Rock Garden Plants

10O DIANTHUS 'TINY RUBIES' wide. Zones 4-9. Central and southern Europe. Dianthus 'Tiny Rubies' Cultivate in sun or part shade in fertile scree. Flowers in spring, rosy red. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. A cultivar involving D. gratianopolitanus. Diascia Scrophulariaceae Diascia anastrepta A perennial for sun or light shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer and fall, medium to rich pink. Grows 12-16 inches (30-40 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 8-10. Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa. Diascia barberae A perennial for sun or light shade in fertile, well-drained soil. The cultivar'Ruby Field', a seedling selection, flowers in spring through fall, salmon pink. Grows 10 inches (25 cm) high, 18 inches (45 Dianthus sylvestris, courtesy of Fritz Kummert cm) wide. Zones 8-10. The species is from southern Africa. Diascia fetcaniensis A perennial that is easy to grow and hardy, with a very long blooming season. Cultivate in sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer and fall, salmon pink. Grows 18 Diascia anastrepta, courtesy of Fritz Kummert inches (45 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. Lesotho and Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa. Dicentra bleeding heart Fumariaceae Dicentm canadensis squirrel corn A perennial for part shade in moist, humus-rich soil with a drier summer dormancy. Flowers in March through May, white, tinged pink. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high and wide. Zones 4-8. Eastern North America, Canada south to North Carolina and Tennessee. Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman's breeches A perennial with a bulb-like rootstock of small white tubers for part shade in moist, humus-rich soil with a drier Diascia barberae Ruby Field Dicentra canadensis, courtesy of Panayoti Kelaidis Dianthus Tiny Rubies' Diascia fetcaniensis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Dicentra cucullaria

DIONYSIA 101 summer dormancy. Flowers in early spring, white, occasionally yellow or flushed with pink. Grows 6-10 inches (15-25 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Eastern North America, Nova Scotia to North Carolina and west to Kansas. There is a western form of the species that is sometimes called D. occidentalis; it is native to Idaho, eastern Washington, and northeastern Oregon. From the gardener's standpoint the western form is taller and more robust. Dicentm eximia staggerweed, turkey corn, wild bleeding heart A rhizomatous perennial for part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring to late summer or early fall, pink to rose red. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 3-10. Mountains of the eastern United States, New York to Georgia. The cultivar'Alba' is a white-flowered selection, as is'Snowdrift'in addition to several other cultivars that may actually be hybrids with D.formosa, 'Bountiful', 'Luxuriant', and 'Zestful'. Dicentraformosa wild bleeding heart A rhizomatous perennial. California to British Columbia. Subspecies and Cultivar. Dicentra formosa subsp. oregana (synonym, D. oregana), Oregon dicentra. Cultivate in sun or part shade in scree. Flowers in May to August, cream and pink. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Siskiyou Mountains of northern California and southern Oregon. Dicentraformosa 'Sweetheart' is a superb form, ranking high as a most satisfactory, long-blooming plant for woodland gardens. Tolerant of considerable sun but not hot summer conditions. It has light green foliage and beautiful white flowers. Cultivate in part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in May to October. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Dicentra peregrina A beautiful and difficult rhizomatous perennial best attempted in the alpine house. Cultivate in part shade in humusrich, gritty scree. Flowers in early summer, white or pink to purple with paler tips and darker veining. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 10 inches (25 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Japan, China, and eastern Siberia. Dionysia Primulaceae The species of cushion-forming perennials treated here are relatively easy to cultivate although the alpine house is the best place to provide the necessary protection from winter wetness. Dicentra formosa subsp. oregana, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Dicentra formosa 'Sweetheart' Dicentra eximia 'Alba' Dicentra peregrina, courtesy of Franz Hadacek

1O2 DIONYSIA ARETIOIDES Dionysia aretioides Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich scree. Flowers in spring, yellow. Grows 1 inch (2.5 cm) high, 6-8 inches (15-20 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Northern Iran. Dionysia involucrata Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich scree. Flowers in early summer, lilac to violet purple with a white eye when young and reddening with age; there is also a rare white-flowered form in cultiDionysia aretioides, courtesy of Armen Gevjan Dionysia involucrata, courtesy of Fritz Kummert vation. Grows 1 inch (2.5 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Russia. Dionysia tapetodes Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich scree. Flowers in late spring and early summer, yellow. Grows 1 inch (2.5 cm) high, 10 inches (25 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Southern Russia, northeastern Iran, Afghanistan and western Pakistan. Diplarrhena moraea Iridaceae A very pretty rhizomatous, evergreen perennial for the large rock garden, or protected in an alpine house. Cultivate in sun in peaty, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, white suffused or veined with mauve or blue. Grows 12-24 inches (30-60 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 7-9. Tasmania and southeastern Australia. Disporum Liliaceae(Colchicaceae) Disporum flavens fairy bells A rhizomatous perennial for part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in late spring, yellow. Grows 18-24 inches (45-60 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Korea. Disporum sessile fairy bells A rhizomatous perennial for part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, white with greenish tips. Grows 12-24 inches (30-60 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Japan. Diplarrhena moraea, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Dionysia tapetodes, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Disporum flavens, courtesy of Armen Gevjan Disporum smithii, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Disporum sessile

DORONICUM COLUMNAE 103 Disporum smithii fairy lantern A perennial for part shade in humusrich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, white to cream. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Coast Ranges of California and Oregon. Dodecatheon American cowslip, bird bill, shooting star Primulaceae The pretty spring Cyclamen-like blossoms can be white, pink to purplish, or almost red in color. These perennials require plenty of moisture in spring but do best if allowed to dry out somewhat in summer when they go dormant after flowering. Dodecatheon alpinum alpine shooting star Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, moist soil. Flowers in late spring and early summer, magenta to lavender. Grows 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Alpine areas of California, southern Oregon, Arizona, and Utah. Dodecatheon hendersonii Cultivate in part shade in humus-rich, moist soil, keeping it quite dry in summer. Flowers in spring, red-purple. Grows 8-10 inches (20-25 cm) high. Zones 4-9. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California. Cultivar. Dodecatheon hendersonii 'Sooke', dwarf shooting star. Cultivate in part shade in humus-rich, moist soil, keeping it dryish in summer. Flowers in late spring, cherry red. Grows 6-8 inches (15-20 cm) high. Zones 4-9. Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Dodecatheon meadia American cowslip, shooting tar Cultivate in part shade in humus-rich, moist soil. Flowers in late spring, purple, pink, or white. Grows 18 inches (45 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Midwestern to eastern United States. Doronicum columnae leopard's bane Compositae synonym, D. cordatum A perennial for sun or part shade in any fertile soil. Flowers in early spring, yellow. Grows 12-20 inches (30-50 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Southern Europe and western Asia. Dodecatheon hendersonii, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Dodecatheon meadia Dodecatheon alpinum, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Dodecatheon hendersonii 'Sooke' Doronicum columnae, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

1O4 DORYCNIUM HIRSUTUM Dorycnium hirsutum Leguminosae A perennial for sun in any well-drained soil, preferably poor and alkaline. Flowers in June through September, white flushed with pink. Grows 18 inches (45 cm) high, 30 inches (75 cm) wide. Zones 6-10. Portugal to Turkey. Douglasia Primulaceae Some authorities have moved all of the American douglasias to the genus Androsace. Wherever they may be placed, they are excellent alpines, challenging and beautiful. Douglasia laevigata A densely mat-forming perennial for sun or part shade in cool scree. Flowers in late spring, rose pink with a darker eye. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Cascade Ranges of Oregon and Washington and the Olympic Mountains. Douglasia montana A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, gritty scree. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. British Columbia to Idaho and Wyoming. Douglasia montana var. biflora, from the Rocky Mountains, is more robust and easier to grow. Draba Cruciferae All drabas perform well as alpine house subjects. Most can be grown well outside in a raised bed, but most require protection from winter wetness, especially those with woolly leaves. Draba bruniifolia A cushion- to mat-forming perennial for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in early spring, yellow. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Caucasia, Armenia, and Turkey. Draba bruniifolia subsp. olympica (synonym, D. olympicd) is similar to subspecies bruniifolia and most rewarding, considered one of the easiest drabas to grow. Draba cappadocica A cushion-forming perennial for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in early spring, yellow. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Turkey and Kurdistan. Draba incerta A cushion- to mat-forming perennial for sun in any good, well-drained, gritty soil. Flowers in spring, yellow. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) Dorycnium hirsutum Draba bruniifolia subsp. bruniifolia, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Douglasia laevigata Draba cappadocica, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Douglasia mentana

DRYAS 105 wide. Zones 4-8. Northwestern contiguous United States, Canada, and Alaska. Draba mollissima A hummock-forming perennial that is often considered the gem of the genus with its furry foliage of very tiny rosettes that are sensitive to moisture, as are those of D.polytricha. Cultivate D. mollissima in sun in any good, well-drained, gritty soil in the alpine house. Flowers in April and May, yellow. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 5-7. Caucasus Mountains. Draba polytricha A cushion-forming perennial (note also the discussion under D. mollissima) for sun in any good, well-drained, gritty soil in the alpine house. Flowers in spring, yellow. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 5-7. Caucasus Mountains. Draba rigida A cushion-forming perennial for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in early spring, yellow. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 5 inches (12.5 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Armenia and Turkey. Subspecies. Draba rigida var. bryoides (synonym, D. bryoides) is one of the finest drabas, making a hard cushion of moss-like foliage. Cultivate in sun in any good, well-drained, gritty soil. Flowers in March and April, yellow. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Armenia and the Caucasus Mountains. Draba ussuriensis A loosely mat-forming perennial for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, white. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Northeastern Asia. Dracocephalum austriacum dragon head Labiatae A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained, moist soil. Flowers in summer, blue-violet. Grows 10-18 inches (25-45 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Southeastern France to central Ukraine. Dryas mountain avens Rosaceae Dryases are popular and easy-to-grow plants, best in the sunny rock garden where they eventually make dense, evergreen mats of scalloped leaves. The shrublets tend to be short-lived in acid soils. Anemone-like flowers are followed by long-lasting, attractive, silky seed heads. Draba incerta Draba polytricha, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Draba rigida var. bryoides, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Dracocephalum austriacum, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Draba mollissima Draba rigida Draba ussuriensis

106 DRYAS DRUMMONDII Dryas drummondii Cultivate in sun in any good, welldrained, alkaline to neutral soil. Flowers in late spring, creamy yellow. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 1-7. Arctic and alpine regions of Canada and northwestern contiguous United States. Dryas octopetala Cultivate in sun in any good, welldrained, alkaline to neutral soil. Flowers in late spring, white. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 1-7. Arctic and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere. Dryopteris male or shield fern Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris affinis golden-scaled male fern A semi-evergreen to deciduous perennial for full to part shade in humus-rich, well-drained, moist soil. Dryopteris affinis subsp. affinis 'Crispa Gracilis', crisped dwarf golden-scaled male fern, is an outstanding dwarf fern for the shady rock garden that is often confused with D. affinis 'Crispa Congesta, another fine dwarf selection; 'Crispa Gracilis' grows 4-8 inches (10-20 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. The species is from Caucasia to Europe, including Norway and the British Isles. Dryopteris affinis subsp. affinis Crispa Gracilis' Dryas drummondii, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Dryopteris erythrosora var. prolifica proliferous autumn fern, proliferous copper shield fern A semi-evergreen to deciduous perennial for full to part shade in humus-rich, well-drained, moist soil. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Japan. Echinocereus hedgehog cactus Cactaceae Echinocereus fendleri A perennial, low-growing, shrubby cactus for sun in any well-drained soil. Variety fendleri flowers in spring into summer, purple-magenta to white. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 7-9. Southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Echinocereus fendleri var. fendleri, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. mojavensis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Dryas octopetala Dryopteris erythrosora var. prolifica, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

EPIMEDIUM 107 Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. mojavensis claret cup A perennial, low-growing, shrubby cactus for sun in any well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, orange to scarlet, rarely pink. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Echinocereus viridiflorus A perennial, low-growing, shrubby cactus for sun in any well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, green to yellow-green and lemon scented. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Southern central United States. Edraianthus grassy bells Campanulaceae The edraianthuses are splendid, earlysummer-blooming perennial campanulads with up-facing bells at the growth tips. Edraianthus dinaricus Cultivate in sun or light shade in scree. Flowers in early summer, blue to violet. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 10 inches (25 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Central and western Balkan Peninsula. Edraianthus pumilio Probably the most outstanding species of Edraianthus, a miniature tuft of silver-gray grassy leaves. Cultivate in sun or light shade in scree. Flowers in early summer, violet. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 5 inches (12.5 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Mediterranean. Ephedra joint fir Ephedraceae Ephedra is a genus of curious shrubs, making a link in the plant kingdom between flowering plants and conifers. They are very drought tolerant. Ephedra distachya An evergreen shrub for sun in any fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring small and yellow, followed by red "fruit" in summer. Grows 18 inches (45 cm) high, 36 inches (90 cm) wide. Zones 4-10. Mediterranean to Siberia. Ephedra minima An evergreen shrublet for sun in scree. Flowers in spring, small and yellow, followed by bright red "fruit." Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-10. Tibet. Epilobium Onagraceae Epilobium rigidum willowherb A perennial for sun in sandy or gritty scree. Flowers in summer, pink. Grows 6-8 inches (15-20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Siskiyou Mountains of northern California and southern Oregon. Epimedium bishop's hat or mitre Berberidaceae Echinocereus viridiflorus, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Edraianthus dinaricus, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Ephedra distachya, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Epilobium rigidum Edrainanthus pumilio Ephedra minima

EPIMEDIUM ACUMINATUM Considered the aristocrats of ground covers for shade, epimediums spread into dense colonies and have dainty flowers that appear before the new foliage unfurls in spring. The handsome, heart-shaped foliage is tinged bronze when new. Epimedium acuminatum A rhizomatous evergreen perennial for part shade in humus-rich soil. Flowers in spring, usually dull purple and pink, also white and yellow. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Central and western China. Epimedium diphyllum A deciduous perennial for part shade in humus-rich soil. Flowers in spring, white. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Japan. Epimedium grandiflorum synonym, E. macranthum A deciduous perennial for part shade in humus-rich soil. Flowers in spring, white, yellow, pink, or purple. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Central and southern Japan. Epimedium grandiflorum, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Epimedium pinnatum subsp. colchicum A near-evergreen perennial for part shade in humus-rich soil. Flowers in March to May, yellow. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 36 inches (90 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Western Asia. Epimedium xrubrum A low, compact deciduous perennial that is a rapid spreader. Cultivate in part shade in humus-rich soil. Flowers in March to May, crimson and white. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. A garden hybrid, E. alpinum X E. grandiflorum. Epimedium xversicolor A deciduous perennial for part shade in humus-rich soil. The cultivar'SulphurEpimedium pinnatum subsp. colchicum, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Epimedium xrubrum Epimedium acuminatum, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Epimedium diphyllum, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Epimedium xversicolor'Sulphureum' with Muscari armeniacum 'Blue Spike', courtesy of Fritz Kummert 108

ERANTHIS HYEMALIS 109 eum' flowers in spring, pale yellow to creamy white and deeper yellow. Grows 24 inches (60 cm) high, 36 inches (90 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Epimedium xversicolor is a garden hybrid, E. grandiflorumxE.pinnatum subsp. colchicum. Epimedium xwarleyense A near-evergreen perennial for part shade in humus-rich soil. Flowers in spring, yellow and red, fading to orange. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. A garden hybrid, E. alpinum X E. pinnaturn subsp. colchicum. Epimedium xyoungianum A deciduous perennial for part shade in humus-rich soil. The cultivar'Niveum' flowers in spring, white. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Epimedium xyoungianum is a garden hybrid, E. diphyllum X E. grandiflorum. Epipactus Orchidaceae Epipactus gigantea chatterbox orchid, stream orchid A rhizomatous terrestrial orchid for moisture-retentive soil or streamside, where plants form slowly spreading colonies. Cultivate in sun or part shade in humus-rich, moist soil. Flowers in summer, purple-green. Grows 24 inches (60 cm) high and wide. Zones 4-9. Western North America. Epipactus palustris marsh helleborine A rhizomatous terrestrial orchid for sun or part shade in humus-rich, moist soil. Flowers in mid- to late summer, tepals brown to purplish green, lip white with red veins and yellow dots. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Europe. Eranthis hyemalis winter aconite Ranunculaceae A rhizomatous, tuberous perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, welldrained soil. Flowers in winter, yellow. Epipactus palustris, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Epimedium xyoungianum 'Niveum' Epipactus gigantea, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Epimedium xwarleyense

110 ERICA Grows 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Southern Europe, naturalized in western Europe and Britain. Erica heather Ericaceae The many dwarf shrubby forms of Erica are useful rock garden and peat garden plants, having an exceptionally long season of bloom and evergreen foliage that is neat and fresh looking year-round. Sandy soil with peat moss, oak leaf mold, or compost is ideal. Roots should never go completely dry nor ever be soggy. Erica carnea alpine or winter heather Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, sandy soil. It is tolerant of lime. Flowers in shades of pink, reddish, and purple, and in white. Zones 4-10. Central European Alps, northwestern Italy, and the northwestern Balkan Peninsula. Cultivars. Erica carnea 'Springwood White' flowers in January to May, white. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Erica carnea 'Vivellii' flowers in January through March, crimson. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 16 inches (40 cm) wide. Erica cinerea bell heather, fine-leaved heath Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, sandy, acid soil. Flowers in June through August, bright red-purple to white. The cultivar Alba Minor' has finely textured, light green foliage and white flowers. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. The species is from Britain and northern Europe. Erica erigena Irish heather Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, sandy soil. It is tolerant of lime. The cultivar'Golden Lady', golden Irish heather, flowers in May, white with golden foliage as shown; other cultivars may be in shades of pink. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high and wide. Zones 7-9. The species is from southwestern Europe and western Ireland. Erica tetralix cross-leaved heath Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, sandy, lime-free soil. Flowers in summer in shades of purple, pink, and white. Grows 6-8 inches (15-20 cm) high, 12-24 inches (30-60 cm) wide. The cultivar'Pink Glow' has vivid magenta flowers, June through September, and neat, gray-green foliage. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 3-9. The species is from Europe. Erica vagans Cornish heather Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, sandy, acid soil. The cultivar'Birch Eranthis hyemalis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Erica carnea 'Vivellii', courtesy of Panayoti Kelaidis Erica erigena 'Golden Lady' Erica carnea 'Springwood White' Erica cinerea 'Alba Minor' Erica tetralix 'Pink Glow'

ERIGERON LINEARIS 111 Glow'has rich, dark green foliage and brightly colored flowers in dense, erect, pointed clusters. Flowers in July through October, rose pink. Grows 10 inches (25 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. The species is from western Europe, including southwestern England and Ireland. Erigeron fleabane Compositae Erigeron aureus A perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, acid scree. Flowers in spring to fall, rich yellow. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Mountains of western Canada and Washington. Cultivar. Erigeron aureus 'Canary Bird' flowers in spring to fall, creamy yellow. Erigeron chrysopsidis The cultivar'Grand Ridge' is a miniature gem from the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon and was found by Phil Pearson and Steve Doonan of Grand Ridge Nursery, Issaquah, Washington. In spite of its long flowering season, it seems to be a long-lived perennial. Cultivate in sun in humus-rich scree. Flowers in spring to fall, bright yellow. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. The species is from California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Erigeron compositus A perennial for sun in fertile scree. Flowers in summer, white, pink, or bluish. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Western United States and Canada to Greenland. Erigeron glaucus beach aster, seaside daisy The cultivar'Olga' is an introduction by the Siskiyou Rare Plant Nursery and is a perennial with a particularly low-growing habit. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in April through August, lilac with a yellow eye. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. The species is from the California and Oregon coast. Erigeron linearis A perennial for sun or part shade in scree. Flowers in early summer, yellow. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 12 inches Erigeron aureus 'Canary Bird' Erigeron chrysopsidis 'Grand Ridge' Erigeron aureus, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Erigeron compositus Erigeron linearis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Erica vagana 'Birth Glow' Erigeron glaucus 'Olga'

112 ERIGERON SCOPULINUS (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Mountains of western North America. Erigeron scopulinus A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, white. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 10 inches (25 cm) wide. Zones 5-7. Arizona. Erinacea anthyllis Leguminosae synonym, E. pungens blue broom, branch thorn, hedgehog broom Given a truly hot location, a domeshaped, spiky, evergreen shrublet that is sure to please when smothered in nearstemless flowers. Cultivate in sun in well-drained gritty soil, preferably alkaline. Flowers in summer, violet-blue. Grows 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Morocco, Spain, and southern France. Erinus alpinus alpine balsam, fairy foxglove Scrophulariaceae A tiny, short-lived, evergreen mountain perennial that is easy to grow, colorful, and reseeds nicely onto mossy rocks or into crevices without becoming a nuisance. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers usually rose purple in the wild. Grows 3-6 inches (7.5-15 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 4-10. Mountains of Europe. Cultivars. Erinus alpinus Albus' flowers in May and June, white. Erinus alpinus 'Carmineus' flowers in May and June, carmine-pink. Eriogonum St. Catherine's lace, umbrella plant, wild buckwheat Polygonaceae The alpine buckwheats are natives of western North America and make ideal additions to the dry rock garden. Eriogonum caespitosum subsp. douglasii A mat-forming perennial or subshrub for sun in any gritty, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, yellow, aging to reddish. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Washington to California and Nevada. Eriogonum ovalifolium A mat-forming perennial for sun in any gritty, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, cream or rose to purple. Grows 4-8 inches (10-20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Oregon, California, and Nevada. Eriogonum umbellatum sulfur flower A mat-forming perennial or subshrub for sun in any gritty, well-drained soil. Erigeron scopulinus, courtesy of Panayoti Kelaidis Erinus alpinus 'Albus' Eriogonum caespitosum subsp. douglasii, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Erinacea anthyllis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Erinus alpinus 'Carmineus' Eriogonum ovalifolium

ERITRICHIUM NANUM 113 Flowers in summer in all shades of yellow to cream. The dwarf form illustrated grows 4-12 inches (10-30 cm) high, 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. The species is from British Columbia to California, Montana, Wyoming, and Arizona. Cultivars. Eriogonum umbellatum 'Alturas Red' is a Siskiyou Rare Plant Nursery color selection from wild plants in northern California, displaying a superior combination of coin-like foliage tinged red in winter, and stocky stems of colorful flowers most of the summer. Flowers in summer, gold, changing to russet red. Grows 10 inches (25 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Eriogonum umbellatum 'Siskiyou Gold' flowers in summer, yellow, turning gold. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Eriogonum umbellatum, dwarf form Eriophorum vaginatum cotton grass, hare's tail Cyperaceae A perennial grass-like plant for sun or part shade in humus-rich, moist soil. Flowers in July and August, white. The dwarf form shown grows 10 inches (25 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 2-8. The species is from Arctic regions. Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine, woolly sunflower Compositae A perennial for sun in any well-drained soil, even poor soil. Flowers in midsummer, golden yellow. Grows 8-24 inches (20-60 cm) high, 12-36 inches (30-90 cm) wide. A variable species in the wild, regarding size and habit. Zones 5-9. British Columbia to California, through the Rocky Mountains to Montana. The cultivar'Siskiyou' is a Siskiyou Rare Plant Nursery selection that is a vigorous, low, spreading clone, 10 inches (25 cm) high, 36 inches (90 cm) wide, adapting easily to garden conditions. Eritrichium alpine forget-me-not Boraginaceae Eritrichiums are outstanding alpine plants that the best cultivators attempt to grow at some point in their careers, usually with only temporary success. Eritrichium howardii A mat-forming perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, gritty scree. Flowers in summer, blue. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Montana and Wyoming. Eritrichium nanum A cushion-forming perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, gritty scree. Flowers in summer, deep blue to white. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Circumpolar in Eriogonum umbellatum 'Siskiyou Gold Eriophyllum lanatum 'Siskiyou' Eriogonum umbellatum 'Alturas Red' Eriophorum vaginatum, dwarf form Eritrichium howardii, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

114 ERODIUM the northern hemisphere and south through mountains. Erodium crane's, heron's, or stork's bill Geraniaceae Erodiums are very showy, summerflowering Geranium relatives from the Mediterranean. They thrive in climates similar to that region's, but many are quite hardy and adaptable. Erodium cheilanthifolium synonym, E. petraeum subsp. crispum A perennial for sun in well-drained soil, preferably limy. Flowers in summer, white with cerise veining and a purpleblack blotch. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Spain and Morocco. Cultivar. Erodium cheilanthifolium 'David Crocker' flowers in summer, white with no veining and a raspberry pink blotch. Erodium chrysanthum A perennial for sun in well-drained soil, preferably limy. Flowers in summer, pale to sulfur yellow. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Central and southern Greece. Erodium glandulosum synonym, £ macradenum A perennial for sun in well-drained soil, preferably limy. The cultivar'Roseum' flowers in summer, deep pink, blotched purple. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. The species is from the Pyrenees. Erodium reichardii synonym, £ chamaedryoides A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. The cultivar 'Roseum' flowers in June through August, pink. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. The species is from the Balearic Islands, Spain. Eryngium eryngo, sea holly Umbelliferae Eryngiums are perennials with bold, bluish leaves. A few species are small enough for the rock garden. They brighten up the sunny summer garden. Eritrichium nanum Erodium cheilanthifolium 'David Crocker' Erodium glandulosum 'Roseum' Erodium chrysanthum Erodium reichardii 'Roseum' Erodium cheilanthifolium

ERYTHRONIUM HENDERSONII 115 Eryngium bourgatti Cultivate in sun in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, bluish. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-10. Pyrenees. Eryngium maritimum sea eryngium, sea holly, sea holm Cultivate in sun in sandy, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer and early fall, blue. Grows 12-24 inches (30-60 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. Coastal Europe and naturalized on the eastern coast of the United States. Erysimum helveticum Cruciferae A perennial wallflower for sun in any good soil. Flowers in spring, yellow from purple tinted buds. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Alps. Erythronium fawn or trout lily Liliaceae All erythroniums are excellent wildflowers for shade, and are bulbous perennials that are basically easy to grow and permanent. They do not do well when disturbed and may make a poor show for a few years after being transplanted. Erythronium citrinum Cultivate in shade or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in March and April, cream to pale yellow. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high and wide. Zones 3-8. Siskiyou Mountains of northern California and southern Oregon. Erythronium dens-canis dog-tooth violet Cultivate in shade or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in early spring in shades of rose to mauve, rarely white, with a yellow throat with a brown or rusty red spot. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Europe and Asia. Erythronium hendersonii Cultivate in shade or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers Eryngium bourgatti Eryngium maritimum, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Erythronium dens-canis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Erysimum helveticum Erythronium hendersonii Erythonium citrinum

116 ERYTHRONIUM HOWELLII in April, soft to deep lilac with dark accents. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Foothills of the Siskiyou Mountains of northern California and southern Oregon. Erythronium howellii Cultivate in shade or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, cream with a yellow center. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high and wide. Zones 3-8. Siskiyou Mountains of northern California and southern Oregon. Erythronium 'Pagoda' A popular and well-tested plant, probably the best and most vigorous erythronium of all. Cultivate in shade or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, yellow. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high and wide. Zones 3-8. A garden hybrid involving E. tuolumnense. Erythronium tuolumnense Cultivate in shade or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, golden yellow with a green eye. Grows 12-15 inches (30-38 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Sierra Nevada of California. Escobaria Cactaceae Escobaria missouriensis synonym, Neobesseya missouriensis A perennial, low-growing cactus for sun in any well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, cream with pinkish midstripe or yellow or pink, often tinged green. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 10 inches (25 cm) wide. Zones 7-9. United States and northeastern Mexico. Escobaria vivipara synonym, Coryphantha vivipara A perennial, low-growing cactus for sun in any well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, pink to purple, yellow, or rarely white, and tinged green, orange, or brown. Grows 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 7-9. Southern Canada, the United States, south into Mexico. Euonymus fortunei Celastraceae An evergreen shrub for sun or part shade in any well-drained soil. The cultivar'Harlequin' flowers in spring, small, yellow-green, insignificant. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. The species is from China, Korea, and Japan. Euphorbia spurge Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia is a genus of hardy, succulent plants with striking foliage and colorful bracts that substitute as "flowers." Avoid the milky sap, which flows from any broken stem or leaf; it is an irritant. Escobaria vivipara, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Erythronium howellii Erythronium 'Pagoda' Escobaria missouriensis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Euonymus fortunei 'Harlequin' Erythronium tuolmneses

FRITILLARIA ACMOPETALA 117 Euphorbia myrsinites An evergreen perennial for sun or part shade in any well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, electric yellow. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 4-10. Southern Europe. Euphorbia polychroma synonym, £ epithymoides A perennial for sun or part shade in any well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, chartreuse. Grows 18 inches (45 cm) high and wide. Zones 4-9. Central and southeastern Europe to Turkey. Euphorbia seguieriana subsp. niciciana A woody-based perennial for sun or part shade in any well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, bright yellow. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. The species is from central and western Europe, east to Caucasia and Siberia. Euryops acraeus Compositae An evergreen shrublet for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring and summer, yellow. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 7-9. Drakensberg Mountains of South Africa. Festuca ovina sheep's fescue Gramineae An evergreen perennial grass for sun in sandy, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer in a narrow panicle tinged with purple. Grows 12-24 inches (30-60 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5- 10. Northern temperate regions. Clumps of fine, blue grass add greatly to the texture of the rock garden. Such is the effect from F. ovina 'Glauca' and many other fescue species and cultivars that are readily available. Frankenia thymifolia sea heath Frankeniaceae A mat-forming perennial for sun or part shade in sandy, well-drained soil. Flowers in June through August, rose pink. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. Spain and North Africa. Fritillaria fritillary Liliaceae Fritillaria acmopetala Cultivate in sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. This species and other tall, sturdy fritillaries such as F. affinis, F.gentneri, and F. recurva, can be successfully cultivated under shrubs where the root competition keeps the bulbous perennials comfortably dry in summer. Euphorbia myrsinites Euphorbia seguieriana subsp. niciciana Festuca ovina 'Glauca' Euphorbia polychroma Euryops acraeus, courtesy of Ted Kipping Frankenia thymifolia

FRITILLARIA AFFINIS Fritillaria acmopetala flowers in spring, green with tips and base marked reddish brown. Grows 10-18 inches (25-45 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Eastern Asia and the western Mediterranean. Fritillaria affinis checker lily, mission bell, narrow-leaved or rice-grain fritillary synonym, F. lanceolata Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, green, heavily checkered with brown. Grows 6-40 inches (15-100 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Western North America from British Columbia to central California, east to Idaho. Fritillaria bucharica Cultivate in sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, white or off-white with green veins. Grows 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Central Asia and northern Afghanistan. Fritillaria camschatcensis Kamchatka lily Cultivate in part shade in fertile, welldrained soil. Flowers in March to May, nearly black, brown, or yellowish green. Grows 12-30 inches (30-75 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Asia, Alaska south to Washington. Fritillaria crassifolia synonym, F. ophioglossifolia Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, limestone scree. Subspecies crassifolia flowers in spring, yellowish or greenish with brown tessellations. Grows 6-8 inches (15-20 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Southwestern to northeastern Turkey. Fritillaria eduardii Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, pale orange, rarely reddish or yellow. Grows 24-40 inches (60-100 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide, sometimes taller. Zones 6-9. Central Asia, Tajikistan, and southern Kashmir. Fritillaria gentneri Gentner's red bell Rare and like a larger flowering form of F. recurva with nonrecurving petals. Fritillaria gentneri has rice-grain bulbils. Cultivate in sun or light shade in any good, sandy or gritty, well-drained soil. Keep it dryish in summer. Flowers in spring, orange-red to scarlet, tessellated with yellow. Grows 12-36 inches (30-90 cm) high. Zones 5-9. Jackson Fritillaria acmopetala, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Fritillaria bucharica, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Fritillaria crassifolia subsp. crassifolia courtesy of Fritz Kummert Fritillaria affinis Fritillaria camschatcensis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Fritillaria eduardii, courtesy of Fritz Kummert 118

FRITILLARIA PALLIDIFLORA 119 and Josephine Counties of southern Oregon. Fritillaria graeca synonym, F. guicciardii Cultivate in sun in humus-rich, limestone scree. Flowers in spring, green with brown striping. Grows 3-8 inches (7.5-20 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 7-9. Balkan Peninsula, mainly Greece. Fritillaria involucrata Cultivate in sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, green marked with purple-brown. Grows 6-10 inches (15-25 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 7-9. Southeastern France and northwestern Italy. Fritillaria latifolia Cultivate in sun in humus-rich scree. Flowers in spring, dark purplish. Grows 6-10 inches (15-25 cm) high, 4 inches (10 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Northeastern Turkey, Caucasia, and northwestern Iran. Fritillaria meleagris checkered lily, guinea hen flower, guinea hen tulip, snake's head fritillary Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, purplish to pink, heavily checkered, occasionally white and veined with green. Grows 6-18 inches (15-45 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Norway, England, east through the middle of Europe to Caucasia. Fritillaria michailovskyi Cultivate in sun in humus-rich, welldrained soil. Flowers in April and May, maroon-brown or greenish, yellow tipped. Grows 4-8 inches (10-20 cm) high, 4 inches (10 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Northeastern Turkey. Fritillaria pallidiflora Cultivate in sun in humus-rich, welldrained soil. Flowers in spring and early Fritillaria meleagris, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Fritillaria involucrata, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Fritillaria graeca, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Fritillaria latifolia, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Fritillaria pallidiflora, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Fritilaria gentneri Fritillaria michailovskyo

12O FRITILLARIA PINARDII summer, pale yellow, tinged green with light reddish brown markings. Grows 6-30 inches (15-75 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Central Asia, especially the mountains of the RussianChinese border, the Dzungarian Ala Tau or Alataw Shan, and the Tian Shan or Tyan' Shan'. Fritillaria pinardii Cultivate in sun in humus-rich, welldrained soil. Flowers in spring, gray or purplish, yellow-green to orange inside. Grows 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Turkey and western Iran. Fritillaria pudica yellow bell, yellow fritillary Cultivate in sun in any good, sandy or gritty, well-drained soil, keeping it dryish in summer. Flowers in spring, yellow to orange-yellow. Grows 4-8 inches (10- 20 cm) high, 4 inches (10 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Western North America. Fritillaria raddeana Cultivate in sun in humus-rich, welldrained soil. Flowers in spring, pale yellow. Grows 18-30 inches (45-75 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Northeastern Iran and foothills east of the Caspian Sea. Fritillaria recurva red bells, scarlet fritillary With rice-grain bulbils. Cultivate in sun or light shade in any good, sandy or gritty, well-drained soil. Keep it dryish in summer. Flowers in spring, red to orange, tessellated with yellow. Grows 12-36 inches (30-90 cm) high. Zones 5-9. Northern California and southern Oregon. Fritillaria uva-vulpis Cultivate in sun in humus-rich, welldrained soil. Flowers in spring, graypurple, yellow tipped and yellow within. Grows 6-15 inches (15-38 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Northern Iraq, western Iran, and southeastern Turkey. Galanthus reginae-olgae snowdrop Amaryllidaceae All the snowdrops, whether fall, winter, or spring blooming, are excellent small bulbous perennials for naturalizing in the woodland and partially shaded rock garden. Cultivate G. reginae-olgae in part shade in moist, fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in fall, white with apical green markings. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Sicily, Greece, and southwestern Turkey. Gaultheria Ericaceae The dwarfer gaultherias, both shrubby or carpeting types, provide lush, evergreen foliage in the cool, moister parts Fritillaria raddeana, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Fritillaria pinardii, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Fritillaria pudica Fritillaria recurva Fritillaria uva-vulpis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

GENISTA LYDIA 121 of the rock garden. Delicate pendant, waxy bells are followed by berry-like fruits colored white, pink, red, or glowing shades of blue or violet. Gaultheria miqueliana Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, acid soil. Flowers in late spring, white, followed by white, wintergreenflavored fruit. Grows 8-12 inches (20-30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Japan, Kuriles, and Aleutians. Gaultheria nummularioides A prostrate shrublet for sun or part shade in humus-rich, acid soil. Flowers in summer, pinkish white, followed by blue-black berries. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Himalayas and China. Gaultheria procumbens wintergreen, checkerberry, teaberry A stoloniferous shrublet for part shade in humus-rich, acid soil. Flowers in summer, pinkish white, followed by scarlet fruit. Grows 3-6 inches (7.5-15 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Northeastern North America. Gaura lindheimeri Onagraceae A perennial for sun in any well-drained soil, keeping it dryish in winter. The cultivar'Siskiyou Pink' flowers in July through October, rose pink. This clone was discovered growing in the garden at Siskiyou Rare Plant Nursery, Medford, Oregon. It was propagated from a single pink-flowering stem, a mutation on a typical white-flowered G. lindheimeri plant. It is dwarfer and more compactly growing than the species. Grows 30 inches (75 cm) high, 36 inches (90 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. The species is from the southern central United States and adjacent Mexico. Genista broom Leguminosae Genista delphinensis It is generally accepted that this fine, miniature species is a small version of G. sagittalis. Genista delphinensis is a prostrate and mat-forming shrublet for sun in any soil with good drainage. Flowers in late spring, yellow. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Southern France. Genista lydia A wide-spreading shrub for the large rock garden that looks good throughout the year. Though deciduous, the light green, arching stems with pendulous branch tips are most attractive in winter. Galanthus reginae-olgae, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Gaura lindheimeri 'Siskiyou Pink Gaultheria miqueliana Gaultheria procumbens Genista delphinensis, courtesy of Panayoti Kelaidis Gaultheria nummularioides

122 GENISTA PILOSA Cultivate in sun in any soil with good drainage. Flowers in late spring, yellow. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 36 inches (90 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Eastern Balkan Peninsula and Syria. Genista pilosa A deciduous shrub for sun in any soil with good drainage. The cultivar'Vancouver Gold', an introduction by the University of British Columbia Botanical Garden, flowers in late spring and early summer, yellow. Grows 2-4 inches (5- 10 cm) high, 36 inches (90 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. The species is from central and western Europe. Genista tinctoria dyer's greenweed A deciduous shrub for sun in any soil with good drainage. The cultivar'Plena' flowers in summer, yellow, doubled. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 3-10. The species is from Europe and Turkey to Ukraine. Genista villarsii synonym, G. pulchella A shrublet for sun in any soil with good drainage. Flowers in late spring and early summer, yellow. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Southeastern France and Croatia. Gentiana gentian Gentianaceae Gentians are some of the most admired and sought-after plants for the rock garden and woodland landscape. Gentiana acaulis stem less gentian Like some other gentians, forms small mats of shiny, evergreen leaves from which rise gorgeous, trumpet-shaped flowers. A perennial for sun or part Genista pilosa 'Vancouver Gold Genista /yd/a in winter Genista villarsii Gwnista lydia in flower Genista tinctoria 'Plena'

GENTIANA NEWBERRYI 123 shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring and early summer, deep blue, spotted green inside. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 3-9. Alps, Carpathians, northern Spain, Italy, and Croatia. Gentiana algida A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained, acid soil with grit added. Flowers in summer to fall, white speckled with purple-blue. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 2-8. Northeastern Asia and western North America. Gentiana asclepiadea willow gentian A tall, elegant perennial, only for the largest rock garden or background. Makes an eye-catching, late-season display, especially when the blue-flowered form is massed with the white G. asclepiadea 'Alba. Cultivate G. asclepiadea in sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in July to fall, blue to purpleblue, or white. Grows 18-30 inches (45-75 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. The species is from central Europe, Turkey, and Caucasia. Gentiana calycosa explorer's gentian A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained, moist soil. Flowers in summer, pale to deep blue, spotted green inside. Grows 8-12 inches (20- 30 cm) high, 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. British Columbia to California and Montana. Gentiana cruciata A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, blue to purple, marked green. Grows 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Europe, central and western Asia. Gentiana frigida A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in sumGentiana asclepiadea, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Gentiana acaulis mer to early fall, yellowish white, spotted and veined blue. Grows 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Carpathians, southwestern Bulgaria, and the Alps of central Austria. Gentiana newberryi alpine gentian A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Keep it moist at all times. Flowers in August, deep blue, interior white with green spots. Grows 4 Gentiana calycosa, courtesy of Panayoti Kelaidis Gentiana cruciata, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Gentiana algida Gentiana asclepiadea 'Alba' Gentiana frigida, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

124 GENTIANA PARADOXA inches (10 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Southern Oregon, northern California to northwestern Nevada. Gentiana paradoxa A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in late summer, blue with white and green markings. Grows 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Caucasus Mountains. Gentiana scabra A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in fall, blue to purple-blue. Grows 8-12 inches (20-30 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. China, Korea, and Japan. Gentiana septemfida crested gentian An easy-to-grow and reliable, long-lived perennial for the rock garden. Cultivate in sun or part shade in fertile, welldrained soil. Flowers in August, dark blue. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) wide. Zones 2-8. Turkey, Caucasia, and Iran. Gentiana septemfida var. lagodechiana (synonym, G. lagodechiana) is more prostrate, less robust, and has fewer flowers in each cluster. Gentiana sino-ornata A perennial for sun or part shade in moist, fertile, acid soil. Flowers in fall, rich blue with some variation to purplepink. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. China. Gentiana verna spring gentian A perennial for sun or part shade in moist, fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, blue. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Europe and Asia. Subspecies. Gentiana verna subsp. tergestina (synonym, G. angulosa) flowers in spring, sky blue. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Apennines, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Gentiana newberryi Gentiana paradoxa, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Gentiana verna, courtesy of Panayoti Kelaidis Gentiana scabra Gentiana sino-ornata, courtesy of Roy Herald Gentiana verna subsp. tergestina, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Gentiana septemfida

GERANIUM HIMALAYENSE 125 Geranium crane's bill Geraniaceae The mountain geraniums mentioned here are all excellent and easy-to-grow plants for the rock garden, tolerant of nearly any good, well-drained soil, even alkaline. Geranium cinereum Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in late spring and early summer, white or in shades of pink, with purple or white veining. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) wide. Zones 4-10. Pyrenees. Cultivars and Subspecies. Geranium cinereum 'Ballerina flowers in May and June and intermittently to fall, lilac pink with a purple-red center and veining. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Geranium cinereum subsp. subcaulescens flowers in late spring and early summer, magenta-red with a black center. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) wide. Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, and Turkey. Geranium cinereum subsp. subcaulescens 'Splendens' flowers in late spring and early summer, bright redpink with a black-red basal blotch with a white margin. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) wide. Geranium dalmaticum A perennial, trailing by underground rhizomes, for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in early summer, clear pink. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 3-9. Southwestern Balkan Peninsula. Geranium farreri synonym, G. napuligerum A perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich scree. Flowers in early summer, light pink. Grows 4-8 inches (10-20 cm) high, 16 inches (40 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Western China. Geranium himalayense synonym, G. grandiflorum A long-blooming perennial that is usually too large and spreading (by seed and underground rhizomes) for most rock gardens but well worth positioning in the background or nearby. Cultivate Geranium dalmaticum, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Geranium cinereum Geranium cinereum subsp. subcaulescens Geranium farreri, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Geranium cinereum 'Ballerina' Geranium cinereum subsp. subcaulescens 'Splendens' Geranium himalayense

126 GERANIUM RENARDII in sun in humus-rich, well-drained, moist soil. Flowers in May through July, violet-blue. Grows 16 inches (40 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Himalayas. Two more appropriately sized cultivars are G. himalayense 'Gravetye' and'Plenum' (synonym,''Birch Double''), the latter with purplish blue flowers, doubled. Geranium renardii A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, white, veined with purple. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high and wide. Zones 5-8. Caucasus Mountains. Geranium sanguineum bloody crane's bill A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Zones 3-9. Europe, northern Turkey, and Caucasia. Cultivars and Variety. Geranium sanguineum 'Alpenglow' flowers in May through August, rich rose red. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Geranium sanguineum 'Nanum', dwarf bloody crane's bill, flowers in May through August, rose red. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Geranium sanguineum var. striatum (synonyms, G. sanguineum var. lancastriense, G. sanguineum var. prostratum) flowers in May through August, pale flesh pink, veined crimson. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Walney, an island off the northwestern coast of England. Geranium sessiliflorum subsp. novaezelandiae 'Nigricans' x G. traversii A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, pinkish, fading white. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. Geranium sessiliflorum is a native of New Zealand, G. traversii of the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. See Pimelea prostrata for a photograph of the foliage of the parent, G. sessiliflorum subsp. novaezelandiae 'NigriGeranium sangumeum Nanum, courtesy of Armen Gevjan Geranium sanguineum var. striatum Geranium sanguineum 'Alpenglow' Geranium sessiliflorum subsp. novaezelandiae 'Nigricans' x G. traversii Geranium renardii

GLADIOLUS IMBRICATUS 127 Geranium stapfianum synonym, G. forrestii With cheerful flowers and foliage, a deciduous perennial with underground stolons and with silver-marbled, bright green leaves that look good in spring and summer. Cultivate in sun or part shade, for best flowering, in fertile scree. Flowers in early summer, pink with a white eye. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. China and Tibet. Geum avens Rosaceae Geum montanum alpine avens synonym, Sieversia montana A perennial with creeping rhizomes for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in early summer, golden yellow. Grows 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Mountains of central and southern Europe. Geum reptans creeping avens A mat-forming perennial, spreading by long, red, strawberry-like runners, for sun or part shade in humus-rich scree. Flowers in early summer, yellow. Grows 6-10 inches (15-25 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Alps, Carpathians, and mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. Gladiolus corn flag, sword lily Iridaceae Gladiolus illyricus A cormous perennial for sun in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, red to red-purple. Grows 12-20 inches (30-50 cm) high. Zones 6-9. Southern and western Europe, including southern England, and Turkey and Caucasia. Gladiolus imbricatus A cormous perennial for sun in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, Geum montanum, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Gladiolus illyricus, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Geum reptans, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Geranium stapfianum Gladiolus imbricatus, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

128 GLAUCIDIUM PALMATUM reddish to violet-purple. Grows 18-30 inches (45-75 cm) high. Zones 6-9. Central and southern Europe. Glaucidium palmatum Ranunculaceae Looking like a large Anemone, a most desirable rhizomatous perennial for deep, humus-rich, acid soil and shade that is best increased by seed, although it is said that root cuttings are possible. Flowers in spring and early summer, mauve to pinkish lilac, occasionally white. Cultivate in shade or part shade in well-drained soil, keeping it always moist. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Mountains of Honshu and Hokkaido, Japan. Globularia globe daisy Globulariaceae Globularia repens synonyms, G. cordifolia 'Nana', G. nana An evergreen subshrub for sun in any good, well-drained soil. It flowers best in limy scree. Flowers in early summer, lavender-blue. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 5- 10. Mountains of southwestern Europe. Globularia trichosantha An evergreen woody perennial. Cultivate in sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in late spring, blue. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. Eastern Balkan Peninsula and Turkey. Goodyera oblongifolia giant rattlesnake plantain Orchidaceae A most attractive evergreen terrestrial woodland orchid with big, 4-inch (10- cm) leaves that are dark green, veined white. Cultivate in shade or part shade in humus-rich, acid soil. Flowers in summer, white. Flower spikes 18 inches (45 cm) tall. Zones 4-10. Western Canada south to New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Gymnocarpium Woodsiaceae Gymnocarpium dryopteris oak fern A rhizomatous perennial for shade or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained, moist soil. Grows 8-12 inches (20-30 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Northern temperate regions and mountains farther south. Gymnocarpium robertianum limestone or northern oak fern A rhizomatous perennial for shade or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained, moist soil. Grows 8-18 inches (20-45 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Northern temperate regions and mountains farther south but usually in limestone areas. Gymnospermium albertii Berberidaceae Gymnospermium is a small genus of unusual members of the barberry family, usually cultivated in an alpine house or cold frame. Gymnospermium albertii is a rhizomatous, deciduous perennial for sun in well-drained, gritty or sandy soil. Flowers in early spring, yellow, veined red-brown on the back. Grows 8-10 inches (20-25 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Central Asia. Goodyera oblongifolia Glauddium palmatum, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Globularia trichosantha Gymnocarpium dryopteris Globularia repens

GYPSOPHILA REPENS 129 Gypsophila Caryophyllaceae Gypsophila aretioides A hummock-forming perennial for sun in humus-rich, limestone scree with protection from winter wetness, or in the alpine house. Flowers in early summer, white. Grows 1/2 inch (1 cm) high, 5 inches (12.5 cm) wide. Zones 4-7. High mountains of Iran and Caucasia. Gypsophila briquetiana A cushion-forming perennial for sun in humus-rich, limestone scree. Flowers in early summer, pinkish white with a maroon eye. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Turkey. Gypsophila cerastioides A tufted to mat-forming perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, welldrained soil. Flowers in June to August, white with purple lines. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Kashmir. Gypsophila repens A mat-forming perennial for sun in any good, well-drained soil. The cultivar 'Rosea' flowers in June through August, rose pink. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. The species is from mountains of central and southern Europe. Gypsophila briquetiana Gymnocarpium robertianum Gymnospermium albertii, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Gypsophila aretioides, courtesy of Panayoti Kelaidis Gypsophila earastiodes Gysophila repens 'Rosea'

130 HABERLEA FERDINANDI-COBURGII H Haberlea ferdinandi-coburgii Gesneriaceae synonym, H. rhodopensis var. ferdinandicoburgii A perennial for part shade in humusrich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring and early summer, white flecked with golden inside, lavender outside. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Bulgaria. Hacquetia epipactus Umbelliferae A perennial for part shade in humusrich, acid sand or heavy, alkaline loam. Gold spring flowers, green bracts. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 10 inches (25 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Alps. Hakonechloa macra Gramineae The cultivar'Aureola', variegated Japanese forest grass, is a slowly growing, deciduous perennial, spreading by underground runners, beautiful in the rock garden and containers. With predominantly golden foliage, red highlights occur in full sun, which it tolerates with sufficient moisture. Albo Striata'is another variegated cultivar, having thin lines of creamy white on green foliage. Cultivate in shade or part shade in humus-rich soil. Flowers in late summer in yellow-green spikes, fading light brown. Grows 10 inches (25 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. The species is from Japan. xHalimiocistus wintonensis Cistaceae An evergreen shrub for sun in any good, well-drained soil, preferably dry, especially in winter. Flowers in summer, white with a purple spot at each petal base. Grows 18 inches (45 cm) high, 36 inches (90 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. A garden hybrid, Halimium ocymoides x Cistus salviifolius. Halimium ocymoides Cistaceae An evergreen shrub for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring and early summer, yellow with a black and purple eye. Grows 24 inches (60 cm) high, 48 inches (120 cm) wide. Zones 8-10. Spain and Portugal. Haplocarpha rueppellii Compositae A perennial, forming mats by stolons, for sun in well-drained, poor soil. Flowers in late spring and summer, golden yellow. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 36 inches (90 cm) wide. Zones 8-10. Mountains of East Africa and Ethiopia. Haberlea ferdinandi-coburgii xHalimiocistus wintonensis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Hakonechloa macra 'Aureola' Halimium ocymoides, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Hacqwuetia epipactus

HEDERA HELIX 131 Haplopappus glutinosus Compositae synonym, H. coronopifolius A wide, mat-forming perennial for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, yellow. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 30 inches (75 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Chile and Argentina. Hebe Scrophulariaceae The hebes are a group of shrubby, Veronica-like plants, all from New Zealand. They do best in moderate and mild winter climates. Many have showy flowers, but all have intriguing foliage that varies tremendously from one species to another. Hebe buchananii A shrub for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. The cultivar 'Minor' flowers in late spring, white, but rarely produced. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. The species is from New Zealand. Hebe cupressoides An evergreen shrub for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. The cultivar'Boughton Dome'rarely flowers. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. The species is from alpine areas of South Island, New Zealand. Hebe ochracea The cultivar'James Sterling' is a flattopped, evergreen shrublet for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in late spring, white. Grows 10 inches (25 cm) high, 16 inches (40 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. The species is from mountains of West Nelson, South Island, New Zealand. Hebe pinguifolia An evergreen shrub for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Hebe pinguifolia 'Pagei' (synonym, Hebe 'Pagei') flowers in summer, white. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. The species is from alpine areas of South Island, New Zealand. Hebe 'Youngii' An evergreen shrub for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, violet. Grows 10 inches (25 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 8-10. A garden hybrid, H. elliptica x H. pimeleoides. Hedera helix English ivy Araliaceae Ivies are easy-to-grow, hardy, handsome, evergreen foliage plants, providHebe ochracea 'James Sterling' Haplocarpha rueppellii, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Hebe pinguifolia 'Pagei' Hebe buchananii 'Minor' Haplopappus glutinosus Hebe cupressoides 'Boughton Dome' Hebe 'Youngii'

132 HELIANTHEMUM ing an outstanding range of leaf color and texture. In time, even the dwarfest will begin spreading beyond the allotted bounds, usually due to a gradual reversion to more normal foliage and vigor. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good soil. Zones 5-10. The species is from Europe, Scandinavia, and Russia. Cultivars. Hedera helix 'Erecta', cathedral ivy, is an evergreen shrub. Flowers in spring, greenish white. Grows 30 inches (75 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Hedera helix 'Spetchley' is an evergreen creeping shrub. Nonflowering. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 30 inches (75 cm) wide. Helianthemum rock or sun rose Cistaceae The sun roses require annual shearing after they flower to maintain their vigor and longevity. Sometimes this results in a second flowering. All are heat-tolerant plants for the drier rock garden. Helianthemum appeninum An evergreen shrublet for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in late spring to midsummer, white, yellow at base. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. Western and southern Europe. Helianthemum appeninum, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Helianthemum canum An evergreen shrublet for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in midspring and summer, yellow. Grows 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. Central and southern Europe. See under Aphyllanthes monspeliensis for another photograph. Helianthemum nummularium An evergreen shrub for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. Europe. Cultivars. Helianthemum nummularium 'Bright Spot' flowers in May to July, coppery red. Helianthemum nummularium 'Eloise' flowers in May and June, yellow with an orange eye. Helianthemum nummularium 'Eloise Hedera helix 'Spetchley' Helianthemum nummularium 'Bright Spot' Hedera helix 'Erecta' Helianthemum canum

HELICHRYSUM THIANSCHANICUM 133 Helichrysum everlasting flower Compositae Helichrysums are known for their foliage, sometimes beautiful, often a bit bizarre, and for their flower heads, which are often "everlasting straw flowers." Helichrysum frigidum A subshrub for sun in gritty, welldrained soil. It does best in the alpine house. Flowers in summer, white. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 8-10. Corsica and Sardinia. Helichrysum italicum subsp. serotinum curry plant A perennial for sun in any good, welldrained soil. Flowers in summer, golden yellow. Grows 16 inches (40 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. Southwestern Europe. Helichrysum milfordiae A mat-forming, stoloniferous subshrub for sun in gritty, well-drained soil with protection from winter wet, or in the alpine house. Flowers in spring, white. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 7-9. Mountains of Lesotho and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Helichrysum 'Mo's Gold' A woody-based perennial for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in September and October, golden yellow. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 8-10. Possibly a hybrid, the parental species unknown. Helichrysum scapiforme A woody-based perennial for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, white. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Mountains of Lesotho, southern Africa. Helichrysum selago synonym, Ozothamnus selago A shrub for sun in any good, welldrained soil. Flowers in summer, creamy white. Grows 8-12 inches (20-30 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. South Island, New Zealand. Helichrysum thianschanicum A perennial for sun in any good, welldrained soil. The cultivar'Golden Baby' Helichrysum milfordiae in crimson-colored bud, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Helichrysum selago Helichrysum frigidum Helichrysum italicum subsp. serotinum Helichrysum 'Mo's Gold', courtesy of Ted Kipping Helichrysum thianschanicum 'Golden Baby' Helichrysum scapiforme

134 HELLEBORUS (synonym,'Goldkind') flowers in summer, gold. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. The species is from Turkistan. Helleborus hellebore Ranunculaceae Hellebore species and cultivars feature big, bold foliage for the woodland or rock garden background. Most have early-season flowers that brighten the winter and early spring landscape. Helleborus argutifolius synonyms, H. corsicus, H. lividus subsp. corsicus A perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in winter and early spring, yellow-green. Grows 24-36 inches (60-90 cm) high, 36 inches (90 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Corsica and Sardinia. Helleborus foetidus A perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in February to April, pale green. Grows 18 inches (45 cm) high and wide. Zones 5-9. Western Europe. Helleborus niger Christmas rose A perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in winter and spring, white, aging to pinkish. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 3-9. Central Europe. Helleborus orientalis Lenten rose An often evergreen perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in late winter and spring, white, cream, green, or pinkish mauve to purple. Grows 18 inches (45 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Greece and western Turkey. Cultivars. Helleborus orientalis 'Purple Strain' flowers in late winter and spring, blackish maroon. Helleborus orientalis 'Medallion' is a Siskiyou Rare Plant Nursery selection of the H. orientalis subsp. guttatus type, with substantial flowers of white with a contrasting center of dark purple spotting. Flowers in late winter and spring. Helleborus orientalis 'Purple Strain Helleborus orientalis 'Medallion Helleborus argutifolius Helleborus orientalis Helleborus torquatus, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Helleborous fnetintus Helleborous nigar

HERMODACTYLUS TUBEROSUS 135 Helleborus torquatus A deciduous perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in late winter and spring, dark purple. Grows 18 inches (45 cm) high and wide. Zones 6-9. Balkan Peninsula. Helleborus viridis A deciduous perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in late winter and spring, lime green. Grows 8-10 inches (20-25 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Central and southern Europe. Hepatica liverleaf Ranunculaceae Liverleafs never fail to charm with their very early spring flowers and attractive foliage, neatly variegated in some. Hepatica acutiloba A perennial for part shade in humusrich, well-drained soil. Flowers in March and April, pink or white. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 9 inches (22 cm) wide. Zones 4-7. Eastern North America. Hepatica americana A perennial for part shade in humusrich, well-drained soil. Flowers in March and April, blue. Grows 5 inches (12.5 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 3-7. Eastern North America. Hepatica 'Millstream Merlin" A perennial for part shade in humusrich, well-drained soil. Flowers in March and April, deep purple-blue, semidoubled. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high and wide. Zones 4-8. A garden hybrid, H. americana x H. transsilvanica, originated by H. Lincoln Foster, Connecticut. Hepatica nobilis synonyms, H. triloba, Anemone hepatica A perennial for part shade in humusrich, well-drained soil. Flowers in early spring, blue-purple to white or pink. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high and wide. Zones 4-8. Europe but not the extreme north or south. Hermodactylus tuberosus snake's head or widow iris Iridaceae A tuberous perennial, a close Iris relative, that goes dormant shortly after flowering and is best given a warm, dry Hepatica nobilis Hepatica nobilis, pink form, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Helleborus viridis Hepatica americana, courtesy of Armen Gevjan Hepatica acutiloba, courtesy of Armen Gevjan Hepatica 'Millstream Merlin' Hermodactylus tuberosus, courtesy of Franz Hadacek

136 HESPEROCHIRON summer interval. Cultivate in sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in early spring, light green with brownish violet shading. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high. Zones 7-9. Southern Europe. Hesperochiron Hydrophyllaceae Hesperochiron califomicus A perennial for sun in any good, welldrained soil. Keep it moist in spring and use minimal moisture during the dormant summer season. Flowers in late spring, white to bluish white. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 4 inches (10 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. California, Oregon, Montana, and Utah. Hesperochiron pumilus A perennial for sun in any good, welldrained soil. Keep it moist in spring and use minimal moisture during the dormant summer season. Flowers in late spring, white veined with lavender and yellow at the base. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 4 inches (10 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Washington to Idaho, California, Nevada, and Arizona. Heuchera alumroot, coral bells Saxifragaceae Heucheras have spectacular, variegated foliage in many shades of green, gray, and purple with contrasting veining and markings of silver. All but a few of the newer cultivars grow too large for the rock garden and are better reserved for the border; a good exception is Heuchera 'Can Can'. Heuchera 'Can Can' One of the dwarfer hybrids, small enough for the rock garden. A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, welldrained soil. Flowers in early summer, greenish and white. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide, and in flower, 18 inches (45 cm) high. Zones 4-9. Heuchera 'Chiqui' A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in early summer, shrimp pink. Grows 24 inches (60 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. A garden hybrid, H. cylindrica x H. sanguinea. Heuchera cylindrica A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, cream white. The dwarf alpine form illustrated grows 8 inches (20 cm) high and wide. Zones 4-8. The species is from northwestern North America. Heuchera cylindrica, dwarf alpine form courtesy of Fritz Kummert Hesperochiron califomicus, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Heuchera Can Can' Hesperochiron pumilus Heuchera 'Chiqui' Heuchera rubescens var. alpicola

HUTCHINSIA ALPINA 137 Heuchera rubescens var. alpicola reddish heuchera A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, pink and white. Grows 18 inches (45 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Oregon and California. Hippocrepis comosa horseshoe vetch Leguminosae A woody-based perennial for sun in well-drained soil, preferably alkaline. Flowers in spring and summer, yellow. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 7-9. Central and southern Europe to northern Africa. Horminum pyrenaicum dragon mouth, Pyrenean dead nettle Labiatae A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in midsummer, violet-blue. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high and wide. Zones 5-9. Alps and Pyrenees. Hosta plantain lily Liliaceae In the ever-growing world of hosta hybrids there are many dwarf forms from which to choose for the rock garden. These are mainly foliage plants and are usually for partly shaded to fully shaded areas, or for sun given humus-rich, moist soil. Hosta 'Golden Tiara' A perennial for part shade in humusrich, well-drained, moist soil. Flowers in June to August, purple. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Hosta tardiflora A perennial for part shade in humusrich, well-drained, moist soil. Flowers in fall, mauve to mauve-purple. Grows 10 inches (25 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Japan, but does not occur in the wild. Houstonia caerulea bluets, innocence, Quaker ladies Rubiaceae synonym, Hedyotis caerulea A perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, moist soil. Flowers in spring, light blue. Grows 3-6 inches (7.5-15 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Eastern North America. Hutchinsia alpina chamois cress Cruciferae synonym, Phitzelago alpina An evergreen perennial for sun or part shade in any well-drained soil, preferably alkaline. Flowers in late spring and summer, white. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Mountains of Europe. Hippocrepis comosa, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Hosta 'Golden Tiara Houstonia caerulea Horminum pyrenaicum, courtesy of Franz Hadacek Hosta tardiflora, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Hutchinsia alpina

138 HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA Hydrangea macrophylla Hydrangeaceae A shrub for part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. The cultivar'Pia', miniature bigleaf hydrangea, flowers in June through August, pink. With annual fall removal of the stems of spent flowers it is easy to keep this dwarf cultivar 18 inches (45 cm) high and wide. Zones 6-9. The species is from Japan. Hylomeconjaponicum Papaveraceae A perennial for part shade in humusrich, well-drained, moist soil. Flowers in late spring, yellow. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high and wide. Zones 6-9. Japan, Korea, and China. Hymenoxys Compositae Hymenoxys grandiflora synonyms, Rydbergia grandiflora, Tetraneuris grandiflora A perennial, or monocarpic, for sun in scree. Flowers in summer, deep yellow. Grows 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado. Hymenoxys scaposa synonyms, Actinella scaposa, Tetraneuris scaposa A perennial for sun in scree. Flowers in late spring and summer, yellow. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Utah, Colorado, and Kansas. Hypericum Hypericaceae Hypericums are reliable, summerflowering plants. All feature five-petaled flowers in shades of yellow, centered with a prominent sunburst of long, exaggerated stamens. Hypericum ericoides An evergreen shrublet for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, yellow. Grows 3-6 inches (7.5-15 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 7-9. Spain and North Africa. Hydrangea macrophylla 'Pia' Hymenoxys grandiflora, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Hypericum olympicum A woody-based perennial for sun in any good, well-drained soil. The cultivar 'Citrinum' flowers in summer, lemon yellow. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. The species is from the Balkan Peninsula to western and southern Turkey. Hypoxis hirsuta stargrass Hypoxidaceae A cormous perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in April through August, yellow. Grows 8-12 inches (20-30 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Eastern North America. Iberis candytuft Cruciferae Candytufts are easy to grow and fill the early rock garden with color, along with Arabis, Aubrieta, Aurinia, and Phlox. Hypericum ericoides Hylomecon japonicum Hymenoxys scaposa, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Hypericum olympicum 'Citrinum', courtesy of Fritz Kummert

INCARVILLEA EMODII 139 Iberis saxatilis An evergreen subshrub for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil, preferably alkaline. Flowers in spring, white. Grows 3-6 inches (7.5-15 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Pyrenees to Sicily. Iberis sempervirens An evergreen subshrub for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil, preferably alkaline. The cultivar'Autumn Snow' flowers in spring with a repeat in fall, white. Grows 10 inches (25 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. The species is from southern Europe. Imperata cylindrica Japanese blood grass Gramineae A deciduous perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. The cultivar'Red Baron is nonflowering and thus never becomes a self-sowing pest as does the species. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. The species is from Japan. Incarvillea Bignoniaceae Incarvillea emodii A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in late Incarvillea emodii Iberis sempervirens 'Autumn Snow Hypoxis hirsuta, courtesy of Panayoti Kelaidis Iberis saxatilis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Imperata cylindrica 'Red Baron'

140 INCARVILLEA MAIREI spring and early summer, rosy purple with a yellow throat. Grows 24 inches (60 cm) high and wide. Zones 6-9. Western Nepal to Afghanistan. Incarvillea mairei 'Frank Ludlow', courtesy of Fritz Kummert Incarvillea mairei A member of the acaulescent group of incarvilleas, which means it rises from dormancy as a tuft of foliage from a long, deep root. All incarvilleas in this group require dryish conditions in winter, otherwise roots will rot in waterlogged soil. A perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil, keeping it moist in spring. The cultivar 'Frank Ludlow' flowers in early summer, crimson tinged with pink. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 10 inches (25 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. The species is from southwestern China, and Tibet to western Nepal. Indigofera decora 'Alba' Indigo/em decora indigo Leguminosae synonym, /. incarnata A deciduous shrubby perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. The cultivar Alba flowers in June to August, white. Grows 24 inches (60 cm) high and wide. Zones 6-8. The species is from Japan and China. Inula Compositae Inula ensifolia A perennial for sun in any good, welldrained soil. Flowers in June through August, golden yellow. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high and wide. Zones 3-9. Caucasus Mountains and southern Europe. Inula rhizocephala A perennial, forming a flat rosette with sessile flower heads, for sun in fertile scree with added grit, /. rhizocephala is a distinctive species that requires dry winter conditions. Flowers in summer, yellow. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Pakistan to Kashmir in India. Ipheion uniflorum spring starflower Liliaceae(Alliaceae) An excellent bulbous perennial for naturalizing, even under trees and shrubs where little else grows well. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any well-drained soil. The cultivar'Rolf Fiedler' flowers in Inula ensifolia Inula rhizocephala, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

IRIS BUCHARICA 141 February to June, sky blue with a white throat. Other cultivars come in purple, violet, and white. Grow 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. The species is from Uruguay and northern Argentina. Ipomopsis congesta Polemoniaceae synonym, Gilia congesta A perennial for sun in any well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, white. Grows 4-10 inches (10-25 cm) high, 4 inches (10 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Sierra Nevada of California. Iris flag, fleur-de-lis Iridaceae Iris is a genus with many dwarf species for the rock garden, woodland, and bog. All are perennial and either rhizomatous or bulbous. Because of the large size and complexity of the genus, species are grouped together in (descending order Ipheion uniflorum 'Rolf Fiedler' of rank) subgenera, sections, and series. The irises treated here may be grouped as follows: Subgenus Iris, Bearded irises Section Iris—1. attica, I.pumila, I. suaveolens Section Psammiris—1. humilis Section Onocyclus—1. acutiloba, I. iberica Section Pseudoregelia—I. kamaonensis Subgenus Limniris, Beardless irises Section Lophiris, Evansia irises— 7. cristata, I. gracilipes, I. lacustris Section Limniris Series Ruthenicae—I. ruthenica Series Californicae, Pacific Coast irises—I. chrysophylla,!. douglasiana, I. innominata Series Spuriae—I. graminea, I. sintenisii Series Unguiculares—I. unguicularis Subgenus Scorpiris, Juno irises— 7. bucharica, I. nicolai, I.persica Subgenus Hermodactyloides, Reticulata irises—Iris 'Clairette', 7. histrio, I, histrioides, Iris 'Katherine Hodgkiri, 7. kolpakowskyana, I. reticulata, I. winogradowii Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata Section Onocyclus, rhizomatous. Cultivate in sun in any good, well-drained soil. It does best in the alpine house. Flowers in late spring, whitish and boldly veined brownish, each fall with a blackish patch. Grows 8-10 inches (20-25 cm) high. Zones 6-8. The species is from Transcaucasia. Iris attica synonym, /. pumila subsp. attica Section Iris, rhizomatous. Iris attica may not do well in winters that are wet and cold. Cultivate in sun in any good, welldrained soil. Flowers in spring in shades of yellow or purple, may be bicolored. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Greece, the southern Balkan Peninsula, and western Turkey. Iris bucharica Subgenus Scorpiris, bulbous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, welldrained soil. Flowers in late spring, white with yellow on falls or completely Iris attica, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Ipomopsis congesta, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris bucharica, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

142 IRIS CHRYSOPHYLLA yellow. Grows 8-14 inches (20-35 cm) high. Zones 5-8. Central Asia and northeastern Afghanistan. Iris chrysophylla Series Californicae, fibrous rooted. Iris chrysophylla is a dwarf with remarkable flowers that are large and flat. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, welldrained soil. Keep it dryish in summer. Flowers in spring, white to yellow, finely veined blue or brown. Grows 6-8 inches (15-20 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Southern and western Oregon and northern California. Iris 'Clairette' A garden hybrid, I. reticulata x I. bakeriana, both subgenus Hermodactyloides, bulbous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. The hybrid flowers in early spring, white to shades of lilac, blue, or purple with yellow crest on falls. Grows 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) high when in flower, leaves maturing to 12 to 16 inches (30-40 cm). Zones 4-9. Iris reticulata is from Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Russia, and I. bakeriana is from Turkey, Iran, and Iraq. Iris cristata dwarf crested iris Section Lophiris, rhizomatous. Cultivate in part shade in humus-rich, welldrained soil. Flowers in April and May, light blue and pale lilac to purple. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 3-8. Eastern United States. There is a lovely white cultivar, 'Alba'. Iris douglasiana Series Californicae, rhizomatous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any welldrained soil. The cultivar'Cape Sebastian' is a Siskiyou Rare Plant Nursery selection chosen for its large, showy flowers. Flowers in spring, white with a purple center. Grows 18 inches (45 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 6-10. The species is from southern Oregon to California. Iris gracilipes Section Lophiris, rhizomatous. Cultivate in part shade in humus-rich, welldrained soil. Flowers in early summer, pink to blue-lilac. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. China and Japan. Iris graminea plum tart iris Series Spuriae, rhizomatous. The sweet, plum scented flowers are nestled amid the grassy foliage. Easy to establish in open woods and meadow gardens. Cultivate in sun or part shade in humusrich, well-drained soil. Flowers in May and June, red-purple. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high and wide. Zones 5-9. Caucasia and western Russia to southern Europe. Iris histrio var. aintabensis Subgenus Hermodactyloides, bulbous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in winter and early spring, pale blue. Grows Iris cristata, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris 'Clairette', courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris douglasiana 'Cape Sebastian' lris chrysophylia

IRIS INNOMINATA 143 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cm) high. Zones 6-9. Southern Turkey. Iris histrioides Subgenus Hermodactyloides, bulbous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. The cultivar 'Major' flowers in winter and early spring, violet-blue. The plant illustrated may not be the true cultivar, but it has been commonly distributed as such. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high in flower; foliage matures to 18 inches (45 cm). Zones 5-9. The species is from northern Turkey. Iris humilis synonyms, /. arenaria, I. flavissima Section Psammiris, rhizomatous. Cultivate in sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in late spring, yellow, veined purple. Grows 8-10 inches (20-25 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Eastern Europe and Russia. Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima Section Onocydus, rhizomatous. Cultivate in sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring with falls ivory, spotted maroon, and standards white, veined brown at the base. Grows 8-12 inches (20-30 cm) high. Zones 6-8. Caucasia to northeastern Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Russia. Iris innominata Series Californicae, rhizomatous, evergreen. Iris innominata requires minimal summer watering to keep it floriferous, long-lived, and healthy. It provides atIris histrioides 'Major', courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris humilis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris gracilipes Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris graminea, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris histrio var. aintabensis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris innominata

144 IRIS KAMAONENSIS tractive tufts of thin, evergreen leaves. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, blue, lavender, cream, yellow, gold, or copper, and solid or veined. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-10. Northern California and southern Oregon. Iris kamaonensis Section Pseudoregelia, rhizomatous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in early summer, pale purple with dark mottling. Grows 8-10 inches (20-25 cm) high with young, shorter foliage; leaves mature to 12 to 18 inches (30-45 cm). Zones 6-8. Pakistan to China. Iris 'Katherine Hodgkin' A garden hybrid, I. histrioides x I. winogradowii, both subgenus Hermodactyloides, bulbous. Cultivars arise from tiny bulbs that multiply to form attractive carpets in the garden. They also make good subjects for pan culture. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, welldrained soil. Flowers in February and March. 'Katherine Hodgkin' has yellow flowers suffused with pale blue, veined blue. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high when in flower. Zones 5-8. Iris histrioides is from northern Turkey, and I. winogradowii is from the Caucasus Mountains. Iris kolpakowskyana Subgenus Hermodactyloides, bulbous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil in the alpine house. Flowers in late winter, pale purple to lilac blue. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high when in flower. Zones 5-8. Russian Asia. Iris lacustris Section Lophiris, rhizomatous. Iris lacustris is one of the smallest species and looks like a miniature I. cristata. Cultivate in part shade in humus-rich, welldrained soil. Flowers in late spring, sky blue to pale lilac. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 3- 8. Great Lakes region of North America. Iris nicolai Subgenus Scorpiris, bulbous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, welldrained soil in the alpine house, keeping water off the foliage. Flowers in spring, off-white to pale lilac, with falls blotched dark purple with a golden crest and a dark violet vein on each side. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high when in flower; leaves mature to 10 inches (25 cm). Iris kolpakowskyana, courtesy of Fritz Iris kamaonensis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Kummert Iris nicolai, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris 'Katherine Hodgkin' Iris lacustris, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris persica, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

IRIS WINOGRADOWII 145 Zones 5-8. Central Asia and northeastern Afghanistan. Iris persica Subgenus Scorpiris, bulbous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, welldrained soil. Flowers in spring, greenblue, silver-gray, yellow, or brown, with blades of falls deeper purple. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high. Zones 6-9. Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. Iris pumila Section Iris, rhizomatous, deciduous. Iris pumila is a dwarf bearded iris from which has come many forms. It is easily grown and produces dense mats and abundant flowers. Cultivate in sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, mostly purple-violet but also in shades of white, yellow, blue, or purple, all with blue or yellow beards. Grows 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Eastern central Europe to the Urals. Iris ruthenica Series Ruthenicae, deciduous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, welldrained soil. Flowers in May and June, purple. Grows 10 inches (25 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. China to eastern Europe. Iris sintenisii Series Spuriae, rhizomatous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, welldrained soil. Flowers in summer with falls white, heavily veined purple, and standards blue-violet. Grows 14 inches (35 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Southeastern Europe to Russia and Turkey. Iris suaveolens synonym, /. mellita Section Iris, rhizomatous. Iris suaveolens is similar in appearance to I.pumila. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, yellow to purple, and bicolored. Grows 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Southeastern Europe to northwestern Turkey. Leaves are red margined in /. suaveolens var. rubromarginata. Iris unguicularis Algerian iris, winter iris Series Unguiculares, rhizomatous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in late fall to early spring, lavender-blue with a yellow zone and dark veining on falls. Grows up to 18 inches (45 cm) high. Zones 6-9. Greece, southern and western Turkey, and northern Africa. Iris winogradowii Subgenus Hermodactyloides, bulbous. Cultivate in sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in late winter and early spring, primrose yellow. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) tall when in flower. Zones 5-9. Caucasus Mountains. Iris unguicularis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris pumila, courtesy of Armen Gevjan Iris sintenisii, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris ruthenica, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris suaveolens, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Iris winogradowii, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

146 ISOPYRUM THALICTRIOIDES Isopyrum thalictrioides false rue anemone Ranunculaceae A perennial for shade or part shade in humus-rich, moist soil. Flowers in March and April, white. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. Central Europe to Afghanistan. Jankaea heldreichii Gesneriaceae A lovely but difficult evergreen perennial from rocky areas in Greece, doing best in Isopyrum thalictrioides, courtesy of Fritz Kummert an alpine house that is kept quite dry in winter, but the plant should be kept well watered during the time of spring growth yet avoiding getting moisture on the foliage. Cultivate in part shade in a crevice of humus-rich soil with crushed limestone added, and in the alpine house. Flowers in spring, crystalline lilac blue. Grows 2-3 inches (5-7.5 cm) high, 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Mountains of Greece, especially Mount Olympus. Jasione laevis shepherd's scabious, sheep's bit Campanulaceae synonyms, J. perennis, J. pyrenaica A perennial for sun in any dryish soil, even poor soil. Flowers in summer, blue. Grows 8-12 inches (20-30 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Southern and western Europe. Jasminum parkeri jasmine, jessamine Oleaceae An evergreen shrub for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in June through August, yellow. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18-24 inches (45-60 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. Northwestern India. Jeffersonia Berberidaceae Jeffersonia diphylla twin leaf A perennial for part shade in humusrich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, white. Grows 10-12 inches (25-30 cm) high, 16 inches (40 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Eastern North America, Ontario to Alabama. Jasione laevis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Jeffersonia diphylla, courtesy of Armen Gevjan Jankaea heldreichii, courtesy of Phil Pearson Jasminum parkeri, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Jeffersonia dubia, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

JUNIPERUS PROCUMBENS Jeffersonia dubia synonym, Plagiorhegma dubium A perennial for part shade in humusrich, well-drained, gritty soil. Flowers in spring, lavender to blue. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Manchuria and North Korea. Jovibarba hirta Crassulaceae A perennial succulent for sun or part shade in any well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, greenish white to pale yellow. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide when in flower. Zones 5-10. Central and southeastern Europe. Juniperus juniper Cupressaceae A gardener would be hard-pressed to find a genus of evergreen conifers more tolerant of cold, hot, and even dry conditions. Juniperus communis An evergreen shrub for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Zones 3-8. Eurasia. Cultivars. Juniperus communis 'Compressa', dwarf Irish juniper, grows 18 inches (45 cm) high, 4 inches (10 cm) wide. Juniperus communis 'Echiniformis', hedgehog juniper, is the only truly cushion-forming juniper, a prickly foliaged gem. A slowly growing shrublet that reaches 12 inches (30 cm) in height and 18 inches (45 cm) in width after several years. Juniperus communis 'Gold Cone' grows 36 inches (90 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide, eventually much taller. Juniperus conferta shore juniper An evergreen shrub for sun in any good, well-drained soil. The cultivar'Silver Mist'grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 30 inches (75 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. The species is from Japan and Sakhalin. Juniperus procumbens An evergreen shrub for sun in any good, well-drained soil. The cultivar'Nana' grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 36 inches (90 cm) wide. Zones 3-9. The species is from Kyushu, Japan. Jovibarba hirta, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Juniperus communis 'Echiniformis' Juniperus conferta Silver Mist Juniperus communis 'Compressa' Juniperus communis 'Gold Cone' Juniperus procumbens 'Nana' 147

148 JUNIPERUS SQUAMATA Juniperus squamata A low, irregularly shaped cushion of steel blue foliage. An evergreen shrub for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 4-10. The species is from Afghanistan to China. K ® Kalmia Ericaceae Kalmia angustifolia sheep laurel An evergreen shrub for sun or part shade in moist, humus-rich, acid soil. The cultivar'Nana', dwarf sheep laurel, flowers in early to midsummer, deep pink. Grows 12-16 inches (30-40 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 2-8. The species is from eastern North America. Kalmia polifolia bog kalmia, bog or swamp laurel An evergreen shrub for sun or part shade in humus-rich, moist, acid soil. Flowers in late spring, pink or magenta. Grows 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 2-8. Southern Alaska to northern California and northeastern Alberta to the Atlantic coast of Canada, south to Wisconsin, Michigan, and New England. Kalmia polifolia var. microphylla is a dwarf form from the wild, only about 6 inches (15 cm) high. Kalmiopsis leachiana Ericaceae synonym, K. fragrans One of the rarest dwarf ericaceous shrubs, an evergreen that many believe to be a relict and a parent of all rhododendrons and azaleas. Native to the Siskiyou Mountains and a few locations near the Umpqua River in the Cascade Range of southern Oregon. Plants from these latter localities, including the cultivar'Umpqua Valley', are dwarfer and grow more compactly than plants from other localities, such as Curry County, Oregon. Cultivate in sun or part shade in fertile, acid, well-drained soil. Flowers in May, often again in October, in light to dark shades of rose red to purplish red. Grows 8-12 inches (20-30 cm) high, 10-18 inches (25-45 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Southern Oregon. Kelseya uniflora Rosaceae It is well worth a trip into the northern U.S. Rocky Mountains to see venerable plants clinging to the volcanic and limeKalmia polifolia, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Kalmia angustifolia 'Nana' Kalmiopsis leachiana, Curry County form Juniperus squamata 'Blue Star' Kalmiopsis leachiana 'Umpqua Valley'

LATHYRUS VERNUS 149 stone cliffs; difficult in cultivation and a challenge to all growers of rare plants. A cushion-forming, evergreen subshrub for sun or part shade in tufa or limestone scree, keeping it dryish in winter, and in the alpine house. Flowers in spring, white, tinged pink. Grows 1-2 inches (2.5-5 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide, and in the wild to 36 inches (90 cm) wide. Zones 3-7. Mountains of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. Lagotis stolonifera Scrophulariaceae A perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained moist soil. Flowers in late spring to midsummer, blue or purple to mauve-pink. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Central Asia. Lamium dead nettle Labiatae Lamium armenum One of the choicest and most desirable of all lamiums. It is a mat-forming perennial that is not easy to grow and is best attempted in the alpine house. Cultivate in sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained soil, and in the alpine house. Flowers in summer, pale pink to white. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 10 inches (25 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Turkey. Kelseya uniflora Lamium maculatum A stoloniferous perennial for sun or part shade in any good soil. The cultivar 'Pink Pewter' flowers in summer, pink. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zones 3-10. The species is from Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. Larix laricina American larch Pinaceae A deciduous, shrubby conifer for sun or part shade in any good, moist soil. The cultivar'Newport Beauty', dwarf American larch, grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 2-8. The species is from northern North America. Lathyrus vernus spring vetch Leguminosae synonym, Orobus vernus A perennial for sun or part shade in any good soil. Flowers in late winter and Lamium maculatum 'Pink Pewter' Lagotis stolonifera, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Lamium armenum Larix laricina 'Newport Beauty'