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Species
Cyclamen
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NCBI
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Red List Criteria
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Justification
The species is found in coniferous and deciduous woodland and forests in southwestern Europe, middle Europe and southeastern Europe. The species is known to be impacted locally by habitat conversion and collection of the plant. As with most Cyclamen, the species’ tubers are highly prized and were collected from the wild in the past, but collection is now regulated under CITES and it is cultivated.
The plant is threatened in several European countries and populations may have declined due to collection in the past; however, it has a large distribution and without information on the extent of population decline, it does not qualify for a threatened category. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. Monitoring of populations in the wild is recommended, as is monitoring of habitat and trade.
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Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/196750 |
Population
Population Trend
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Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/196750 |
Major Threats
The present species is regarded as endangered by wild collection as medicinal plants in Croatia (Kathe et al. 2003). Ongoing habitat loss arising from clearance and degradation of woodland is likely to result in localised populations declines and extirpations.
Yesson and Culham (2006) predicted a distribution decline for the genus in Europe ranging from 47-66% within the next 50 years due to habitat quality degradation arising from climate change, with many species facing the prospect of their local climate changing so much that their current distribution will be outside their current observed climate tolerance. This prediction is not applied in this assessment due to the problems associated with applying climate modelling to individual or suits of species. Garden cultivation and human-assisted establishment of Cyclamen species well outside their native ranges in regions like northern Europe, north America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand underline their remarkable ability and plasticity to adapt to new ecological environments (M. Debussche and J. Thompson pers. comm. 2014).
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Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/196750 |
Conservation Actions
The species is listed as regionally Endangered in Austria, Near Threatened in the Czech Republic (Danihelka et al. 2012), and protected in Croatia and Germany (Kathe et al. 2003, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). The species is protected in the Piedmonte region of northern Italy (Regione Piemonte 2009).
Recorded as occurring in 94 Natura 2000 protected area sites, including in Italy, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy and Poland (EUNIS 2014).
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Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/196750 |
Cyclamen purpurascens (Alpine, European or purple cyclamen) is a species of flowering plant in the genus Cyclamen of the family Primulaceae, native to central Europe, northern Italy, and Slovenia. It is a tuberous perennial with (usually) variegated leaves, and deep pink flowers in summer.[1][2][3]
Contents
Etymology[edit]
The species name purpurāscēns is a present participle from the Latin verb purpurāscō "become purple".[4]
Distribution[edit]
Cyclamen purpurascens grows in deciduous or mixed woodland, especially among beeches and over limestone, at 250–1,300 m (800–4,300 ft) above sea level in continental Europe from eastern France across the Alps to Poland and south to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also found in mountainous parts of Romania and western Russia, where it has been introduced.
Description[edit]
C. purpurascens blooms from summer to autumn, keeps its leaves through the winter, and produces seeds and new leaves the next summer.
Tuber[edit]
Flowers and leaves come from buds at the top of a round-flattened tuber. Roots come from the sides and bottom. Older tubers may become distorted, forming "fingers" with separate growth points.[5] Misshapen tubers are also found in Cyclamen rohlfsianum.
Flowers[edit]
Flowers appear before or with the leaves, and have 5 upswept petals. Flowers are sweetly scented, ranging in color from pale rose-pink to purple or rose-carmine and are 17 to 25 mm (0.67 to 0.98 in) long. Petals are elliptical and twisted, often curled into auricles, although less prominent than those of Cyclamen hederifolium. Forma "album" has white flowers, though it is more difficult to establish. 'Lake Garda' has silver leaves and pink flowers.[1]
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[6]
Leaves[edit]
Leaves are kidney-shaped to heart-shaped, as wide as long or wider. The leaf edge is smooth or slightly toothed, unlike the closely related species Cyclamen colchicum, which is always prominently toothed. Leaf color varies from all-green to all-silver, but the most common pattern is green with light green to silver marbling that roughly follows the outline of the leaf. The underside is red-purple. Because of the cool and moist climate in the plant's native range, it is almost evergreen: new leaves appear in summer while the old leaves are fading. All other cyclamens, except for the closely related Cyclamen colchicum, are summer-dormant in their native range.
Fruit[edit]
After fertilization, the flower stem coils tightly, starting at the end. Seeds, amber when ripe, are held in a round pod, which ripens the summer a year after flowering and opens by 5-10 flaps.
Subdivisions[edit]
Flower forms[edit]
Cyclamen purpurascens has three naturally occurring forms, distinguished by flower color:
- Cyclamen purpurascens f. purpurascens — pink to purple flowers
- Cyclamen purpurascens f. carmineolineatum — white flowers with thin band of carmine
- Cyclamen purpurascens f. album — all-white flowers
Leaf forms[edit]
Plain leaf[edit]
Plain leaf forms have all-green leaves. A distinct plain-leaf form is the Fatra form, also called Cyclamen fatrense (misspelled fatranse), from the Fatra Mountains in Slovakia, which has plain leaves (either matt or shiny) and larger and more abundant flowers.
Silver leaf[edit]
Plants of the Silver Leaf Group have silver on the leaves. Subtypes include the Lake Bled form (silver with a netted pattern of veins near the margin), selected from plants near Lake Bled in the Julian Alps of Slovenia, and the Limone or Lake Garda form (silver with a very thin green border and gray arrowhead pattern in the center), selected from plants near Limone sul Garda near Lake Garda in Italy.
Other leaf patterns in the Lake Garda area include dark green with silver or lighter green marbling and plain green.[7]
Cultivars[edit]
The cultivated variety 'Green Ice', developed by Jan Bravenboer of Green Ice Nursery in the Netherlands, has a Christmas tree–shaped silver center and broad green margin. 'Green Lake' is similar, but has a light green zone in the center of the silver.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Christopher Grey-Wilson (16 September 2009). The Rock Garden Plant Primer: Easy, Small Plants for Containers, Patios, and the Open Garden. Timber Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-88192-928-7. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
- ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
- ^ "Cyclamen purpurascens". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ^ purpurāscō. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
- ^ Unusual Cyclamen purpurascens growth behaviour (photos of tuber). Scottish Rock Garden Club Forum.
- ^ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=611
- ^ Cyclamen around Lago di Garda. Scottish Rock Garden Club Forum.
- ^ Seed list. Green Ice Nursery.
Books[edit]
- C. Grey-Wilson. Cyclamen: a guide for gardeners, horticulturists, and botanists. 1997.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclamen_purpurascens&oldid=630672843 |
Chile Central
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Pablo Gutierrez, IABIN |
Source | No source database. |
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
Golovinomyces orontii parasitises live Cyclamen persicum
Cyclamen persicum, the Persian cyclamen, is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant growing from a tuber, native to rocky hillsides, shrubland, and woodland up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above sea level, from south-central Turkey to Israel and Jordan. It also grows in Algeria and Tunisia and on the Greek islands of Rhodes, Karpathos, and Crete, where it may have been introduced by monks. Cultivars of this species are the commonly seen florist's cyclamen.
Description[edit]
Wild plants have heart-shaped leaves, up to 14 cm (6 in) usually green with lighter marbling on the upper surface.
Flowers bloom from winter to spring (var. persicum) or in autumn (var. autumnale) and have 5 small sepals and 5 upswept petals, usually white to pale pink with a band of deep pink to magenta at the base. After pollination, the flower stem curls downwards slightly as the pod develops, but does not coil as in other cyclamens. Plants go dormant in summer.
Varieties and forms[edit]
There are two natural varieties and several named forms, distinguished by flowering time and predominant petal color.
- C. persicum var. persicum (winter- and spring-flowering — all of range)
- C. persicum var. persicum f. persicum (white to pale pink)
- C. persicum var. persicum f. albidum (pure white)
- C. persicum var. persicum f. roseum (rose-pink)
- C. persicum var. persicum f. puniceum (red to carmine)
- C. persicum var. autumnale (autumn-flowering)
Cultivars[edit]
The following is a selection of cultivars. All are frost-tender, and best grown under glass in temperate regions:-
Uses[edit]
Cyclamen persicum has a dark-brown tuberous root which is semi-poisonous. In some cultures, the tubers were used in making soap, as they generate a lather when mixed with water.[16] The Bedouins of Mandate Palestine used to collect the root, and after grating it, would mix it with lime and sprinkle it over the surface of lakes or other large bodies of water known to contain fish. These poisonous mixtures would stun fish, which would then come to the surface and be collected by the fishermen. Such methods, as well as fishing with explosives, which came into use in the early 20th century, were banned by the British Mandate authorities.[17]
References[edit]
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Concerto Apollo'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Halios Bright Fuchsia'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Halios Violet'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Halios White'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser Rose'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser Salmon with Eye'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser Scarlet'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser White'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Miracle Deep Rose'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Miracle White'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Fuchsia'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Light Purple'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Pink with Eye'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Scarlet'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra White with Eye'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, the Loeb Classical Library edition, vol. ii, London 1916, p. 263
- ^ Aref Abu-Rabia, Bedouin Century (Education and Development among the Negev Tribes in the Twentieth Century), New-York 2001, p. 47 (ISBN 978-1-57181-832-4)
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Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclamen_persicum&oldid=643546246 |
Foodplant / sap sucker
hypophyllous, colonial Aspidioterus nerii sucks sap of live leaf of Cyclamen
Foodplant / sap sucker
Aulacorthum circumflexum sucks sap of live, distorted stem of Cyclamen
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / pathogen
Cucumber Mosaic virus infects and damages live, mosaiced flower of Cyclamen
Foodplant / pathogen
colony of Erwinia carotovora infects and damages corm of Cyclamen
Foodplant / sap sucker
Idiopterus nephrolepidis sucks sap of live Cyclamen
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / gall
Meloidogyne causes gall of root of Cyclamen
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / open feeder
subterranean larva of Otiorhynchus sulcatus grazes on tuber of Cyclamen
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / feeds on
Phytonemus pallidus feeds on live Cyclamen
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Thrips tabaci feeds on live leaf of Cyclamen
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Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Cyclamen.htm |
Cyclamen (US /ˈsaɪkləmɛn/ SY-klə-men or UK /ˈsɪkləmɛn/ SIK-lə-men)[1][2][3] is a genus of 23 species of perennials growing from tubers, valued for their flowers with upswept petals and variably patterned leaves. Cyclamen species are native to Europe and the Mediterranean Basin east to Iran, with one species in Somalia.
It was traditionally classified in the family Primulaceae, was reclassified in the family Myrsinaceae in 2000,[4] and finally, in 2009 with the introduction of the APG III system, was returned to the subfamily Myrsinoideae within the family Primulaceae.[5]
Contents
Names[edit]
Cyclamen is Medieval Latin, from earlier Latin cyclamīnos,[6] from Ancient Greek κυκλάμινος, kyklā́mīnos (also kyklāmī́s), probably from κύκλος, kýklos "circle",[7] because of the round tuber.[8] In English, the species of the genus are commonly called by the genus name.
In many languages, cyclamen species are colloquially called by a name like the English sowbread, because they are said to be eaten by pigs: pain de pourceau in French, pan porcino in Italian, varkensbrood in Dutch, "pigs' manjū" in Japanese.
Description[edit]
Cyclamens have a tuber, from which the flowers and roots grow. In most species, leaves come up in autumn, grow through the winter, and die in spring, then the plant goes dormant through the dry Mediterranean summer.
Tuber[edit]
The storage organ of the cyclamen is a round tuber that develops from the hypocotyl (the stem of a seedling). It is often mistakenly called a corm, but a corm (found in crocuses for example) has a papery tunic and a basal plate from which the roots grow. The storage organ of the cyclamen has no papery covering and, depending on the species, roots may grow out of any part. It is therefore properly classified as a tuber (somewhat like a potato). The tuber may produce roots from the top, sides, or bottom, depending on the species. Cyclamen persicum and Cyclamen coum root from the bottom; Cyclamen hederifolium roots from the top and sides. Cyclamen graecum has thick anchor roots on the bottom.
The shape of the tuber may be near spherical, as in Cyclamen coum or flattened, as in Cyclamen hederifolium. In some older specimens of Cyclamen purpurascens and Cyclamen rohlfsianum, growing points on the tuber become separated by shoulders of tissue, and the tuber becomes misshapen. In most other species, the tuber is round in old age.
Leaves and flowers sprout from growing points on the top of the tuber. Growing points that have lengthened and become like woody stems are known as floral trunks.
The size of the tuber varies depending on species. In Cyclamen hederifolium, older tubers commonly reach 24 cm (9.4 in) across, but in Cyclamen parviflorum, tubers do not grow larger than 2 cm (1 in) across.
Leaves[edit]
Leaves sprout from growing points or floral trunks on top of the tuber. Each leaf grows on its own stem. Leaf stems in early growth may be distinguished from flower stems by the direction their tips curl: tips of leaf stems curl upwards, while tips of flower stems curl downwards.
The shape of the leaves varies between the species, and even between different specimens of the same species. Cyclamen hederifolium and Cyclamen repandum usually have leaves shaped like ivy, with angles and lobes, Cyclamen coum has nearly round leaves, and Cyclamen persicum has heart-shaped leaves with a pointed tip. The leaf edge may be smooth, as in Cyclamen coum subsp. coum, or finely toothed, as in Cyclamen graecum.
The color of the upper side of leaves is variable, even within a species. Most species have leaves variegated in several shades of green and silver, either in an irregular pattern of blotches or an arrowhead or Christmas tree shape. In cultivation, cyclamens, especially species other than Cyclamen persicum, are selected as often or more often for striking or unusual leaf patterns than for their flowers.
The lower side of leaves is often shiny, and its color is from plain green to rich red or purple.
Most cyclamen species originate from the Mediterranean, where summers are hot and dry and winters are cool and wet, and are summer-dormant: their leaves sprout in the autumn, remain through the winter, and wither the next spring. Cyclamen purpurascens and Cyclamen colchicum, however, originate from cooler regions in mountains, and their leaves remain through the summer and wither only after the next year's leaves have developed.
Flowers[edit]
Flowering time may be any month of the year, depending on the species. Cyclamen hederifolium and Cyclamen purpurascens bloom in summer and autumn, Cyclamen persicum and coum bloom in winter, and Cyclamen repandum blooms in spring.
Each flower is on a stem coming from a growing point on the tuber. In all species, the stem is normally bent 150-180° at the tip, so that the nose of the flower faces downwards. Cyclamen hederifolium 'Stargazer' is an exception to this; its nose faces upwards. Flowers have 5 petals, bent outwards or up, sometimes twisted, and connected at the base into a cup, and five sepals behind the cup.
Petal shape varies depending on species, and sometimes within the same species. Cyclamen repandum has petals much longer than wide, Cyclamen coum has stubby, almost round petals, and Cyclamen hederifolium usually has petals with proportions between the two.
Petal color may be white, pink, or purple, often with darker color on the nose. Many species have a pink form and a white form, but a few have only one color, such as Cyclamen balearicum, which is always white.
The dark color on the flower nose varies in shape: Cyclamen persicum has a smooth band, Cyclamen hederifolium has a streaky V, and Cyclamen coum has an M-shaped splotch with two white or pink "eyes" beneath.
In some species, such as Cyclamen hederifolium, the petal edges at the nose are curved outwards into auricles (Latin for "little ears"). Most species, like Cyclamen persicum, have no auricles.
In most species, the style protrudes 1–3 mm out of the nose of the flower, but the stamens are inside the flower. In Cyclamen rohlfsianum, however, the cone of anthers sticks out prominently, about 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) beyond the rim of the corolla, similar to shooting-stars (Dodecatheon).
Fruit[edit]
The flower stem coils or bends when the fruit begins to form. The stems of Cyclamen hederifolium and Cyclamen coum coil starting at the end, Cyclamen persicum arches downwards but does not curl, Cyclamen rohlfsianum coils starting near the tuber, and Cyclamen graecum coils both directions, starting at the middle.
The fruit is a round pod that opens by several flaps or teeth at maturity and contains numerous sticky seeds, brown at maturity. Natural seed dispersal is by ants (myrmecochory), which eat the sticky covering and then discard the seeds.
Cultivation and uses[edit]
Cyclamen are commonly grown for their flowers, both outdoors and indoors in pots. Several species, particularly Cyclamen hederifolium, are hardy and can be grown outdoors in mild climates such as northwest Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America.
Hardiness[edit]
Cyclamen species range from frost-hardy to frost-tender.
The most frost-hardy species, such as Cyclamen purpurascens, Cyclamen hederifolium, Cyclamen coum, and Cyclamen cilicium, tolerate temperatures down to −20 °C (−4 °F). Cyclamen hederifolium has even survived prolonged freezing and temperatures down to −30 °C (−22 °F).
Others, such as Cyclamen repandum, survive temperatures down to −14 °C (7 °F), but not prolonged freezing below this temperature.
Others, such as Cyclamen graecum, tolerate frost as low as −4 °C (25 °F) for a few hours.
Others, such as Cyclamen africanum, Cyclamen persicum, and Cyclamen rohlfsianum, only tolerate mild and brief frost.
Florist's cyclamen[edit]
The cyclamen commonly sold by florists is Cyclamen persicum, which is frost-tender. Selected cyclamen cultivars can have white, bright pink, red or purple flowers. While flowering, florists' cyclamens should be kept below 20 °C (68 °F), with the night time temperatures preferably between 6.5 °C to 15 °C (44 °F to 59 °F). Temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) may induce the plant to go dormant.
Ecology[edit]
Conservation[edit]
In many areas within the native range, cyclamen populations have been severely depleted by collection from the wild, often illegally, for the horticultural trade; some species are now endangered as a result. However, in a few areas, plant conservation charities have educated local people to control the harvest carefully at a sustainable level, including sowing seed for future crops, both sustaining the wild populations and producing a reliable long-term income. Many cyclamen are also propagated in nurseries without harm to the wild plants.
Caterpillar food source[edit]
Cyclamen species are eaten by the caterpillars of The Gothic moth.
Evolution[edit]
Cyclamen diversity in the Mediterranean has been studied extensively to understand how the species remain distinct (Debussche et al., 2000, 2002, 2003) and how they have reacted to the dramatic climate changes in the region. Certain climate change models suggest many species could become extinct in their current range within the next 50 years.[9]
Subdivisions[edit]
Subgenera and series[edit]
Subgenus Cyclamen[edit]
Series Cyclamen[edit]
Species in the Cyclamen hederifolium group have flowers with auricles, leaves usually with angles, and tubers with roots from the top and sides.
- Cyclamen hederifolium
= Cyclamen neapolitanum- Cyclamen hederifolium var. hederifolium
- Cyclamen hederifolium var. crassifolium
- Cyclamen confusum
= Cyclamen hederifolium var. confusum - Cyclamen africanum
Series Purpurascens[edit]
Species in the Cyclamen purpurascens group have flowers with slight or no auricles and round or heart-shaped leaves.
- Cyclamen purpurascens
= Cyclamen europaeum - Cyclamen colchicum
Series Persicum[edit]
Species in the Cyclamen persicum group have toothed leaves and flowers with or without auricles.
Subgenus Gyrophoebe[edit]
Series Cilicium[edit]
Species of the Cyclamen cilicium group have small leaves sometimes scalloped or toothed and small tubers rooting from the bottom.
Series Pubipedia[edit]
Species in the Cyclamen coum group have flowers with short petals, round or oval leaves, and small tubers rooting from the center of the bottom.
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Subgenus Psilanthum[edit]
Species of the Cyclamen repandum group have flowers with long, slender petals, leaves with scalloped edges, and tubers rooting from the center of the bottom.
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Subgenus Corticata[edit]
Species[edit]
Cyclamens bloom in different seasons, depending on the species.
Winter and spring[edit]
-
Cyclamen coum subsp. caucasicum
Summer and autumn[edit]
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ cyclamen (noun). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2014.
- ^ "cyclamen". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
- ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary cyclamen
- ^ Källersjö, Bergqvist & Anderberg 2000
- ^ Stevens 2012
- ^ cyclamīnos. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
- ^ κυκλάμινος, κύκλος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "cyclamen". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ Yesson & Culham 2006
- ^ Thulin & Warfa 1989
Sources[edit]
- Debussche, Max; Debussche, Geneviève; Grandjanny, Michel (2000). "Distribution of Cyclamen repandum Sibth. & Sm. subsp. repandum and ecology in Corsica and continental France". Acta Botanica Gallica 147 (2): 123–142.
- Debussche, Max; Thompson, John D (2002). "Morphological differentiation among closely related species with disjunct distributions: a case study of Mediterranean Cyclamen L. subgen. Psilanthum Schwarz (Primulaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (2): 133–144.
- Debussche, Max; Thompson, John D (2003). "Habitat differentiation between two closely related Mediterranean plant species, the endemic Cyclamen balearicum and the widespread C. repandum". Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology 24 (1): 35–45.
- Grey-Wilson, Christopher (1998). Cyclamen: a guide for gardeners, horticulturists, and botanists. Timber Press.
- Källersjö, Mari; Bergqvist, Gullevi; Anderberg, Arne A (2000). "Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s.l.: A phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology". American Journal of Botany 87 (9): 1325–1341.
- Stevens, Peter F (July 2012). "Myrsinoideae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
- Thulin, Mats; Warfa, Ahmed Mumin (1989). "Cyclamen (Primulaceae) in tropical Africa". Systematics and Evolution 166 (3-4): 249–252.
- Yesson, Chris; Culham, Alastair (2006). "A phyloclimatic study of Cyclamen". BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 (72). doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-72.
- Yesson, C; Toomey, NH; Culham, A (2008). "Cyclamen: Time, sea and speciation biogeography using a temporally calibrated phylogeny". Journal of Biogeography 36 (7): 1234–1252.
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Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclamen&oldid=640341049 |