection panel. Each will be transformed by a leading garden designer in collaboration with the local community, and each garden will also have a celebrity champion – for the English garden, designer Arit Anderson is working with Jo Whiley, while for the Scottish garden, designers Susan Begg and Nicola Semple will work with JJ Chalmers. Collaborations for Wales and Northern Ireland have yet to be announced. Funding will also be provided to maintain the gardens and develop the horticultural skills of those who use them. rhs.org.uk

The beautiful Exbury Gardens in Hampshire, originally laid out by Lionel de Rothschild in 1919, are blessed with both a mild climate and an ericaceous soil that create the perfect growing conditions for their world-famous collection of rhododendrons and azaleas. Over the past five years the garden team has been introducing a more unusual range of rare trees and shrubs to one of the lessvisited parts of the garden. This revamped area will be named The Connoisseur’s Garden when the gardens reopen on 19 March, and it includes plenty for the connoisseur to enjoy. Among its spring highlights are camellias donated by the famous grower Jennifer Trehane, Magnolia ‘Ann’, which has reddish-purple flowers, and Edgeworthia chrysantha – the paperbush – with its pale-yellow flowers that stand out from the bare stalks before the leaves appear. exbury.co.uk

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Just as many gardens reopen this month comes a timely guide to the best of the west. A Cotswold Garden Companion is an illustrated map and pocket guide detailing more than 50 places of interest across the region, and as far west as the American Museum in Bath (above). It includes historic and contemporary gardens, as well as plant collections and nurseries, and inspirational spaces. Created by Gardens Illustrated contributor Natasha Goodfellow and illustrator Jo Parry, it is sustainably produced with FSC paper and vegetable-based inks, and would make an ideal Mothers’ Day gift for a garden-loving mum. finchpublishing.co.uk

FLORAL FLAIR William Moorcroft, the English potter, created some of the 20th century’s most exquisite floral patterns. This month the ceramics company he founded in 1913 is launching six new floral designs, including Anemone Jubilation by Vicky Lovatt (left) and Victorian Iris by Kerry Goodwin (right), to celebrate 150 years since William’s birth. moorcroft.com

Exp Exploring the enduring fascination of the fashion industry fasc with the rose, The Garden Museum’s exhibition Wild & Mus Cultivated: Fashioning the Rose Cul will examine how roses have been used in fashion since the Victorian era. It will feature works by milliners Stephen Jones and Philip Treacy, and designers Alexander McQueen and Lulu Guinness, among many other designers and creators, as well as images, underwear, jewellery and fans. 16 March to 19 June. gardenmuseum.org.uk

3 FOR THE GARDEN… TWINE SETS

TWIN SET Wooden Spool with Jute String and Scissors, £13.50, The Little House Shop, thelittlehouseshop.co.uk

CUTTING EDGE Large Oak String Dispenser with Cutter, £26.95 (includes ball of natural twine), Willow & Stone, 01326 311388, willowandstone.co.uk

BACK TO BASICS Tin of Twine, £8, Labour and Wait, 020 7729 6253, labourandwait.co.uk

DIG IN EVENTS

DIARY: MARCH COMPILED BY KATIE BEALE AND ANNIE GATTI

All information is correct at time of going to press, but may be subject to change. Tickets for events may be limited and may have to be booked in advance. Please be sure to check all opening times and advice on any local travel restrictions before travelling.

RHS

1 Snowdrop Tours at Dawyck Explore the snowdrop displays at Dawyck Botanic Garden in the Scottish borders on these weekly walks led by experienced garden guides as part of the Scottish Snowdrop Festival. Every Sunday until 27 March, 2-3pm. Entry included in garden admission. Stobo, Peebles EH45 9JU. Tel 01721 760254, rbge.org.uk/visit/dawyck-botanic-garden 2 Wedding Flowers for Beginners Learn how to create a hand-tied bouquet, buttonhole, corsage and table decorations on this one-day workshop. 12 March, 10am-3pm. £98. RHS Garden Hyde Hall, Creephedge Lane, Chelmsford, Essex CM3 8ET. Tel 01245 402019, rhs.org.uk/gardens/hyde-hall 3 Robert Indiana: Sculpture 1958-2018 Discover the work of the late American pop artist Robert Indiana as Yorkshire Sculpture Park hosts the first UK exhibition of his sculptures. Spanning six decades of his work, it includes his iconic Love sculpture series, including LOVE (Red Blue Green), shown above right. 12 March – 8 January 2023, 10am-5pm. £6. Yorkshire Sculpture Park, West Bretton, Wakefield, West Yorkshire WF4 4LG. Tel 01924 832631, ysp.org.uk 4 Sutton Bonsai Society Show Venture into the miniature world of bonsai, with displays of competition-class bonsais along with advice and demonstrations throughout the weekend on growing, repotting and training bonsai, plus a range of plants and bonsai equipment for sale from specialist nurseries, as well as handmade ‘accent’ pots. 19-20 March, 10am-5pm. Entry included in garden admission. RHS Garden Wisley, Woking, Surrey GU23 6QB. rhs.org.uk/gardens/wisley 5 Rare Plant Fair Find unusual gems from specialist nurseries, including Avon Bulbs, The Cottage Herbery and Long Acre Plants, at this spring event in the beautiful gardens of the Bishop’s Palace in Wells. 20 March, 10am-4pm. £8. The Bishop’s Palace, Wells, Somerset BA5 2PD. Tel 0845 4681368, rareplantfair.co.uk 6 Border Design Course Learn how to draw up your own border design and compose a planting scheme on this two-day course from the Norfolk School of Gardening at the Walled Garden, Ketteringham Hall. 23 and 30 March, 10am-3pm. £170. Ketteringham Hall, Church Road, Ketteringham, Wymondham, Norfolk NR18 9RS. norfolkschoolofgardening.co.uk 7 Perennial and Annual Meadows Workshop Find out how to establish and maintain perennial and annual meadows on the fifth in the National Garden Scheme’s series of practical spring workshops with designer Dean Peckett. 26 March, 10am-12.30pm. £30. Bryngwyn Manor, Bryngwyn, Raglan, Usk, Monmouthshire NP15 2JH. ngs.org.uk/shop 8 Winter Garden Border Design Workshop Discover how to introduce some winter colour and drama into your garden on this one-day course at the Bressingham Gardens in Norfolk taught by Adrian Bloom. 27 March, 9.30am-3.30pm. £85. Bressingham Gardens, Low Road, Diss, Norfolk IP22 2AA. Tel 01379 686900, thebressinghamgardens.com 9 Plant Hunters’ Fair Find a huge range of perennials, shrubs, herbs, alpines, spring bulbs and rare species at the Plant Hunters’ Fair at Arley Hall & Gardens in Cheshire. As well as the specialist growers, including Cotswold Garden Flowers, will be artisan makers. 27 March, 10am-4pm. £2. Arley Hall & Gardens, Northwich, Cheshire CW9 6NA. planthuntersfairs.co.uk 10 Design Your Own Garden Book now to secure a place on the next intake of Inchbald’s popular online garden design course. Taught over 13 weeks, the online course requires a commitment of four hours study each week. It aims to help you acquire a sense of spatial awareness and give you the tools for choosing appropriate hard landscaping materials, planting and furnishings for your garden. 25 April – 25 July. £1,050. inchbald.co.uk

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Something about Aaron setting us on our way for a bountiful year?

SOWING FRENZY As the growing season gets underway, gardener-cook Aaron Bertelsen is in a hurry to sow seeds under cover, and moving some of his early sown peas out into the veg patch WORDS AARON BERTELSEN ILLUSTRATION ALICE PATTULLO

y goal is to spend most of March in Mrs Nextdoor’s glasshouse, sowing seed, pricking out and moving seedlings around. I feel so lucky to have this additional space. It really is such a luxury, especially at this time of year when it feels like everything is happening at once. Every year, I have a bit of a panic when I think I am not going to have enough space – whether that is for my pricked-out seedlings or for the plants themselves in the garden. Yet I cannot stop myself sowing more and more seeds. Perhaps that is what people mean when they talk about spring fever. One crop I always sow under glass in March is peas, but other candidates for early sowing include sorrel, lettuce, Swiss chard, perpetual spinach and my beloved beetroot. The trick is to harden the plants off as soon as you can, and get them outside. Cover with fleece if the nights are still cold. This way, by the time the soil has warmed up, you will have a whole army of plants hardened off, ready to plant out into the garden where they can burst into growth.

What to sow There is virtually no time in the year when I do not have Swiss chard growing somewhere, whether in the garden itself or in a pot in the courtyard. But even this seemingly inexhaustible crop eventually runs out of steam, and this is the time to start over again. I sow my seeds under glass so that I can have decent-sized seedlings by planting time. Prick out when the true leaves have formed, and plant out once they have reached a decent size – if you have sown in plug trays, look for roots coming out of the bottom of the plug – provided the weather is mild enough. Chard will grow happily in a large pot too. Just allow about 10cm between seedlings when planting out in a pot, or 15cm in the ground. Don’t be tempted to plant them closer as they are prone to mould. The other danger comes from slugs and snails, which love the tender young leaves, so add a sprinkle of slug pellets and keep the surrounding area free from weeds. Try ‘Peppermint’ with its candystriped pink and white stems, or the aptly named ‘Pink Flamingo’, which contrasts stems of an eye-popping cerise with the darkest green glossy leaves.

Jobs for March As I start to sow seeds under glass, I keep detailed notes of what I’ve done and when, and try to remember to write the year on the front of the seed packets, so I can see at a glance when I bought them and how long they have been open.

This is the last chance for tidying before the growing season starts. What to plant out

What to harvest

I have heavy clay soil, which is why I sow my pea seeds under glass and then move the seedlings outside. This system is also useful for spacing, so you know how many plants you need and that you have enough. Before you even think about planting out early sown seedlings, however, you need to put up supports. Check how tall your plants will ultimately get, and remember that when your pea plants are in full growth, the supports will have to hold a lot of weight, so consider using posts as well as pea sticks and brushwood to hold it all up. Once planted, watch out for birds and snails eating the young growth. It is worth using an organically approved slug pellet and maybe some fleece over the young plants until they start to climb up the supports. One pea cultivar I really like is ‘Dwarf Gray Sugar’, which, despite the name, always seems to me to grow rather tall. It also has the most beautiful reddish purple flowers, which I love to add to a salad. So pretty.

When I talk about using parsley at this time of year, it is the less fashionable but in my view equally tasty curly leaf form that I mean. I am a relatively recent convert. Having always dismissed it as too tough, I realised about five years ago that all curly parsley needs is a good hard frost to turn it into the most delicious winter green, perfect in salads, soups and sauces, including a fantastic seasonal pesto recipe given to me by my good friend Jo – which is also the perfect way to use my abundance of Swiss chard. I sow the seed in late spring so the plants are already a good size by the time the weather cools down. It does well in the open ground and in pots. To harvest, I pick the whole branch, snapping it off cleanly at the main stem. If it starts to run to seed, pick and eat the seedheads too – they are delicious, and this will help to keep the plant productive. Perhaps my favourite parsley cultivar is ‘Moss Curled’ with its tightly curled, bright-green aromatic leaves.

Go through your pots and remove any sad-looking foliage, and chuck out plants that haven’t made it through the winter. Top dress those that remain with a sprinkle of food, such as organic chicken manure pellets, and a layer of fresh compost.

If you are forcing rhubarb, remember to keep it well watered. Sitting under cover, it’s easy to forget about, but regular watering will stimulate growth and keep the stems tender, just as they should be. Be mindful of other plants too, particularly those in pots. It’s all too easy to assume that things don’t need watering while the weather is still cool, but that is not the case.

As the growing season begins, weeds will also spring into life. Run a sharp hoe down the rows to make short work of them and keep things looking tidy.

Now is a good time to stock up on compost. I like to have a few bags of seed compost as well as peat-free John Innes No. 2 for pricking out and potting on.

You can find the tasty recipe for Jo’s pesto at gardensillustrated.com/recipes 19

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STACHYURUS PRAECOX Stachyurus is the only genus in its family, Stachyuraceae, and is made up of just ten species. All are unusual, elegant shrubs from East Asia, but only three species are suitable for temperate gardens, and of those this is probably the most attractive and vigorous. Praecox, a Latin term meaning early, refers to its flowering season, which in a mild year starts in February. Long racemes of soft-yellow flowers make a translucent haze, which is most effective if you can plant several shrubs close together in a drift. Its autumn colour is also good. AGM*. Height and spread 3.5m x 2.5m. Origin Japan. Conditions Versatile in most situations on an acid to neutral soil; seems happiest in sheltered light woodland. Hardiness RHS H5, USDA 6a-9b†. Season of interest February – April.

DIG IN PLANTSPERSON’S FAVOURITES

CHARLIE HOPKINSON

March plants Blossom brings fresh colour to Gravetye Manor’s spring borders alongside several introductions by its 19th-century owner, the garden writer William Robinson WORDS TOM COWARD PHOTOGRAPHS JASON INGRAM Tom Coward is head gardener at Gravetye Manor in East Sussex gravetyemanor.co.uk

ERICA ARBORIA This beautiful evergreen shrub has a year-round presence with a scruffy yet elegant nature. At Gravetye it grows next to the croquet lawn, creating a lovely contrast between the wild and formal gardens. In March and April, it is covered with bell-shaped, fragrant, heather flowers that are pure white with tiny purple anthers, and are a welcome source of early nectar for the bees. After flowering, the seedheads turn a beautiful ginger colour, and in August it puts on a burst of new growth, adding a flush of fresh green to the hot, tired garden.

*Holds an Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society.†Hardiness ratings given where available.

Height and spread 4.5m x 4.5m. Origin Southern Europe, southwest Asia, northern and eastern Africa. Conditions Prefers acid soils, will cope in neutral pH, but not alkaline; full sun. Hardiness RHS H4, USDA 7a-9b. Season of interest Year round.

RHODODENDRON LUTESCENS ‘BAGSHOT SANDS’

TULIPA TURKESTANICA

One of the most delicate and lovely shrubs, with a long flowering season throughout spring. Its early, tissue-thin, primrose-yellow flowers are remarkably resilient to harsh weather, but it performs best in a sheltered spot, with light shade, where it has protection from strong winds. A beautiful shrub in a woodland setting or sheltered aspect close to the house, provided you are blessed with acid soil. A very good cultivar, with deep bronze-red new growth and slightly larger flowers than the straight species. Likes a regular mulch with leaf mould. AGM.

Tulipa turkestanica is one of the earliest tulips to flower and is always such a joy to see at the very beginning of spring. Like many of the species tulips, this is a really good perennial, coming back year after year, and spreading over time. We have had it established in some borders for nearly ten years, where the colonies with better drainage appear to have prospered the most. The cream, star-shaped flower has a yellow base, which on closer inspection is flushed with reddish green. It also has a wonderful scent. AGM.

Height and spread 3m x 2.5m. Origin China. Conditions Works best in light woodland on humus-rich acidic soils. Hardiness RHS H4, USDA 7a-9b. Season of interest February – April.

Height and spread 30cm x 30cm. Origin Central Asia to northwest China. Conditions Rock garden or free-draining border; full sun. Hardiness RHS H5, USDA 3a-9b. Season of interest February – April. 23

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DIG IN PLANTSPERSON’S FAVOURITES

SCILLA BIFOLIA Bulbs of this plant were first established in the Gravetye meadows by William Robinson in the 1880s, and over the years have spread to make carpets of sky blue. These work beautifully in combination with lemon-yellow daffodils, and are a delight among shrubs and borders. This blue carpet is a perfect prelude to the bluebells, which flower shortly after, continuing this display. Bulbs can be planted in autumn, but can also be spread around the garden by dividing clumps after flowering. AGM. Height and spread 10cm x 10cm. Origin Europe, western Russia. Conditions Very versatile, grows well in most soils so long as not waterlogged. Excellent in meadows. Hardiness RHS H6, USDA 2a-9b. Season of interest March – April.

IRIS BUCHARICA

LEUCOJUM AESTIVUM ‘GRAVETYE GIANT’

This stunning little iris is a member of the group known as the Junos, which are characterised by their fleshy bulbs and leek-like foliage. There are some 60 species in this group, which come from mountainous regions in the Middle East and Central Asia. Most are very beautiful and quite tricky to grow, but this species is probably the easiest of the group and will establish and spread very happily, providing it has enough sun and drainage. We have an especially lovely clump, growing on the edge of a dry-stone wall, which combines beautifully with blue grape hyacinths. AGM.

A large, robust and vigorous form of this lovely native plant, selected here at Gravetye by William Robinson. It has a long flowering season, and will accept most conditions, though it thrives best in a damp situation. It is useful in the spring border, working well among shrubs, and is an excellent plant to naturalise in a damp meadow. We have a particularly lovely colony, which combines perfectly under ornamental cherries. Bulbs can be planted in autumn and clumps can be divided in the garden after flowering. AGM. Height and spread 90cm x 40cm. Origin Garden (species most of Europe, Turkey, and parts of Iran). Conditions Very versatile, happiest in damp, heavy soil; full sun. Hardiness RHS H7, USDA 4a-9b. Season of interest February – May.

Height and spread 30cm x 30cm. Origin Tajikistan, northeast Afghanistan, Uzbekistan. Conditions Free-draining soil; full sun. Hardiness RHS H5, USDA 5a-9b Season of interest March – April.

Places to visit Tom’s recommendations for places to see seasonal plants at their best Be sure to check opening times. Some garden visits may need to be pre-booked

The beautiful garden at Borde Hill has been owned by the Clarke family since 1893. In the early 20th century, the Clarkes were enthusiastic sponsors of many great plant collectors. Ernest Wilson, Frank Kingdon-Ward, George Forrest, Joseph Rock and Reginald Farrer all received their support. The only condition the family asked was that they could receive

specimens of the new introductions. As a result, the garden has one of the best collections of trees and shrubs in the country, boasting more than 80 champion trees, the highest concentration in the UK. Although this is a historic garden, it is full of life and progression, with many new tree plantings and continued developments through the generations.

Set within the wooded, rolling countryside, this garden is both beautiful and fascinating at any time of year, but March is a particularly good time to see the champion Magnolia campbellii in full flower. Borde Hill Lane, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH16 1XP. Tel 01444 450326, bordehill.co.uk West Dean is far more than just a kitchen garden.

With its borders, arboretum and beautiful architecture it is a truly magical garden in all regards. But the kitchen garden really is one of its stand-out features, and in early spring it is always good to visit a first-rate, productive garden to get inspiration for the year ahead. It has a magnificent range of Victorian greenhouses, and the meticulous planning

DIG IN PLANTSPERSON’S FAVOURITES

PRUNUS ‘JACQUELINE’

RHODODENDRON ‘CHRISTMAS CHEER’

A relatively new introduction from the Kalmthout Arboretum in Belgium, and probably a hybrid of P. sargentii. Its large, cup-shaped flowers are a beautiful soft pink, which is a perfect colour with the blue sky as a backdrop. Its autumn colour is the most wonderful red and orange. Possibly one of the best pink ornamental cherries to grow. Reaching only around three to four metres and with such stunning spring and autumn displays, it is the perfect tree for the small garden. It will perform best in full sun but will tolerate light shade.

A hybrid from R. caucasicum. This dramatic, early rhododendron has deep-pink buds that open to the palest pink, and starts flowering in February – January in a mild year (though never in time for Christmas) – but is at its best in March to April. These old hybrids were popular in the 19th century, when many great gardens were being created. Its name refers to the old practice of forcing the plant under glass to be brought in to the house for Christmas decoration. AGM. Height and spread 1.5m x 1.8m (after ten years). Origin Garden (species northern Turkey, Caucasus.). Conditions Best on soils with pH of 6.5 or lower; part shade. Hardiness RHS H5, USDA 5a-8b. Season of interest February – April.

Height and spread 4m x 3m. Origin Garden (species northern Japan, Korea and Sakhalin, Russia). Conditions Happy on most soil types; full sun or light shade. Hardiness RHS H6, USDA 4a-9b. Season of interest March – April.

ANEMONE NEMOROSA ‘ROBINSONIANA’ This is an especially beautiful and unusual blue form of our native wood anemone. It was first found in the wild by William Robinson on a trip to Oxfordshire in the 1860s, and quickly introduced to cultivation. When he moved to Gravetye in the 1880s, he established it throughout the estate, and it still continues to thrive. It seems to flower a little later than our normal white form. Best propagated by dividing the rhizomes in spring after the foliage has died down. AGM. Height and spread 10cm x 30cm. Origin Oxfordshire. Conditions Tolerant of most soils, will establish well in meadows, woodland and in borders; part shade. Hardiness RHS H5, USDA 5a-9b. Season of interest March – April.

and standards of growing are something to which every gardener should aspire. West Dean, nr Chichester, West Sussex PO18 0RX. Tel 01243 818318, westdean.org.uk Caerhays Castle Garden is another garden whose collection was built on the sponsorship of some of the great plant collectors, particularly

Ernest Wilson and George Forrest. It was one of the first places to cultivate their precious new imports, and today these magnificent specimens are just reaching maturity. Subsequent generations have worked on breeding and hybridising at Caerhays, resulting in the most incredible collections of woody plants, including one of the National

Collections of Magnolia. Nestled in a valley on the south Cornwall coast, which is protected from westerly Atlantic gales, bathed in sea mists and warmed by the Gulf Stream, the garden has the perfect microclimate for rhododendrons, magnolias, camellias and many other Chinese natives. As you meander through the gardens, marvelling at these magical plants, you can

easily imagine yourself halfway up a mountain in Yunnan, 100 years ago. Gorran Churchtown, Saint Austell, Cornwall PL26 6LY. Tel 01872 501310, visit.caerhays.co.uk Burncoose Nursery is owned by the Caerhays estate, although it is sited about an hour’s drive from Caerhays Castle. It offers a wide range of plants and is one of the best woody

plant nurseries in the country. Most of its trade is now online, but there is nothing like visiting the nursery and picking plants yourself. The nursery also has a charming 30-acre garden packed with beautiful trees and shrubs, and is especially lovely at daffodil time. Gwennap, Redruth, Cornwall TR16 6BJ. Tel 01209 860316, burncoose.co.uk

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IN BRIEF What A garden for all seasons with early spring interest from formal features, topiary and daffodils. Where Berkshire. Size Three acres of garden and four acres of orchard. Soil Clay with flints. Climate Variable in summer with cool winters, and windswept. Hardiness zone USDA 9. In the orchard at Lower Bowden Manor, a statue of Pan stands surrounded by a carpet of daffodils added over the years by owner Juliet. Ancient multi-stem apple trees and a swamp cypress (Taxodium distichum) link the garden to the wider landscape, which is part of the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and overlooks the Thames Valley to the Chilterns.

Mise-en-scène The creative owners of this new Berkshire garden have staged a series of garden rooms, each one a composition in colour and form WORDS MATTHEW BIGGS PHOTOGRAPHS CLIVE NICHOLS

We saw our new garden as a beautiful painting within the frame of mature trees

efore they moved to their current home at Lower Bowden Manor in Berkshire, Juliet and Robert Cox-Nicol lived for almost 40 years in a small town on the outskirts of Paris, where their beautiful garden, designed by Juliet, brought them to the attention of their neighbours, including stars of stage and screen. “One day, the doorbell rang and there stood Juliette Binoche,” says Juliet. “She apologised for her audacity, asked for a list of plants to grow in her garden and began jotting them in her notebook; she soon gave up. ‘Please can you come and tell me what to do with my garden?’ ‘When would you like me to come?’ I asked. ‘Now!’ she exclaimed. So off we shot in her little yellow van. It was one of two gardens I designed for her. I became quite well-known for creating un jardin anglais.” Juliet’s career as a freelance garden designer brought her some success around the Paris area, until in 2016 the couple returned to the UK, bringing a little of their own jardin anglais with them. “The buyers of our French home intended to build on the garden, so we brought over 40 mature plants with us,” says Robert. Among these mature plants – all 5-6m tall – were a cut-leaf Turkey oak (Quercus cerris ‘Afyon Lace’) and a yellow-leaved Acer shirasawanum ‘Aureum’, 34

and these now feel at home in the garden at Lower Bowden Manor. “We saw our new garden potentially as a beautiful painting within the frame of the mature trees surrounding the house and borrowed landscape beyond,” explains Juliet. The garden is a testament to Juliet’s attention to detail and her unique sense of style, form and colour, which comes in part from her experience as a garden designer but also from many years working for haute couture fashion houses in Paris. “I find flower borders too busy in summer and empty in winter,” she says. “Structure and form through conifers, topiary and winter bark, such as Acer griseum, Lagerstroemia and birches, especially Betula nigra, are more to my taste.” Many stand as elegant, statuesque, multistemmed specimens helping the garden glide serenely from winter into spring. Adding to the structure is Juliet’s ‘painting in beech’, composed of multiple forms of stepped hedges – their linearity broken by the curves of topiary cones, cushions and drums of different sizes. It also creates subtle contrasts in colour; the winter fawn of beech against dark-green yew and holly, with the light-green detailing of the new shoots of Cornus controversa ‘Variegata’ beyond. An Edwardian rill bounded by yew hedges is watched over by sculptures of mystery goddesses and animated by planters of cream-and-green, half-standard Euonymus japonicus ‘Bravo’. “The To continue turn to page 39

Above left The garden is richly furnished with ancient trees and shrubs. Both architectural evergreens and the filigree stems of deciduous plants display their contrasting textures as late winter silently recedes, making way for early spring. Above right The Japaneseinfluenced pond, landscaped from a barren hollow in ten days in 2018 by Sébastien Esnouf and his team, creates a scene of which Claude Monet might have approved. The puddled clay pond with its stony ‘beach’ is framed by Juliet’s cloud-pruned trees, pale daffodils and a blossoming Amelanchier x lamarckii. Right Beyond the pond is the grouping of beech drums, cones and cushions that Juliet terms her ‘painting in beech’. Her composition is framed by stepped beech and yew with Cornus controversa ‘Variegata’ beyond.

Structure and form through conifers, topiary, winter bark and birches are more to my taste

The atmosphere of the formal Edwardian rill reminds Robert of the film l’Année dernière à Marienbad. The rill is lined with Versailles planters of standard Euonymus japonicus ‘Bravo’, and is framed by yew hedging, leading the eye to a gap in the hedge beyond and the borrowed landscape of an adjacent meadow and copse. Facing page By the house, the bright-pink leaves of Acer palmatum ‘Redwine’, purchased at the Journées des Plantes de Chantilly plant fair, vie for attention with the peeling bark of Betula ‘Fascination’, as the topiary awaits its early spring trim.

I find flower borders too busy in summer and empty in winter

colour of the planters was chosen to match those of the Orangerie at Versailles,” says Robert. Japanese style influences the design of a pond and its surrounding plantings, fashioned by Sébastien Esnouf and his team at the French garden contractor Jardinor, who Juliet had used while in Paris. The forms of boulders, randomly dropped from a lorry, are replicated in yew globes, variegated Pieris japonica ‘Little Heath’ and autumn-red Euonymus alatus melding into the pond through aquatic grasses and irises. This Japanese theme continues with cloud-pruned trees, also prominent throughout. “I worked as an intern in the nursery of Christian Coureau, a Japanese-garden expert in France who taught me the basics of the technique,” says Juliet. “It also enabled me to turn an unprepossessing standard, variegated Euonymus into a ballerina with outstretched arms.” What began as six yew ‘soldiers’, guarding a teak bench and a marble sculpture of Pan, has expanded into a Cornus collection, which includes the tabulate tiers of C. controversa ‘Variegata’, buttressed by a row of variegated holly balls, three clusters of C. alternifolia ‘Argentea’, a tall C. kousa var. chinensis and C. kousa ‘Beni-fuji’ with pink bracts in spring. They are entwined in green ribbons of Euonymus japonicus ‘Green Spire’, which embroider the grass around them. Spring speaks in sophisticated tones throughout the garden: the pink and green

leaves of Actinidia kolomikta; coral pink Chaenomeles x superba ‘Pink Lady’ blending with the brickwork; and the silky grey tassels of Garrya elliptica shimmering like elegant drop earrings. “A large Erica arborea, with its exquisite perfume and cloud of white flowers, took us completely by surprise,” says Robert. Elsewhere a stylish neo-Gothic conservatory, affectionately known as The Folly, has been deliberately painted black to reflect the white spring blossom of the nearby Amelanchier x lamarckii. But one of the garden’s big spring highlights is a sea of daffodils in the orchard. “We inherited an orchard carpeted with daffodils of nameless varieties,” says Robert. “But Juliet has planted several hundred double, white, fragrant Narcissus poeticus ‘Plenus’, ivory, gardenia-like Narcissus ‘Obdam’ and frilly double Narcissus ‘Bridal Crown’ to gradually transform the dominant garish yellow to cultured shades of cream and white.” There’s little doubt that under Juliet’s guiding hand, this glorious garden welcomes spring with a refined elegance and style. n

Above left A pair of flowering Amelanchier x lamarckii, living up to their common name of snowy mespilus, flank an 18th-century wrought-iron seat. Behind, the dark foliage of a laurel hedge accentuates both the ornate seat and clouds of white flowers. Left The stumpery at Lower Bowden Manor is a recent creation. The massive stumps were hauled by tractor from the Manor’s own Berry Copse and planted with evergreen ferns, favourites of Juliet’s. Behind, the flowerheads of Hydrangea paniculata help to lighten this shady corner. Above In the orchard, Juliet is gradually planting white, fragrant narcissi to alter the accent from yellow to ivory and white. Above, delicate white cherry blossom floats ethereally, waiting to be warmed by the early spring sun.

USEFUL INFORMATION Address Lower Bowden Manor, Bowden Green, Pangbourne, Berkshire RG8 8JL. Tel 07552 217872. Web ngs.org.uk Open By arrangement for the National Garden Scheme from April to October for groups of up to 50. 39

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GARDENING TALENT

HARRIET THOMPSON Nursery owner Harriet is an advocate of peat- and pesticide-free growing and passionate about houseplants PORTRAIT ANDREW MONTGOMERY

I’ve learned so many things through making mistakes in my nursery and talking to people with experience

Earliest garden memory My earliest gardening memory has to be running around my Grandma’s garden and climbing her 50-year-old apple trees. I used to sit up in those trees all day and I was never quite sure whether it was because I really loved it or I was just frightened about climbing down. Horticultural hero Charles Dowding, without a doubt. He is so inspirational and is a fantastic advocate for no-dig and organic growing. Vegetable growing is also one of my biggest hobbies and therefore I look up to him for that. Three worthwhile tips for every gardener Tool care is essential: clean and sharp tools mean that you are less likely to spread diseases around your garden and it also helps them to last longer. Go peat free – buy good peat-free compost for your containers. Buy groundcover plants to reduce the weeds; I love Origanum vulgare ‘Thumble’s Variety’ for its edible, gold leaves and white flowers in summer. Most valuable training The Eden Project was a really great place for me to do my degree in horticulture. I am an extremely practical learner though, so I’ve learned so many things through making mistakes in my nursery and talking to people with previous experience in something. Work experience and apprenticeships are so important for practical-based learners. Favourite ‘weed’ you’re happy to have in your garden I love Urtica dioica (nettles). They are amazing for the wildlife that like to nibble them and they taste great in nettle soup. Ladybirds like to lay their eggs on nettle leaves, and that increases the ladybird population, which is a great defence against aphids. Nettles can also be made into a fantastic liquid fertiliser, which can then be used throughout the garden to feed the other plants. Guiding horticultural principles Peat-bog destruction, harmful chemicals and plastic pollution are my biggest motivators. This includes my nursery being peat free, single-use plastic free and pesticide free. Favourite Instagram feed My feed is full of growers from all backgrounds: dahlia growers, peony growers and veg growers dominate my feeds alongside houseplant growers in the USA, such as @gabrielllaplantsonline. The next big task you’ll be tackling? I recently built propagation benches to enable me to sow thousands of seeds, which will soon need potting up. Website harrietsplants.co.uk Instagram @harriets.plants Buy Harriet’s plants online or see website for stockists. 41

Fresh ideas In the first of a new container-planting series, Cottesbrooke’s head gardener Jenny Barnes creates three simple combinations that capture the essence of early spring WORDS JENNY BARNES PHOTOGRAPHS RICHARD BLOOM

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FOREST FLORA

*Holds an Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society.†Hardiness ratings given where available.

I came across this gnarly, old tree stump while walking on the Cottesbrooke estate and knew its craggy, rustic appearance would be the perfect backdrop for a display of small woodland plants. People are often daunted by shady areas, which have a reputation for being difficult, but there are so many fantastic spring perennials, such as Chrysosplenium macrophyllum with its reddish-brown foliage and pretty green-white flowers, that relish the shady conditions and deserve to be showcased. How to achieve the look Container and composition I needed to create a reasonably sized planting pocket within the tree stump and so I hollowed out the centre using a chisel (a small axe or hand saw might be needed depending on the variety of wood). I also added a smaller planting slot to the side into which I squeezed a soft shield fern. I wanted to keep the look as natural as possible, as if the fern had rooted there of its own accord. A small pot of Erythronium multiscapideum seemed too delicate to add to the main planting hole and so, using double sided tape and sheets of bark collected from the woodland floor, I disguised the pot they were planted in as another log. Any number of additional pots could be added this way.

Plants Cultivation and care Woodland plants such as these thrive in soils that are rich in organic matter, so make sure that you incorporate lots of leaf mould when planting. Although plants that survive in dappled shade are fairly tolerant of dry conditions, it’s important that you don’t let the containers dry out completely. By covering the surface of the containers with a layer of bark chippings, you can help to lock in any moisture and so reduce the need to water so often. One advantage of placing the plants for this grouping into separate smaller containers is that once a plant has finished flowering, and is past its best, you can easily swap that pot out for another to keep the display looking fresh.

1 Arum maculatum A tuberous perennial with white spathes in spring and red berries in autumn. 45cm. RHS H7, USDA 5a-9b†. 2 Polystichum munitum An evergreen fern, with lance-shaped, glossy green fronds. 1.5m. AGM*. RHS H7. 3 Lamprocapnos spectabilis Its heartshaped, pink-and-white flowers hang from arching stems above a mound of mid-green foliage. 1m. AGM. RHS H6, USDA 3a-9b. 4 Chrysosplenium macrophyllum A useful evergreen groundcover with beautiful rusty red foliage in cold weather. 15cm. RHS H5. 5 Erythronium multiscapideum Cliftonii Group Offers delicate, creamy-white flowers in spring. 35cm. RHS H4. 6 Vinca minor f. alba ‘Gertrude Jekyll’ Floriferous, mat-forming evergreen with dark-green leaves and pretty white flowers from March to September. 10cm. RHS H6. 43

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MOODY BLUE GREENS When I first saw the Syneilesis aconitifolia in my local nursery I knew I had to have it. When young, its blue-green architectural leaves are covered in downy hairs, and it’s impossible to resist stroking them. I’ve used it here among blue-green foliage plants of contrasting structure and texture – the soft tufts of Festuca glauca, the wiry stems of Stipa tenuissima and the glaucous, fleshy leaves of the euphorbias – in a combination that is interwoven with silver-leaved Tulipa turkestanica. How to achieve the look Container and composition For this arrangement of spring plants, I felt it was important to keep the container simple so that it didn’t detract from the structure and form of the plants. I came across this beautiful bowl in one of the sheds at work and its simple yet elegant shape is perfect. I love how the greeny-blue of the metal picks up the colour of the Festuca foliage. The bowl is nice and deep, allowing enough depth to support the tulip bulbs. I topped off the pot with a fine, pale gravel to keep the overall look clean and crisp and to set off the shapes and colours of the leaves. Come autumn, I can remove everything from the bowl and pot the perennials up into larger containers or plant out into the garden. 44

Plants Cultivation and care Tulip turkestanica, like most bulbs, needs to be planted at three times its own depth, so it is important to ensure that the container is deep enough to accommodate this. To add more colour into the arrangement you could substitute Tulipa ‘Peppermintstick’ or T. humilis ‘Persian Pearl’, both of which would link with the reds found in the new growth of the euphorbias. All of the plants I’ve chosen, although relatively slow growing, will eventually outgrow the space available in the bowl. When planting, I like to incorporate a slow-release fertiliser to make sure there are adequate nutrients to go round. Keep the container well watered and as plants get bigger, feed once a week with a generalpurpose liquid feed.

1 Festuca glauca Intense Blue (=‘Casblue’) This grass provides yearround, steely blue foliage in soft, neat mounds. 30cm. AGM. RHS H5. 2 Euphorbia x pasteurii ‘John Phillips’ Mid-green leaves with a striking pale midrib. New growth glows vivid red in autumn to winter. 1m. AGM. RHS H4. 3 Tulipa turkestanica Star-shaped, whiteand-yellow flowers are held on grey-green stems. 30cm. AGM. RHS H5, USDA 3a-7b. 4 Syneilesis aconitifolia Umbrella-shaped leaves with deep, jagged divisions, covered in silky hairs. 1.2m. RHS H7, USDA 4a-8b. 5 Euphorbia sikkimensis ‘Crug Contrast’ Erect herbaceous perennial with limegreen bracts in summer. New stems emerge red. 1.5m. RHS H5. 6 Stipa tenuissima An upright feathery grass. Flowers late summer. 1m . RHS H4.

Plant suppliers Avondale Nursery Tel 07367 590620, avondalenursery.co.uk Beth Chatto’s Plants & Gardens Tel 01206 822007, bethchatto.co.uk Burford Garden Company Tel 01993 823117, burford.co.uk Cotswold Garden Flowers Tel 01386 833849, cotswoldgardenflowers.co.uk

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THE JOYS OF SPRING Wildflower meadows provide vital food and habitat for a huge range of bees, insects and small mammals. With this combination, I wanted to somehow provide all the benefits of traditional meadow planting, but in a way that was possible for everyone, regardless of the space available. This galvanised trough has been used to feed sheep on my parents’ farm for many years and I thought it would be fun to plant ‘sheep food’ in an appropriate feeding vessel. How to achieve the look Container and composition Although the trough I’ve chosen is long and slim, this style of planting would work equally well in a container of any shape or size – it would even work in a window box if space is very tight. Any combination of wildflowers can be used, but here, I’ve planted a mixture of early spring bulbs such as scillas and muscari as well as perennials including the common cowslip, Primula veris. I especially love the cheerful little Narcissus ‘Martinette’; a much-needed pop of colour in early March. I finished the container with turf lifted from the bottom of my garden, complete with ‘weeds’. Wildflower turf or even a handful of grass or meadow seed could be used instead.

Plants Cultivation and care Combining summer-flowering perennials or biennials, such as corncockles, ragged robin and cornflowers, will further extend the season of interest. Allowing flowers to form seedheads adds later interest while also providing valuable food for birds. In autumn, when the pot begins to look a little scruffy, use shears to trim back the entire planting to around 2.5cm in height. I’ve placed my trough in a sunny position, out of the wind, to protect the taller narcissi stems. If you only have a shady area, try adding foxgloves, primroses and bluebells to your scheme. Snakeshead fritillaries thrive in damp conditions, so it’s important to keep the container well watered during any dry periods, even if flowering has finished.

1 Scilla ‘Pink Giant’ An early spring bulb with soft-pink, star-shaped flowers. 20cm. RHS H6, USDA 3a-8b. 2 Primula veris A semi-evergreen perennial with umbels of nodding, bell-shaped, yellow flowers. 25cm. AGM. RHS H5, USDA 3a-8b. 3 Fritillaria meleagris Elegant, dusky, chequerboard purple flowerheads. Likes to be kept damp, so water well in a container. 30cm. AGM. RHS H5, USDA 3a-8b. 4 Muscari armeniacum The grape hyacinth has dense blue flowers in April/May that look like little bunches of grapes. Loved by bees. 20cm. AGM. RHS H6, USDA 4a-8b. 5 Anemone blanda blue-flowered Small, spreading perennial with daisy-like blue flowers. 15cm. RHS H6, USDA 5a-8b. 6 Narcissus ‘Martinette’ Cheerful, brightyellow narcissus with wonderfully strong fragrance. 30cm. RHS H6, USDA 3a-8b. 47

IN BRIEF What Residential courtyard garden. Where Utrecht, the Netherlands. Size Around 40 square metres. Soil Light, poor clay soil, full of sand and broken bricks, improved with a compost-topsoil mix where needed; largely a container garden. Climate Temperate but shaded by surrounding buildings. West facing. Hardiness zone USDA 8. What was once an unloved carparking area outside a Utrecht townhouse has been transformed into a lush courtyard garden, enclosed by a living green wall with a luxurious mix that includes Geranium macrorrhizum, Carex elata ‘Aurea’, Soleirolia soleirolii and numerous ferns. The tall Sampei Outdoor lamp by Davide Groppi allows the owner to use this green space to read in the evenings.

Holding court Dutch designer Erik Funneman has used a living wall and green, year-round planting to enclose the tiny courtyard of an urban townhouse WORDS KATE JACOBS PHOTOGRAPHS SIETSKE DE VRIES

his courtyard garden, in the historic centre of Utrecht, did not have the most promising of starts. Previously a dusty little parking area for an imposing 19th-century townhouse, garden designer Erik Funneman says that the owner asked him for “a green painting that he could enjoy day and night, all year round”, while also retaining a spot to park his car. Erik, a passionate gardener since childhood, typically favours using lots of perennials and grasses, and strives to create layers in his gardens, from tree canopy down to groundcover. “Hard landscaping is important but, for me, it’s all about the plants themselves and creating really green gardens that embrace nature and the seasons,” he says. In this shady courtyard, perennials were never going to be the best approach, but Erik has created interest at every level. From the vivid-green Soleirolia soleirolii that creeps across the brick paving to the towering vertical garden, the planting creates pleasing vistas throughout the year. At the centre of this garden, Erik has planted a pair of multi-stemmed Nothofagus antarctica trees. “They demarcate and screen the parking area and lead the eye up to the greenery beyond.” To deliver year-round good looks, Erik has made great use of evergreen plants, including Fatsia japonica, growing from a ‘hanging garden’ area at the back of the courtyard; Phyllostachys nigra, the black bamboo, which provides texture and movement; and the spring-flowering Clematis armandii ‘Snowdrift’, which helps to soften the courtyard’s boundaries. Erik’s approach challenges the perception that evergreens can be cold and static, as here the effect is lush and leafy. “I’ve tried to create a variety of textures, leaf shape and many different shades of green,” he says. To amplify the effect of these energising greens, Erik opted to paint most of the courtyard walls matte black. “It creates a sense of depth, especially in the shade, and makes all the foliage look extra fresh,” he says. The black also picks up on the monochrome palette that is used inside the house and has proved a great way to diminish the impact of the owner’s black sports car, which sits camouflaged against a black-painted gate. This being the Netherlands, the owner and his children also needed somewhere to store their bikes, so Erik devised a simple box of a shed, made using Douglas fir wood, that he charred black in the style of shou-sugi-ban. “It’s a Japanese conservation technique that looks beautiful, but

Above from left to right Black bamboo, Phyllostachys nigra, underplanted with Molinia caerulea ‘Moorhexe’ and Muehlenbeckia complexa, is planted against the boundary wall of the dining area. Erik stripped the leaves away from the lower 1.2m of the bamboo to highlight the dark stems and create a link to the garden’s black walls. For the ‘hanging garden’ at the back of the courtyard, Erik has used a densely planted mix of textures and colours, including the dramatic leaves of Fatsia japonica ‘Spider’s Web’ and delicate silver foliage of Artemisia ‘Powis Castle’. The courtyard garden still provides a parking space for the owner’s car. A pair of multi-stemmed Nothofagus antarctica help to screen it from view. Erik has used reclaimed Dutch ‘waaltje’ bricks, laid in a herringbone pattern for visual interest, to create a strong surface for parking and to differentiate the parking area from the dining area, where Belgian blue hardstone tiles echo those used inside the house.

A raised square of Douglas fir decking creates an outside sitting area by the house. The owner had wanted to use the same hardstone tiles that feature in the house throughout the garden too, but Erik persuaded his client to expand the materials palette. “The different materials zone the garden and make it feel bigger,” he explains.

For me, it’s all about the plants themselves and creating really green gardens that embrace nature and the seasons

is practical too because it prevents bacteria and fungus growth.” This bike store, with its green roof, is echoed by the two large, charred-wood planters that sit at either end of the balcony above, which runs across the house and offers additional outside space for the family to enjoy. For Erik, this unity of materials helps to create a sense of “cohesion in this small garden”. He doesn’t maintain all the gardens he creates, but he enjoys working on this courtyard for the four or five half days’ care it needs each year. “I enjoy spending time here – it’s a green oasis in the city. It’s mostly tending to the vertical garden, which is nice light work,” he says. “With the planting at face height, you can get really close to observe and enjoy all the details of each plant.” n USEFUL INFORMATION For more information on Erik’s work, visit erikfunneman.nl

How to create a successful green wall In a small urban garden that might otherwise be dominated by its boundaries, a green wall can have a transformative effect, introducing hundreds more plants without taking up any more precious space. Here, Erik Funneman offers his top tips for designing a vertical garden.

to support a structure of galvanised steel gabion cages, with a grid of 10cm x 10cm openings, to perfectly accommodate plants grown in 9cm pots.

Choose the optimal site within a plot. Here, I opted for a corner that wraps around the dining area and faces the house, to create a green vista.

Use a soil mix that sticks together easily, incorporating long-fibred organic material such as coir. The soil should be thoroughly moistened before the plants are put in place, which is an incredibly messy job. Dense planting will prevent the soil from falling out as the structure becomes one big mass of intertwined roots.

It’s essential to get the right foundations in place. Firstly, I protected the existing wall with a sheet of EPDM rubber. Then I laid a concrete foundation

Install an integrated watering and feeding system that is insulated, to prevent freezing in winter.

Above from left to right Dark paint for the balcony’s balustrade unites Erik’s shou-sugiban planters and lends vibrancy to the green foliage in the planters. Here a tall Japanese angelica tree (Aralia elata) adds height and creates privacy, while the star jasmine Trachelospermum jasminoides twines through the balusters. At either end of the balcony, Erik has built planters using Douglas fir timber, which was charred using the Japanese shou-sugi-ban conservation technique. Here the clump-forming bamboo Fargesia rufa creates an evergreen privacy screen, which serves as a backdrop the dramatic foliage of Tetrapanax papyrifer ‘Rex’, Designer Erik Funneman on the balcony of this clever city garden he created in Utrecht. Behind him the shaggy sedge Carex comans ‘Frosted Curls’ provides tactile texture and some privacy for this relaxed seating area.

HEPATICA Among the first flowers to appear in spring, hepaticas can help brighten shady corners with their delicate, pastel-coloured flowers WORDS NAOMI SLADE PHOTOGRAPHS JASON INGRAM

Hepatica nobilis This clump-forming evergreen perennial is widespread throughout most of Europe. The flowers are carried over glossy, three-lobed foliage and come in variable shades of white, blue and pink. 10cm. AGM*. RHS H6, USDA 3a-7b†.

Hepatica nobilis var. japonica A compact evergreen perennial, the leaves of this variety form pointed lobes. While usually ivorywhite in colour, pinks and reds are sometimes found and this yellow is a rarity. 5-8cm.

PLANT PROFILE What Small, clump-forming perennials in the buttercup family, characterised by their lobed leaves. Usually evergreen but occasionally deciduous. Origins Distributed widely across the northern temperate zone. Season Usually flowering March to May. The plants will bloom a little earlier if grown in a cold greenhouse. Size From 4cm to 40cm high. Conditions Light soil and good drainage are essential, with sunshine and moisture in spring and shade in summer. Hardiness European species are reliably hardy outdoors in the UK; other species are better grown in a cold greenhouse. *Holds an Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society. † Hardiness ratings given where available.

Hepatica americana Eco Group Prevalent in northern areas of North America, H. americana flowers between March and June in the wild. Eco Group comprises seedlings from Don Jacobs’ selections and have fabulously marbled leaves with white or pastel-coloured flowers. 10-15cm.

Hepatica ‘Hazelwood Froggie’ This accidental hybrid was discovered by National Collection holder Glenn Shapiro. With masses of upward-facing blue flowers and handsome foliage, it is vigorous and free flowering. 15cm.

ainty, charming and ever so slightly recalcitrant, hepaticas are among the loveliest flowers of spring. Part of the vast buttercup family, Ranunculaceae, Hepatica is made up of around 12 species. The plants are compact and perennial with diverse flowers and intriguingly patterned leaves, yet in British gardens, they remain something of a specialist subject. In part, this is down to the fact that hepaticas are a challenge to produce in bulk for commercial distribution. The seeds – technically achenes, or single-seeded fruit – need to be sown immediately when ripe and must be exposed to frost the following winter to germinate. As a result, they tend only to be available from enthusiasts and specialist growers, such as Ashwood Nurseries near Birmingham, owned by hepatica expert John Massey. However, the various species interbreed willingly, so once a collection is established, it can be easily expanded. John has travelled widely in Europe, Asia and the USA to see hepaticas in the wild, where it is evident that the plants are also very precise in their absolute requirement for well-drained, woodland-style conditions. “They are basically spring-flowering, snow-melt plants, which grow on a slope, in open,

Hepatica nobilis blue bicolour group Hardy in the British climate as are all H. nobilis cultivars, these small but striking blue-and-white flowers are produced in February and March, standing proud of the variable, marbled leaves. 9-15cm.

fertile soil under trees and shrubs,” he explains. “In the wild, you find them near rivers and streams where there is high humidity. But the main thing with hepaticas is to keep an eye on the drainage.” In the wild, hepaticas extend across the northern hemisphere, from Europe and Asia to North America.“In Europe, there are two basic species,” says John. “There is Hepatica nobilis, which is found across much of the continent, including Sweden and Russia down through the Balkans and into Greece. There are regional varieties, but it is not found in Britain, unfortunately. Hepatica transsilvanica, meanwhile, has larger flowers and is found in Romania’s Carpathian Mountains.” The majority of Hepatica species are found in Asia. Rare Hepatica falconeri grows along the Silk Road, in Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan, while three species are found in Korea. These include Hepatica maxima, the largest growing of all the hepaticas and an important breeding parent, together with Hepatica asiatica – also found in China – and Hepatica insularis, which is similar to Hepatica asiatica, but smaller and considered more garden worthy. The real horticultural epicentre is Japan. With numerous varieties across the region, hepaticas have been collected in Japan since 1603 and have achieved almost cult status there. It is the source of diverse wild-origin

Hepaticas grow in open, fertile soil under trees and shrubs. In the wild, you find them near rivers and streams

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Hepatica nobilis var. japonica ‘Toho’ While not hardy outside, this is a very good plant for greenhouse growing. The densely double, mauve-blue flowers are carried in neat rosettes over glossy, lightly marbled foliage. 15-20cm.

Hepatica acutiloba One of two species of hepatica found growing in North America, H. acutiloba has evergreen leaves with sharp lobes, and hairy stems and young foliage. The white or pastel flowers can be wonderfully fragrant. 10-22cm. RHS H6.

Hepatica nobilis ‘Stained Glass’ Pretty light-blue flowers play second fiddle to the foliage in this form. Described by Ashwood Nurseries as the best marbled-leaved cultivar they have ever seen, it comes true from seed. 9-15cm.

How to grow Hepatica • The most reliable hepaticas for UK gardens are cultivars of European Hepatica nobilis and H. transsilvanica, and their hybrid H. x media. Given the right conditions, H. maxima may also be hardy. Asian and American hepaticas are fussier and it is worth building up a degree of expertise before experimenting with Japanese cultivars in the garden, as they are both more tender and more expensive.

banks under deciduous shrubs and trees where they can enjoy both early sunshine and good drainage. At ground level, they dislike overcrowding and competition, but combine well with hellebores, Cyclamen coum, scilla and miniature narcissus.

• Species and cultivars vary in their preferences. In Japan, hepaticas spend winter insulated by snow and detest harsh, drying winds, so are best grown under glass in the UK. H. maxima likes humidity and deep shade, while H. transsilvanica will take a warmer, drier site as long as its roots can penetrate a cool alpine crevice, or run under a rock.

• In an alpine house or well-ventilated, unheated greenhouse (kept above -3ºC), grow in free-draining, humus-rich compost in clay pots. Water sparingly when not in active growth and pot up annually.

• Harvest seed when it ripens, about 60 days after flowering, preferably when still green, and sow immediately on the surface of pots of compost. Cover with 1cm of horticultural grit, water well and leave outside in a shady spot; if the immature embryo dries out it will die.

• Watch out for greenfly and vine weevil, especially if growing in containers and under glass. Cut off diseased or tiredlooking leaves and remove old foliage as buds swell. Pinch out fading petals and old stems to avoid mildew getting into the

• Germination requires a period of cold and seedlings usually emerge the following spring. Asian species can take two years to germinate. Let young plants to grow on for a few months, then prick out into alpine pans. Pot up individually a year later.

• Grown outdoors, hepaticas like plenty of water and light in spring, thriving on

• Hepaticas hate compaction; add plenty of organic matter before planting, and loosen soil after working nearby.

centre of the plant. You can apply a liquid feed in spring or autumn. • In September, you can divide hepaticas gently into individual crowns, with roots attached, then pot up into humus-rich, free-draining compost. Water well. Try not to compress the growing medium.

Hepatica x schlyteri A hybrid of H. maxima and H. nobilis and combining the best qualities of its parents, this seed-raised plant has large evergreen leaves and attractive flowers in shades of pink, bright pink or deep blue. 20-30cm.

Hepatica transsilvanica x H. henryi One of John Massey’s seedlings, and one that he sells as H. yamatutai x H. transsilvanica. The large, beautifully formed flowers are carried over a carpet of vigorous foliage. Hardy in the garden. 10-15cm.

Hepatica noblis var. japonica f. magna Popular in Japan, this is the most exciting form of hepatica. Its relatively large and highly variable flowers may be single or double and its petals, stamens and pistils come in a huge array of colours. 15-20cm.

Hepatica insularis One of the smallest hepaticas, the deciduous H. insularis hails from the southern part of Korea and the flowers and delicately hairy, sometimes marbled leaves appear at about the same time. 4-7cm.

MANY THANKS TO JOHN MASSEY OF ASHWOOD NURSERIES IN THE WEST MIDLANDS WHERE THESE IMAGES WERE TAKEN

Hepatica noblis var. japonica f. magna hybrid A dainty seedling of this highly diverse group, it has delicate green and white petals with cerise anthers providing a shocking contrast. Sometimes listed as H. japonica var. nipponica f. magna. 15-20cm.

Hepatica nobilis f. pubescens This wild origin Japanese variant has simple white flowers with dark pistils at the centre. The lobed foliage is splashed with light green and densely covered with fine hairs. John lists it as H. japonica var. pubescens. 8-10cm.

While the plants themselves are lovely, Hepatica nomenclature seems to inspire a lot of heated debate

cultivars, particularly forms of Hepatica noblis var. japonica f. magna, which has become hugely influential, both in its natural state and among hybridisers. In English, the common name for hepaticas, liverleaf, is derived from the similarity of the lobed leaves to the liver. The Japanese use the more romantic yukiwariso, or ‘breaking snow plants’. When species meet in collections, spontaneous crosses can result in promising new cultivars, such as Hepatica ‘Hazelwood Froggie’. Also, breeders and enthusiasts are constantly tinkering with the plants – for example, John has created a robust new cross he describes as H. yamatutai x H. transsilvanica. Botanists, who still class H. yamatutai within H. henryi, would prefer he called it H. transsilvanica x H. henryi. This is far from the only uncertainty over names. While the plants themselves are lovely, Hepatica nomenclature seems to inspire a lot of heated debate. Closely related to Anemone, Hepatica nobilis was originally classified as Anemone hepatica, and recent phylogenetic and molecular analysis has caused some experts to suspect that hepaticas are, after all, anemones, and should be reclassified as such. In North America, the two native species (H. acutiloba and H. americana) are already frequently regarded as Anemone acutiloba and A. americana, although here

in the UK there remains a certain inertia in the ranks of horticulture. And the confusion does not stop there. John believes that the Japanese variety H. nobilis var. japonica should be a species in its own right and has named the plants he sells accordingly. Recent DNA studies suggest he may be correct, but for the time being it remains officially within Hepatica nobilis. Debate will no doubt continue to rage on, but naming headaches aside, for the gardener there is a lot to love about hepaticas. The marbling of the leaves is divine and the miniature flowers are like works of art. The closer you look, the more there is to appreciate and discover about a plant that is both delightful and thoroughly addictive. n Where to see and buy • Ashwood Nurseries Ashwood Lower Lane, Kingswinford, West Midlands DY6 0AE. Tel 01384 401996, ashwoodnurseries.com • Edrom Nurseries Coldingham, Eyemouth, Berwickshire TD14 5TZ. Tel 01890 771386, edrom-nurseries.co.uk • Hazelwood Farm* Hollins Lane, Silverdale, Carnforth, Lancashire LA5 0UB. hazelwoodfarm.co.uk. *National Collection Holder 59

HORTICULTURAL WHO’S WHO

KAREN LIEBREICH The driving force behind the new Chiswick Flower Market, and countless horticultural campaigns in west London, on fruit gluts, fairness and never taking ‘no’ for an answer WORDS NATASHA GOODFELLOW PORTRAIT CHARLIE HOPKINSON

f you’ve ever been to Chiswick, west London, and have been stopped in your tracks by a lovely pocket park, or the sight of verbena swaying in a tree pit, there’s a good chance that Karen Liebreich will be behind it. Not literally – though she is frequently to be found weeding, picking cigarette butts out of flower beds (a particular bug bear) or supervising contractors installing some of her more complicated projects. Without Karen’s drive and tenacity, this city corner would be a more dreary place. A life-long Londoner, Karen’s first horticultural intervention came when a neighbour coolly annexed a patch of unloved land at the end of the road where she lived as a teenager. Her father promptly removed the newly erected fence and Karen and her brother gardened the plot for the next few years, formalising a cut-through into a path, and planting daffodils, herbs and donated plants. “It was the unfairness of it,” she says. “The idea that this guy, a local political bigwig, just thought he could appropriate it. It was common land, it belonged to us all, and by doing something as simple as planting a few bulbs, we made it a joy for everyone.” Beautifying un- or under-used bits of land for the common good is now how Karen spends most of her time, but it wasn’t always thus. Having received her doctorate in History at Cambridge, she worked as a cultural attaché at the French Institute before moving on to make documentaries for the BBC and other production companies. She then launched and subsequently sold her publishing business, The Baby Directory, and, through it all, has written books, including the highly acclaimed Fallen Order, an exposé of 17th-century paedophile priests. So thoughts of horticultural activism were far from her mind when, one day in 2005, she took her dog for a walk around Chiswick House. Chatting to some workmen, she discovered that the historic walled garden there was soon to be turned into a car park. She was outraged and, having galvanised the local community, set up a charity and spearheaded an often bitter but ultimately triumphant campaign to save it. “To have a beautiful walled garden dating to 1682 in London at a time of increasing childhood obesity and the biodiversity crisis, and to see it only as a car park for those attending corporate events – that’s a catastrophic failure of imagination,” she says. Since then she’s been involved in countless horticultural projects, including Abundance London – a charitable organisation she set up with local resident Sarah Cruz, which harvests fruit gluts, and plants and maintains the aforementioned pocket parks (around 15 at the last

count) – and was a founder member of the Chelsea Fringe. In 2013, she was awarded an MBE for services to horticulture and education in west London, and in 2016 she designed and created the Salopian garden, a community garden in Isleworth for Cultivate London. Most recently, she was one of the driving forces behind Chiswick Flower Market, London’s first new flower market for 150 years. Her motivation is primarily environmental and she feels it viscerally – particularly since she has seen first-hand through Abundance London that the apple harvest in Chiswick is now a full month earlier than it used to be. “We all worry about the climate and the increasing disconnect with nature and I just want to do something that’s effective, if only on a minuscule scale,” she says, modestly. Her motto of sorts is ‘small, defiant acts of beauty’, a phrase with which she signs off some of her project missives, and she’s keen that more of us engage in them. “Urban environments are often harsh and ugly, but if you can create a little patch of bee-friendly plants where rubbish used to collect, then you’ve achieved something.” Just don’t expect it to be easy, Karen warns. While a flower market or a bed of perennials might look beautiful, the underlying reality, even for the simplest intervention, is often months of liaison with the council and other organisations, mountains of paperwork and, sadly, online personal abuse by those opposed to the changes. And even once it’s built, the problems don’t stop. “Our patches get strimmed, dogs use them, people throw their beer bottles in,” she says. “It can be depressing.” Despite it all, she’s adamant it’s worth it. “Most of the time, these projects are fun. It’s fun to work communally with others and many people locally have got a lot in terms of physical and mental health and sociability out of the projects that I’ve started and which they themselves have then put huge amounts of effort into.” Then there are the environmental benefits: “Seeing the gardens alive with bees, butterflies and grasshoppers makes me think I’m doing my bit for the planet we are so mercilessly trashing.” And finally, there’s the pleasure that it gives, both to her and to others. “Someone came up to us while we were weeding and said, ‘are you the people who put joy in my heart every time I come past here?’ That made us feel pretty good.” n

SEEING GARDENS ALIVE WITH BEES MAKES ME THINK I’M DOING MY BIT FOR THE PLANET WE’RE SO MERCILESSLY TRASHING

USEFUL INFORMATION Chiswick Flower Market is on the first Sunday of every month except January; chiswickflowermarket.com

Nurseryman Tim Fuller outside the potting shed of The Plantsman’s Preference, the nursery he founded more than 20 years ago with his mother Jenny. Specialising in grasses, geraniums and other herbaceous perennials, it sells an intriguing selection of unusual plants.

OUT OF THE ORDINARY From a small site in rural Norfolk, The Plantsman’s Preference nursery supplies unusual plants for ordinary gardeners WORDS MATTHEW REESE PHOTOGRAPHS JASON INGRAM

Herbaceous perennials make up the bulk of stock, but there are interesting shrubs and climbers, and even a few tender gems

t isn’t difficult to find The Plantsman’s Preference nursery in the relatively flat landscape of the Norfolk countryside. The nursery, on the edge of the snug village of South Lopham, sits just across the road from the 12th-century church of St Andrew’s, a stately local landmark with an impressively tall tower that can be seen for miles around. Owned and run by Tim Fuller, the nursery is sited on a plot of about five acres, which it has steadily grown into over the years. Although herbaceous perennials make up the bulk of the nursery’s stock, there are many interesting shrubs and climbers suitable for a variety of garden situations, and even a few tender gems to be found. Tim points out that the challenging East Anglian climate, with bitterly cold winters and long periods without rain during the summer, can make it difficult to grow certain types of plants. “Lots of the recent introductions from southeast Asia just don’t like it here,” he says. “We do have a history of growing grasses and geraniums. These have become two of the bestselling groups of plants and do particularly well in the local climate.” A favourite of Tim’s is Geranium ‘Blue Cloud’, with pale-blue blooms that he says make it a striking garden plant. He also offers a huge back catalogue of grasses. “Over the past 20-30 years, I have grown about 800 grasses, sedges and rushes, but now it’s only about 350. The one thing I’ve always done is to find a group or family that I’ve not grown before, collect quite a lot of them, and whittle them down to a range of good doers.” Tim started the nursery on the back of a childhood interest in growing plants. Growing up, he used to help his mother, Jenny,

1 Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora A compact bearded iris with dark, violet-scented flowers on compact plants and waxy greygreen foliage. It needs full sun and sharp drainage – suitable for a rock garden, sink or alpine house. 30cm. RHS H5†. 2 Epimedium grandiflorum ‘Purple Pixie’ A lovely selection with purple and amethyst flowers. Each flower has four thin spurs and is held above carpets of pretty foliage. Old foliage is best removed in winter, so the new foliage and flowers can be fully appreciated. 45cm. RHS H5, USDA 5a-8b. 3 Angelica pachycarpa Grown by Tim for its “amazing glossy green leaves, followed by strong stems bearing heads of yellow-green flowers”. It is monocarpic, so collect seed and sow immediately. Young foliage makes a lovely foil for spring bulbs. 1.4m. RHS H5. 63

Growing up, Tim used to help his mother propagate fuchsias for the local fuchsia society and Women’s Institute

4 Trillium chloropetalum Trilliums make wonderful woodland plants, and this is one of the largest and easiest to grow. Foliage and flower parts are held in threes. The leaves are marbled in green and brown and the flowers are a burgundy colour. 40cm. RHS H5. 5 Geranium malviflorum This early flowering geranium grows through the winter and flowers in spring. It goes dormant during summer, resting as tubers. The blue, mallow-like flowers are decorated with darker veins. 40cm. RHS H5. 6 Hedera nepalensis ‘Roy Lancaster’ Grown for its foliage, this form of H. nepalensis has large, lobeless, teardrop-shaped leaves. The new growth is an attractive shade of rusty red. It is self-clinging and good for a shady wall where a dark green background is called for. 2.4m. RHS H5, USDA 7a-10b. 64

to propagate fuchsias for the local fuchsia society and for the Women’s Institute. This interest continued through his childhood, and when the family moved to Norfolk, he developed a liking for alpines. Aged 16, Tim volunteered for Paul Whittaker, the proprietor of the Norfolk-based PW Plants and a stalwart of RHS shows. It was here Tim cut his teeth in the nursery trade, gaining a hands-on education in the skills vital to running a nursery and showing plants. In April 1996, Tim started his own nursery with Jenny, who had worked at Blooms of Bressingham and ran her own design practice. The nursery was located in the back garden, and it quickly expanded, selling plants at fairs and through mail order. It wasn’t long before the business outgrew the third-of-an-acre site, and after much searching, Tim and Jenny finally found a larger home close to the market town of Diss. When they moved to the new site in October 2000, it was a blank canvas, open to the winter easterlies that, as Tim says, “come straight from Russia”. It needed shelter, which they added in the form of rapidly growing willow Salix alba var. vitellina ‘Britzensis’, which battles against the biting gales, along with a potting shed, sales area and polytunnels. Sadly, Jenny passed away in 2010. It was a difficult time for Tim, as his mother had been his inspiration, and he was left at something of a crossroads. It was difficult to staff the nursery, and he found he needed to buy in plants from local wholesalers just to keep the business “ticking over”. Fortuitously, in April 2011, plantswoman Sally Harrison arrived at The Plantsman’s Preference looking for a job, having recently returned to the area. Sally had previously worked for Beth Chatto

7 Erysimum cheiri ‘Baden-Powell’ An old cultivar with double canary-yellow flowers on a short woody frame. It needs cosseting, sharp drainage and full sun, and is best refreshed via cuttings when it starts to tire. A charming plant and well worth the attention it demands. 35cm. RHS H5. 8 Oxalis oregana f. smalliana A rhizomatous perennial that hails from the redwood forests on the west coast of the USA, the diminutive redwood sorrel makes attractive carpets of clover-like foliage and red, pretty, round flowers. It likes light soils and a shady aspect. 20cm. RHS H5. 9 Primula ‘Lady Greer’ A pretty Juliana type primrose, making neat rosettes of foliage and short stems of dainty, palest yellow flowers held in loose trusses. It likes rich, moist soils and is best split every three years or so to promote vigour. 15cm. RHS H5. 10 Alstroemeria brasiliensis ‘Cally Star’ A white-variegated form with dirty-pink flowers that are marked with green and black streaks. The new foliage is attractive, and after flowering, it can be hacked back to promote a second flush in August. 1m. RHS H5. Turn the page for more choices from The Plantsman’s Preference

11 Geranium platyanthum This is a wild-collected geranium from far eastern Russia, and it makes large mounds of fresh green foliage, sometimes tinged red. The sky-blue flowers hover in small trusses on short stems. 45cm. RHS H5. 12 Persicaria chinensis var. hispida Similar to P. ‘Indian Summer’ but in Tim’s opinion possibly an improvement. It produces clusters of small, bright red-pink flowers on rangy stems. New leaves are tinged pink and age to green. It inhabits rocky stream sides in the high eastern Himalayas. 50cm. RHS H4. 13 Hedera helix ‘Buttercup’ A climber that Tim has cultivated since childhood for its “lovely butter-yellow foliage – a version of English ivy but slower than the green form”. They also have an arborescent (adult) form, which makes a shrub. 2.5m. AGM*. RHS H5. 14 Dicentra cucullaria ‘Pittsburg’ A treasure Tim bought nearly 30 years ago from Elizabeth Strangman’s Washfield Nursery. A larger version of the normal form, it makes clumps of ferny foliage with white, spurred flowers that resemble teeth. 30cm. RHS H5. *Holds an Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society. †Hardiness ratings given where available.

The nursery quickly expanded, selling plants at fairs and through mail order. It wasn’t long before it outgrew its site

and more recently with Michael Wickenden at Cally Gardens near Dumfries in Scotland, and she brought with her a wealth of knowledge, as well as plenty of new ideas and energy. It was exactly what the nursery needed. “Things have completely transformed since then,” says Tim. Now the nursery propagates everything on-site, which allows far more freedom in what it can offer for sale. For Tim, relying on wholesalers meant that the nursery risked offering a very similar catalogue to many other nurseries, and he and Sally prefer to offer more of “the weird, the new and the rare”, as Tim puts it. Sally also brought in new plants from Cally, and when Michael Wickenden tragically died in 2016, The Plantsman’s Preference acquired more of the garden’s plants. Some of these, such as Himalayan blue poppies, have not been successful in Norfolk, but the nursery has a collection of unidentified roses that Michael collected, which it is now propagating. With new plants, and Tim and Sally’s experience and knowledge, the nursery is blossoming. Making garden-worthy, rare and unusual plants more readily available, while also offering a range of good, popular garden plants, has made The Plantsman’s Preference a notable and inspiring nursery for interested gardeners. n USEFUL INFORMATION Address The Plantsman’s Preference, Church Road, South Lopham, Diss, Norfolk IP22 2LW. Tel 01379 710810/07799 855559. Web plantpref.co.uk Open March to end of October, Thursday – Saturday, 9.30am-5pm.

Top Tim Fuller in the polytunnels of The Plantsman’s Preference. Since the arrival of Sally Harrison from Cally Gardens the nursery propagates everything on site. 15 Arisaema thunbergii A tuberous perennial from the woodlands of eastern Asia. Its hooded pinstriped flowers cower beneath large, exotic-looking foliage. Tim recommends it as a tough, reliable species that has survived the worst winters without problems; an excellent Arisaema to start with. 40cm. RHS H4, USDA 5a-9b. 16 Pelargonium papilionaceum Not frost hardy, this largegrowing pelargonium makes a dramatic specimen grown in a pot or bedded out in a sunny border. It makes mounds of vine-like, scented foliage and small pink flowers. Feed during the growing season and strike cuttings in late summer. 2m. RHS H3. 67

PATHS OF LEAST RESISTANCE To create this contemporary garden combining formality and naturalistic planting, designer Álvaro Sampedro simply followed the dogs WORDS MATT COLLINS PHOTOGRAPHS CLAIRE TAKACS

IN BRIEF What Private garden fusing formal and naturalistic elements. Where Madrid, Spain. Size 2,400 square metres. Soil Poor clay replaced with free-draining loam. Climate Dry, Mediterranean. Hardiness zone USDA 9.

Soft groupings of ornamental grasses and robust drifts of Escallonia rubra var. macrantha retain a level of formality in keeping with the contemporary house, but yield in the foreground to plants that mirror the wider Spanish landscape, such as Stachys byzantina and Achillea filipendulina ‘Parker’s Variety’.

here was a curious beginning to this garden,” says Spanish designer Álvaro Sampedro. “The client called me one summer and said, ‘Álvaro, have you ever made a garden for dogs?’” As garden briefs go, this is a somewhat irregular request, but one that became ingeniously integral to the resulting design. Álvaro rose to the challenge: “I brought the dogs to the client’s empty plot and watched as they were establishing paths; paths to go see the postman, for example, or to deal with other neighbourhood dogs. I then used these paths for the garden layout.” And the result? Designers take note – “Now they don’t touch any flower or plant,” says Álvaro. “I think that was the glue of the garden.” This moderately sized yet vibrant and intriguing garden in an upmarket suburb of Madrid is a picturesque example of Álvaro’s skill in combining the traditional Spanish affection for structural formality with looser, more naturalistic planting. Naturalism is a relatively new and emerging aesthetic in Spanish garden design, and Álvaro is very much leading the charge. “When I visit famous English gardens I’m always thinking about how can we make the same in Spain,” he says. “To make the English style of wild garden using Mediterranean plants.” Integrating a level of ‘wildness’ into a garden of angular lines, tightly clipped hedges and a borrowed golf course view takes some ingenuity, but the intention has been beautifully realised. Broken up into a series of rooms, this south-facing garden creates a journey that takes you from a formal swimming pool terrace with refined evergreens, down towards a relaxed patchwork of colourful perennials and wildflowers, which self-seed over gravel. Also sited at this lower elevation is a fire pit area where the family can enjoy gazing 70

up at the stars, as well as a feature maple (Acer x freemanii) and raised wooden planters for growing cut flowers. The transition between formal and informal zones is brilliantly eased through the use of structural yet calming ornamental grasses such as Miscanthus sinensis ‘Gracillimus’, Stipa gigantea and Calamagrostis x acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’ – a simple ploy, but an enormously effective one. “When I think a garden is too formal, I add grasses and everything changes,” says Álvaro. “Everything works a lot better because they create a natural link.” For this project, he had the advantage of being asked to create a garden from scratch at the same time as the house was being constructed. He not only had the freedom of a blank canvas, but also To continue turn to page 74

Above left Designer Álvaro Sampedro favours plants well suited to the dry Madrid climate. Here, white valerian (Centranthus ruber ‘Albus’), Salvia nemorosa ‘Caradonna’ and attractive tufts of feathergrass (Stipa tenuissima) thrive in the improved, free-draining soil, demanding little irrigation despite the region’s low annual rainfall. Above right An upright Cupressus sempervirens Stricta Group is used to frame a view of the lower wild garden, where gravel paths bring a sense of tactile connectivity. “There’s something very poetic about the sound of walking over gravel,” says Álvaro. “It’s a good sensation.” Left Pine trees from the adjoining golf course contribute to the borrowed view, while a screen of flowering Trachelospermum jasminoides maintains privacy along the garden’s southern boundary. “When I make city gardens or places with close neighbours, I think about how to block the views first, because privacy is very important.” 71

Viewed from the pool terrace, the magic of this clever garden becomes evident. Clipped hedging creates a link from the clean lines of the house to the more natural planting beyond, and trees in the garden help to link the relatively small space to the golf course beyond. Even in small gardens, Álvaro aims to create distinct garden rooms that allow multi-functional use. “In this garden, people could be playing with the dogs, reading by the fire pit, swimming in the pool, and they don’t see or disturb each other.”

Dividing curves One of the most striking elements of Álvaro’s design is the arrangement of glaucous-grey teucrium and Phillyrea angustifolia around the pool. These clipped shrubs not only reflect the contemporary architecture of the house and surrounding surfaces, but something of the pool’s softness too. “The idea was to separate the pool with something like waves or clouds,” says Álvaro. “I hadn’t done this before, but saw that the effect was amazing. It’s nice to see that mixing of water and hedges – it’s something very natural.” The hedges also add structural permanence. ”When you’re at home and you are watching the garden close to the house, you want to see something calm and something that throughout the year is evergreen. Then, when you walk around, every single day the garden will be different: different colours, different flowers, different movements; the wind blowing in the miscanthus.”

the trust of his clients to do more or less what he liked. “When the client does that, you make better work,” says Álvaro. Besides accommodating the family’s dogs, the client’s brief included a screening boundary for privacy, which was achieved using an evergreen camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) on one side and cork oaks (Quercus suber) on the other. The latter complement a sizeable, preexisting oak that, having been retained, offers shade close to the house. “We have a lot of sun here,” says Álvaro. “In Spain, we say the best thing about the sun is the shade. People in England and France don’t understand that.” Extending the oak’s cooling effect is an underplanting of lush evergreen Escallonia rubra var. macrantha, which leads along a side passage to the formal terrace, where cloud-pruned tree germander and mock privet (Phillyrea angustifolia) interweave, forming a 60cm-high partition between the house and pool. Despite their historic popularity in Spain, lawns fare poorly beneath such a harsh Mediterranean sun – regular irrigation is essential, and therefore an environmental strain. Opting instead for native plants, or those adapted to Madrid’s hot, dry summers, such as Teucrium fruticans, Centranthus ruber and Nepeta ‘Six Hills Giant’, Álvaro aims to reduce excessive water demands. “It makes sense to plant for our weather, to plant naturalistically, and not to plant lawn,” he says. “But it’s not always easy to say that to clients: that you can have an amazing garden with less irrigation.” Indeed, on projects like this, if Álvaro uses irrigation for establishing young plants, he removes it by the third or fourth year. Two types of sage – Salvia nemorosa ‘Caradonna’ and S. yangii (formerly Perovskia atriplicifolia) – have also found their way into his planting for this garden. Álvaro dubs them ‘super plants’, because they cope so well with Madrid’s low humidity. “They are amazing in a dry environment,” he says. “Also Phlomis ‘Edward Bowles’ and Euphorbia characias subsp. wulfenii.” Owing to the climate, seedheads 74

are left standing through to February, unsullied by rain, before being chopped to ground level in spring. Perhaps the best marker of this garden’s success is its effect on the owners. Álvaro describes how the initial brief underlined low maintenance and minimal client interaction, plus an attractive view from the house. But the resulting space proved irresistibly enticing. “When I go there, they are always in the garden; walking through, picking flowers or even clipping leaves,” he says. “They are people who never thought they would do that. It’s great for me to be able to create that sensation for my clients.” n USEFUL INFORMATION Find out more about Álvaro’s work at alvarosampedro.com/en

Above left Brushing up against the curvy, clipped hedging that creates a demarcation between the formal and natural garden is the grass Miscanthus sinensis ‘Gracillimus’, which Álvaro uses for its long season of interest. “In early spring, it’s extremely green – something very like mint. Then you have the first flowers; and then the summer yellow; and ochres and browns for winter. It’s amazing.” When the grasses are finally cut back in February, the evergreen hedges hold the space together. Above right In this more formal area to the side of the house, structural mounds of Phillyrea angustifolia sit comfortably with tall cones of bay (Laurus nobilis), to offer an evergreen structure that remains an attractive fixture through the year. At the far end, a wall of Trachelospermum jasminoides also contributes fragrant flowers in season. Left The driveway to this contemporary house curves around a stately cork oak (Quercus suber) retained from the original site. The clean lines of the house are softened by green channels of low, shrubby Escallonia rubra var. macrantha, which contrast against the clean edges of the architecture. The lush green also stands out against the white paving, made of Campaspero, a limestone from central Spain. 75

1 Narcissus ‘Angel’s Flight’ An N. cyclamineus hybrid raised by Brian in 2013. It’s a cross with the rare and beautiful hybrid N. ‘Candlepower’ from the early 20th-century breeder Alec Gray. It opens a pale, creamy yellow, and is distinctly toothed at the mouth of the trumpet. 15cm.

Tiny treasures With more than 900 daffodil cultivars to his name, breeder Brian Duncan specialises in exquisite miniature forms WORDS HANNAH GARDNER PHOTOGRAPHS JASON INGRAM PORTRAIT RICHARD JOHNSTON

Grower Brian Duncan with an unnamed Narcissus bulbocodium seedling. Now in his eighties, Brian has been breeding daffodils for 57 years, and for the past 20 has specialised in miniature crosses.

rian Duncan attributes his readiness to show plants to his father, a breeder of Clydesdale horses, who imparted valuable advice to his son: “You may think they are the best in the world – until you take them out to show.” The Northern Irish home of Brian and Betty Duncan in Co Tyrone has been a hub of botanical knowledge and high-level plantsmanship for more than 50 years. It is here, in a busy one-and-three-quarter-acre plot, among cold frames, raised beds, plunge beds and glasshouses, that Brian has meticulously bred and selected a truly impressive range of award-winning daffodils. His work is globally recognised: he has received the RHS Veitch Memorial Medal (2001), a Gold Medal from the American Daffodil Society (1986) and the Dix Medal from the Royal Dutch Bulb Growers Association (2006), to mention just a few of his accolades. There is a long and prolific history of breeding standard daffodils with myriad forms, colour combinations and flowering times, but, in contrast, the breeding of miniature

daffodils probably began with Alec Gray (1895-1986) in 1927. “There’s still much work to do,” says Brian. “We are 100 years behind in miniatures.” He has taken on the mantle, breeding miniatures for the past 20 years, crossing many exquisite species that he has seen growing in the wild. The time frame for breeding is considerable – it takes three to five years for a seedling to form a flowering-sized bulb. The ruthless selection process can then begin. In the muddled sphere of horticultural plant classification, it is useful to be clear whenever possible – miniature daffodils have the same descriptive divisions as standard daffodils, but their blooms should be less than 50mm in diameter, and they are mostly under 32.5cm in height. Brian’s selections are already recognised by the daffodil cognoscenti, but he is motivated not only by winning on the show bench, but ultimately by creating garden-worthy cultivars and hybrids that are commercially available. He is in pursuit of the vigour and longevity that can be achieved by hybridisation. Many wild daffodils reproduce by seed, but in a garden context we

2 Narcissus Galantoquilla Group Sometimes called ‘snowdrop daffodils’ as they are of a similar height and flowering period, this 2015 introduction by Brian is a cross between the Spanish species daffodil N. asturiensis and N. assoanus, a jonquil daffodil that grows on limestone in rocky meadows in the Pyrenees and parts of eastern Spain. It is bright and delicate with a distinctive splayed form. 20cm.

also require them to reproduce by increasing their bulk by bulb division. Wild Narcissus species have poise, elegance and simplicity, attributes that piqued Brian’s interest during his time as chairman of the RHS Daffodil and Tulip Committee. On hearing members rave about their wonderful experiences finding swathes of wild daffodils, he wanted to “fully appreciate what they were talking about” and in 2000 he joined John Blanchard, author of the seminal publication Narcissus: A Guide to Wild Daffodils, on a trip to the Picos de Europa National Park in northern Spain. It was to be the first of 20 such trips to France, Portugal and Spain, the epicentre of the genus. The botanical trip was a real eye-opener. Brian was “amazed and enthralled” by the wild populations he and John found in the Spanish hills, and quickly realised that words such as ‘elegance’, ‘style’, and ‘charm’, though less easily defined and judged, might be just as valid as the prescriptive qualities more familiar to him through exhibiting standard daffodils. Brian quickly began his breeding programme to create new miniatures, with many crosses made to try to extend

the colour palette. He emphasises the experimental nature of breeding – some of his recent crosses pair an intermediate pink- or orange-flowered narcissus with N. dubius (a pale, limestone-loving species native to eastern Spain and the southern tip of France). He recalls the thrill of locating multiple populations of N. cyclamineus in northern Portugal and Spain. These sightings came after a location tip-off from a Chilean contact in Madrid. The generous communicative culture of expert plant breeders ensures that people are as important as the plants. Brian shares his daffodil passion with fellow growers worldwide and, closer to home, he passes any surplus stock to Yorkshire plantswoman Anne Wright of Dryad Nursery, with whom he enjoys a friendly rivalry. Further afield, he cites Californian Harold Koopowitz as a creator of many lovely miniatures more suited to a Mediterranean climate. For the gardener, it may take a lifetime to amass enough of these rare beauties to create a naturalistic drift, but what a wonderful challenge. n Turn the page for more of Brian’s daffodils.

3 Narcissus ‘Nudger’ An attention-grabbing, vibrant, gold 2015 cross between N. cyclamineus and the Alec Gray cultivar ‘Camborne’, with wide petals (inherited from N. ‘Camborne’) held in a classic, reflexed N. cyclamineus position. 12cm. 4 Narcissus ‘Little Frills’ Another ‘Camborne’ cross, this time from 2016, with dwarf trumpet N. asturiensis. It’s a white-petalled miniature trumpet with a pretty, fringed, pale-lemon corona. 14cm. 5 Narcissus ‘Eponine’ A flamboyant hybrid and winner of the Alec Gray trophy in 2016. It has a lemon corona and pale reflexed petals. An N. cyclamineus x N. ‘Candlepower’ cross. 15cm. 6 Narcissus ‘Starlit’ The demure trumpet flowers nod down like pale lanterns. The white petals have a beautiful green stain at the base. An N. asturiensis x N. ‘Candlepower’ cross. 15cm. 7 Narcissus ‘Extravagante’ Well-named, as the refined golden flowers are all curves and feminine frills. A cross between fringed and toothed selections of N. asturiensis and N. cyclamineus. 15cm. 8 Narcissus ‘Wee Dote’ A 2013 cross between the Alec Gray cultivar N. ‘Candlepower’ and Dutch cultivar N. ‘Wee Bee’. It’s a delicate but cheeky trumpet daffodil of cute proportions with blunt, white petals and a wide shallow corona. 20cm.

9 Narcissus ‘Wee Nod’ A lovely introduction from 2013 with a refined, pale-cream flower. It’s another cross between the cultivar N. ‘Camborne’ and N. cyclamineus, a species found in northwest Portugal and Spain that has bright-yellow flowers, a long slim corona and heavily reflexed petals. 17cm. 10 Narcissus Fringella Group A 2015 cross between N. cyclamineus and selections of N. asturiensis, which is a miniature trumpet native to Spain and Portugal where it grows on the higher slopes of mountains on acid soils. It has solitary, pendent, golden-yellow flowers with a dramatically flared and fringed corona. 12cm. 11 Narcissus ‘Little Racer’ A pale and interesting hybrid with narrow, reflexed white petals. A 2013 cross between N. cyclamineus and N. ‘Candlepower’, a pale trumpet miniature. 12cm. 12 Narcissus ‘Sleek’ A delightful combination of pure-white petals and a delicate and widely flanged lemon trumpet with an upright habit. It’s a 2017 cross between N. cyclamineus and an N. cyclamineus seedling. 15cm. 13 Narcissus ‘Ricochet’ Very poised and upright with elegant elongated, swept-back golden petals. It’s another very attractive cross between N. ‘Camborne’ and N. cyclamineus. 12cm.

HARDINESS RATINGS Most miniature narcissi have a hardiness rating of RHS H4-H5, and USDA 4a-8b, and are hardy outside in the UK if planted in the ground. However, if growing in pots, be careful to protect the roots from heavy or prolonged frost and a rapid thaw. Plunge beds and cold frames are helpful in this respect.

14 Narcissus ‘Fling’ A delicate, short-stemmed cross between N. cyclamineus and the cultivar N. ‘My Word’. Its flowers are of excellent form, with a reflexed white perianth and lemonyellow corona. 10cm.

TOP DAFFODIL SHOWS You’ll find enchanting displays of miniature daffodils at the early spring RHS competitions. Head to rhs.org.uk for shows held at RHS Garden Rosemoor (12-15 March), RHS Garden Hyde Hall (29-30 March) and RHS Garden Wisley (12-13 April). Shows held by the Alpine Garden Society (alpinegardensociety.net), The Daffodil Society (thedaffodilsociety.com) and the Scottish ART can we fit Rock Garden Club (srgc.org.uk) also on offer a chance to see this caption miniature daffodils around the UK. See websites for details. somehow?

BRIGHT FUTURE Brian’s most recent crosses, too new to be fully named, have been made in the pursuit of dramatic new colours. The extravagant yellow double trumpet flower (centre) is a cross between the elegant wild N. asturiensis and N. ‘Van Sion’, a heritage double cultivar, while the other two combine the shallow bowl-shaped corona of the pale-ivory coloured N. dubius with the vibrant deep-orange corona colouring of N.‘Cavalryman’, on the left, and the more subtle apricot of N. ‘Urchin’, on the right.

WHERE TO SOURCE BULBS Bulbs of recent crosses are distributed between specialist growers. Any available stock is then listed, but usually sells with lightning speed to specialist collectors. Suppliers to try include: Choice Bulbs and Plants miniaturebulbs.co.uk Dryad Nursery Tel 01423 358791, dryad-home.co.uk Esker Farm Daffodils Tel 028 8289 8398, eskerfarmdaffodils.com Floratuin Julianadorp Tel +31 (0)61 069 4149, floratuin.com/en Fluwel Tel +31 (0)226 421 155, fluwel.com

WHAT LIES BENEATH In the first part of a new series, gardener Alys Fowler looks at how we can improve the health of our gardens’ soil by using compost

ARTHROPODS (mites, spiders, beetles and millipedes) shred organic matter, such as leaves, speeding up decomposition.

WORDS ALYS FOWLER ILLUSTRATION MICHAEL CRAMPTON

hen we think about our gardens, we tend to think only of what we can see; the bit above. But the garden below is as rich and intricate as anything that grows in the light. The subterranean garden grows deeper than the trees towering above, and has its own fauna, infrastructure and a rich microbial world that works with plant roots to explore, colonise and extend the reach of the world above into the horizons of the world below. Your garden is important for many reasons, but one that has been vastly overlooked is its role in protecting one of our most precious resources: good soil. Healthy soil has many functions and roles. It provides structure, recycles nutrients for plant growth, purifies water, removes pollutants, regulates carbon storage stocks, and creates habitats and homes. Unlike much of farming land worldwide, our gardens contain potentially highly fertile soils with a resilient and rich biodiversity that is relatively untampered – think of the soil under any perennial, shrub or tree that remains undisturbed, in comparison to a ploughed field.

The soil food web One of the fundamental aspects of soil ecology is the soil food web. This web encompasses the community of living things that spend all or part of their life in the soil, everything from worms to millipedes to moles and microbes – the billions of bacteria, nematodes, protozoa, actinomycetes and fungi that you can’t see with the naked eye. Past practices and learnings have often 82

NEMATODES are prolific and mostly beneficial, consuming everything below them in the chain, and some above.

PROTOZOA (amoebae, ciliates and flagellates) work with and, mostly, live off bacteria.

How healthy is your soil? EARTHWORMS make casts up to 50 per cent higher in organic matter than surrounding soil.

FUNGI can travel by increasing in length, helping to aerate soil and move nutrients around.

Even with a microscope it is hard to assess your soil’s population of microbes, which are the major source of nutrient retention and recycling in the soil food web. But there are a few good indicators. • Lots of earthworms indicate good bacterial and protozoan populations because that is what they like to eat. • Fungi, either as strands of white mycelia just below the surface of the soil or fruiting bodies of mushrooms above. • If your soil is a rich brown colour then it is likely to be rich in humic and fulvic acids as well as humus, all essential in helping roots receive water and nutrients. • Black, grey or blue looking soils are anaerobic and often waterlogged, which can indicate poor soil health.

Top tips for improving your soil

ORGANIC MATTER (autumn leaves, dead stems and plant material, very rough compost) if it decays rapidly, in less than six months, it is an indicator your soil food web is fairly healthy.

BACTERIA are vital to the planet’s health. When bacteria die, the nutrients they recycle become available to plants.

• Forget the idea that plants need constant food from outside sources, such as fertilisers, and that the soil is incapable of caring for itself. Be happy with the odd clover or spotted leaf. • Avoid using fungicides on your plants as this will only damage all the beneficial organisms that you are trying to maintain. This goes for pesticides, too, and – as much as possible – herbicides. These also damage the life within the soil in the long run, creating greater problems for your soil and plants. • Instead, build and maintain a healthy population of microorganisms, fungi and bacteria by using sustainable techniques, and allow them to care for your plants as nature intended. • Only walk on soil when absolutely necessary, and use boards to distribute your weight. Compaction is one of the most damaging effects on soil, causing it to become anaerobic and to begin to toxify, killing many of the beneficial microbes. • Avoid over-cultivation, as this will damage the structure of the soil and tear apart the important fungal system established within it. Forget the neat look; instead be happy with the fluffy cake-like texture you get from a healthy soil. • Where possible, opt for bare-rooted plants and plant them at any time of year. This will force the plant to establish quickly and it will be far stronger and healthier for it, but do take special care not to damage the roots. Remove the soil, wash the roots and plant into a hole that is no bigger than necessary. Use the potting soil as a mulch around the base of the plant if you wish. 83

focused on the few bad ones that cause disease or are considered pests, rather than the vast majority that do the hard work in the garden. It’s this lot that you want to nurture and increase in your soil. The best way to do this is to feed the soil food web, and compost is one of the easiest ways to start. Well-made compost contains all the soil food web microbes as well as organic matter, which provides both living space and food for these microbes and other soil fauna. There are other ways by which you can feed the soil food web, using liquid feeds or mulches – which we will cover later in this series – both living (cover crops) and organic mulches, such as grass clippings and wood chip. First, let’s look at compost.

The importance of compost Some plants prefer soils that are fungally dominated, while others prefer bacterially dominated soil. On the whole, annuals, vegetables and grasses (including lawns) as well as most weeds prefer their nitrogen in nitrate form, and need bacterially dominated soils. Trees, shrubs and perennials prefer their nitrogen in ammonium form, and they need fungally dominated soils. Aged, brown organic material supports fungi, while green, organic material supports bacteria – a well-made compost is naturally a mixture of the two. Vermicompost (made by worms) is naturally bacterially rich. Composts can go on to the soil at any time of the year, but they tend to be put on in spring and autumn, when there is space to spread them out between plants. If you didn’t spread your home-made compost out in autumn, do so now in spring; even fairly rough compost will break down quickly in warm spring soils, when the soil food web is becoming active. It doesn’t have to be dug into the soil, just added to surface where the soil fauna will slowly incorporate it into the lower levels. Compost also

does not need to be added as thickly as mulch, which is primarily being used to suppress weeds and lock in moisture. Simply spread well-rotted compost 0.5-2.5cm thick around the base of plants or over seed drills. You can design your compost to be more fungally dominated by adding leaf mould, and using bulkier, woodier material such as woodchip; or more bacterially dominated by adding grass clippings, food waste, green garden waste and vermicompost from worm bins. Compost works its magic quickly; it will start to inoculate the top 30cm of soil within six months of being spread. The soil will naturally become better aerated, its water-holding capacity and filtration will improve and it will increase its retention and availability of nutrients as the soil food web starts to thrive. The architecture of the soil plays as much a part in feeding the plants above as the microbial activity. The more we learn about this structure, the less sense it makes to keep turning it endlessly on its head. Digging, ploughing, rotavating and forking over all just damage a system far more complex than we truly understand. For example, it is though that up to 50 per cent of fungi are destroyed instantly when the soil is turned. If you love digging, turn your compost rather than your soil this spring. n FURTHER READING Teaming With Microbes: The Organic Gardener’s Guide To The Soil Food Web by Jeff Lowenfels and Wayne Lewis (Timber Press, revised edition 2010). Compost: A Family Guide to Making Soil from Scraps by Ben Raskin (Roost Books, illustrated edition 2014). LOOK OUT FOR PART TWO OF THE SERIES IN THE JUNE ISSUE: How to restore and maintain soil health.

SOIL: WHAT TO DO IN SPRING Turn your compost heap. Increased aeration will help it break down quicker. Spread out any finished compost around emerging plants or use in seed drills for vegetables. For trees and shrubs, spread the compost out to the drip line at the edge of the canopy. If you have enough space consider creating more than one compost heap. One could be fungally dominated (using raked up autumn leaves, dead stems and plant material over winter), while another could be bacterially dominated (using more food waste and grass clippings). If you have a weed problem try using fungally dominated composts in these areas; most

weeds will thrive in bacterially dominated ones.

and water filtration capacity of the soil.

Try to not dig or rotovate your vegetable or annual beds as you are destroying the structure of the soil. If you need to remove weeds, hoe them off and cover the ground with cardboard or plastic to suppress light, which will prevent further weeds.

Consider using green manures as living mulches in the vegetable garden to prevent unnecessary weeds and feed the soil food web at the same time. Phacelia and mustards are two quickgrowing types that can be either dug in or hoed off and used as mulch within six weeks of sowing..

When the soil warms up add compost and green mulches (particularly grass clippings or green manures) around your vegetables to promote bacteria in the soil and thus increase available nitrates. Lawns are easily compacted from footfall. Aerate now and then top dress with finely sieved compost to improve the structure

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Fast flowers It’s sowing time, so we asked four experts to choose their favourite herbaceous perennials to grow from seed, which will flower in their first year – offering quick but beautiful, budget-friendly blooms for your garden

DERRY WATKINS Derry is the owner of Special Plants Nursery in Wiltshire, where she grows unusual plants from all over the world. These first-year flowering perennials will come back in following years, but tend to be short-lived. Most will need replacing (or will replace themselves by self-seeding) every two to three years. 1 Heliopsis helianthoides var. scabra ‘Bleeding Hearts’ This is a new favourite, with glowing burnt-orange to deep-red tinted flowers, very dark stems and purple-bronze leaves. Young plants will need protection from slug damage. 1.2m. USDA 3a-9b†.

2 Scabiosa atropurpurea ‘Black Knight’ Spectacular, big, near-black flowers speckled with tiny white stamens. A tall plant, usually grown for cutting, this will need some support and a few friends around it to hide its rather unattractive legs. 90cm. RHS H4. 3 Senecio polyodon The pink ragwort has little daisies in the brightest magenta, which dance on branching stems above fine, narrow, shiny foliage. From South Africa, it loves a sunny, dry site, where it will just flower on and on. 40cm. RHS H4.

*Holds an Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society. †Hardiness ratings given where available.

1 RM FLORAL / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; 2, 4 & 6 JASON INGRAM; 3 TIM GAINEY / GAP PHOTOS; 5 MAAYKE DE RIDDER; 7 MARTIN HUGHES-JONES / GAP PHOTOS

4 Viola corsica In flower often from March to October, these lovely violet-blue flowers are almost as big as pansies, but much more elegant. True to its name, it prefers sunny, dry sites, where it will gradually self seed. 20cm. RHS H4. 5 Pennisetum thunbergii ‘Red Buttons’ The red-flushed flowerheads of this grass bob above compact green foliage from late summer through autumn, gradually bleaching to buff. It prefers a sheltered position in full sun, and is quite drought tolerant once established. 80cm. RHS H3. 6 Corydalis ochroleuca A great performer creating compact evergreen clumps that turn into round clouds of creamy-white flowers all summer. Grows in sun or shade, damp or dry. It self seeds everywhere but is a doddle to get rid of, and fills gaps you didn’t realise you had. 30cm. RHS H5, USDA 5a-7b. 7 Sidalcea ‘Rosaly’ Grow this for its pale-pink, wide-open, mallow-like flowers, which are arranged in spires on upright stems, and will bloom on until the first frosts if deadheaded. Very showy and loved by bees. 90cm.

XA TOLLEMACHE Xa is a garden designer with projects in the UK and abroad, and her own garden at Helmingham Hall in Suffolk. 1 Antirrhinum majus ‘Sonnet White’ One of the selections from the Sonnet Series, ‘Sonnet White’ offers upright stems crammed with those familiar-looking snapdragon flowers in pure white. Often grown as an annual, the Sonnet Series can also be grown as a short-lived perennial. It’s a great cut flower and loved by bees, as well as being easy to grow from seed. Sow February to April. 45cm. RHS H3, USDA 7a-10b.

2 2 Cephalaria gigantea I love this at the back of a border, floating about and attracting bees – and such an exciting plant to have grown from seed. Scabious-like flowers in cream with a tinge of yellow are held high on long stems. Another great choice for pollinators and as a cut flower. Sow in March for summer flowers. 1.8m. RHS H7, USDA 3a-7b. 3 Delphinium Belladonna Group There are various cultivars in this group, offering choices in pink, white, blue and purple. It’s the brilliant blues that I really love. Tall stems with racemes of delicatelooking flowers make great impact in border and are perfect for cutting. Sow indoors in spring. 1m. RHS H4, USDA 4a-8a.

5 Oenothera lindheimeri My favourite of all time – and in flower June to November. Previously known as Gaura lindheimeri, its tall stems with willow-like leaves hold aloft the white-flushed-pink, star-shaped flowers with their delicately dangling anthers. Good drought tolerance and loved by pollinators. Sow indoors January to May. 1.2m. AGM*. RHS H4, USDA 5a-9b. 6 Papaver orientale It’s gorgeous to have such showy plants as these poppies grow so quickly from seed and there’s a lot of choice of cultivar and colour, so choose and plant generously. Prefers full sun in moist yet well-drained soil. Sow direct in spring. 1.2m. RHS H4, USDA 3a-7b. 88

1 CLARE GAINEY / GAP PHOTOS; CNMAGPIXS / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; 3 FRIEDRICH STRAUSS / GAP PHOTOS; 4 NICOLA STOCKEN / GAP PHOTOS; 5 MAURITIUS IMAGES GMBH / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; 6 PERNILLA BERGDAHL / GAP PHOTOS

4 Achillea ptarmica ‘The Pearl’ This is a charming little border plant, growing quickly to form a mound. It can be invasive but don’t let that deter you from growing what is sometimes described as a perennial gypsophilia, with its sprays of white double or semi-double button flowers. Cut back after flowering for a second flush. Sow indoors February to June. 75cm. RHS H7, USDA 3a-9b.

CLIVE NICHOLS

JOSEPH ATKIN Joseph is head gardener at Aberglasney Gardens in Carmarthenshire, west Wales, a heritage garden of excellence and a plantsperson’s paradise. 1 Agastache aurantiaca ‘Apricot Sprite’ Over the past 20 years, agastache have developed into great garden plants, and ‘Apricot Sprite’ would be my first choice, mainly for its wonderful orange colour, which works well with strong pinks, blues and purples. Given a free-draining soil and a sunny position, they are reliable perennials and fit brilliantly with the informal naturalistic style. 45cm. RHS H2, USDA 6a-9b. 2 Salvia dombeyi Most of the species salvias come well from seed but the Incan sage is my new favourite. It needs to be started early to flower in the first year, but can produce huge, scarlet blooms in October or November. This is a special plant but frost tender, so it is well worth keeping some under glass over winter, just in case. 2.5m. RHS H2.

1 MARK BOLTON / GAP PHOTOS; 2 RM FLORAL / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; 3 GARY K SMITH / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; 4 ROB WHITWORTH / GAP PHOTOS; 5 & 6 JONATHAN BUCKLEY / GAP PHOTOS

3 Lobelia tupa A must in any hot colour scheme, this has been a firm favourite at Aberglasney for more than 20 years. The grey foliage really sets off the dragon-like red flowers and it copes with the Welsh rainfall. A solid garden plant with huge impact. I especially love L. tupa Archibald’s form, which was collected in Chile by my dear friend and mentor, the late Jim Archibald. 2m. RHS H4. 4 Primula capitata Many of the wetland primulas will flower in the first year from seed, but for us P. capitata is the most reliable. The dainty disks of blue flowers and neat rosettes of blue-grey leaves make it a top choice for smaller gardens near ponds, where it will be less troublesome than other bog-garden plants. 30cm. RHS H7. 5 Verbena hastata This verbena gets less attention than its relatives, but it’s a wonderful plant for small spaces as it’s over 1m tall but takes up very little room. It also self-seeds nicely, and distributes itself sensitively through herbaceous borders. We would not be without it. 1.2m. RHS H5, USDA 3a-8b. 6 Digitalis purpurea Camelot Series Foxgloves are a garden stalwart, and we use a number at Aberglasney, but the Camelot Series, in pink, white and cream, are the most reliable first-year flowering and longest lasting for us. If started early under glass, they will flower in their first year in a home-garden situation. 1m. RHS H5.

MARINA CHRISTOPHER Marina is a renowned nurserywoman and expert propagator, with a background in ecology. 1 Rudbeckia triloba ‘Prairie Glow’ This colourful daisy can be short-lived, but happily seeds around on light, well-drained soils. This strain is similar to the species, with multi-branching stems and multitudes of small flowers, which open golden-yellow and develop an intense reddish-orange halo around a dark-brown cone as the season progresses. 1.2m. RHS H6, USDA 4a-8b.

2 Centranthus lecoqii Hailing from southern France and Spain, this pale lilac-mauve form of red valerian is a welcome addition to the familiar palette of red, pink and white forms. Its tubular flowers are attractive to long-tongued pollinators, most notably hummingbird hawk-moths, which are summer migrants to the UK. 60cm. 3 Linum narbonense Flax blue reminds me of cloudless summer skies and warmth. This species has cone-like flowers that fold up every evening and unfurl the following day. It has erect buds sitting on stiffly upright stems but, sadly, some seed sold as L. narbonense is in fact a form of L. perenne with flower buds that droop before opening. 45cm.

5 Nicotiana suaveolens Unlike most tobacco plants, this species originates in Australia and is reasonably perennial in mild winters. It has softly hairy foliage rosettes and tall flower stems, which are topped with long, slender, tubular, white blooms with muted green and purple calyces, and a heavenly evening fragrance. 1.2m. 6 Geranium pyrenaicum ‘Bill Wallis’ Forming low mounds of dark-green rounded foliage, this geranium is perfectly happy in shade, producing long, branching stems covered with swarms of vivid, purple-violet flowers. Although small, the vibrant blooms appear in early spring before most perennials have started to grow. Seed sown in spring will flower later in the season. 30cm. RHS H6.

1, 2, 3, 5, 6 & 7 JASON INGRAM; 4 ROB WHITWORTH / GAP PHOTOS

4 Lychnis flos-cuculi ‘White Robin’ Ragged robin enjoys moist soils and flowers in spring with pink, slightly jagged petals. This pure-white form has attractive contrasting stems and calyces, and will light up a dark corner with its abundance of cheerful and bright flowers. 40cm. RHS H7.

7 Dianthus cruentus This little gem of a pink has clusters of tiny blood-red flowers, with contrasting blue stamens and curly white stigmas atop slender grass-like stems and foliage. The blooms appear like jewels when planted among small grasses such as Stipa lessingiana. It prefers sun and alkaline soil. 60cm. RHS H5.

WHERE TO BUY Recommended seed suppliers • Chiltern Seeds Tel 01491 824675, chilternseeds.co.uk • Crocus crocus.co.uk • Moles Seeds Tel 01206 213213, wholesale.molesseeds.co.uk • Mr Fothergills Tel 0333 777 3936, mr-fothergills.co.uk • Nicky’s Nursery Tel 01843 600972, nickys-nursery.co.uk • Plants of Distinction Tel 01449 721720, plantsofdistinction.co.uk • Plant World Seeds Tel 01803 872939, plant-world-seeds.com • Sarah Raven Tel 0345 092 0283, sarahraven.com • Special Plants Tel 01225 891686, specialplants.net • Thompson & Morgan Tel 0844 573 1818, thompson-morgan.com

Undercover artists The makers behind Claverton Cloches have revived the traditional cast-iron cloche, which had become a rare sight in our gardens WORDS ROSANNA MORRIS PHOTOGRAPHS JASON INGRAM

In her workshop near Bath, Beth Gregg fixes the glass of a bespoke cloche in place with putty. The green paint is a bespoke colour to match the shade of the Versailles planters of a client in the USA.

There are four side sections to Beth and Janus’s frames, which slot together and are held with copper fastenings. This makes the cloches easier to transport.

The cloches are cast in iron so they are heavy and can withstand the fiercest of gales. They are also galvanised and powder-coated so they don’t rust and the paint doesn’t chip.

ast in iron and typically painted off-white, they sit in stately rows on vegetable plots, their elegant appearance that of diminutive glasshouses. Traditional cast-iron garden cloches with their pitched roofs resemble little houses or lanterns, neatly arranged to shelter shallots in bitter February or defenda crop of chard from hungry snails, and help yield bountiful supplies of salad leaves and herbs in cooler months. These helpful garden tools are used to produce earlier, faster and out-of-season crops by creating an environment like that of a greenhouse, and protecting plants and seedlings against the cold, wind and rain. Early cloches were large, dome-shaped glass bell jars (their name comes from the French for bell), which were used by market gardeners in France. In the late 17th century, horticulturist and diarist John Evelyn listed cloches as essential garden tools in his Elysium Britannicum. By Victorian times, the cast-iron and glass cloche had been developed. At The Great Exhibition in London in 1851, these cloches – which resembled the giant cast-iron and glass structure of Crystal Palace in which the exhibition was held – were among the products on view. In the early 20th century, cloche gardening was considered so vital that one JLH Chase, who invented the barn cloche, published a book on the subject and produced pamphlets on the value of cloches in wartime Britain, including one entitled ‘Cloches versus Hitler’. These beautiful and highly effective cast-iron cloches were once commonplace in walled kitchen gardens of country houses from Chatsworth to Woolbeding, yet, for some reason, they fell out of fashion, and only antique examples seemed to survive in gardens. The modern gardener was left with less attractive, unsatisfactory alternatives.

At the top of each cloche, where the handle slots in, is a discreet brass plaque engraved with Claverton Cloches. Beth hopes these will be seen by future generations of gardeners.

One of their first customers was Alan Titchmarsh, who uses his cloches for his potted snowdrops and early salads

It takes hours to make a single cloche. Each one has 32 p panes of horticultural glass, which are cut to size by hand and then puttied iinto nto the frame.

Beth’s glazing and puttying tools, together with some of the smaller parts she uses for adding finishing touches.

But happily for those who love this traditional design, Beth Gregg and her partner Janus Intelmann started manufacturing their own version of these cloches two years ago. It all began when they were trying to grow vegetables in their small, exposed back garden in Bath. “We didn’t want a little plastic greenhouse – we wanted something pretty but practical, and Janus remembered cloches he’d seen at Audley End when he visited as a child with his mother,” says Beth. But they couldn’t find any old examples in good condition. “We looked everywhere and could only find antique versions that were in tatters. We started looking for someone who made them, and realised no one was doing this.” Beth and Janus were travelling in the north of England when by chance they found an old cloche for sale in Yorkshire on Facebook Marketplace. It was in terrible condition. “We brought it home wrapped in blankets in the back of the car, and Janus used it as a model to design one,” says Beth. “We found a foundry in the UK mode and putt in a minimum order of ten. We researched what glass to buy, and turned our spare bedroom into a cloche workshop.” Beth wanted to run her own business and soon realised other peo people loved the cloches as much as she did. “I set up an n Instagram Instag account and posted a couple of photos of the cloches, cloc ches, aand a woman contacted us and bought them all. She said we should shoul make more, so we went for it.” One of o their first customers was Alan Titchmarsh, who uses his hi is cl cloches loch for his potted snowdrops and early salads. “Artist Matthew Rice ordered one for his vegetable garden,” says Beth. Florist C Charlie McCormick’s garden in Dorset is often admired for its neat rows of cloches, some of which are the new versions from Beth and Janus’s company, now called Claverton Cloches. Now they have orders for cloches from around the world, mostly from gardeners in Europe and the USA. “There are generally two types of customers: prolific kitchen gardeners and those who want them for ornamental reasons when starting a garden,” Beth explains. People have reached out asking for replacement parts for antique cloches, and she and Janus are planning to launch a restoration side to the business as well as supplying parts. They make their cloches to almost the exact production methods of original Victorian cloches. “One thing we noticed was how rusted the antiques were, so we make ours with galvanised frames, which are powder coated. They should last more than a hundred years,” says Beth. “Each one takes hours of work, as we hand-assemble them when the frame comes in from the foundry, then cut the horticultural glass to size and putty all 32 pieces in.” This year, they are due to launch different sizes, including a hexagonal cloche based on one at Erddig garden, and are hoping to exhibit at Malvern Spring Show. “I would love to do Chelsea in 2023,” Beth adds,“as these cloches really resonate with people.” n USEFUL INFORMATION Find out more about Claverton Cloches at clavertoncloches.com Tel 07521 467371. Instagram @clavertoncloches

How to use a cloche A cloche traps sunlight to create an environment for plants to flourish. The castiron construction provides thermal mass that creates a microclimate. They can be used to protect all kinds of salad plants and vegetables, such as dwarf peas, carrots, radishes, sweetcorn and capsicums as well as fruit like strawberries and melons and flower seedlings such as sweet peas. Cloches also ensure quicker germination and can be used to harden off seedlings in late winter and early spring. Put the cloche into position ten days or a fortnight before sowing seed or planting out seedlings to warm the soil. Crops grown under cloches can obtain all the moisture they require from water falling outside the frame, but make sure the soil is moist enough before seed is sown, especially in summer, as it is important that the top 50-75mm of soil does not dry out. Adding a mulch or compost can help retain moisture. Once established, plants should not need watering as long as there is sufficient rainfall. Keep the soil around the cloche hoed to ensure any rain is absorbed. During hot weather, to aid airflow and prevent scorching plants, you can ventilate them by rotating the roof of the cloche 45 degrees and offsetting it on to the frame. Cloches can be used all year so planning how you will use your cloche will mean you can move it from crop to crop as and when needed. The glass is then rarely out of use if a good rotation is worked out at the beginning of the year. These cloches can be used for propagation too.

The much-admired (and Instagrammed) Dorset garden of Ben Pentreath and Charlie McCormick, where Claverton Cloches sit alongside beautiful antique originals.

Design News and sourcebook

RETHINKING CITY CENTRES Thomas Heatherwick’s studio has proposed plans to revive Nottingham’s partly demolished shopping centre, Broadmarsh, which will rewild a section of the ruins and create an acre of green space beneath it. This new vision aims to breathe new life into the semi-demolished structure, while also reducing carbon emissions from construction. The 20-acre area will incorporate 750 new homes, office and conference space, and the ruins will create a framework for shops, food outlets and community spaces that will include a gym and a community garden. The proposal has

HEATHERWICK STUDIOS

been approved by Nottingham County Council, owner of the site. heatherwick.com

News

COMPILED BY ANNIE GATTI

HORATIO’S BELFAST

Plans have been revealed for Northern Ireland’s first Horatio’s Garden. Designed by Andy Sturgeon, the garden at the Spinal Cord Injuries Unit at Musgrave Park Hospital Belfast will wrap around a garden room, with timber cladding and a green roof, in a series of curves that counteract the angularity of the buildings. At one end will be a social area, sheltered by parasols and surrounded by sensory planting, with room for a boccia court, greenhouse and area for growing edibles and cutting flowers. At the other end will be an area of woodland planting. horatiosgarden.org.uk

ALPINE GARDEN

Beijing-based landscape design studio Z’scape has designed an alpine garden for the Lijang Hylla hotel complex in China’s Yunnan province. Situated in the foothills of the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain on the site of an abandoned village of the Naxi people, the hotel and garden occupy roughly four hectares. At the heart of the garden is a large Chinese oak tree, a sacred feature for the Naxi, surrounded by a winding wooden boardwalk. Local stonemasons created new structural walls, which represent the series of wells once used to channel melted snow from the mountains. la-zscape.com

DESIGN

1 HORATIO’S GARDEN; 4 AB ROGERS DESIGN; 6 THE ORANGERY, NORWICH BY McCLOY + MUCHEMWA. PHOTOGRAPHY BY SIMON KENNEDY

The Welcome Building for the new

4 HOSPITAL OF THE FUTURE

5 DARLING HARBOUR, SYDNEY

6 GARAGE RE-IMAGINED

RHS Garden Bridgewater in Salford

A modular hospital design that offers

A design collaboration from design

Architects Steve McCloy and

has won the Structural Award for

every patient views out on to a green

firms Snøhetta and Hassell has

Bongani Muchemwa have

Buildings in the Wood Awards 2021.

space has won the Wolfson

won a competition to transform

transformed a dilapidated garage in

The linear building, designed by

Economics Prize 2021 for Planning

Harbourside retail centre in

Norwich into a stylish workshop-

Hodder + Partners with structural

and Designing the Hospital of the

Sydney’s Darling Harbour. The

cum-tool shed with a greenhouse,

engineering by RoC Consulting, is

Future. Ab Rogers Design’s Living

design re-imagines the waterfront as

using recycled building materials.

predominantly one open space

Systems proposal sets out a vision

a mixed-use development with a

The external walls of the workshop

under a diagonal grid of engineered

for smaller hospitals of 12 storeys

network of open spaces. The existing

have been clad in black metal

timber supported on timber pillars.

that would have an internal shell of

Guardian Square will become a

sheeting, which protects the retained

The judges commended the

cross-laminated timber so that wards

neighbourhood park and meeting

blockwork sides. Timber bracing,

structural solution, which provides

could be easily partitioned into

place, in homage to the area’s roots

painted in a bright orange, which

for the long spans and openness,

isolation rooms. Suspended gardens

as an Aboriginal gathering place.

matches the painted steel frame of

while creating a warm and dramatic

and balconies with trailing and

The design will also include water

the new pergola at the back of the

interior space. The roof, which

climbing greenery would soften the

features flowing through sandstone,

house, supports the polycarbonate

extends beyond the building, is

building’s façade while a public park

expansive terraces and productive

panels of the greenhouse and

clad in vertical planks of larch.

would provide space for exercise.

gardens that will create new habitats.

becomes an eye-catching feature.

woodawards2021.online

policyexchange.org.uk

snohetta.com; hassellstudio.com

mccloymuchemwa.com

WOOD AWARDS 2021

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DESIGN SOURCEBOOK

Potting tables Get ready for the seed-sowing season with one of these nine stylish potting tables COMPILED BY NIKI GOSS

ON THE SHELF Potting Bench, teak, £2,125, Garpa, 01273 486400, garpa.co.uk

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NEAT AND TIDY Folklore Potting Up Bench, grey, £200, A Place For Everything, 01244 680501, aplaceforeverything.co.uk

SMALL SCALE Norfolk Leisure Florenity Galaxy Potting Table, £155, Hayes Garden World, 015394 82333, hayesgardenworld.co.uk

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PANTRY STYLE Pantry Large Work Table, teak/stainless steel, £2,039, The Worm That Turned, 0345 605 2505, worm.co.uk 101

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PERGOLAS & ARCHES

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DOWNTOOLS Book reviews, the crossword and a gardener’s holiday in…

CLAIRE TAKACS

Jo Wakelin’s garden, which blends beautifully with the surrounding wilderness of New Zealand’s Central Otago region, is one of 40 gardens featured in Wild: the Naturalistic Garden, reviewed on page 107.

105

THE VEGETABLE GROWER’S HANDBOOK: UNEARTH YOUR GARDEN’S FULL POTENTIAL by Huw Richards

SUSTAINABLE GARDEN: PROJECTS, INSIGHTS AND ADVICE FOR THE ECOCONSCIOUS GARDENER by Marian Boswall, photographs by Jason Ingram

Dorling Kindersley Ltd, £16.99 ISBN 978-0241481325

Frances Lincoln, £18 ISBN 978-0711267886

This latest offering from wunderkind veg grower Huw Richards is filled with thoughtful advice designed to bring abundance to your veg patch.

A thoughtful introduction to sustainable gardening with useful pointers and a good further reading list for those who wish to find out more.

Reviewer Claire Ratinon is an author and organic food grower.

Reviewer Joe Perkins is a landscape designer.

The grow-your-own book market has become a somewhat saturated space (I should know, as I added to it in 2020), so it can be a challenge to come up with an innovative take that stands out on a crowded bookshelf. Yet The Vegetable’s Grower’s Handbook manages this, woven through as it is with thoughtful guidance and novel advice aimed at encouraging the reader to consider how they might develop their own growing style. By opening the book with the all-important question, ‘why do you garden?’, Huw Richards suggests that our approach in the garden ought to reflect our intentions and objectives – whether we garden because we find it relaxing or we want to harvest as much as possible. From this starting point, the book offers a varied range of suggestions as to how to proceed on your gardening journey, supported by a wealth of information and instructions – covering subjects from composting

Written in clear and easily accessible language, this book does an admirable job of introducing practical and achievable projects for anyone to take on in their garden, while discussing some of the more wide-ranging influences underpinning the philosophy behind the sustainable gardening movement. Expect to be made aware of the environmental challenges we face when choosing materials, for example, or how best to source plants, taking into account both provenance and production methods. However, this is not a long lecture on how we must do things better – rather gentle coercion towards a different way of thinking about the choices we make, and the effect those choices have both on a global and micro, or domestic, scale. In that sense, the reader is not made to feel guilty but, at least in some respects, inspired to act differently in future. Alongside the practical insights into choices around

106

methods, seed sowing and plant raising, to caring for your soil and managing weeds, pests and diseases – that delve into the whys as well as the hows. This book is a very rich resource, but the volume of information it contains (which covers a number of different approaches to growing and instructions for quite involved activities) might prove a little overwhelming for someone new to gardening or with limited space to grow. But for those looking to develop their skillset while referring back to the basics, The Vegetable’s Grower’s Handbook has a lot to offer. Perhaps my favourite aspect of the book comes towards the end, where Richards extols the virtues of growing as a way of connecting with others. Sharing advice, equipment, effort and our harvests has got to be the best part of growing food – and it’s wonderful to see such an important aspect of vegetable growing given space in such a practical book.

design and sourcing, there are also 20 easy-to-follow projects which almost anyone could achieve, and this I think is important. Often we are left feeling helpless in the face of the scale of environmental challenges and the global supply chain which we know is a major contributor. From making a leaf litter composting bin to creating small rain gardens and adopting a no-dig approach to your borders, the smallscale projects in the book offer gardeners something tangible that can make a difference to put into practice – and that can only be a good thing. The spiritual side of a sustainable approach is interwoven throughout the book. Essentially, we will feel better within ourselves, and be more in tune with our environment, if we work with nature and the seasons. If we grow our own of course, then it is not only our spirits but also our health that will benefit.

BOOK REVIEWS

WILD: THE NATURALISTIC GARDEN by Noel Kingsbury, photographs by Claire Takacs

A GREENER LIFE: DISCOVER THE JOY OF MINDFUL AND SUSTAINABLE GARDENING by Jack Wallington

Phaidon, £39.95 ISBN 978-1838661052

Laurence King Publishing, £19.99 ISBN 978-0857828934

An ambitious and lavishly produced book of 40 diverse gardens from around the world, all united by their ‘wild’ aesthetic and biodiverse drive.

A timely book on how reconnecting with nature through our gardens and beyond can be good for us and the planet.

Reviewer Sarah Price is an award-winning garden designer.

Reviewer Louise Curley is a freelance garden and nature writer.

At the start of my career, I went on a gardening tour of Europe, armed with a list of recommended gardens to visit drawn from a blog written by Noel Kingsbury. These gardens – Piet Oudolf’s Hummelo, Cassian Schmidt’s plantings at Hermannshof, and the Dutch ‘Heem’ or habitat parks – had a profound influence on my development as a designer. This book showcases gardens across the globe, that when viewed together form an inspirational picture of ‘wild’, ecologically informed gardening ‘now’. What’s different and special about this compilation is that there is consistency in both vision and voice. Each location has its own unique take on the wild gardening aesthetic, yet the eye of the photographer, Claire Takacs, and insightful description and commentary by writer Noel Kingsbury is consistent. Crucially this not only makes the book but also helps the reader draw links and comparisons between the different gardens. Takacs is an

As someone who is already sold on the mental and physical benefits of spending time in nature, it was moving to read about the positive effects taking on his first garden had on the author. Suffering from stress and anxiety, as he nurtured his burgeoning garden Jack Wallington discovered that it in turn nurtured him, so much so that he studied horticulture, quit his job and is now a landscape designer. Wallington’s passion for sustainability is woven throughout The Greener Life, written from his experience in a tiny London garden. He explains why a garden should be shared with wildlife, along with interesting snippets and statistics. There are tips on how to make creatures feel at home in the garden and the pleasure that brings, and there’s even a section on why aphids are awesome. This packed book covers creating a garden from scratch; growing herbs, edibles and houseplants; and the final

artist who can intuitively predict the transitions of sunlight. Yet it is the consistency of her eye that is important. You could have a compilation featuring many different accomplished photographers and writers and it would inevitably be disjointed in voice and view. Kingsbury’s observations have been condensed into succinct descriptions that are easy to read but by no means ‘lite’. Each case study offers insights into the practical challenges, the design, history and cultural nuances of naturalistic plantings, with tantalising pointers for further research. It’s moving to read how many different garden makers have poured passion into making ‘wild’ plantings. For some it’s a personal journey, other examples are in public – Sheffield’s exemplary ‘Grey to Green’ City Garden has transformed a traffic-dominated central thoroughfare into a series of linear rain gardens, as attractive to pedestrians as to pollinators.

chapter discusses how to connect with the environment beyond the garden gate. Practical know-how is explained in an approachable way, which makes it a good introduction for those new to gardening. For more experienced gardeners, there’s inspiration for making a beautiful biodiverse outdoor space. The planting sections are divided into static, spreading, star, suppressing and surprise plants, guiding the reader to construct their own planting design. I liked that Wallington doesn’t subscribe to the idea of sticking to a limited planting palette for small gardens. Instead he includes tips on how to combine a wide range of plants in a naturalistic style without creating what he describes as ‘a tatty, chaotic look’. For him, it’s the connection with flora and fauna that is fundamental to the act of gardening – an approach this book will hopefully encourage more people to adopt. 107

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BOOK REVIEWS

WILD GARDENS: INSPIRED BY NATURE by Stephanie Mahon

CONTAINERS IN THE GARDEN by Claus Dalby

N National Trust, £14.99 ISBN 978-1-911657033

Cool Springs Press, £22 ISBN 978-0760374658

A clarion call to gardeners to embrace their wild side as they follow in the footsteps of those who have created some of the UK’s most beautiful gardens.

A visually stimulating reminder of what can be achieved with a creative eye and a regularly wielded watering can.

Reviewer Annie Gatti is a freelance garden writer.

Reviewer Jodie Jones is a garden writer.

In her introduction to this selection of 21 gorgeous gardens inspired by nature, Stephanie Mahon makes it clear that she has taken a broad view of what a wild garden might be. Nature is there in all of them, but in different ways and to different effects. As the author’s lively descriptions and the numerous evocative photographs (mainly from the National Trust Image Library) reveal, some gardens, such as Bodnant, celebrate nature on steroids; others such as Fyne Court, a haven for wildlife that’s been reclaimed by brambles, nettles and wild flowers, can almost be described as non-gardens. Between these extremes are gardens such as Lowther Castle, which give the sense of gentle neglect but are in fact a highly skilled balancing of wildness with clear evidence of the maker’s interventions. Mahon groups her chosen gardens in loose themes, starting with those that blend artfully with the surrounding countryside. In the chapter on gardens grown in a naturalistic style, inspired by but not

Danish gardener and writer Claus Dalby has more than 400,000 Instagram followers and a popular YouTube channel that he presents in charmingly mannered English, so it is surprising to discover that Containers in the Garden is the first of his 30-odd books to be translated for our benefit. The self-confessed maximalist, a sort of Scandinavian Martha Stewart, is renowned for his expansive, colour-themed pot displays and in this book he explains just how he creates them. The trick, apparently, is to grow only one cultivar of one species in a single pot. It’s as simple as that. Having said which, this style of container gardening can become as complicated as you like. It is, after all, essentially what Fergus Garret does at Great Dixter, most notably around the front porch. Dalby follows a different aesthetic, but his attention to detail is equally rigorous, and this book is

replicating wild plant communities, she introduces the reader to some of the most exciting gardens made in recent years, including Keith Wiley’s Wildside, a result of earth sculpting and intensive, experimental planting, and Tom Stuart-Smith’s prairie garden at the Barn Garden, an exuberant planting he describes as ‘vegetation management’. Mahon also explores sustainable practices and reveals the surprising results of recent biodiversity surveys at Great Dixter that show that the intensively managed ornamental areas have the greatest diversity of the whole estate. Threaded through the book are a number of wellresearched information boxes on subjects associated with the book’s theme, such as bluebell woods, plant hunters, modern naturalistic planting and nature therapy. The book ends with a snappy summary of things gardeners can do to make their spaces more attractive to wildlife. A final revelation is that all these gardens can be visited.

fulsomely illustrated with photographs of the plants he chooses to combine and explanations about why. Dalby favours volume, symmetry and strict control of colour. Most of the pots he uses are fairly ordinary and the plants he grows in them are well known – daffodils and tulips in spring, dahlias later on. He uses foliage plants to leven the mix – physocarpus, begonias and euphorbias recur through the pages – and prefers to arrange things in tiered displays. Then, as each pot passes its best, it is replaced with something fresh. He does tick through the basic practicalities of container gardening and passes on a couple of good tricks, but the real value of this book is as a visual stimulant to get us all out grouping and regrouping our own pots. Dalby works on a lavish scale but, as this book demonstrates, it is a style that is eminently achievable by anyone, however small their outdoor space. 109

BOOK REVIEWS

Other books More new releases, focusing on weeds, crafts, cookery, planting and greener living in urban environments. WOODLANDER: A GUIDE TO SUSTAINABLE WOODLAND MANAGEMENT by Ben Law GMC Publications, £25 ISBN 978-1784945572

This book illuminates woodland ways and the means to encourage us all to appreciate and emulate a very special way of life. Reviewer Francine Raymond is an author and garden columnist.

Many of us will have lusted after Ben Law’s woodland lifestyle on television, watching as he built his own house from timber coppiced from his own woods (on Grand Designs’s most popular episode, apparently) and will have noticed spending mindful time in the woods is nowadays a panacea prescribed by doctors, endorsed by royalty and promoted by the Woodland Trust. So those planning a future under the canopy of trees, those who already manage woodland, and even gardeners with just a bosky corner, a copse or an orchard will all find advice on how to increase their woodland biodiversity and enjoy visiting the woods. With detailed practical information, this is a holistic approach from someone who has spent his life understanding and loving the woodland way of life, and generously shares his knowledge to encourage others. Starting from scratch, the woodland path is not an easy one, and planning restrictions prevent us from just buying a 110

plot and building a house, but there are other ways of spending time in the woods, such as working as a craftsperson, making a living cultivating and harvesting its bounty (sometimes incentivised by the government) or simply using the space recreationally. Woodland deteriorates without care, and we all need to appreciate our heritage. The mysteries of coppicing, forest gardening, silvicultural and agroforestry management, charcoal making and making the most of different types of timber from woodchip to sawdust are all simply explained, and the joys of foraging, spotting woodland flower species and identifying trees are seductively portrayed. Among these beautifully illustrated pages there is much to learn, admire and emulate. Whether you manage countless leafy acres, have sylvan dreams or just want to give the trees in your garden a better life, this is a book for anyone who loves woods.

THE JOY OF WEEDS by Paul Farrell, Harper Collins Publishers, £9.99, ISBN 978-1911622635 This colourful book, with 50 illustrations by the author, celebrates wild plants across the world, and passes on some quirky history and facts along the way. A PETAL UNFOLDS by Susan Beech, Pavilion, £18.99, ISBN 978-1911663720 Renowned artist Susan Beech sets out simple instructions on how to make beautiful paper flower arrangements for decorating your home. THE SEASONAL GARDENER by Anna Pavord (Revised Edition), Phaidon Press Ltd, £29.99, ISBN 978-1838663988 This revised and updated edition of the popular 2004 release (out on 1 April), contains a selection of 60 ‘star plants’ and details how best to pair them for perfect combinations. LIVING GREEN IN THE CITY by Ophelie Damble, Hardie Grant Books UK, £16.99, ISBN 978-1784885007 Uncover 50 practical actions that all of us can take to turn our cities and urban spaces into a greener living environment and encourage vegetation. WILD FRUITS, BERRIES, NUTS & FLOWERS by B James; foreword by Barbara Segall, Pimpernel Press, £9.99, ISBN 978-1914902987 A reissue of the classic first published in 1942 that encouraged using wild fruits and flowers to make delicious dishes.

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THE ESSENTIAL GARDEN DESIGN DIPLOMA January – March 2023 Based at the Chelsea Physic Garden and led by Rosemary Alexander and architect Catriona Rowbotham, the course is an overview of Garden Design, covering all the elements needed to rethink an average garden. Taking students step by step through site surveying, using the grid, horizontal and vertical features, garden layouts and planting plans, costing and specification, plus drawing tuition and homework on design and plant portfolios. Tutors are well respected in the industry and will guide students on how to succeed in this diverse profession. (2 days a week (Wed & Thu), 10.30am–3.15pm, plus 2 days homework)

ONE YEAR GOOD GARDENING DIPLOMA September 2022 – beg July 2023 Covers the best in planting design while training in the more serious aspects of horticultural techniques. Practical sessions held at Arundel Castle under the guidance of head gardener Martin Duncan and at Sandhill Farm House, Rogate. Lectures by many leading gardening personalities and regular visits to outstanding private gardens. Students also learn to draw up planting plans. (1 day a week (Tues), 10.30am–3.15pm, over three terms)

GARDENING FOR BEGINNERS Wednesday & Thursday 20, 21, 27, 28 April 2022 One of our most popular courses, led by master horticulturist Ben Pope, which aims to take each student through all the practical elements of caring for a garden from soil, tools, maintenance, seed sowing and propagating, weed control and pests and diseases. The first 3 days will be spent at the Chelsea Physic Garden and the final day will be spent gaining practical experience in Rosemary Alexander’s much praised garden near Petersfield and the garden nearby, where Ben is in charge. Participants will be given a chance to prune, plant, sow seeds and regular maintenance tasks will be discussed. A light lunch and refreshments will be provided daily.

GARDEN DESIGN & CARING FOR YOUR GARDEN Distance Learning Courses study anytime, anywhere in the world A stepping stone to a new career. These two correspondence courses are a step by step guide to either designing your own garden or learning how to plant and maintain an existing garden: drawing up plans, hard landscaping, site analysis, planting, month by month tasks etc. Taught through a comprehensive course book, with projects submitted to us. (1-3 years to complete and individual assessment)

Garden of Medicinal Plants – Chelsea Physic Garden

Photo: R Alexander

Not sure which Diploma course is for you? We prefer potential students to attend an Information Session when Rosemary explains the whole course content and you can see our facilities at the historic Chelsea Physic Garden. JUST CONTACT US TO SET UP A DATE/TIME

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ACROSS 1 Bulbous underground stem of eg gladiolus (4) 4 Common name for Heuchera sanguinea – ‘Solar cell B’, perhaps? (5,5) 9 Old variety of apple, Malus domestica – long-leaved lettuce to start with (7) 10 Like the colour of Aruncus dioicus flowers… the best at end of day (6) 11 An orange-coloured, double tulip ‘Killer Whale’! (4) 12 Plant with showy globular flowers – open out at start of year (5) 13 Rock to be placed before this for a helianthemum (4) 14 Eg like tulips with frayed edge to petals (7) 15 Crab apple-like fruit, genus Mespilus, edible when rotten (6) 16 A trumpet lily with icy white flowers – ‘Soothsayer’ (6) 18 Marginal plant with rosy-pink flowers, ‘Flowering Rush’ or ‘Water Gladiolus’ (7) 20/23 down Common name for wheat-like plant Leymus arenarius – sort of grassy elm (4,5) 21 Shrub of Erica genus (5) 22 Registers… fallen tree trunks (4) 24 Mild-flavoured herbs of onion genus (6) 25 Genus of sundew – found inside red rose rambler (7)

26 Genus of daisy-like ‘Blanket Flower’ – AA girl laid out (10) 27 Aroma, bouquet of wine (4)

DOWN 2 A sturdy-stemmed, red tulip’s US film award (5) 3 Grape hyacinth genus (7) 4 An early rhubarb with sweet stems – ‘Bubbly’ (9) 5 California _____, Sequoia sempervirens, a tree that grows to a great height (7) 6 A series of bold-coloured Lantana – fortunate (5) 7 Dwarf rhododendron with red-purple flowers – possibly revered (7) 8 Woolly leaved Stachys byzantina… found on young sheep? (5,4) 14 Genus and common name of yellow-flowering spring shrub (9) 15 Genus of sweet-scented stock plant aka ‘Gillyflower’ – Tim loath to move one (9) 17 Parsley-like herb with mild aniseed flavour, genus Anthriscus (7) 18 Describes the common garden iris with ‘hairy’ fall petals (7) 19 Verbascum’s common name and the moth that feeds on it (7) 21 Genus of plantain lily – turns to ash (5) 23 See 20 across

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SOLUTION TO FEBRUARY ISSUE’S CROSSWORD ACROSS 1 Scar 4 Anthriscus 9 Gardenia 10 Shrubs 12 Sonja 13 Palm 14 Odorus 16 Damp down 19 Hastings 22 Shoots 24 Ammi 26 Comet 29/15 Summer sun 30 Baptisia 31 Cephalaria 32 Keys. DOWN 2 Craspedia 3 Red Star 4 Alnus 5 Trained 6 Rosea 7 Striped 8 Umbel 17 Mas 18 Waterlily 20 Triumph 21 Samobor 23 Obelisk 25/28 Mouse ears 26/11 Coral spot 27 Typha.

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Spring gardens to visit As spring begins, make time to visit this collection of glorious gardens 3

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HEVER CASTLE & GARDENS

Be dazzled by the bright sight of 60,000 daffodils this March and find out more about the cheery spring bloom from master daffodil grower Johnny Walkers, winner of 35 RHS gold medals, who will be giving free tours (14-18 March). In April feel uplifted by over 40,000 tulips providing a visual feast of spring colour. Hever, Edenbridge, Kent TN8 7NG | 01732 865224 | hevercastle.co.uk

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11 1 7 4 8

Photo: Clive Nichols

MORTON HALL GARDENS

Morton Hall Gardens Tulip Festival 30 April to 2 May, in conjunction with the Royal Shakespeare Company and Bloms Bulbs. Be inspired by thousands of stunning tulips in borders, pots and cut flower displays, with expertise from Bloms Bulbs at hand. Tickets are limited and must be pre-booked at rsc.org.uk/morton-hall. Worcestershire B96 6SJ | 01386 791820 | mortonhallgardens.co.uk

DENMANS GARDEN

Created by Joyce Robinson, a pioneer in gravel gardening, and former home of landscape designer John Brookes MBE, Denmans is a Grade II-listed garden renowned for its curvilinear layout and complex plantings. Enjoy colour, unusual plants, structure and fragrance year-round. Fontwell, nr Arundel BN18 0SU | 01243 278950 | denmans.org

GLAMIS CASTLE

Situated in heart of Angus, Glamis Castle is renowned for its rich history. The castle offers guided tours where visitors can explore the fascinating 1,000year history, while the gardens have an array of outdoor spaces including The Italian Garden, Nature Trail, Walled Garden and the atmospheric Macbeth Trail. Angus, Scotland DD8 1RJ | 01307 840393 | glamis-castle.co.uk

PICTON CASTLE GARDENS

An enchanting 13th-century castle set within 60 acres of beautiful RHS partner gardens, with stunning rhododendrons, azaleas, hydrangeas, and a recently restored historical walled garden. Exotic trophy plants co-exist with native flora to bring year round interest, with spring time being the most magical. Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire SA62 4AS | 01437 751326 | pictoncastle.co.uk

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Photo: NT Images/Mark Edgehill

CLUMBER PARK NATIONAL TRUST

Situated in the heart of The Dukeries in Nottinghamshire, Clumber Park’s 18th-century Walled Kitchen Garden is home to the National Rhubarb Collection featuring over 130 varieties and a National Apple Collection. It is also the site of the longest glasshouse and double herbaceous border in the National Trust. Nottinghamshire S80 3AZ | 01909 476592 | nationaltrust.org.uk/clumber-park

EMMETTS GARDEN NATIONAL TRUST

As the gardens reawaken, colour swiftly returns to Emmetts Garden as daffodils flood the South Garden with yellow. As spring continues, find lollipopshaped blossom trees standing tall over multicoloured tulips by the meadow, or discover new favourites in the wedding-cake and handkerchief trees. Sevenoaks, Kent, TN14 6BA | 01732 868381 | emmetts@nationaltrust.org.uk

HOLKHAM

Holkham’s Walled Garden is a beautiful six-acre site dating back to the 18th century with themed ‘squares’, including Ornamental and Exotic gardens. The fascinating historic glasshouses and garden buildings, and the flowers, plants and shrubs which surround them, will leave you enchanted. Wells-next-the-Sea NR23 1AB | 01328 713111 | holkham.co.uk

CHARTWELL NATIONAL TRUST

The blossom at Chartwell is not to be missed, filling the site with delicate petals. Find new Sakura trees planted this year awaiting you in the carpark, pink and white apple blossom in the orchard, soft fruit blossom in the Walled Garden and much more. Westerham, Kent TN16 1PS | 01732 868381 | chartwell@nationaltrust.org.uk

CERNEY HOUSE GARDENS

Cerney House gardens is a romantic English garden. There is a beautiful secluded Victorian walled garden featuring overflowing herbaceous borders. Enjoy our woodland walk and nature trail. Discover our medicinal herb garden and fun children’s trail. Tea, coffee and home-made cakes in Bothy tearoom. Dogs welcome. Cerney, Cirencester GL7 7BX | 01285 831300 | cerneygardens.com

CHELSEA PHYSIC GARDEN

Tucked away beside the River Thames is London’s oldest botanic garden, established in 1673. Chelsea Physic Garden is home to over 4,000 different medicinal, herbal, edible and useful plants from around the world. The Garden is open to visitors Sunday to Friday, 11am to 4pm. Chelsea, London SW3 4HS | chelseaphysicgarden.co.uk

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Spring inspiration From beautiful craftsmanship to handmade pots and practical accessories, we can help to make your spring garden special

ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

RUTH MOILLIET SCULPTURE Ruth Moilliet produces highly finished sculptures inspired by the plant kingdom. Choose from an existing portfolio or commission your own bespoke piece. An ideal addition to any garden or indoor setting, regardless of size and created to meet your requirements. sculpture@ruthmoilliet.com ruthmoilliet.com

JANET MAVEC

This distinctive iron garden furniture is forged with a long life outdoors in mind, each handcrafted piece is zincgalvanised to protect against rust and then primed and painted to our standard white or, alternatively, to your chosen paint colour and brand. Contact us to request a copy of our latest catalogue.

Janet Mavec’s whimsical jewellery designs are impeccable in both craftsmanship and detail. Her collection of everyday wearable jewellery inspired by nature pays homage to the diversity and beauty found in her garden. Visit the website to see the full range of jewellery. For Gardens Illustrated reader discount, use code GardensIllustrated20.

01386 584414 architectural-heritage.co.uk

info@janetmavec.com janetmavec.com

RORY GLANVILLE

DEVENICK DESIGNS

Plant-focussed designs by plantsman and designer Rory Glanville, creating green spaces that serve as calming refuges for people and wildlife. Exterior and interior. London-based; clients further afield welcome. Visit the website for more info, plus original plant-themed prints.

‘Vinnie the pouncing fox, with Harry and Henrietta the running hares’ are part of our Thinimals® collection. Made from steel and supplied in a rust patina finish. These charming contemporary garden sculptures depict the trio ‘frozen in motion’. Visit our website to view more of our beautiful designs or contact us for more information.

rory@roryglanville.com roryglanville.com

07720 841394 devenickdesigns.co.uk

ONGLEY-SNOOK DESIGNS Stainless steel, stained-glass pieces and fused-glass lollipops all designed specifically for the garden. They look great in the snow too. All handmade for you on the Sussex coast. 07989 074641 karen.ongleysnook@gmail.com ongley-snookdesigns.com

MR FOX’S GARDEN Hello, I m James Fox and I create beautiful garden art and decor. I m particularly proud of our selection of ferns (there are more designs on our website). Every one is handmade by myself in Devon, this makes them all slightly unique and great gifts for gardeners. 01803 612370 mrfoxsgarden.com

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Nursery guide Get inspired for the spring season with the best plant and bulb suppliers

OLD COURT NURSERIES Specialist family-run nursery and garden open Thursday to Saturday, 11am-4pm, February to March. Catalogue available on request. Order now for May delivery of Michaelmas daisies and more. autumnasters.co.uk 01684 540416

BUNKERS HILL PLANT NURSERY

MEADOWGATE NURSERY A family-run, independent nursery, specialising in ornamental grasses. Over ten years’ experience in growing a diverse range of grasses. We offer tailored advice on the use and care of the grasses we sell. meadowgatenursery.co.uk 07736 523262

BLUEBELL ARBORETUM & NURSERY

A small family-run plant nursery near Woodstock, Oxfordshire with an old-fashioned feel and traditional values. Our staff have a wide range of horticultural knowledge and we offer a huge selection of top-quality plants including rare and unusual varieties. bunkershillgardenshop.co.uk 01869 331492

Specialists in hardy trees, shrubs and climbers including a huge selection of unusual species and cultivars. Informative website and a reliable mail-order service is available. bluebellnursery.com 01530 413700

STOTTS NURSERY

PETER BEALES ROSES

Small, family-run nursery set in Chiltern Hills woodland, specialising in hardy annuals, herbaceous perennials, shrubs, climbers and trees. We have display borders for inspiration and only use peat-free compost. stottsnursery.co.uk 07542 718307

GLENDOICK GARDENS Glendoick Gardens in Perth, Scotland is the UK’s favourite rhododendron nursery. Mail order bare root stock October to March. Rhododendrons and azaleas, and woodland plants. Minimum mail order £150. glendoick.com orders@glendoick.com

Order your free Peter Beales ‘A Treasury of Roses’; a stunning, picture-rich catalogue with hundreds of different rose varieties. Bare root or container roses available. A coffee-table must have. classicroses.co.uk info@peterbealesroses.com

ASHWOOD NURSERIES An independent nursery situated in the West Midlands offering many home-grown beautiful plants. Open seven days a week. Mainland UK Mail Order Service available. ashwoodnurseries.com 01384 401996

Marketplace

To advertise call Mica Enwright on 0117 300 8756

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www.Langthorns.com . 01371 872611

SNOWDROPS IN THE GREEN SINGLE SNOWDROPS

£10.50 PER 100

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£16 PER 100 £9 PER 50

CROCUS

This is our last season before retirement in May. Please contact us for latest availability list or a copy of our catalogue. But hurry!

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MINIATURE DAFFODILS

£10 PER 50

ACONITES

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visit us and share our passion for plants

PRODUCTS ALL BULBS TOP QUALITY

The Cleft Wood Company

To advertise here call

Mica Enwright on 0117 300 8756 or email mica.enwright @immediate.co.uk The Cleft Wood Company Traditional Cleft Oak Fencing and Gates. Hand made from English oak for gardens large and small. www.cleftwood.com

enquiries@cleftwood.com

Tel: 07813 760763

ROSES www.sievesandriddles.co.uk

COTTAGE MEMORIES cottage-memories.co.uk

Garden – Kitchen – Fishing – Ceramics – Foundry T: 07564478503 E: steve@sievesandriddles.co.uk Unit 6A, Mother Hubbards, Curload, Stoke St. Gregory, Somerset TA3 6JD

A family business specialising in growing classic roses. View our online catalogue to place an order. Use code GI10 for a 10% discount

Metal Plant Supports 5 Large Curved £18.99 5 Medium Curved £15.99 5 Loop 100cm £14.99 free delivery on orders over £45* See T & C

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APRIL

JASON INGRAM, ALISTER THORPE

• An enchanting organic garden in the Brecon Beacons • Lush planting in a tiny London courtyard • Bright, bold tulips at the Cambridge Central Mosque • Classic country style in a Cotswold garden in spring • Plantsman Jimi Blake chooses the best polygonatums • The experts’ picks for a cut-flower patch from scratch • Head gardener Benjamin Pope begins his new column on productive gardening through the year

ON SALE 1 APRIL

Save money when you subscribe to the digital edition – see page 20. Also in selected Waitrose, Sainsbury’s and Tesco stores, as well as WHSmith, and all good magazine retailers.

121

How to spend a gardener’s holiday in…

Madeira

Closer to Casablanca than Lisbon, the Portuguese island of Madeira sits in the Atlantic, far away from mainland Europe – and more than lives up to its epithet as the Garden Isle

Flower island The first people known to live on Madeira were 15th-century Portuguese settlers, who found forested cliffs over the ocean, waterfalls and interior highlands. In time, the long-life island wine became invaluable for traders who broke their long journeys on the island, while plant hunters passing through from the south and the east to northern Europe introduced such Madeiran landscape stalwarts as protea, camellia and agapanthus. Native plants include the geraniums G. palmatum and G. maderense, and there are at least 150 endemic floral species, supported by a diversity of fauna. Quinta do Palheiro, the lauded botanic garden of a former quinta (working estate) overlooks the capital city Funchal; other charming settings in town include Quinta Jardins do Lago and Quinta Vigia.

conduits (levadas) dating from the earliest settlements, built to aid the production of sugarcane. The element of spectacle increases with the steepness of the terrain, arguably, and it is best to book walks with a guide. The levadas are protected landscapes; two thirds of the island form a nature reserve, while the whole of the north side is a designated UNESCO World Heritage site. The Laurisilva of Madeira is a relic of a previously widespread prehistoric laurel forest (subtropical forest dominated by trees from the endemic Lauraceae family) that covers 20 per cent of the island.

Best pastel de nata (custard tarts) in a garden Botanical Gardens, Funchal Best brunch Museu Café & Petisco, Funchal Best fishing port lunch Vila do Peixe, Câmara de Lobos Best sundowner Barreirinha Bar Café, Funchal Best vantage point Cabo Girão 122

Quinta do Palheiro.

Walk on by All nature is a garden in Madeira: walking, scrambling, climbing or riding on a horse through the landscape is the best way to see how things grow. Known as the Floating Garden of the Atlantic, Flower Island or, more usually, the Garden Isle, Madeira is criss-crossed with walkable water

around the island edges, interior highlands and forests; Cabo Girão, slightly west, is Europe’s secondhighest promontory.

A predominance of fennel

Laurisilva hiking routes.

Port of call

Insider tips

Cabo Girão.

Driving in Madeira is not for the faint-hearted but there is a good network of buses, with drivers who are experienced at careering around hairpin bends. Nearby villages that are easily accessed by public transport include the fishing port Câmara de Lobos, nestled around a horseshoe-shaped bay and a typically rocky beach. Madeira, the drink, is represented here by the HQ of traditional manufacturers Henriques & Henriques, and further out, at Barbeito, Madeira’s state-ofthe-art winery. With temperatures ranging between a pleasant 17-25ºC throughout the year, Madeira is a good place to swim, from diving platforms – the next island, Porto Santo, is all sandy beaches but involves a five-hour round trip by ferry. Flora and fauna are protected from Atlantic winds by the high cliffs

Early settlers were familiar with wild fennel, if not the island’s other endemic species, and there was a lot of it around the bay. The first sea captain to arrive called it Plantation of Fennel, translating as Funchal. Today, the capital city is the most cosmopolitan part of the archipelago, with art galleries, snack bars – highly recommended for no-frills, local food – and streets cobbled with classic black-and-white Portuguese paving. Sound footwear is advised, in town and country. By the sea front, food and drink vans provide another good alternative to formal dining, as does Macaronésia Garden Terrace Café, on the roof of the old farmers’ market, Mercado dos Lavradores. Here you will find lavish displays of year-round local flowers, fish, fresh produce and every kind of passion fruit.

Mercado dos Lavradores, Funchal.

COMPILED BY KENDRA WILSON. PHOTOGRAPHS: BILDAGENTUR-ONLINE/JOKO ; JANA TELENSKA; JAN WLODARCZYK; PETR POHUDKA / ALL ALAMY STOCK PHOTO

A four-island archipelago with an eponymous main island, Madeira is in flower all year, supported by a mild climate and volcanic soil. Add spectacular scenery and a network of walkable irrigation canals, and it’s a big offering for a small island.

The RHS Wisley Planthouse

The only timber greenhouses endorsed by the RHS From the smallest coldframe to the largest glasshouse, you can expect the same leading quality, value and attention to detail that we are famous for. All our greenhouses are constructed using precision mortise and tenon joints, the highest quality Western Red Cedar and come with our renowned H\[VTH[PJ M\SS SLUN[O YPKNL ]LU[PSH[PVU Z`Z[LT L]LU [OL Ä_PUNZ HYL ZVSPK stainless steel or brass.

For a Complimentary Brochure visit www.gabrielash.com, call us on 01242 662 926. You can also visit our Gloucestershire showroom. ©The Royal Horticultural Society 2022. Endorsed by the Royal Horticultural Society. Registered Charity No. 222879/SC038262. rhs.org.uk

VICTORIAN GRAND MANOR Cheshire, UK

Discover the secret of Hartley Botanic by calling UK - 0800 783 8083 or visit www.hartley-botanic.co.uk USA - 781 933 1993 or visit www.hartley-botanic.com

NOTHING ELSE IS A HARTLEY The only aluminium Glasshouses and Greenhouses endorsed by the RHS ® The Royal Horticultural Society. The Royal Horticultural Society, and its logo, are trade marks of The Royal Horticultural Society (Registered Charity No 222879/SC038262) and used under licence from RHS Enterprises Limited.

GardensIllustrated_March22

Articles inside

Next issue What’s coming

Tiny treasures Among the many

Undercover artists The makers

A gardener’s holiday in

Fast flowers Four experts reveal the best herbaceous perennials to sow from seed that will flower in their first year

What lies beneath In the first of

Paths of least resistance

Dig in This month: news that the RHS is to create four new Community Gardens, and a new garden for connoisseurs

Plant profile: Hepatica

The gardener-cook As the

Holding court Dutch designer

Out of the ordinary The

Who’s who Karen Liebreich the driving force behind the new Chiswick Flower Market, on fruit gluts, fairness and never taking ‘no’ for an answer

Plantsperson’s favourites

Mise-en-scène The creative