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FOC | Family List | FOC Vol. 24 | Liliaceae

20. Lilium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 302. 1753.

百合属 bai he shu

Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura

Lilium wardii

Credit: Harvard University Herbaria

Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulb of many imbricate, fleshy scales, without tunic. Stem erect, leafy. Leaves alternate, rarely whorled, sessile or subsessile, usually linear to linear-lanceolate. Bulblets sometimes present in leaf axils. Inflorescence terminal, a raceme or solitary flower, very rarely an umbel or corymb; bracts leaflike. Flowers often funnelform or campanulate, sometimes tubular or cupular. Tepals 6, free, usually connivent, sometimes strongly recurved or revolute, white, yellow, greenish, or reddish to purplish, nectariferous near base adaxially; nectaries usually narrowly grooved, sometimes fringed with papillae or hairs, rarely flat on outer tepals. Stamens 6; filaments subulate or filiform, sometimes pubescent; anthers dorsifixed, versatile. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules many per locule. Style elongate, slender; stigma swollen, usually 3-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds many, arranged like a pile of coins in each valve, flat, narrowly winged all round.

About 115 species: temperate and alpine regions of the N hemisphere, especially in E Asia; 55 species (35 endemic, one introduced) in China.

The status of Lilium puerense Y. Y. Qian (Guihaia 11: 125. 1991) and L. rockii R. H. Miao (Acta Scient. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 34(3): 81. 1995) is unclear. Lilium puerense was described from S Yunnan (Pu’er Xian), based on specimens collected in 1987 (holotype: Y. Y. Qian 1774, SMAO). It is said to be similar to L. sulphureum but with leaf margin papillose, bracts ovate, and ovary greenish (vs. purple). Lilium rockii was described from Yunnan, based on a single specimen collected in 1932 ( J. F. Rock 25129, SYS). It is said to be close to L. concolor but with stem, leaf margin, and leaf veins on both surfaces shortly hirsute (vs. papillose), flowers larger, tepals yellowish (vs. deep red), and style longer (vs. shorter) than ovary. Lilium pyi is also an unclear species, of which no specimens were seen by the present authors. It is briefly described at the end of this account (no. 55), but could not be included in the key because insufficient details are known. Lilium apertum and L. saluenense are temporarily treated as Nomocharis aperta and N. saluenensis, respectively. At present, Nomocharis consists of six species. However, further studies are needed to clarify whether Nomocharis should be regarded as an independent genus or included within Lilium.


1 Leaves whorled.   (2)
+ Leaves alternate.   (8)
       
2 (1) Flowers campanulate; stamens converging.   (3)
+ Flowers not campanulate, tepals spreading, recurved, or revolute; stamens diverging.   (4)
       
3 (2) Tepals purple, narrowly elliptic or rarely narrowly ovate, 25--35 × 10--14 mm   6 Lilium paradoxum
+ Tepals yellow, elliptic, 50--60 × 20--24 mm   7 Lilium medogense
       
4 (2) Flowers erect; tepals spreading or slightly recurved   3 Lilium tsingtauense
+ Flowers nodding to horizontal; tepals revolute.   (5)
       
5 (4) Nectaries papillose on both surfaces.   (6)
+ Nectaries not papillose.   (7)
       
6 (5) Bulb scales not articulate; tepals purple-red, with deeply colored spots   2 Lilium martagon var. pilosiusculum
+ Bulb scales articulate; tepals pale orange-red, with purple-red spots   4 Lilium distichum
       
7 (5) Bulb scales articulate; tepals apricot-colored to scarlet, with black spots, scarcely thickened   5 Lilium medeoloides
+ Bulb scales not articulate; tepals yellow or red-orange, with brown spots, thickened   1 Lilium hansonii
       
8 (1) Flowers funnelform or campanulate; stamens distally curved upward or converging.   (9)
+ Flowers neither funnelform nor campanulate (slightly funnelform in L. nepalense); tepals revolute or not; stamens diverging apically.   (30)
       
9 (8) Flowers horizontally spreading or nodding, funnelform; tepals white, unspotted; stamens curved upward distally.   (10)
+ Flowers campanulate, spotted or unspotted; stamens converging.   (18)
       
10 (9) Nectaries papillose on both surfaces; leaf axils without bulblets.   (11)
+ Nectaries not papillose; leaf axils sometimes with bulblets in distal part of stem.   (12)
       
11 (10) Bracts lanceolate, not curved apically; style glabrous   45 Lilium brownii
+ Bracts linear-lanceolate, curved apically; style densely pubescent proximally   46 Lilium anhuiense
       
12 (10) Leaf axils in distal part of stem with bulblets.   (13)
+ Leaf axils without bulblets.   (14)
       
13 (12) Filaments glabrous; bulblets brown   52 Lilium sulphureum
+ Filaments densely pubescent proximally; bulblets green   53 Lilium sargentiae
       
14 (12) Bulb scales articulate   47 Lilium wenshanense
+ Bulb scales not articulate.   (15)
       
15 (14) Leaves linear, 2--7 mm wide.   (16)
+ Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 6--18 mm wide.   (17)
       
16 (15) Leaves 2--3 mm wide, papillose at margin and on midvein abaxially   48 Lilium regale
+ Leaves 4--13 mm wide, smooth at margin and on midvein abaxially   49 Lilium formosanum
       
17 (15) Filaments glabrous   50 Lilium longiflorum var. scabrum
+ Filaments pubescent   51 Lilium leucanthum
       
18 (9) Nectaries of inner tepals papillose or with fimbriate projections on both surfaces.   (19)
+ Nectaries of inner tepals neither papillose nor with fimbriate projections.   (23)
       
19 (18) Nectaries of inner tepals papillose on both surfaces; flowers erect.   (20)
+ Nectaries of inner tepals with fimbriate projections on both surfaces; flowers nodding or horizontal.   (21)
       
20 (19) Leaves not white woolly basally; stem papillose; style slightly shorter than ovary; tepals 2--6 cm   11 Lilium concolor
+ Leaves with a cluster of white woolly hairs basally; stem smooth; style more than 2 × as long as ovary; tepals 7--9 cm   12 Lilium dauricum
       
21 (19) Tepals yellow, pale yellow, or greenish yellow, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate   8 Lilium lophophorum
+ Tepals pale purple, purple-red, or yellow, rarely white, often spotted purplish, elliptic or ovate-elliptic.   (22)
       
22 (21) Style 4--6 mm; bulb scales white   9 Lilium nanum
+ Style ca. 1 mm; bulb scales purple   10 Lilium brevistylum
       
23 (18) Leaves 12--15 cm; flowers usually 5 or 6; tepals white, with a dark purple-red blotch at base adaxially   13 Lilium henrici
+ Leaves 2.5--8 cm; flowers usually 3 or 4; tepals variable in color, without a dark purple-red blotch at base adaxially.   (24)
       
24 (23) Stem papillose.   (25)
+ Stem smooth.   (27)
       
25 (24) Leaves papillose at margin and on midvein abaxially; flowers 6.5--8.3 × 5.5--6 cm   14 Lilium bakerianum
+ Leaves smooth; flowers 3.5--4 × 3--3.5 cm.   (26)
       
26 (25) Tepals white, with purple-red speckles basally   15 Lilium sempervivoideum
+ Tepals purple-red or rose purple, with red spots   16 Lilium amoenum
       
27 (24) Leaves narrowly linear or subulate, 1--2(--3) mm wide   17 Lilium pinifolium
+ Leaves ovate-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, 6--24 mm wide.   (28)
       
28 (27) Leaves 7--8 × 1.6--2.4 cm; tepals pale red   20 Lilium huidongense
+ Leaves 2--6 × 0.6--1.5 cm; tepals purple-red.   (29)
       
29 (28) Tepals adaxially not speckled, basally not saccate   18 Lilium souliei
+ Tepals adaxially speckled, basally saccate   19 Lilium saccatum
       
30 (8) Nectaries not papillose, sometimes with fimbriate projections.   (31)
+ Nectaries papillose on both surfaces.   (42)
       
31 (30) Leaves shortly petiolate; nectaries with fimbriate projections on both surfaces.   (32)
+ Leaves sessile; nectaries without fimbriate projections.   (34)
       
32 (31) Leaves similar in shape; tepals white, with purple-red blotches and spots on proximal 1/3--1/2, margin undulate   21 Lilium speciosum var. gloriosoides
+ Leaves conspicuously dimorphic; tepals yellow or orange, margin entire.   (33)
       
33 (32) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 20--27 mm wide; capsule brown, oblong, 4--4.5 × ca. 3.5 cm   22 Lilium henryi
+ Leaves linear-lanceolate, 8--10 mm wide; capsule brownish green, narrowly oblong, 5.5--6.5 × 1.4--1.8 cm   23 Lilium rosthornii
       
34 (31) Tepals primrose yellow, greenish yellow, or pale yellow, rarely yellowish white or orange-yellow, unspotted.   (35)
+ Tepals white, pale purple-red, pink, or greenish yellow, with purple-red spots.   (36)
       
35 (34) Leaves lanceolate, 3-veined   24 Lilium primulinum
+ Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5-veined   25 Lilium nepalense
       
36 (34) Tepals pale purple-red or pink; style at least 3 × as long as ovary; leaves narrowly lanceolate, with 3 impressed veins adaxially   26 Lilium wardii
+ Tepals equaling or slightly longer than ovary; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, without 3 impressed veins adaxially.   (37)
       
37 (36) Flower solitary.   (38)
+ Flowers 2--5(--13) in a raceme.   (40)
       
38 (37) Tepals white, tinged pale brown   27 Lilium matangense
+ Tepals greenish or greenish yellow.   (39)
       
39 (38) Tepals greenish yellow, with deep red spots; filaments much longer than anthers   28 Lilium stewartianum
+ Tepals greenish, with purple spots throughout; filaments slightly shorter than anthers   29 Lilium habaense
       
40 (37) Leaves narrowly oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 5--11 × 1.5--3 cm   32 Lilium lijiangense
+ Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 5--10 × 0.8--1.5 cm.   (41)
       
41 (40) Tepals white, with purple spots; style subequaling or slightly longer than ovary   30 Lilium taliense
+ Tepals white or yellow, purple at base and with purple spots apically; style ca. 2 × as long as ovary   31 Lilium jinfushanense
       
42 (30) Leaf axils in distal part of stem with bulblets   44 Lilium tigrinum
+ Leaf axils without bulblets.   (43)
       
43 (42) Leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblong.   (44)
+ Leaves linear.   (47)
       
44 (43) Tepals red, with black or purple spots and fimbriate projections.   (45)
+ Tepals white or pink, with purple spots, without fimbriate projections.   (46)
       
45 (44) Plants white hispidulous   35 Lilium amabile
+ Plants not white hispidulous, white woolly when young   36 Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii
       
46 (44) Leaf axils with a cluster of white hairs; leaf veins not elevated abaxially; tepals white, with purple-red spots   33 Lilium duchartrei
+ Leaf axils without hairs; leaf veins elevated abaxially; tepals pink, with deep red spots   34 Lilium lankongense
       
47 (43) Nectaries papillose and crested on both surfaces.   (48)
+ Nectaries only papillose on both surfaces, not crested.   (50)
       
48 (47) Bulb yellow, 4.5 × 4--5 cm   43 Lilium xanthellum
+ Bulb white, 2--3 × 1.5--2.5 cm   (49)
       
49 (48) Tepals purple-red to reddish brown, unspotted   41 Lilium papilliferum
+ Tepals greenish white, with purple or purple-brown spots   42 Lilium fargesii
       
50 (47) Bracts thickened apically   40 Lilium callosum
+ Bracts not thickened apically.   (51)
       
51 (50) Tepals bright red or white, usually unspotted, occasionally with a few spots near base.   (52)
+ Tepals pale purple-red or orange, darker purple spotted proximally.   (53)
       
52 (51) Tepals bright red, not minutely papillose adaxially   37 Lilium pumilum
+ Tepals white, minutely papillose adaxially   54 Lilium tianschanicum
       
53 (51) Stem densely papillose; tepals orange, 5--6 cm   38 Lilium davidii
+ Stem not papillose; tepals pale purple-red, 3.5--4.5 cm   39 Lilium cernuum

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