The legacy of Flight 191

Gallery of archive images from the crash of Flight 191 and the aftermath »

Forty years later, the crash of Flight 191 remains the deadliest passenger airline accident on U.S. soil.

Its legacy helped spur reforms that contributed to a vast improvement in commercial aviation safety.

“It had a lasting impact on how aircraft maintenance is overseen,” said former Federal Aviation Administration chief of staff Michael Goldfarb. “It was just a stark reminder those things are very important.”

The changes didn’t happen overnight. A series of air disasters in the decade and a half that followed, coupled with rising demand for air travel that put more passengers on more airplanes each day, forced the industry to reckon with its safety record, aviation safety experts said.

It worked. With improvements in technology, training and systems meant to flag problems before they lead to accidents, it’s been more than a decade since the last fatal crash on a scheduled passenger flight by a U.S. airline.

But two months ago, weeks after that 10-year milestone was achieved, the industry faced another crisis. The second fatal crash of a Boeing 737 Max overseas within less than six months led to a global grounding of the plane — one of the only times regulators grounded an entire fleet since Flight 191 crashed in Chicago. As investigations into those two accidents continue, regulators and industry officials worldwide are conducting a reassessment of safety procedures.

To some, the crashes of the 737 Max served as a necessary caution against complacency.

Ralph Nader, the consumer advocate whose niece died in the March 10 Max crash in Ethiopia, likened the industry’s approach to safety to a rubber band that has been repeatedly stretched without breaking.

“You get complacent about how much you can stretch it, and it snaps,” he said.

Dan Cirignani, a police officer patrolling the airport roads on foot that afternoon, didn’t see the plane go down. But it was impossible to miss the black smoke clouding the sky over the airport. He wondered if it was a drill.

But a voice on his radio called all personnel to a “strike on the field” — a plane crash. Then he heard the sirens.

Firefighters from Elk Grove Village, which borders O’Hare, were on the scene in four minutes. They’d been told a plane had crashed. But the smoke was so thick that Bill Clark, a lieutenant at the time, said he couldn’t be certain until he sliced through a fence and saw the deep furrow the aircraft made in the ground, along with debris and victims.

It was obvious that no one on board could have survived, he said.

“It was total devastation. There was nothing we could do to change what happened,” said Clark, now Schaumburg’s emergency management coordinator.

In addition to the passengers and crew, two people on the ground were killed and two more suffered second- and third-degree burns when hit by burning jet fuel, Clark said. An old aircraft hangar, several cars and a mobile home were also destroyed.

Cirignani, 76, who retired in 2005 and now lives in Barrington, had worked fires and crashes before. But the first time he saw one of the victims, he didn’t immediately recognize it as a body.

“I had to ask the pathologist,” he said. “They looked like black coal.”

For a while, he refused to light a grill, and remains cautious when it comes to anything to do with fire.

“The carnage, it was just one of the most horrible things you’ve ever seen,” he said.

The intensity of the blaze and sheer number of people on board made identifying the victims unusually difficult, said Edward Pavlik, an orthodontist and chief of forensic sciences for the Cook County sheriff’s office, who was part of a team of forensic dentists that worked to identify victims of Flight 191.

High-pressure hoses used to extinguish the blaze left a crater in the ground filled with “a tangled mess,” said Pavlik, 76, of Homer Glen.

Several of the victims had been headed to the American Booksellers Association convention in Los Angeles, including local author Judith Wax and her husband, Playboy Magazine Managing Editor Sheldon Wax. Other travelers came from as far away as Australia, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands.

The wreckage was too badly damaged to give investigators much useful information, except for the engine that broke away from the wing.

It would provide important answers to both questions facing investigators: Why had the engine and structure attaching it to the wing broken off? And why had pilots lost control of a plane that, though badly damaged, was designed to fly even if an engine failed?

Within days of the crash, the Federal Aviation Administration ordered other carriers to inspect their DC-10s, focusing on the area where the engine attaches to the wing.

Ernie Gigliotti was one of the night shift mechanics United Airlines tapped at O’Hare. As he did the inspection, “I just had the feeling there was something not right,” said Gigliotti, 71, who retired in 2002 and lives in Pittsburgh. He pushed on the engine nose and felt it move side to side rather than up and down, and heard an unusual metallic noise. He and his partner removed more panels and found obvious damage: fractures, and bolts with the heads sheared off.

When American and Continental Airlines also found damage to their DC-10s during the ordered inspections, the FAA grounded the DC-10 fleet on June 6, 12 days after the crash.

The National Transportation Safety Board traced Flight 191’s damage to American’s decision to ignore McDonnell Douglas’ instructions during a maintenance procedure that required removing the engine and the pylon connecting it to the wing.

The DC-10’s manual instructed workers to take off the heavier engine before detaching the pylon. But removing the engine and pylon as a unit saved about 200 man-hours per aircraft, according to the NTSB.

“That equals money,” said Anthony Brickhouse, associate professor of aerospace and occupational safety at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. “And that’s the battle you constantly fight in safety, it’s safety versus money.”

American also decided to use a forklift, which wasn’t precise enough to remove and reattach the engine without risking damage, the NTSB said.

But if damage during a maintenance check at American’s facility in Tulsa, Okla., two months earlier explained why the engine came off, it didn’t fully explain why pilots lost control.

According to the NTSB, hydraulic lines that powered other critical systems were severed when the engine and pylon broke away, leaving the aircraft unusually vulnerable to a stall and disabling warning systems.

The NTSB said it wasn’t reasonable to expect Flight 191’s captain, Walter Lux, and first officer, James Dillard, to have recognized what was wrong with the aircraft in time to prevent a crash.

The fallout from the accident was, if nothing else, a call to action for an industry and its regulators.

The FAA slapped American and Continental with fines of $500,000 and $100,000, respectively, for improper maintenance.

Airlines were ordered to inspect their DC-10s for damage and stick to the Douglas-endorsed maintenance procedure. The FAA ordered improvements to the DC-10’s warning systems and revised flight manual procedures for handling an engine failure.

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In addition, an Illinois law now encourages that dentures be marked with information identifying the wearer. Pavlik, the forensic dentist, said he pushed the measure after realizing it could have helped verify victims’ identities.

The NTSB also called for broader changes, such as better tracking and reporting of maintenance-related damage, stricter oversight of maintenance and tougher vetting when airlines sought to deviate from manufacturer-endorsed methods.

Both airlines and regulators missed opportunities to spot the risks before the Flight 191 crash, either by better vetting the hazards of using the forklift or spotting red flags, the NTSB said in the report. Continental, for example, twice caught and repaired damage similar to that found on Flight 191 before the crash, but American told the safety board that it wasn’t aware other airlines had experienced problems.

The FAA declined to act on some of those recommendations at the time, arguing that existing regulations already went far enough or that the changes wouldn’t improve safety enough to justify the extra cost.

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But there were changes, said Robert Swaim, national resource specialist with the NTSB, who has investigated accidents including the Trans World Airlines 800 crash that killed 230 people in 1996.

“We had this accident (Flight 191), and continued to have a number of accidents … and the FAA kind of came around after we investigated and reiterated some points, that we really do have to do this stuff,” he said.

In a statement, American said it actively works with federal regulators and its industry officials to improve air safety.

“We honor our customers, crew members and those on the ground whose lives were lost, and our hearts go out to those personally affected by the tragedy of Flight 191,” the airline said. United Airlines also said it continually works to improve safety.

Fatal crashes continued in the years that followed. All the while, demand for travel was growing, meaning more passengers, more flights — and more crashes, Swaim said.

“The major power players basically came to the same realization that we can’t keep going like we are,” he said.

Advancements in technology helped. Engines grew more reliable and airlines adopted systems that warned pilots if they were in danger of colliding with another aircraft or flying into the ground or an obstacle, said Hassan Shahidi, CEO of the Flight Safety Foundation.

Other changes targeted human errors, including improvements in training and rules barring casual conversation in the cockpit below a certain altitude.

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Swaim also pointed to a change in the way the industry thought about accidents and collected data: Instead of focusing solely on an individual incident, officials tried to identify patterns pointing to reforms that could have broader benefits. Over the years, airlines, manufacturers and regulators have worked to improve the way they gather, share and analyze data to try to spot red flags before they lead to accidents, Shahidi said.

The result has been a golden age of air travel when it comes to flight safety. The last time a scheduled passenger flight on a U.S. commercial airline ended in a fatal crash was outside Buffalo, N.Y., in 2009. All 49 people on board were killed, along with one person on the ground.

To be sure, U.S. air travel hasn’t been without incident: There have been fatal accidents involving smaller aircraft or foreign carriers in recent years.

Then came the two fatal crashes of the Boeing 737 Max. Boeing has acknowledged a system was erroneously activated on both flights and said Thursday it has updated its flight-control software.

It’s not clear whether that fix would have prevented either accident. But some have questioned whether more direct oversight by federal regulators could have identified problems before the Lion Air and Ethiopian Airlines accidents. In the years leading up to the crash, federal regulators have ceded greater authority to manufacturers like Boeing to certify the safety of their own planes.

The system generally works despite the apparent conflict of interest, said Shawn Pruchnicki, who teaches aviation safety at Ohio State University. “It’s a little bit like having the fox guard the henhouse because there’s so much self-policing, but they have the same interests as everyone else. They don’t want the aircraft to crash either,” he said.

The FAA disputed the idea that companies were allowed to police themselves, saying it exerts “strict” oversight and is directly involved in testing and approving new features and technologies. In the case of the Max’s certification, FAA safety engineers and test pilots put in 110,000 hours of work and flew or supported 297 test flights, the FAA said in a statement.

Still, the 737 Max situation raises questions about exactly how much latitude manufacturers should have and when changes are significant enough to require an outsider’s view, Pruchnicki said.

“There needs to be a point at which we decide this isn’t your father’s 737 anymore,” he said.

The NTSB has also pushed for stricter FAA oversight and urged the industry to be quicker to accept safety-enhancing regulations. But Swaim, who declined to comment on the 737 Max case due to the ongoing investigation, noted concerns about the industry’s inertia and the extent to which the FAA delegates authority to the companies it regulates have been around for decades — even as safety improved.

“This has been going on for a long time, and for the thousands of flights that take off a day, that’s pretty phenomenal,” he said. “It cannot be luck.”

But Goldfarb said the amount of oversight handed over to airlines and manufacturers has grown over the years and that he worries the industry’s excellent record can undermine the case for costly but beneficial changes.

The odds of a crash grow so slim, there are “little things you overlook,” he said. “They start to add up, and you’re only as safe as your last flight.”

There are few public reminders of the 1979 crash today. American no longer operates a Flight 191, and for more than three decades after the crash, there was no Chicago-area site honoring the victims. Creating one took a group of Chicago sixth graders, who led the push to build the memorial in Des Plaines after learning their assistant principal, Kim Jockl, lost her parents in the crash.

But there’s no danger of Fight 191 being forgotten by those connected to the crash, or in the aviation community.

“Not a semester goes by that we don’t talk about it,” said Brickhouse, the Embry-Riddle professor.

“To me, it’s one of the seminal moments.”

lzumbach@chicagotribune.com

Twitter @laurenzumbach