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Species
Cyclamen
IUCN
NCBI
EOL Text
Habitat and Ecology
The species is found in deciduous or partly evergreen woods, generally overlying limestone. It also grows in shaded and semi-shaded places amongst rocks and tree-roots and occasionally on stabilized screes, at altitudes between 250-1,300 m (GBIF 2011) and flowers between June and September. It is particularly common in Beech (Fagus) woods, where it can be found growing in up to 30 cm of leaf litter (Cyclamen Society 2014).
Associated with the following European habitat types; Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests, Illyrian oak –hornbeam forests (Erythronio-Carpinion), Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion), and Pannonic woods with Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus (European Commission 2013).
Systems
- Terrestrial
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/196750 |
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
The species is found in coniferous and deciduous woodland and forests in southwestern Europe, middle Europe and southeastern Europe. The species is known to be impacted locally by habitat conversion and collection of the plant. As with most Cyclamen, the species’ tubers are highly prized and were collected from the wild in the past, but collection is now regulated under CITES and it is cultivated.
The plant is threatened in several European countries and populations may have declined due to collection in the past; however, it has a large distribution and without information on the extent of population decline, it does not qualify for a threatened category. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. Monitoring of populations in the wild is recommended, as is monitoring of habitat and trade.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/196750 |
Population
Population Trend
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/196750 |
Major Threats
The present species is regarded as endangered by wild collection as medicinal plants in Croatia (Kathe et al. 2003). Ongoing habitat loss arising from clearance and degradation of woodland is likely to result in localised populations declines and extirpations.
Yesson and Culham (2006) predicted a distribution decline for the genus in Europe ranging from 47-66% within the next 50 years due to habitat quality degradation arising from climate change, with many species facing the prospect of their local climate changing so much that their current distribution will be outside their current observed climate tolerance. This prediction is not applied in this assessment due to the problems associated with applying climate modelling to individual or suits of species. Garden cultivation and human-assisted establishment of Cyclamen species well outside their native ranges in regions like northern Europe, north America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand underline their remarkable ability and plasticity to adapt to new ecological environments (M. Debussche and J. Thompson pers. comm. 2014).
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/196750 |
Conservation Actions
The species is listed as regionally Endangered in Austria, Near Threatened in the Czech Republic (Danihelka et al. 2012), and protected in Croatia and Germany (Kathe et al. 2003, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). The species is protected in the Piedmonte region of northern Italy (Regione Piemonte 2009).
Recorded as occurring in 94 Natura 2000 protected area sites, including in Italy, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy and Poland (EUNIS 2014).
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/196750 |
Cyclamen purpurascens (Alpine, European or purple cyclamen) is a species of flowering plant in the genus Cyclamen of the family Primulaceae, native to central Europe, northern Italy, and Slovenia. It is a tuberous perennial with (usually) variegated leaves, and deep pink flowers in summer.[1][2][3]
Contents
Etymology[edit]
The species name purpurāscēns is a present participle from the Latin verb purpurāscō "become purple".[4]
Distribution[edit]
Cyclamen purpurascens grows in deciduous or mixed woodland, especially among beeches and over limestone, at 250–1,300 m (800–4,300 ft) above sea level in continental Europe from eastern France across the Alps to Poland and south to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also found in mountainous parts of Romania and western Russia, where it has been introduced.
Description[edit]
C. purpurascens blooms from summer to autumn, keeps its leaves through the winter, and produces seeds and new leaves the next summer.
Tuber[edit]
Flowers and leaves come from buds at the top of a round-flattened tuber. Roots come from the sides and bottom. Older tubers may become distorted, forming "fingers" with separate growth points.[5] Misshapen tubers are also found in Cyclamen rohlfsianum.
Flowers[edit]
Flowers appear before or with the leaves, and have 5 upswept petals. Flowers are sweetly scented, ranging in color from pale rose-pink to purple or rose-carmine and are 17 to 25 mm (0.67 to 0.98 in) long. Petals are elliptical and twisted, often curled into auricles, although less prominent than those of Cyclamen hederifolium. Forma "album" has white flowers, though it is more difficult to establish. 'Lake Garda' has silver leaves and pink flowers.[1]
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[6]
Leaves[edit]
Leaves are kidney-shaped to heart-shaped, as wide as long or wider. The leaf edge is smooth or slightly toothed, unlike the closely related species Cyclamen colchicum, which is always prominently toothed. Leaf color varies from all-green to all-silver, but the most common pattern is green with light green to silver marbling that roughly follows the outline of the leaf. The underside is red-purple. Because of the cool and moist climate in the plant's native range, it is almost evergreen: new leaves appear in summer while the old leaves are fading. All other cyclamens, except for the closely related Cyclamen colchicum, are summer-dormant in their native range.
Fruit[edit]
After fertilization, the flower stem coils tightly, starting at the end. Seeds, amber when ripe, are held in a round pod, which ripens the summer a year after flowering and opens by 5-10 flaps.
Subdivisions[edit]
Flower forms[edit]
Cyclamen purpurascens has three naturally occurring forms, distinguished by flower color:
- Cyclamen purpurascens f. purpurascens — pink to purple flowers
- Cyclamen purpurascens f. carmineolineatum — white flowers with thin band of carmine
- Cyclamen purpurascens f. album — all-white flowers
Leaf forms[edit]
Plain leaf[edit]
Plain leaf forms have all-green leaves. A distinct plain-leaf form is the Fatra form, also called Cyclamen fatrense (misspelled fatranse), from the Fatra Mountains in Slovakia, which has plain leaves (either matt or shiny) and larger and more abundant flowers.
Silver leaf[edit]
Plants of the Silver Leaf Group have silver on the leaves. Subtypes include the Lake Bled form (silver with a netted pattern of veins near the margin), selected from plants near Lake Bled in the Julian Alps of Slovenia, and the Limone or Lake Garda form (silver with a very thin green border and gray arrowhead pattern in the center), selected from plants near Limone sul Garda near Lake Garda in Italy.
Other leaf patterns in the Lake Garda area include dark green with silver or lighter green marbling and plain green.[7]
Cultivars[edit]
The cultivated variety 'Green Ice', developed by Jan Bravenboer of Green Ice Nursery in the Netherlands, has a Christmas tree–shaped silver center and broad green margin. 'Green Lake' is similar, but has a light green zone in the center of the silver.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Christopher Grey-Wilson (16 September 2009). The Rock Garden Plant Primer: Easy, Small Plants for Containers, Patios, and the Open Garden. Timber Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-88192-928-7. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
- ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
- ^ "Cyclamen purpurascens". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ^ purpurāscō. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
- ^ Unusual Cyclamen purpurascens growth behaviour (photos of tuber). Scottish Rock Garden Club Forum.
- ^ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=611
- ^ Cyclamen around Lago di Garda. Scottish Rock Garden Club Forum.
- ^ Seed list. Green Ice Nursery.
Books[edit]
- C. Grey-Wilson. Cyclamen: a guide for gardeners, horticulturists, and botanists. 1997.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclamen_purpurascens&oldid=630672843 |
Chile Central
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Pablo Gutierrez, IABIN |
Source | No source database. |
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
Golovinomyces orontii parasitises live Cyclamen persicum
Cyclamen persicum, the Persian cyclamen, is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant growing from a tuber, native to rocky hillsides, shrubland, and woodland up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above sea level, from south-central Turkey to Israel and Jordan. It also grows in Algeria and Tunisia and on the Greek islands of Rhodes, Karpathos, and Crete, where it may have been introduced by monks. Cultivars of this species are the commonly seen florist's cyclamen.
Description[edit]
Wild plants have heart-shaped leaves, up to 14 cm (6 in) usually green with lighter marbling on the upper surface.
Flowers bloom from winter to spring (var. persicum) or in autumn (var. autumnale) and have 5 small sepals and 5 upswept petals, usually white to pale pink with a band of deep pink to magenta at the base. After pollination, the flower stem curls downwards slightly as the pod develops, but does not coil as in other cyclamens. Plants go dormant in summer.
Varieties and forms[edit]
There are two natural varieties and several named forms, distinguished by flowering time and predominant petal color.
- C. persicum var. persicum (winter- and spring-flowering — all of range)
- C. persicum var. persicum f. persicum (white to pale pink)
- C. persicum var. persicum f. albidum (pure white)
- C. persicum var. persicum f. roseum (rose-pink)
- C. persicum var. persicum f. puniceum (red to carmine)
- C. persicum var. autumnale (autumn-flowering)
Cultivars[edit]
The following is a selection of cultivars. All are frost-tender, and best grown under glass in temperate regions:-
Uses[edit]
Cyclamen persicum has a dark-brown tuberous root which is semi-poisonous. In some cultures, the tubers were used in making soap, as they generate a lather when mixed with water.[16] The Bedouins of Mandate Palestine used to collect the root, and after grating it, would mix it with lime and sprinkle it over the surface of lakes or other large bodies of water known to contain fish. These poisonous mixtures would stun fish, which would then come to the surface and be collected by the fishermen. Such methods, as well as fishing with explosives, which came into use in the early 20th century, were banned by the British Mandate authorities.[17]
References[edit]
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Concerto Apollo'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Halios Bright Fuchsia'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Halios Violet'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Halios White'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser Rose'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser Salmon with Eye'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser Scarlet'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser White'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Miracle Deep Rose'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Miracle White'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Fuchsia'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Light Purple'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Pink with Eye'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Scarlet'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra White with Eye'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, the Loeb Classical Library edition, vol. ii, London 1916, p. 263
- ^ Aref Abu-Rabia, Bedouin Century (Education and Development among the Negev Tribes in the Twentieth Century), New-York 2001, p. 47 (ISBN 978-1-57181-832-4)
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclamen_persicum&oldid=643546246 |
Foodplant / sap sucker
hypophyllous, colonial Aspidioterus nerii sucks sap of live leaf of Cyclamen
Foodplant / sap sucker
Aulacorthum circumflexum sucks sap of live, distorted stem of Cyclamen
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / pathogen
Cucumber Mosaic virus infects and damages live, mosaiced flower of Cyclamen
Foodplant / pathogen
colony of Erwinia carotovora infects and damages corm of Cyclamen
Foodplant / sap sucker
Idiopterus nephrolepidis sucks sap of live Cyclamen
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / gall
Meloidogyne causes gall of root of Cyclamen
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / open feeder
subterranean larva of Otiorhynchus sulcatus grazes on tuber of Cyclamen
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / feeds on
Phytonemus pallidus feeds on live Cyclamen
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Thrips tabaci feeds on live leaf of Cyclamen
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Cyclamen.htm |